DOI 10.1515/jnet-2015-5001 Ë J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 2015; 40 (1):63–66

Obituary

Stanislaw M. Filipek, Izabella Grzegory, Janusz Lipkowski and Stanislaw Sieniutycz In Memoriam: Professor Bogdan Baranowski

ËË Stanislaw M. Filipek, Izabella Grzegory: Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS Unipress, Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: s[email protected], [email protected] Janusz Lipkowski: Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Stanislaw Sieniutycz: Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

With deepest sadness we have to inform the Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Community that Professor Bogdan Baranowski passed away on June 29, 2014 at the age of 87. Born October 27,1927 in Kępno, he grew up experiencing hardships of war and occupation which formed his strong and brave character. Following his passion for chemistry, he studied his favorite discipline at the University and Technical University of Wrocław (1947–1951) where he started his scientic activity as an as- sistant to Professor Kazimierz Gumiński, Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry. Then he continued his work with Professor Gumiński at the newly established Department of Theoretical Chemistry at Jagiel- lonian University in Cracow until 1956 when he was invited by the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. He was nominated professor at the age of 37 in 1964. Professor Bara- nowski actively contributed to the Institute development as the Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry of Solids founded in 1964 on his initiative. At the same time he collaborated with the Institute of Chemical Synthesis in Tarnow applying Debye’s salt theory to a unique case of aqueous solution of electrolytes and urea. He found several complex compounds in the investigated system [1] and demonstrated the limits of the applicability of Debye’s theory and proposed a new modied approach to the related problem. Professor Baranowski was both a theoretician and an experimentalist; and in both elds his achieve- ments are very signicant. Stimulated by cooperation with Ilya Prigogine, Professor Baranowski turned his research interests to the eld of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. His pioneer theoretical and experimental research in linear and non-linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics resulted in explanation of transport processes in salts [2], in metals, in electrolyte solutions [3, 4] and in multicomponent systems [5], inuence of chemical reactions on the distribution of components in a non-uniform temperature eld [6] and the separation of components in a mixture [7]. Developing the theory of electrothermodiusion, he showed the eectiveness of this method in the separation of both chemical compounds and isotopes. His discovery of the electrochemical analogue of the Bénard problem [8] improved our understanding of the role of chaos in electrochemical systems. Even such fundamental problems as the origin of life and its evolution were discussed in his work on dissipative structures. He published a large number of original papers related to these topics as well as a signicant monograph “Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in Physical Chemistry” [9] edited in Polish and translated to other languages. In 1958, Professor Baranowski made a discovery which dramatically inuenced his further scientic ac- tivity. In his studies of hydrogen diusion through the nickel membrane he observed the formation of a novel compound – nickel hydride – at the surface of the investigated nickel foil [10]. Immediately new questions were raised: can nickel hydride be synthesized directly from elements and at which pressure and temper- ature conditions? His decision to take up this ambitious challenge was a milestone in two research areas: high pressure studies and metal-hydrogen systems investigations. The rst synthesis of the nickel hydride was reported in 1966 [11]. The apparatus for compressing gaseous hydrogen initially to 2 GPa (H2) and then up to 3 GPa (30 kbar) was at these times (years 1966–1972) a very unique piece of equipment used by Bara- nowski and his group for direct syntheses of other metal hydrides, such as chromium hydride [12], manganese 64 Ë S. M. Filipek et al., In Memoriam: Professor Bogdan Baranowski

