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Home , Ambrosia psilostachya, Anemone caroliniana, Argemone polyanthemos, Astragalus missouriensis, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Bothriochloa laguroides

VASCULAR FLORA OF THE SELMAN LIVING LABORATORY 31

Vascular Flora of the University of Central Selman Living Laboratory, Woodward County, Oklahoma

Robin R. Buckallew1 and Gloria M. Caddell Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034

1 Current address: University of North Institute of Applied Sciences, Denton, TX

The vascular flora of the University of Central Oklahoma Selman Living Laboratory (SLL) was surveyed from 1999 to 2003. The SLL is a 129.5 ha biological field station located in the Cimarron Gypsum Hills in Woodward County, Oklahoma. We identified 229 in 61 families. The three families with the largest numbers of species were the (48), (45), and (14). Two hundred eight species (91%) are native, and 156 (68%) are perennial. Fifty-six species were identified that previously had not been reported for Woodward County. Flowering/fruiting dates and habitat types for each species also are provided. Two species are classified as obligate gypsophiles. Seven riparian or floodplain species are characteristic of alkaline or saline habitats. General descriptions of the communities are provided. © 2003 Oklahoma Academy of Science

INTRODUCTION

We conducted a floristic survey to determine Gypsum Hills as belonging to the mixed- the composition of the grass prairie, but did not describe the University of Central Oklahoma (UCO) vegetation of the gypsum outcrops. Barber Selman Living Laboratory (SLL), a bio- (1974, 1979) conducted a study of the logical field station located in the Cimarron vegetation of the Mangum Gypsum hills Gypsum Hills of northwestern Oklahoma. and redbed plains of southwestern Okla- The major vegetation types in this part of homa. She found 108 species on gypsum, Oklahoma are Mixed Grass Eroded Plains including seven obligate gypsophiles and and Sandsage Grassland (Duck and Fletcher six gypsum indicators (those occurring only 1943). The SLL supports primarily mixed- occasionally on non-gypsum substrates). grass prairie and gypsum outcrop com- No study has documented the vegetation of munities, with some areas of sandsage the Cimarron Gypsum Hills. grassland. The vegetation of the gypsum The objectives of this study were to outcrops was of particular interest because inventory the vascular flora of the SLL, gypsum provides a unique habitat for plant document flowering and fruiting dates for species. This was noted by Stevens and each species, and record the habitat(s) Shannon (1917), who listed several species within which each species was found. This found on gypsum in Oklahoma that were survey, conducted in the years immediately usually not found on other substrates. following removal of cattle, will serve as a Johnston (1941) noted that gypsum gen- baseline study of the flora at the SLL. It also erally had been overlooked by plant eco- provides the first published floristic in- logists as a special habitat for . He ventory of an area within the Cimarron categorized plants that were restricted to Gypsum Hills in northwestern Oklahoma. gypsum soils as obligate gypsophiles, and those found on non-gypsum as well as Study area gypsum soils as gypsum-tolerant. Parsons The SLL covers 129.5 ha and is located in (1976) refers to the latter as facultative Woodward County (36o41’7”N, 99o16’38”W; gypsophiles. Bruner (1931) characterized the T26N, R19W, SE 1/4 of Section 31, and SW

Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 83:31-45(2003) 32 R.R. BUCKALLEW and G.M. CADDELL

1/4 of Section 32). It is in the temperate METHODS steppe ecoregion (Bailey 1998). The climate is semi-arid, with annual precipitation of ap- This survey was conducted primarily proximately 61-66 cm. The wettest months during the growing seasons of 1999 and are May and June, and the driest are 2000. We visited the site at 2-3-wk intervals December, January, and February. The beginning in early March and recorded all growing season lasts 189-196 d, from mid- species, the habitat(s) in which they oc- April to mid-October. The mean annual curred, their abundance in each habitat, and temperature is 14oC, with temperatures flowering and fruiting dates. Several species remaining above 32oC for about 80-89 d. were added to this list during occasional Mean monthly temperature ranges from a visits to the site during 2001-2003. Refer- low of 0oC in January to a high of 27oC in ences used for specimen identification July. (Oklahoma Climatological Survey included Gleason (1952), Waterfall (1969), 2003) Hitchcock (1971), Correll and Correll (1975), Elevations at the SLL range from 511 Nelson and Couch (1985), Flora to 560 m above mean sea level ( Association (1986), G. Hoggard (1998), R. Geological Survey 1971). Steep escarpments Hoggard (1998), Tyrl et al (1998), and Diggs and canyons are found on the site. The soils et al (1999). Some species identifications belong to the Vernon-Cottonwood As- were confirmed by comparison with speci- sociation, and are predominantly shallow mens at the Oklahoma State University loam or clay loam formed from gypsum Herbarium (OKLA) and the Botanical

(CaSO4•H2O) and clay. The Cottonwood Research Institute of Texas (BRIT). Species soils contain areas of exposed bare gypsum names and authorities follow the Integrated (United States Department of Agriculture Taxonomic Information System (2001) and Soil Conservation Service 1963). These the National PLANTS Database (United gypsum outcrops cover roughly half of the States Department of Agriculture, Natural SLL (Buckallew 2002) and belong to the Resources Conservation Service 2002). Each Permian Blaine formation (Bozeman 2002). species was identified as native or intro- The Selman Cave System is located within duced, and as annual, biennial, or perennial, this formation, and numerous cave en- according to Taylor and Taylor (1994). trances exist on the site. Cave waters, with Voucher specimens of all but ten species high concentrations of dissolved solids, were deposited in the University of Central calcium carbonate, and chloride (Black Oklahoma (CSU) herbarium. Those not 1971), flow into Salt Creek, providing a collected include species for which a single saline and slightly alkaline habitat for plant or very few individuals were encountered species. Although the majority of the SLL ( caroliniana, polyanthemos, is covered with mixed-grass prairie and Asclepias tuberosa, Oxalis stricta), cacti that gypsum outcrop communities, the topo- were documented by photographs (Opuntia graphy, cave entrances, and the creek macrorhiza, missouriensis var. provide other habitats: floodplain, cave similis), and a few easily-recognized species entrance, aquatic, and riparian. A small area (Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Conyza around a gas well on the west side of the canadensis, Elymus submuticus, Populus property is disturbed. deltoides). The SLL was part of the Selman Ranch, Species were recorded as being present and had been grazed by cattle for decades on gypsum outcrops, at cave entrances, in at an approximate density of 1 per 8 ha (J. the grassland, or in riparian or aquatic Rankin, Selman Ranch, personal communi- habitats. Areas of the grassland dominated cation). Mrs. Betty Selman donated the by Artemisia filifolia were recorded as property to UCO in 1998, and the cattle were sandsage grassland. The floodplain was removed in December of that year to allow dominated by grasses as well as Baccharis the property to return to a more natural salicina and we recorded this as floodplain state. grassland.

Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 83:31-45(2003) VASCULAR FLORA OF THE SELMAN LIVING LABORATORY 33

We compared our species list for There were 92 species growing on gypsum gypsum outcrops to that of Barber (1974) outcrops, 164 in the grassland, 75 in and to habitat descriptions in the Great sandsage grassland, 56 in the floodplain, 51 Plains Flora Association (1986) to determine at cave entrances, and 59 in the riparian whether species were obligate gypsophiles zone. Abundance data for each species are or gypsum-tolerant. We checked the rarity reported in Buckallew (2002). rankings of all taxa in the Oklahoma Natural On the gypsum outcrops, common Heritage Inventory’s (2003) Working List of species in April were purpurea var. Rare Oklahoma Plants. citrina and Lesquerella gordonii. As the growing season progressed the following RESULTS AND DISCUSSION species were commonly encountered: Caly- lophus spp., tenuifolius, Nama We identified 229 plant species from 61 stevensii, Phacelia integrifolia, alba, families (Appendix 1). The three families tagetina var. cerifera, Thelesperma with the largest numbers of species were the magapotamicum, Paronychia jamesii, Aristida Asteraceae (48), Poaceae (45), and Fabaceae purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Heterotheca (14). Together, these families represent 47% stenophylla, Mentzelia nuda var. stricta, of the species identified. All other families Portulaca pilosa, and Schizachyrium scoparium. were represented by eight or fewer species. All dominants on gypsum outcrops were Of the 229 species, 208 were native, and 21 native. Eight species were restricted to (9%) were introduced. One hundred fifty- gypsum outcrops at the SLL, but only two six species (68%) were perennials, including of these (Phacelia integrifolia and Nama 134 perennial herbs, 10 shrubs, nine trees, stevensii) are considered obligate gyp- one herbaceous perennial vine, and two sophiles (Barber 1979). The others (Comandra woody vines. Common names in Appendix umbellata, Echinocereus reichenbachii, Opuntia 1 are from Taylor and Taylor (1994); in the macrorhiza, Portulaca pilosa, Verbena bracteata, few cases where a common name was not and Yucca glauca) can be found on other listed in that reference, the common name gravelly, rocky, sandy, or well-drained in the National PLANTS Database (United substrates (Great Plains Flora Association States Department of Agriculture, National 1986). Five species that occurred on gypsum Resources Conservation Service 2002) was ( missouriensis, Astragalus lotiflorus, used. Asclepias engelmanniana, Penstemon cf fendleri, Flowering and/or fruiting dates are Psilostrophe tagetina var. cerifera) were presented in Appendix 1. The earliest considered gypsum indicators by Barber species to flower were Draba reptans, (1974, 1979), although they occurred on Lesquerella gordonii, and Ulmus americana on grassland as well as gypsum outcrops at the or by 31 March. The earliest in fruit was SLL. Therefore, with the exception of Ulmus americana on 8 April. Phacelia integrifolia and Nama stevensii, the ebracteatus and Senecio ridellii were found in species on gypsum at the SLL should be flower as late as 15 November. The numbers considered gypsum-tolerant. As noted by of species in flower per month were as Parsons (1976), only a small percentage of follows: March, 3; April, 47; May, 130; June, species of gypsum plant communities are 132; July, 116; August, 98; September, 74; usually confined to gypsum. October, 19; and November, 2. Some species The grassland at the SLL is mixed-grass flower and/or fruit only briefly, and because prairie, with some areas covered by native our trips to the property were 2-3-wk apart, perennial grasses such as it was not possible to observe all species in gerardii, Andropogon hallii, Schizachyrium both their flowering and fruiting conditions. scoparium, and Buchloe dactyloides. However, The flowering/fruiting dates should be the impact of grazing is evident as much of taken as only an approximation of the the grassland was covered in the spring by reproductive period for each species. introduced annual brome grasses (Bromus The habitat type(s) in which each spp.) and in the summer to fall by species was found are listed in Appendix 1. laguroides ssp. torreyana and

Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 83:31-45(2003) 34 R.R. BUCKALLEW and G.M. CADDELL

