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South Africa Resource Guide for Study and Action

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South Africa Resource Guide for Study and Action South Africa Resource Guide for study and action The nation ·at a glance Zambia Location: Southern tip of Africa, overlooking sea routes between Atlantic and Indian oceans. Bordered on the north. by Mozambique, Swaziland, NAmibitJ Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia (i llegally occupied by South African troops in defiance of United Nations resolutions and World Court decisions). Totally surrounds Lesotho. Size: · 471 ,234 square miles (three times the size of California). Population: 28.5 million (1 981) . The South African government divides South Africans into four major racial groupings for purposes of J'Ollflt A/rica determining citizenship rights: African (formerly "Bantu"; 20.8 million 72% also black*) "Colored" (of mixed racial 2.6 million 9% descent) - - -,1 -·-- Indian (or As.ian) .8 million 3% White (predominantly English 4.5 million 16% or Dutch "Afrikaaner" ethnic origin) (*The government calls those of African ethnic origin blacks. Those fighting apartheid use the term to include all oppressed by apartheid, including Africans, coloreds and Asians. Unless otherwise noted, that w ill be the usage here. Religion: 80% Christian, 1.6% H indu, . 8% M uslim. Major Christian groups include: Dutch Reformed (1 5%; 40% of w hites are members and white churches support apartheid); Methodist (1 0%); Roman Catholic (9%; membership is 80% black, but bishops and clergy 80% white); Anglican (8%); African Independent Ch urc hes (1 5%; virtually all black); Presbyterian; Lutheran; Congregational. (1983) Economy: Biggest buyers of South African exports Gross national product (GNP) = $74.38 bill­ (1982) ion (1 982). japan $1. 53 billion Major agricultural products: Corn*; wool; Britain $1. 30 billion wheat; sugarcane; tobacco; citrus fru its*; U.S. $1.21 billion vegetables* . Switzerl and $ .94 billion West Germany $ .78 billion Major mineral resources: South Africa is the France $ .41 billion world's leading producer of gold* (more than 60% of world's supply!; gold accounted for more Biggest exporters to South Africa (1982) than 60% of total South African mining output West Germany · $2 .50 billion in 1981); g~m diamonds*; antimony; vanadium. U .S. $2.47 billion It is one of the top th ree produce rs of asbestos; Britain $2 .02 billion chromite* (has more than 60% of world's supply); japan $1 .70 billion industrial diamonds; manganese; plati num*; France $ .71 billion uranium*; vermiculite. Also has extensive Switzerland $ .29 bi llion deposits of coal*; copper; lead; nickel; titanium; Major South African imports: Machinery; zinc, and iron or~s . * transport equipment; chemicals; oi l; computers. Major industrial products: Assembled Military expenditures: 1 5% of the annual automobiles; machinery; textiles; iron and steel*; government budget. In 1984, military spending chemicals; fertilizer; fish . increased 21.4% and expenditures on the police (* = Major export) by 41%. National Catholic Reporter -,· -3· March 22, 1985 What is apartheid? How apartheid af Apartheid (pronounced apart-hate) means "apart" - Colored (those of racially mixed parentage) or "separate" in Afrikaans, the language of the domi­ -Asians (mostly of Indian ethnic background) nant white minority group in South Africa. It represents WHITES - Whites (those of European descenl, predomi- the government policy - and the system created by 4.5million (16%) that policy - of legalized racism in the Republic of nantly Dutch- also called Boer or Afrikaaner _:_and Population South Africa. English) Since white settlement of South Africa began in Under apartheid, most economic, political and so­ land 87% (richest farmland, m 1652, the white minority gradually imposed a system cial rights are reserved for South Africa's 4.5 million mines, urban areas) of political, economic and social discrimination whites. The 24 million blacks (a term including Afri­ against, and segregation of, the black majority. This cans, coloreds and Asians) are denied most if not al l Education Free; compulsory enabled white settlers to gain and maintain control of of these rights. Per capita spending $1 '115 the land, black labor and political and military power. The discovery of valuable mineral resources in the Five of every six South Africans are black, yet: Teacher/pupil ratio 1:18 mid and late 1800s fueled white efforts to exclude -They cannot vote for the government that rules blacks, mostly Africans, from owning land or exerting them; Total number of students 1.283 million any voting rights. - They cannot live or work where they choose, The 1948 electoral victory of the Afrikaaner-domi­ except in areas or jobs designated "for blacks" by the nated Nationalist party accelerated the extension of In primary school 55% white minority; segregationist policies into all facets of black life. The Secondary schools 30% party explicitly espoused an ideology of "separate de­ -They cannot strike for better wages and working Post-high school level 15% (80,000) velopment" of the races, called apartheid. conditions without risking jai l; Under apartheid, all South Africans are classified -They cannot marry someone from another racial School completion by the color of their skin or by ancestry into one of group; four major racial groups: - They are denied access to free and quality edu­ Health - African (formerly called "Bantu") cation, decent housing and health care. Infant mortality 13 per 1 ,000 live births - Rural areas Life expectancy Men 67 Mechanisms of apartheid control Women 74 Disease (1 «]76) Tuberculosis cases 759 The white minority maintains apartheid through an Malaria cases 137 elaborate system of repressive laws aimed at limiting .. Typhoid cases 100 ·;· Doctors available (1982) 1:330 blacks' political rights, economic resources and free­ dom of movement, activity and speech. Some of these ~ .. ' Med school graduates mechanisms of apartheid control include: (1968-1977) 97% -Denying blacks the right to vote. Until recently, Hospital bed ratio 1 :61 only whites could vote for the ruling parliament. Protein deficiency Under the 1984 constitution, those designated "col­ ored" or "Asian" will be allowed to elect representa­ Right to vote Yes tives to their own segregated parliamentary bodies. The white chamber, however, will retain the largest L: - number of members and thus control election of the Unionization: president, who will gain expanded executive powers. Right to form unions Yes The 72 ~~ .- c2-nt ,A,f;-;ca;:; T.; ajority ~~ 5 tvtally excluded from this new arrangement. Membership (1983) 97,000+ - Controlling the land. A series of laws dating back to 1913 allows whites to control 87 percent Strikes (1982) 0 of the country's land and prohibits blacks from owning SIGNS such as this one in Durban forbid blacks from Income and land in this area. This includes the richest farmland using public facilities alongside whites. and virtually all mining and urban industrial areas. employment Whites determine the small enclaves within this area from these areas, most often to the bantustans. This Living on incomes below where blacks may live on a temporary basis as work­ turns millions of blacks into migrant workers in their poverty level ers. The remaining 13 per cent of the country has own country, a pool of cheap labor employed on a been divided into 10 so-called "homelands" or ban­ contract basis that must be renewed yearly. W ives, tustans allocated to the African majority on a tri bal children and old people are generall y viewed · as Bantustan income basis. These bantustans are scattered in more than 80 "superfluous appendages" and expelled to th e bantu­ separate, noncontiguous pieces of !and and are iso­ stans. Many African men are forced to live much of Mining (May 1983) lated, barren, overpopulated and poverty-stricken. their married lives as if they were single, seeing their Average Monthly Wage $1 ,395 Their leaders have been selected an~ installed by the families for a few weeks once a year. South African government. Manufacturing (May 1983) - Denying Africans citizenship. The bantustans - Repressing dissent. Those protesting against AverageMorithlyWage $1 ,290 provide a pretext for excluding Africans from full apartheid are subject to laws which define most dis­ sent as illegal. Such laws as the Public Safety Act, the citizenship rights. This system turns the African major­ Agriculture 70,000 farmers; Suppression of Communism Act, the Terrorism Act ity into foreigners in their own land. The South African Average monthly income:$.; government has declared four of these bantustans "in­ and the Internal Security Act have caljsed thousands Domestic workers dependent." Between 1976 and 1982, more than of people to be arrested, 44,300 between 1976 and eight million Africans were assigned "citizenship" in 1979 alone. South Africa has the highest prison popu­ these "homelands' '' although many had never lived lation in the world (440 in jail for every 100,000 in or visited them. Since 1960, more than 3.5 million people; the U.S. figure is 198). Protesters against apart­ Africans have been forcibly resettled in (or "endorsed heid often face: - Mor~ than 1 ,800 people have.. ~E out to") these homelands. The white government has '·what have since Thanksgiving 1984 for civil disobe used the bantustans to claim blacks have ach ieved - Banning, a unique South African method of ing protests at South Africa's e silencing critics - most of them white - by geo­ "self-determination" and to justify not spending public Washington and its consulates elsew graphically restricting their travel and residence; bar­ others done funds on needed social services for the black majority. U .S. For the first time in U .S. churcf ring them from public speaking, writing, appearing -Controlling freedom of movement. The white Catholic bishop was arrested in an act at public meetings or being quoted; and limiting the government maintains control of blacks' movement to protest obedience. Civil disobedience actions number of people they may meet at any one time. A through several mechanisms: ring in Washington, New York, Seattl banned person may not appeal this status and is often apartheid? Boston , Chicago and Berkeley.
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