Bogdan Baranowski (1927–2014) hydride [13], aluminum hydride [14] as well as various hydrides of nickel based and palladium based crys- talline and amorphous alloys [15, 16]. In cooperation with German and British researchers the electronic and magnetic properties of nickel alloyed with other 3d metals were measured (also in situ when it was needed) and interpreted. A surprising and important achievement was Baranowski’s nding that the volumes occu- pied by hydrogen in several transition metal hydrides have almost the same value which, in contrast to the host metallic lattice, is approximately constant during hydrostatic compression of hydride. In 1975, systematic investigations of the inuence of hydrostatic pressure on properties of hydrides (fo- cused on their compressibility and search for pressure-induced phase transitions) were initiated under the leadership of Professor Baranowski in collaboration with researchers from Japan, Germany and the USA. Valuable new data were published for high pressure behavior of alkaline metal hydrides [17, 18], transition metal hydrides [19], rare earth hydrides [20], Laves phase hydrides and other. Important progress in organic syntheses by application of novel high pressure methods was accomplished in cooperation with Professor Jurczak [16]. His important contribution into thermodynamics of gases under high pressure inspired other researchers in Poland, especially in the Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS Unipress, to use compressed nitrogen for evaluation of thermodynamic properties of gallium nitride (GaN) followed by high pressure synthesis of the highest quality single crystals of GaN – one of the most important semiconducting compound nowadays. Collaborating with research groups all over the world, he received many invitations from universities and scientic institutions. He was visiting professor at Mining Academy in Freiberg, where he lectured on irreversible thermodynamics (1971–1972), the University of Hannover, and the Solid State Physics Institute of the Max Planck Society in Stuttgart. He was also awarded a research grant by the Royal Society. On a sabbatical at the Technical University in Göteborg, he investigated the pressure-induced phase transitions in ionic crystals by using the scanning calorimetry under high pressure as well as x-ray diraction on single crystals as a function of temperature. Results were published with his Swedish partners. This long and fruitful collaboration has been much appreciated and in 1983 Professor Baranowski received nomination of Honoris Causa Doctorate of Technical University in Göteborg. While non-equilibrium thermodynamics was his favorite area of exploration, Professor Baranowski for a long time was strongly involved in other elds of study such as electrochemistry, metal-hydrogen systems, high pressure research, organic materials and ionic crystals. However, non-equilibrium thermodynamics was always close to his heart [21, 22]. In [21], extending his early results obtained in [9], Baranowski applied non- equilibrium thermodynamics to membrane transport and diusion in elastic media with stress elds. He char- acterized the framework of linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics (LNET) by tracing the way of derivation of the phenomenological equations and presenting applications to membrane transport. He gave a theory of the active transport in terms of linear NET. He showed the importance of individual balance equations for the coupling of diusion and viscous phenomena. Importantly, he illustrated the eciency of his approach by the generalization of Prigogine’s theorem for the invariance of diusional entropy production. The approach S. M. Filipek et al., In Memoriam: Professor Bogdan Baranowski Ë 65 indicated possible non-local phenomena due to stress elds. Moreover, by applying extended irreversible thermodynamics, he outlined a more general approach to membrane transport. Next, [23], he explored the inuence of stress elds on diusion in isotropic elastic media, i.e. developed thermodynamics of solids with stress elds. He gave an extension of the chemical potential to stress elds under the (experimentally proved) assumption neglecting the role of o-diagonal elements in the stress tensor. His attention was directed to stresses in the solid developed by a diusing component, and non-local diusion eects were veried by an original experiment. Eects of stresses on the entropy production were discussed with the conclusion that a stress-free steady-state obeys the minimum entropy production principle. Professor Baranowski was the author or co-author of about 350 original publications including several monographs. More than 20 people got the PhD degree under his supervision. Some of them became professors and group leaders. They will never forget the encouragement, advice and inspiration received from Professor Baranowski during their research work. Since 1991 Professor Baranowski was the Chief Editor of the “Polish Journal of Chemistry”. He also was a member of Editorial Boards of “Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics”, ”Journal of Alloys and Com- pounds” and “High Pressure Research”. He was devoted Editor and Board Member actively engaged in devel- oping these journals and promoting them all over the world. At his 80th birthday Professor Baranowski was the Editor of ICHMS Conference Proceedings [24]. Baranowski’s outstanding achievements in various disciplines of science were highly valued by the inter- national scientic communities. He was granted membership of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the German Academy Leopoldina and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He signicantly contributed to the activities of the Polish Chemical Society (President 1974–1979; Honorary President since 1997), German Chemical Society, Federation of European Chemical Societies, European High Pressure Research Group (EHPRG) and Interna- tional Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT) as Vice President (1981–1985) and President (1989–1993). He was also Member of Warsaw Learned Society (since 1981, the year of renaissance of the Society), International Academy of Sciences (from 1986) and Deutsche Bunsen Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie (since 1989). For a long time he was also a dedicated Member of the International Steering Committee of International Symposia on Metal-Hydrogen Systems and then Honorary Member of this organization. The novel ideas implemented by Professor Baranowski into several scientic areas and his impres- sive achievements were recognized by numerous honors of which the most prestigious are Marie Curie- Skłodowska Award (1973), Bourke Medal and Bourke Lecture by the Faraday Society (1973), Medal of Jędrzej Śniadecki by the Polish Chemical Society (1984), “August Wilhelm von Hofmann” Lecture by the German Chemical Society, Award of the Prime Minister of Poland (1994) and Bridgman Medal of AIRAPT (1995), the highest award of the international high pressure community. Professor Baranowski’s unceasing curiosity in physical chemistry and phenomena occurring in extreme thermodynamic conditions kept him active in research during his whole life. He will remain forever in our memory as a great scientist, a strong character, sharp and critical brain, a bright and hard-working inspiring leader, a charming person and a true friend.