Ambrosia psilostachya. Amphiachyris dracun- Both of these, as well as Schoenoplectus culoides and Gutierrezia sarothrae, which also pungens var. pungens and Typha domingensis, increase with grazing (Tyrl et al 2002), were are listed as obligate wetland species in abundant in some areas. Artemisia ludo- Oklahoma (United States Department of viciana, Astragalus gracilis, Calylophus spp., Agriculture, National Resources Conser- and tenuiflorum were some other vation Service 2002). common forbs associated with the grass- Several species occurred only at or near land. Thickets of Rhus aromatica, R. glabra, the entrances to caves, including Cheilanthes and Prunus angustifolia occurred in places. feei, Pellaea atropurpurea var. atropurpurea, The sandsage grassland was charac- Descurainia pinnata, Parietaria pensylvanica, terized by Artemisia filifolia. Common racemosa, Phalaris caroliniana, grasses in the spring included Bromus spp., and Viola bicolor. Ribes aureum var. villosum, and in the summer to fall Bothriochloa Toxicodendron radicans, and Carex spp. were laguroides ssp. torreyana, Bouteloua curti- also common near cave entrances. The ferns pendula, and Schizachyrium scoparium. C. feei and P. atropurpurea var. atropurpurea Ambrosia psilostachya was a common forb in grew attached to gypsum rock just outside the fall. Other associated forbs were the cave openings, but are not obligate undulatum, Erigeron strigosus, Gaura coccinea, gypsophiles as they can be found on other Psoralidium tenui-florum, and Pyrrhopappus rocky substrates (Great Plains Flora As- grandiflorus. sociation 1986). Baccharis salicina was a common shrub Of the 229 species identified in our in the floodplain. Commonly encountered study, 56 species appear neither in the Atlas grasses included Bothriochloa laguroides ssp. of the Flora of the Great Plains (McGregor and torreyana, Bromus spp., Distichlis spicata, Barkley 1977) nor in the Atlas of the Flora of Elymus virginicus, Panicum virgatum, Pasco- Oklahoma database for Woodward County pyrum smithii, Polypogon monspeliensis, and (Oklahoma Biological Survey 2003). Species texanus. Ambrosia psilostachya was not previously documented for Woodward common in the floodplain in the late County are marked with an asterisk in summer to fall, and Artemisia filifolia also Appendix 1. However, their presence in occurred here. Three of these floodplain Woodward County is not surprising as most species (Baccharis salicina, Distichlis spicata, are common and have been documented in Sporobolus texanus) are characteristic of surrounding counties (McGregor and saline or alkaline habitats (Great Plains Flora Barkley 1977). Tyrl et al (2002) show many Association 1986). of these species distributed across north- Tamarix chinensis, Salix nigra, Juniperus western Oklahoma. Their absence from lists virginiana, and Ulmus americana were the reflects the paucity of floristic studies and predominant woody plants in the riparian collection efforts in this part of Oklahoma. zone along Salt Creek. campestris, One species of (Echinocereus Cissus trifoliata, Eleocharis montevidensis, reichenbachii) is imperiled in Oklahoma Pluchea odorata, Rorippa nasturtium-aqua- (state rarity rank of S2?). However, with a ticum, Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens, global rank of G5, it is demonstrably secure Schoenoplectus maritimus, Symphyotrichum globally (Oklahoma Natural Heritage divaricatum, and Typha domingensis were Inventory 2003). abundant in places. Of these, Pluchea odorata, Schoenoplectus maritimus, Sym- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS phyotrichum divaricatum, and Typha domin- gensis are characteristic of alkaline or saline We thank Ron Tyrl of Oklahoma State habitats (Great Plains Flora Association University for verifying our identification 1986). Although seven species were re- of Panicum capillare; Robert O’Kennon and corded growing in Salt Creek, only two Guy Nesom of BRIT for verifying ident- (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum and Zan- ifications of Erigeroncolo-mexicanus, Solidago nichellia palustris) are classified as aquatic spp., and oblongum; Bruce Smith plants (Great Plains Flora Association 1986). of McCloud High School for verifying

Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 83:31-45(2003) VASCULAR FLORA OF THE SELMAN LIVING LABORATORY 35 identifications of ferns; Ron Hoggard of the Diggs GM, Lipscomb BL, O’Kennon RJ. University of Oklahoma for identifying 1999. Shinners & Mahler’s illustrated species of Plantago; and Patricia Folley of the flora of north central Texas. Fort Worth Flora of Oklahoma Project for identifying (TX): Botanical Research Institute of species of Carex. We also thank Mrs. Betty Texas. 1626 p. Selman for the donation of the land that is Duck LG, Fletcher JB. 1943. A game type now the SLL, and for the many ways in map of Oklahoma. Oklahoma City which she assisted us in the completion of (OK): Oklahoma Department of Wild- this project. The University of Central life Conservation. Oklahoma Joe Jackson College of Graduate Gleason HA. 1952. The New Britton and Studies and Research provided partial Brown illustrated flora of the north- funding for this project through a grant to eastern United States and adjacent R. Buckallew. We appreciate comments by Canada. Vol 1-3. New York (NY): New William Caire, Clark Ovrebo and Paul Stone York Botanical Garden. 1733 p. on earlier drafts of this manuscript, as well Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora as the constructive comments by anon- of the Great Plains. Lawrence (KS): ymous reviewers. University Press of . 1402 p. Hitchcock AS. 1971. Manual of the grasses REFERENCES of the United States. Toronto (Ontario): General Publishing Company. 1051 p. Bailey RG. 1998. Ecoregions: the ecosystem Hoggard GD. 1998. A taxonomic treatment geography of the oceans and con- of the Oklahoma species of Gaura tinents. New York: Springer-Verlag, (Onagraceae) [MSc thesis]. Edmond Inc. 176 p. (OK): University of Central Oklahoma. Barber SC. 1974. A floristic study of the 77 p. Available from: University of vascular plants of the gypsum hills and Central Oklahoma Library. redbed plains area of southwestern Hoggard RK. 1998. A taxonomic treatment Oklahoma [MSc thesis]. Stillwater of the Oklahoma species of Plan- (OK): Oklahoma State University. 84 taginaceae [MSc thesis]. Edmond p. Available from: OSU Library. (OK): University of Central Oklahoma. Barber SC. 1979. Floristic components of 82 p. Available from: University of the gypsum hills and redbed plains Central Oklahoma Library. area of southwestern Oklahoma. Integrated taxonomic information system Southwest Nat 24(3):431-437. on-line database. 2001. [on-line]. Black J. 1971. Physico-chemical features of Available from: http://www. itis. selected waters from Oklahoma caves. usda.gov. (Accessed July 2001). OK Underground 4:50-53. Johnston, IM. 1941. Gypsophily among Bozeman JR. 2002. Selman cave system Mexican desert plants. J Arnold Ar- geology. OK Underground 20:37-43. boret 22(2):145-170. Bruner WE. 1931. The vegetation of Okla- McGregor RL, Barkley TM. 1977. Atlas of homa. Ecol Monogr 1:99-188. the flora of the Great Plains. Ames (IA): Buckallew RR. 2002. A floristic survey and The Iowa State University Press. 600 description of vascular plant com- p. munities at the Selman Living Labor- Nelson EW, Couch RW. 1985. Aquatic atory, Woodward County, Oklahoma plants of Oklahoma I: submersed, [MSc thesis]. Edmond (OK): Uni- floating-leaved, and selected emergent versity of Central Oklahoma. 122 p. macrophytes. Tulsa (OK): Oral Roberts Available from: University of Central University. 113 p. Oklahoma Library. Oklahoma Biological Survey. 2003. Atlas of Correll DS, Correll HB. 1975. Aquatic and the flora of Oklahoma. [on-line]. wetland plants of southwestern United Available from: http://geo.ou.edu/ States. Stanford (CA): Stanford Uni- botanical/. (Accessed October 5, 2003). versity Press. 1777 p.

