Arms Brokering in Southern Africa Selected Case Studies Edited by Nelson Alusala and Mothepa Shadung
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About this monograph ISS Pretoria Illicit arms brokering continues to be a challenge to many Block C, Brooklyn Court 361 Veale Street governments in the world, and more so in African countries, Arms brokering in New Muckleneuk where armed conflicts continue to threaten peace and Pretoria, South Africa security. This monograph presents an assessment of selected Tel: +27 12 346 9500 Southern Africa Southern African countries with regard to arms brokering, and Fax: +27 12 460 0998 Selected case studies concludes that the practice of illicit arms brokering presents in Southern Arms brokering Africa: selected case studies ISS Addis Ababa both legal and operational hurdles. This points to a need for 5th Floor, Get House Building countries to coordinate efforts through the implementation of Africa Avenue various arms control instruments. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 515 6320 Fax: +251 11 515 6449 About the ISS ISS Dakar The Institute for Security Studies partners to build 4th Floor, Immeuble Atryum knowledge and skills that secure Africa’s future. It provides Route de Ouakam policy advice, practical training, technical assistance and Dakar, Senegal independent research. Tel: +221 33 860 3304/42 Fax: +221 33 860 3343 ISS Nairobi Acknowledgements Braeside Gardens This monograph was made possible with funding provided by off Muthangari Road the government of Norway. The ISS is also grateful for support Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya from the other members of the ISS Partnership Forum: the Cell: +254 72 860 7642 Hanns Seidel Foundation and the governments of Australia, Cell: +254 73 565 0300 Canada, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden and the USA. www.issafrica.org © 2017, Institute for Security Studies ISS Monograph No 195 Copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the authors and in the Institute ISBN 978-1-920678-09-8 for Security Studies, and no part may be reproduced in whole or in part without the express permission, in writing, of both the authors and the publishers. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the UNSC Resolution 1540 Committee, the ISS, its trustees, members of the Advisory Council or donors. Authors contribute to ISS publications in their personal capacity. 9 781920 678098 ISS MONOGRAPH NUMBER 195 Arms brokering in Southern Africa Selected case studies Edited by Nelson Alusala and Mothepa Shadung Contents Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................ii Biographies of the authors of the arms brokering monograph ............................... iii Executive summary .......................................................................................................v Nelson Alusala Chapter 1: Angola ......................................................................................................... 1 Nic Marsh Chapter 2: Botswana .................................................................................................... 9 Ben Coetzee Chapter 3: Democratic Republic of the Congo ....................................................... 14 Nic Marsh Chapter 4: Lesotho ..................................................................................................... 25 Adèle Kirsten Chapter 5: Malawi ....................................................................................................... 29 Gugu Dube and Noël Stott Chapter 6: Mauritius ................................................................................................... 37 Guy Lamb Chapter 7: Mozambique ............................................................................................. 45 Nic Marsh Chapter 8: Namibia ..................................................................................................... 54 Guy Lamb Chapter 9: South Africa .............................................................................................. 65 Guy Lamb Chapter 10: Swaziland ............................................................................................... 81 Ben Coetzee Chapter 11: Tanzania .................................................................................................. 85 Ben Coetzee and Guy Lamb Chapter 12: Zimbabwe ............................................................................................... 94 Guy Lamb and Gugu Dube Chapter 13: Conclusion ........................................................................................... 105 Noel Stott ISS MONOGRAPH 195 i Abbreviations and acronyms ATT Arms Trade Treaty AU African Union DDR disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) GDP gross domestic product ITI Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons – commonly referred to as the International Tracing Instrument MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) NFP National Focal Point NGO non-governmental organisation PSC private security company SALW small arms and light weapons SARPCCO Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation UN United Nations UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNITA União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) UNPoA UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects UNSC United Nations Security Council UNTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime ii ARMS BROKERING IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: SELECTED CASE STUDIES Biographies of the authors of the arms brokering monograph Nicholas Marsh works at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) where he researches the international trade in small arms, the relationship between violence and the acquisition of weapons by non-state groups, arms trafficking, and laws and regulations governing arms transfers. Nelson Alusala is a research consultant at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). He has a PhD in political sciences from the University of Pretoria. He previously worked for the UN Group of Experts on the DRC and the UN Panel on Liberia. His research includes conflict risk analysis, disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration across Africa. Mothepa Shadung is a junior researcher in the Transnational Threats and International Crime division in Pretoria. Prior to joining the ISS, she worked as a research analyst at Coxswain Social Investment Plus in Johannesburg and as a research assistant and peer tutor in the international relations department of the University of the Witwatersrand. Mothepa holds a Masters (cum laude) degree in international relations from the University of the Witwatersrand. Noel Stott leads the Arms Management Programme and the Weapons of Mass Destruction programme at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). The aim of these programmes are to identify and enhance Africa’s role in international efforts to strengthen disarmament and non-proliferation. He has been employed by the ISS since 2002 and has extensive experience in many aspects of arms control, including conventional arms, small arms and light weapons and weapons of mass destruction. Guy Lamb is Head of the Arms Management Programme at the Institute for Security Studies and has been conducting research on peace and security issues in sub-Saharan Africa since 1996. He holds a Masters degree in international and comparative politics from the University of Cape Town, and is a doctoral candidate at Rhodes University’s Department of Political and International Studies. Ben Coetzee is the Programme Manager of the Arms Management Programme and a senior researcher at the ISS in Pretoria. He has worked with governments across Africa on matters relating to arms control. His efforts are dedicated to improve arms control measures and to reduce the flow of illicit arms to and across Africa. ISS MONOGRAPH 195 iii Gugu Dube is a Junior Researcher with the Arms Management Programme (AMP) at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) in Pretoria. She has an honours degree in international relations. She has followed the Oslo Process since it was initiated and attended the Dublin Diplomatic Conference and the Signing Ceremony for the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) as well as various events to garner Africa’s support for a global instrument prohibiting cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians. Adèle Kirsten has been a non-violent, social justice activist for more than twenty years. She became active in the anti-apartheid movement in the late 70’s as a result of her opposition to the injustices of the apartheid system, the growing militarisation of the society and her support for those who refused to serve in the apartheid army. In late 1994 she was one of the founding members of the organisation Gun Free South Africa (GFSA). iv ARMS BROKERING IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: SELECTED CASE STUDIES Nelson Alusala Executive summary This publication is a review of the national processes relating to arms brokering in 12 countries in the southern African region. In their analyses, the authors have looked at the national processes and practices in place in Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia,