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Download Download Tropical Natural History 21(1): 184–199, April 2021 ©2021 by Chulalongkorn University Chronological Changes in the Somatic Development of Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) (Anura: Dicroglossidae) THRISSAWAN TRAIJITT1, 2, NOPPADON KITANA2,3, WICHASE KHONSUE2, 3 AND JIRARACH KITANA2, 3* 1Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND 3BioSentinel Research Group (Special Task Force for Activating Research), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND *Corresponding author. Jirarach Kitana ([email protected]) Received: 10 November 2020; Accepted: 11 February 2021 ABSTRACT.– The rice field frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus is widely distributed throughout the wetlands of Thailand. It is economically important and a potential experimental subject in many fields of research. To use its development as a biomarker, general information about normal morphological changes during metamorphosis is necessary. In this study, embryos and larvae of H. rugulosus were examined at every stage from fertilization until complete metamorphosis. Their developmental stages were identified using Gosner’s (1960) staging system and the result showed that all morphological characteristics of H. rugulosus were corresponded to those in Gosner’s system. This is the first study that report the period of embryonic and larval development at each stage of H. rugulosus. The embryonic phase occurred within 13-21 hours after fertilization, the hatchling phase continued within 36-44 hours after fertilization, the tadpole phase followed within 20-26 days post hatch, and the metamorph phase finished within 25-33 days post hatch. The rate of somatic development of H. rugulosus was relatively rapid comparing with those of other anurans. These results could be used as crucial developmental data for further research into this species. KEY WORDS: developmental period, embryology, Gosner stage, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, tadpole Limbaugh and Volpe (1957) reported the INTRODUCTION complete staging table of Incilius valliceps, as Bufo valliceps, which was composed of More than eighty years ago, staging 46 stages. In 1960, Gosner tried to simplify tables of embryo and larva development in the staging table from the previous work of different species of anuran were published Shumway (1940), Taylor and Kollros (1946) by several different researchers. In 1940, a and Limbaugh and Volpe (1957) and study of the twenty-five prefeeding stages of adopted this staging table to use for other Lithobates pipiens, as Rana pipiens, was species based on studies of larvae of toad published by Shumway, just after the species Anaxyrus americanus, as Bufo publication of a study on temperature terrestris americanus and Anaxyrus influenced egg development in Lithobates woodhousii, as Bufo woodhousei fowle sylvaticus, as Rana sylvatica (Moore, 1939). (Gosner and Black, 1958). Gosner’s staging Following these, a study of the twenty-five system was later adjusted and used as a postfeeding stages of Lithobates pipiens was supplement to other staging systems in published by Taylor and Kollros (1946). identification of embryonic stages in a However, the number of postfeeding stages number of anuran species. Currently, Gosner’s was not the same as Shumway’s table. TRAIJITT ET AL. — SOMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF HOPLOBATRACHUS RUGULOSUS 185 staging table is used as a standard system are suitable experimental subjects for many and is strongly recommended by several studies because they can be cultured and researchers (Altig and McDiarmid, 1999; manipulated in the laboratory, they have a Shimizu and Ota, 2003; Del Pino et al., short metamorphosis period, and their body 2004; Sayim and Kaya, 2008; Saha and size and organs are large enough to observe Gupta, 2011; Pfalzgraff et al., 2015). morphological characteristics with the In Thailand, more than 175 species of naked eye and under stereomicroscope. amphibian fauna can be found (BEDO, However, information about normal 2016). There are several reports of their embryonic and larval development in this morphological and ecological data, but species has never been documented. studies examining their life history and Therefore, in this study morphological embryonic development are scarce. The rice characteristics during embryonic and larval field frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus is an development were studied in H. rugulosus anuran amphibian in the family Dicro- using photomicrography, and described glossidae, the only member of the genus according to Gosner’s staging system Hoplobatrachus found in Thailand (Chan- (Gosner, 1960). The development of H. ard, 2003; Pansook et al., 2012). This native rugulosus