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Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 83:31-45(2003) 37 3 June-Oct GR, R Flower/Fruit Habitat Type 2 N/P May-July R GR, C, FP, N/PN/PN/P May-JulyN/P May-JulyN/P GR N/P May-July R GR, C, FP, N/P R GR, C, FP, April-July June-July April-Sept R, AQ AQ R, FP, AQ R, FP, N/P May-July GR N/P May-June GY N/P April-Oct C N/P April-Oct C N/A June-Oct GR, R O/H GY, C, R GY, PTERIDOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMS RRB0378 RRB0860 MAGNOLIOPHYTA-LILIOPSIDA RRB0606 RRB0731 RRB0749 , part of the list was omitted. The table with correction is reproduced here RRB0782 GMC0740 RRB0732 RRB0780 1 RRB0296 POAS RRB0844 (chairmaker’s bulrush) RRB1473 GMC0760 (heavy sedge)* (soapweed yucca) pungens (L.) Lye (cosmopolitan bulrush) (cosmopolitan bulrush) (L.) Lye Kunth (sand spikesedge) (Britt.) Smyth (prairie spiderwort) RRB0765 glauca gravida L. (eastern red cedar) L. (eastern red (L.) Link (purple cliffbreak) (L.) Link (purple cliffbreak) (Spreng.) Marcks (Houghton flatsedge) Marcks (Spreng.) Schkuhr (Muehlenberg’s sedge) Mackenzie (glomerate sedge)* Nutt. var. Nutt. var. (Vahl) Palla var. Palla var. (Vahl) L. (fragrant flatsedge) Raf. (Ohio spiderwort)* Bailey var. Bailey var. C. muehlenbergii Eleocharis montevidensis Carex aggregata Carex C. gravida Cyperus lupulinus Schoenoplectus maritimus S. pungens C. odoratus T. ohiensis Tradescantia occidentalis Tradescantia Yucca glauca Yucca N/T April-Nov Juniperus virginiana Moore (slender lipfern) Cheilanthes feei Moore Pellaea atropurpurea CYPERACEAE COMMELINACEAE AGAVACEAE CUPRESSACEAE in its entirety. The Editor regrets the error. in its entirety. In the article entitled “Vascular Flora of the University of Central Oklahoma Selman Living Laboratory, Woodward County, Oklahoma,” by County, Woodward Flora of the University Central Oklahoma Selman Living Laboratory, In the article entitled “Vascular 83, 2003 Buckallew and Caddell, of Vol. Appendix 1: Taxa present at the SLL, with origin (native, introduced), habit (annual, biennial, perennial, tree, shrub or vine), flowering and fruiting dates, Appendix 1: Taxa and habitat (aquatic, cave entrance, floodplain, grassland, gypsum outcrop, riparian, sandsage grassland). Common Name, and Collection Number Taxon, PTERIDACEAE 38 R C C GR GR May May May April GR GY, July-Oct GR, SS, FP GY, Sept-Oct May-Oct GY,GR,C,SS,FP,R May-Oct GR, R GY, May-Oct R SS, FP, May-July GY,GR,C,SS,FP,R I/P I/A I/A I/A I/AI/A May-June GR, C, SS I/A I/A May-June GR, C, FP N/PN/PN/P June-Sept April-MayN/PN/P GR, C R GY, Aug-Sept Aug-Sept GR, SS, FP GY, GR, SS, FP GY, N/P N/PN/P June-Sept June-Sept GY,GR,C,SS,FP,R GR, SS GY, N/P June-Sept GR, SS GY, N/P May-Aug GY,GR,C,SS,FP,R N/PN/PN/P June-Sept May-July GR R GR, SS, FP, N/P May-July FP N/P May-Sept R GR, C, SS, FP, N/PN/PN/P June-July June-July May-June GR GR GY, R GR, FP, N/P N/P June-Sept R GR, SS, FP, N/P June-Sept R GR, FP, N/A May-Sept GR, SS, FP GY, N/A Sept-Oct RRB0579 (Nash) RRB0258 RRB0880 RRB0852 RRB0876 RRB0900 RRB0468 RRB0301 scribnerianum RRB0831 RRB0804 RRB0751 (Rupr.) Celerier & Harlan (Rupr.) RRB0799 RRB0898 RRB0470 RRB0833 RRB0375 RRB0802 (Steud.) Allred & Gould (silver beardgrass) & Gould (silver beardgrass) Allred (Steud.) RRB752 songarica RRB0485 RRB0425 RRB0806 RRB0603 RRB0697 RRB0754 RRB0912 torreyana RRB0883 RRB0647 RRB0309 (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. (Scheele) Greene (blue funnel lily) (Scheele) Greene (L.) Keng var. (L.) Keng var. (Michx.) B.S.P. (marsh muhly)* (Michx.) B.S.P. (Michx.) Torrey (sideoats grama) (Michx.) Torrey (L.) Beauv. (barnyard grass)* RRB0910 (barnyard (L.) Beauv. (Pursh) Steud. (purple lovegrass) Regel (Drummond’s wild onion) Regel (Drummond’s (Buckl.) Nash (hairy woollygrass) (Nutt.) Engelm. (buffalograss) (Nutt.) Engelm. (buffalograss) Vahl (rescuegrass)* (rescuegrass)* Vahl L. (Canada wild rye)* Nutt. (windmill grass)* Nutt. (purple threeawn) Nutt. (purple threeawn) L. (witchgrass)* (L.) Greene (seashore saltgrass) (seashore (L.) Greene Schrad. (hairy chess)* (Hook.) Smyth & Smyth (Virginia wild rye) (Hook.) Smyth & (Virginia Cov. (Torrey’s rush) rush) (Torrey’s Cov. Thunb. ex Murr. (Japanese brome)* (Japanese brome)* Thunb. ex Murr. Nutt. (little barley)* L. (cheatgrass) L. (switchgrass) RRB0873 H.B.K. (small panicgrass) (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths (blue grama) ex Kunth) Lag. Griffiths (Willd. Lag. (hairy grama) Hack. (sand bluestem) (king ranch bluestem)* Gould (Scribner’s panicum) commutatus cf Juncus torreyi Allium drummondii caeruleum Androstephium Aegilops cylindrica Host (jointed goatgrass) (big bluestem) gerardii Vitman Andropogon A. hallii Aristida purpurea Bothriochloa ischaemum B. (DC.) Herter ssp. laguroides Bouteloua curtipendula B. gracilis B. hirsuta Bromus catharticus Bromus B. B. japonicus B. tectorum Buchloe dactyloides Chloris verticillata Dichanthelium oligosanthes Distichlis spicata Echinochloa crus-galli Elymus canadensis spectabilis Eragrostis E. submuticus Erioneuron pilosum Erioneuron Hordeum jubatum L. (foxtail barley) H. pusillum racemosa Muhlenbergia P. obtusum Panicum capillare P. virgatum JUNCACEAE LILIACEAE POACEAE 39 R C FP GR GR AQ AQ GR, C June May May May June May April May-Oct June-Sept GR, SS, FP I/P I/A April-May C, FP I/A June-Sept R FP, I/A I/A N/S April-Sept GR, C, SS, FP GY, N/S June-Sept GR, C, SS, FP GY, N/P N/PN/P May-June Aug-Sept GR, C, SS, FP GY, FP N/PN/PN/P May-SeptN/P Aug-SeptN/P R N/P GR, C, FP, R GR, SS, FP, May-Sept May-Aug June-Aug May-Sept GR, C GR, SS, R GY, R GR, C, FP, GY, FP N/P N/P July-Sept GR N/P June-Sept R, AQ N/P N/P N/P N/P May-June GR N/V May-Aug C N/A N/A May-June GR N/A April-July GR 775 0 RRB RRB0588 RRB0797 RRB0939 RRB0743 RRB0379 RRB0837 RRB0839 MAGNOLIOPHYTA-MAGNOLIOPSIDA RRB0896 GMC0765 RRB0845 (Woods.) Woods. (Woods.) (tall dropseed) (tall dropseed) RRB0753 RRB0779 RRB0472 GMC0763 RRB0604 GMC0781 RRB0400 RRB0199 RRB0495 (sixweeks fescue) capricornu compositus RRB0273 RRB1472 RRB0694 (Buckl.) Shinners (slim tridens)* RRB0200 (knotroot bristlegrass)* (knotroot