References

[1] A. Barański, B. Baranowski and M. Sarnowski, Complex compounds in the water – calcium chloride – urea system (in Polish), Przem. Chem. 13 (1957), 505–506. [2] B. Baranowski, Characteristic of kinetic properties of pure salts by tracer methods, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. Ser. Sci. Chim. 8 (1960), 609–613. [3] B. Baranowski and A. S. Cukrowski, Transfer processes in liquid isothermal solutions of binary electrolytes, Z. Phys. Chem. 228 (1965), 292–309. [4] B. Baranowski and A. L. Kawczynski, Experimental determination of the critical Rayleigh number in electrolyte solutions with concentration polarization, Electrochim. Acta 17 (1972), 695–699. [5] B. Baranowski, A. E. de Vries, A. Haring and R. Paul, Thermal diusion in systems with some transformable components, in: Advances in Chemical Physics 16, Wiley & Sons, London (1969), 101–130. 66 Ë S. M. Filipek et al., In Memoriam: Professor Bogdan Baranowski

[6] B. Baranowski, A. Haring and A. E. de Vries, The eect of a chemical equilibrium on thermal diusion, Physica 32 (1966), 2201–2204. [7] B. Baranowski and J. van de Ree, The influence of collision induced quantum transitions on thermal diusion, Physica 31 (1965), 1428–1430. [8] B. Baranowski, The electrochemical analogen of the Bénard instability studied at isothermal and potentiostatic condi- tions, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 5 (1980), 67–72. [9] B. Baranowski, Nicht-Gleichgewichts-Thermodynamik in der physikalischen Chemie, VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grund- stondustrie, Leipzig, 1975. Translation of the Polish Original, 1974. [10] B. Baranowski and M. Smialowski, Penetration depth of cathodically evolved hydrogen into nickel lms, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. 7 (1959), 663–667. [11] B. Baranowski and R. Wisniewski, Formation of nickel hydride from nickel and gaseous hydrogen, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. 14 (1966), 273–276. [12] B. Baranowski and K. Bojarski, Formation of chromium hydride from metallic chromium and high pressure gaseous hydro- gen, Roczn. Chemii 46 (1972), 525–528. [13] M. Krukowski and B. Baranowski, Formation of manganese hydride from metallic manganese and high pressure gaseous hydrogen, Roczn. Chemii 49 (1975), 1183–1185. [14] M. Tkacz, S. M. Filipek and B. Baranowski, High pressure synthesis of aluminum hydride from the elements, Polish J. Chem. 57 (1983), 651–653. [15] B. Baranowski, Metal-hydrogen systems at high pressures, in: Hydrogen in Metals II, Top. Appl. Phys. 29, Springer, Berlin (1978), 157–200. [16] B. Baranowski and S. M. Filipek, Synthesis of metal hydrides, in: High Pressure Chemical Synthesis, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1989), 55–100. [17] H. D. Hochheimer, K. Strossner, W. Honle, B. Baranowski and S. M. Filipek, High-pressure X-ray investigation of the alkali hydrides NaH, KH, RbH and CsH, Z. Phys. Chem. 143 (1985), 139–144. [18] S. J. Duclos, Y. K. Vohra, A. L. Ruo, S. M. Filipek and B. Baranowski, High-pressure studies of NaH to 54 GPa, Phys. Rev. 36 (1987), 7664–7667. [19] M. Tkacz and B. Baranowski, Structural investigations under high pressure conditions, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 349 (1994), 97–101. [20] A. Sawaoka, K. Wakamori, S. M. Filipek and B. Baranowski, Electrical resistance of several rare earth hydrides under very high pressure, Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. 21 (1980), 141–144. [21] B. Baranowski, Nonequilibrium thermodynamics as applied to membrane transport, J. Membrane Sci. 57 (1991), 119–159. [22] B. Baranowski and L. Dębowska, The vanishing of the thermoelectric eects in superconductors, J. Non-Equilib. Thermo- dyn. 32 (2007), 459–461. [23] B. Baranowski, Diusion in elastic media with stress elds, in: Advances in Thermodynamics, Taylor and Francis, New York (1992), 168–199. [24] B. Baranowski, S. Zaginaichenko, D. Schur, V. Skorokhod and A. Veziroglu (eds.), Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems, Springer, Dordrecht, 2008.