is presented as a table of normal frog is widely distributed throughout the wet chronological development from fertilization lands of Thailand and also in central, to complete metamorphosis. southern, and south-western China to Myanmar, Lao People’s Democratic MATERIALS AND METHODS Republic, Viet Nam, Cambodia, and peninsular Malaysia (Diesmos et al., 2004; Animal procurement was carried out at Frost, 2021). Recently, it was reported that the Amphibian and Reptile Research Unit, the frog may be a cryptic species by Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. molecular technique (Yu et al., 2015). The In this study, H. rugulosus (bred type) were taxonomy as well as life history of this originally obtained from northern Thailand, species still needs to be studied in different which represented a single clade of H. populations throughout their distribution rugulosus populations (Pansook et al. 2012). range. Hoplobatrachus rugulosus has been Six pairs of adult male and female H. used as an experimental animal for basic rugulosus were used as breeders for biological studies in Thailand, such as those stimulated fertilization. Somatic development looking into taxonomic diversity and during metamorphosis was studied during geographic variation (Khonsue and two breeding periods between April and Thirakhupt, 2001; Schmalz and Zug, 2002; August of 2015 and 2018. Fertilization was Bain and Truong, 2004; Hasan et al., 2012), stimulated by injecting GnRH analogue physiology (Ratanasaenga et al., 2008), (Suprefact, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) to behavior (Li et al., 2011) and pathology induce spermination, ovulation and mating, (Satetasit et al., 2009; Sailasuta et al., 2011). as used in a previous protocol (Pariyanonth Furthermore, it also been used in studies of et al., 1985). A subcutaneous injection of 10 environmental endocrine disruption effects µg/1 kg body weight GnRH analogue was on metamorphosis and gonadal development done in the abdominal area using a (Ruamthum et al., 2011; Trachantong et al., 27Gx1/2” needle. Each brood of tadpoles 2013). Hoplobatrachus rugulosus tadpoles 186 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY 21(1), APRIL 2021 was raised in a 100L plastic container under Museum of Natural History (voucher natural light and temperature conditions number CUMZ-A-7791 – CUMZ-A-8236). (water temperature 27.5–28.1°C). A land area was provided when the tadpoles RESULTS reached the hind limb development stages (stage 38-39) by setting the plastic container Clutch sizes from the six pairs of at an angle of 30 degrees to the ground. The breeders ranged from 600–1,800 eggs. The water volume was 35 L for tadpoles and the eggs were laid in water in large clumps. water volume was reduced to 10 L for There were two layers of jelly envelope metamorphs. The water was changed every surrounding each egg. The average diameter day to remove waste and maintain oxygen of a spherical egg without envelope was levels. Tadpoles and froglets were fed with 2.012-2.166 millimeters (n=8). The animal commercial fish pellets once a day. pole had a dark-brownish pigment, and the Morphological changes from fertilization vegetal pole was white. According to the until complete metamorphosis were Gosner staging system, the developmental carefully observed under stereomicroscope, period of frogs is divided into 4 phases classified according to the characteristics of including embryo (stages 1–20), hatchling each stage of tadpole according to Gosner (stages 21–24), tadpole (stages 25–41), and (1960), and photographed with an Olympus metamorph (stages 42–46). The age ranges DP72 camera on an Olympus SZX16 of each stage, as well as their morphological stereomicroscope with Image Stacking Cell- characteristics were determined as follows. D Auto-montage software. Tadpoles at Embryo (stages 1–20, Table 1, Fig. 1) Gosner stages 18–46 were euthanized by The embryo phase began with fertili- immersion in 0.25% ethyl 3-aminobenzoate zation (stage 1), then the fertilized egg methanesulfonate (MS-222) aqueous solution entered mitotic cell division which marked before observation. Eight to sixteen tadpoles the beginning of stage 2. The embryonic were observed at each stage to collect the cells underwent multiple rounds of cleavage data of developing time. The average total and became blastula without increasing their length (TL) of embryos and tadpoles at cell size (stages 3–9). Gastrulation occurred stages 1–25 was measured using Image at stages 10–12. Neurulation was observed Stacking Cell-D Auto-montage software and at stages 13–16. Tail bud development the TL of tadpole and froglet at stages 26– began at stage 17. Muscular response first 46 was measured using a digital Vernier occurred at stage 18. External gills began
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