(Engelm.) Shinners (fragrant sumac) octoflora RRB0283 RRB0409 RRB0401 elongatus (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) pilosissima (L.) Desf. (rabbitfoot grass) L. (prairie dogbane) (L.) O. Ktze. (poison ivy) (Poir.) Merr. var. var. Merr. (Poir.) (Michx.) Scribn. (prairie wedgescale) (L.) Nash (indian grass) (Nutt.) Math. & Const. (spreading scaleseed) (Nutt.) Math. & Const. (spreading (Rydb.) A. Love (western wheatgrass) (Rydb.) Walt. (Carolina canarygrass) (Carolina Walt. (Pursh) Raf. (wild parsley)* (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass)* Pers. (southern cattail) L. (common wheat) (Dcne.) Woodson ssp. (Dcne.) Woodson (Poir.) Kerguelen (Poir.) (Walt.) Rydb. var. var. Rydb. (Walt.) Ait. var. Ait. var. (Torr.) A. Gray (sand dropseed)* A. Gray (sand dropseed)* (Torr.) (L.) Hitch. (purpletop)* (Torr.) Nash var. Nash var. (Torr.) Vasey (Texas dropseed)* dropseed)* (Texas Vasey L. (smooth sumac) Vasey (plains bluegrass) Vasey (spider antelopehorn) Pascopyrum smithii Phalaris caroliniana Torr. (Texas bluegrass) (Texas arachnifera Torr. P. arida Schizachyrium scoparium Polypogon monspeliensis Setaria parviflora Sorghastrum nutans Sorghastrum halepense Sphenopholis obtusata compositus Sporobolus S. cryptandrus S. texanus flavus Tridens Vulpia octoflora Vulpia T. muticus aestivum Triticum domingensis Typha Zannichellia palustris L. (horned pondweed) R. glabra Rhus aromatica Apocynum cannabinum Asclepias asperula Spermolepis inermis Toxicodendron radicans Toxicodendron & Gray (plains sandparsley) Ammoselinum popei Torrey Cymopterus acaulis TYPHACEAE ZANNICHELLIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE APIACEAE

Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 84: pp 95-103 (2004) 40 R SS GR GR GR GR GR July Sept Sept Sept June May Sept-Oct SS Aug-Oct GR, SS, FP GY, Aug-Oct R GR, SS, FP, GY, June-Oct GR GY, N/S N/S July-Sept R FP, N/PN/P June-Sept June-July GR GY, GR N/P May-Aug GR, SS N/P N/P July-Sept R GR, SS, FP, N/P N/P N/P April-July GR GY, N/PN/PN/P June-SeptN/P June-SeptN/BN/P GR, SS, FP GY, June-July GR May-July April-May April-May GR GR GY, GR GR N/P N/P N/P N/P May-Sept GR, SS GY, N/PN/P May-Sept May-Aug GR, SS GY, GR, SS GY, N/PN/P Aug-Sept April-June GR, SS GR GY, GY, N/V N/A June-Oct GR, SS, FP N/A Aug-Sept FP N/A July-Sept R GR, SS, FP, N/A May-Aug GR, C, SS N/A N/A Aug-Sept R N/A May-Aug GR, C, SS, FP GY, N/A N/A June-Sept GR N/A June-July SS N/A Aug-Oct RRB0932 RRB0259 GMC0746 RRB0747 RRB0487 RRB1274 RRB0851 RRB0462 RRB0389 RRB0846 RRB0307 RRB0318 (Torr. & Gray) Shinners (false boneset) (Torr. RRB0859 RRB0591 RRB0700 RRB0459 RRB0918 RRB0701 RRB1276 RRB0597 (horseweed) RRB0469 RRB0187 RRB0855 RRB0193 RRB0393 RRB0372 RRB0654 RRB0195 RRB0773 RRB0190 corymbulosa DC. (western yarrow) DC. (western yarrow) (plains coreopsis) (plains coreopsis) (white sage) canadensis tinctoria (DC.) Nutt. (common broomweed) (DC.) Nutt. (common broomweed) occidentalis Pursh (slimleaf woolly-white) ludoviciana (L.) Shinners var. (L.) Shinners var. A. Gray (yellow spine prairie thistle) DC. (blacksamson)* DC. (western ) (Torr.) Nesom (baby white aster) (Torr.) (Pursh.) Britt. & Rusby (broom snakeroot)* snakeroot)* (Pursh.) Britt. & Rusby (broom L. var. L. var. (Nutt.) Riddell (western wild lettuce)* RRB0494 Foug. (Indian blanket) J. R. Johnst. (flaveria) L. (common sunflower) (L.) Cronq. var. var. (L.) Cronq. Nutt. var. Nutt. var. Nesom and Suh (wax goldenweed) GMC0783 Woods. (Engelmann milkweed) Woods. (Michx.) Pers. (honeyvine)* Torrey & Gray (groundsel tree) tree) & Gray (groundsel Torrey Torr. (sand sagebrush) (sand sagebrush) Torr. Hook. (dotted gayfeather) (L.) Cass. (marsh fleabane) A. Gray (plains fleabane) (A. Gray) Shinners (stiffleaf false goldenaster) (A. Gray) Shinners (stiffleaf (Nutt.) Spreng. (wavy-leaf thistle) (Nutt.) Spreng. Nutt. ex. DC. (rabbit tobacco) (Pursh.) Dun. (curlytop gumweed) Muhl. ex Willd. (daisy fleabane) Muhl. ex Willd. L. (butterfly milkweed) (Torr.) Raf. (broadleaf milkweed)* Raf. (broadleaf (Torr.) (A. Gray) Britt. & Rusby (rayless gaillardia) (A. Gray) Britt. & Rusby (rayless gaillardia) L. (giant ragweed) RRB0905 modestus cf A. engelmanniana A. latifolia A. tuberosa Cynanchum laeve Achillea millefolium Ambrosia psilostachya Ambrosia Artemisia filifolia Amphiachyris dracunculoides A. trifida Brickellia eupatorioides A. ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. Baccharis salicina ericoides Cirsium ochrocentrum Coreopsis tinctoria Coreopsis C. undulatum Conyza canadensis Echinacea angustifolia fleabane)* RRB0725 A. Nelson (running colomexicanus Erigeron E. E. strigosus Evax prolifera Gaillardia pulchella Flaveria campestris G. suavis Grindelia papposa G. squarrosa Gutierrezia sarothrae Gutierrezia Helianthus annuus Heterotheca canescens (DC.) Shinners (hoary false goldenaster) Heterotheca H. stenophylla Hymenopappus tenuifolius ludoviciana Liatris punctata (Nutt.) W. A. Weber & A. Love (prairie groundsel) A. Love (prairie groundsel) & A. Weber Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W. Pluchea odorata ASTERACEAE 41 GR GR GR GY GY Sept May May May April Sept-Oct GR Oct-Nov GR May-Sept SS, R May-Aug GR, SS I/P April-May R I/P April-July AQ I/A I/A N/P May-Sept GR, C, SS GY, N/PN/PN/P April-June May-Aug R GR, SS, FP, GR, SS, FP GY, N/P Aug-Sept GR N/P N/P N/P April-June GR GY, N/PN/P May-Aug GR, SS GY, N/P April-May GR, C GY, N/P July-Sept R GR, SS, FP, N/P N/P N/P May-June GY N/PN/P May-Sept May-Sept GR GY, GR N/A Aug-Oct R FP, N/A N/AN/A April-MayN/A C April-May GY, March-April GR GY, C N/A Aug-Oct GR, R N/A March-June GR, C GY, N/A June-Sept GR, C RRB0908 RRB0319 RRB0394 RRB0651 RRB0388 GMC0750 RRB0724 RRB0702 RRB0328 RRB0779 RRB0738 RRB0324 RRB0504 RRB0256 (Engelm.) N.P. Taylor (Engelm.) N.P. GMC0749 (flatspine stickseed) RRB0800 GMC0761 GMC0751 RRB0814 RRB0720 RRB0770 RRB0293 (A. Nelson) B. L. Turner similis RRB0596 RRB0927 (plains pricklypear)* Holz ( goldenrod) Holz (Missouri goldenrod) occidentalis RRB0502 cerifera (Mill.) Torrey & Gray (Canada cocklebur)* (Mill.) Torrey RRB0865 scaposa (bitterweed) (heath aster)* macrorhiza macrorhiza fasciculata (L.) Hayek (watercress) (L.) Hayek (watercress) canadense RRB0370 (Nutt.) Nesom (salt marsh aster) (Spreng.) Kuntze (small ray greenthread) Kuntze (small ray greenthread) (Spreng.) ericoides (Nutt.) Nutt. (false dandelion) (Terscheck) Haage f. (lace cactus) (Terscheck) (Sweet) D.R. Hunt var. (Sweet) D.R. Hunt var. Lehm. (fringed puccoon) L. var. L. var. Nutt. var. Nutt. var. (L.) DC. (roughseed clammyweed) (L.) DC. (roughseed (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. (yellow prairie coneflower) (Nutt.) Woot. Weber (common dandelion) Weber (Walt.) Britt. (tansy mustard) Britt. (tansy mustard) (Walt.) (S. Wats.) Greene var. var. Greene (S. Wats.) Englem. var. Englem. var. (A. Gray) S. Wats. (Gordon bladderpod) (Gordon (A. Gray) S. Wats. (Richards.) Porter (stemless townsendia) (Richards.) Small (veiny pepperweed) (DC.) Greene var. var. (DC.) Greene (Torrey & Gray) Fisher (James’ rushpea)* (Torrey Torr. (western ironweed) (western ironweed) Torr. Scop. (goats beard) Scop. (goats beard) Torrey & Gray (Riddell’s groundsel) & Gray (Riddell’s groundsel) Torrey Engelm. (brownspine prickly pear)* Engelm. (brownspine (L.) Hill (spiny sowthistle) (Lam.) Fern. (white whitlow wort)* Ait. (downy ragged goldenrod) Ait. (downy ragged goldenrod) (L.) Nesom var. (L.) Nesom var. (woolly paperflower) (Missouri pincushion cactus)* (Nutt.) Greene var. var. tagetina (Nutt.) Greene Psilostrophe Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus Pyrrhopappus Solidago missouriensis Ratibida columnifera Senecio riddellii S. petiolaris Sonchus asper S. ericoides Taraxacum officinale Taraxacum Symphyotrichum divaricatum scaposa Tetraneuris Thelesperma megapotamicum Tragopogon dubius Tragopogon baldwinii Vernonia Townsendia exscapa Townsendia Lesquerella gordonii Lesquerella Lithospermum incisum Draba reptans Lepidium oblongum Descurainia pinnata Lappula occidentalis Xanthium strumarium Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum reichenbachii Echinocereus Escobaria missouriensis Opuntia macrorhiza O. phaeacantha Caesalpinia jamesii Polanisia dodecandra BORAGINACEAE CACTACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE CAPPARACEAE 42 May GR GY. I/AI/A June-Aug May-Aug GR, FP GR GY, N/S Aug-Sept GR N/S May-Sept R FP, N/S April-July GR, C, R N/PN/PN/P April-AugN/P April-May GR, SS GY, April-July GR GY, June-Sept GR GY, GR N/PN/P N/P May-Sept GR, SS GY, June-July GR N/PN/P May-June May-Sept GR GY, GR, SS GY, N/PN/P April-JuneN/P GR, C, SS GY, June-July June-SeptN/P GR GY, GR, SS GY, April-June GR, SS N/T May-Sept C, R N/A July-Sept GR, SS N/A July-Sept GR GY, N/A May-June C,R N/AN/AN/A July-Aug May-Sept July-Sept GR GY, GR, SS, FP GY,GR,C,SS,FP,R N/A May-July GR, C, SS N/A May-July GR, SS RRB0479 RRB0881 RRB0267 RRB0395 RRB0420 RRB0867 RRB0403 RRB0888 RRB0848 RRB0489 RRB0906 RRB0815 RRB0935 RRB0478 RRB0374 RRB0764 RRB0304 RRB0858 RRB0739 RRB0774 (white prairie clover) RRB0642 RRB0306 (western red currant) (western red RRB0308 RRB0501 RRB0299 DC. candida Moench (coralberry) (Engelm.) Small (ribseed sandmat) villosum (Pursh) Rydb. (wild alfalfa) (Pursh) Rydb. (Pursh) Rydb. (tallbread scurf pea) (tallbread (Pursh) Rydb. L. (Carolina cranesbill)* L. (Carolina Scheele (threeseed croton)* croton)* Scheele (threeseed R. & S (hairy evolvulus) Pursh (snow-on-the-mountain) RRB0655 Mey. (roughleaf dogwood) RRB0798 (roughleaf Mey. Torr (ivyleaf morning glory) Torr Michx. (prairie tea)* Nutt. (slender milkvetch) L. (false indigo) Nutt. ( vetch)* Nutt. (Missouri milkvetch) Torr. (woolly loco) Torr. Medikus (white sweetclover) Pursh var. Pursh var. Nutt. (nineanther prairie clover) (L.) Lam. (yellow sweetclover) Lam. (warty )* Hook. (lotus milkvetch) Nutt. ex Pursh (golden prairie clover) Michx. ex Willd. var. var. Michx. ex Willd. (Kl.) Muell.-Arg. ex. DC. (Texas croton) croton) ex. DC. (Texas (Kl.) Muell.-Arg. A. lotiflorus A. missouriensis Dalea aurea D. candida C. monanthogynus Torrey & Gray (James’ nailwort) jamesii Torrey Paronychia Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Croton lindheimerianus Croton Evolvulus nuttallianus Ipomoea leptophylla Cornus drummondii Chamaesyce glyptosperma Amorpha fruticosa Astragalus gracilis Psoralidium tenuiflorum (white loco) Sophora nuttalliana B. L. Turner C. texensis Euphorbia marginata E. spathulata M. officinalis cuspidatum A. mollissimus D. enneandra Melilotus alba ludoviciana Vicia Ribes aureum Geranium carolinianum CARYOPHYLLACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE CORNACEAE FABACEAE GROSSULARIACEAE GERANIACEAE 43 GR May N/S May-July GR N/P May-June GR N/PN/P June-Sept May-Sept GR, SS GY, GR, C, SS GY, N/P May-Aug GY,GR,C,SS,FP,R N/P April-June GR, SS GY, N/PN/TN/P May-Aug May-Aug GR, SS GY, June-Sept GR GR, SS GY, N/PN/P July-Aug May-Aug GR, SS GR N/P April-Aug GR, C, SS GY, N/PN/PN/P May-July April-Aug April-July GR, SS GR, C, SS GY, GY, R GR, SS, FP, GY, N/P May-Sept GR GY, N/P June-Sept GR, SS GY, N/P June-Sept GR GY, N/A May-Sept GY N/A May-July GY N/A N/AN/AN/A May-Aug May-Aug April-June GR, SS GR GR, SS GY, GY, N/A May-Aug GR GY, N/A July-Sept GR, SS RRB0866 RRB0281 RRB0300 RRB0634 RRB0391 RRB0652 RRB0410 RRB0857 RRB0592 RRB1278 RRB0849 RRB0847 RRB0415 RRB0473 RRB0390 RRB1471 RRB0289 RB0767 RRB0284 RRB0755 (velvety gaura) GMC0780 stricta RRB0419 RRB0641 (Hartweg’s sundrops) (Hartweg’s sundrops) RRB0287 RRB0374 RRB0633 parviflora hartwegii (stiffstem flax)* (stiffstem (hairy gaura) (prairie flax)* (Michx.) MacM ex B. L Robins. & Fern. (Illinois bundleflower) rigidum Nutt. (Louisiana broomrape)* Nutt. (Louisiana broomrape)* Spach (Berlandier’s sundrops)* (Nutt. ex James) Heynh. (false gaura) lewisii villosa (Torrey & Gray) A. Gray (cowboy rose) A. Gray (cowboy rose) & Gray) (Torrey (Nutt.) Rydb. (scarlet globe mallow) (Nutt.) Rydb. Torr. (trailing ratany)* Torr. Torr. (gyp phacelia) Torr. Cerv. ex Lag. (lemon beebalm)* Cerv. A. Nels. ( flax)* A. Nels. (Wyoming Pursh (mock pennyroyal)* Pursh (mock pennyroyal)* (Pursh) Heim. (narrowleaf four o’clock) (Pursh) Heim. (narrowleaf (Swartz) DC. (mesquite) A. Gray (fragrant ) (Pursh) Torrey & Gray var. & Gray var. (Pursh) Torrey Nutt. ex Sims (stickleaf mentzelia) C. L. Hitchc. (Steven’s fiddleleaf) Nutt. ex Pursh (scarlet gaura) Torrey & Gray (slenderlobe bundleflower)* Torrey (Nutt.) Raven (yellow sundrops) (Nutt.) Raven (yellow sundrops) Dougl. ex Lehm. var. Dougl. ex Lehm. var. (DC.) B. L. Turner (sensitive briar) (DC.) B. L. Turner Pursh var. Pursh var. Torr. ssp. Torr. Pursh var. Pursh var. (Osterhout) Harrington (bractless blazingstar) (Osterhout) Krameria lanceolata Phacelia integrifolia Nama stevensii Linum compactum L. lewisii L. rigidum Hedeoma hispida Monarda citriodora Mentzelia nuda M. oligosperma involucrata Callirhoe Sphaeralcea coccinea Desmanthus illinoensis Prosopis juliflora Prosopis Mirabilis linearis Calylophus berlandieri M. nuttallii D. leptolobus Mimosa borealis C. hartwegii (Benth.) Raven ssp. G. villosa C. serrulatus Gaura coccinea G. parviflora Stenosiphon linifolius Orobanche ludoviciana Orobanche KRAMERIACEAE HYDROPHYLLACEAE LINACEAE LAMIACEAE LOASACEAE MALVACEAE MIMOSACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE ONAGRACEAE

Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 84: pp 95-103 (2004) 44 R R GR GR GR Aug Nov May May April N/S April-July GR GY, N/P April-Aug GR, C N/P May-Aug GR GY, N/P May-Sept R N/P N/P N/P May-June GR, SS GY, N/PN/T May-AugN/T GR GY, April-June R FP, N/P April-June GY N/T Unobserved R N/AN/A June-July May-July GR GR, SS GY, N/A April-June GR, C GY, N/A N/A June-Oct GR N/A N/A July-Aug GR N/A July-Aug R N/A May-June R C, FP, RRB0396 RRB0903 RRB0785 RRB0786 RRB0465 GMC0782 RRB0934 RRB0253 (Nutt.) Brooks (Carolina larkspur) (Carolina (Nutt.) Brooks (water pimpernel) RRB0784

RRB0290 RRB0745 RRB0325 RRB0401 virescens RRB0380 RRB0586 (Raf.) Hulten RRB0771 Fern. (whorled milkwort)* RRB0653 L. (Pennsylvania smartweed) Walt. ssp. Walt. (Fedde.) G. Ownbey (prickly poppy) isocycla Walt. (Caroline anemone)* (Caroline Walt. (L.) Nutt. (western comandra) Nutt. (annual eriogonum) H. B. K. (coast brookweed)* H. B. K. (coast brookweed)* Jacq. (woolly plantain) Marsh. (Chickasaw plum) (Lam.) Fosberg (prairie bluet)* (Lam.) Fosberg Wood (pale dock) Wood Bartr. ex Marsh. (eastern cottonwood) Bartr. L. (moss rose) L. (moss rose) L. (catchseed bedstraw) L. (hop tree) L. (hop tree) Dcne. (redseed plantain) Dcne. (redseed L. (yellow wood sorrel) Nutt. (white milkwort) L. var. L. var. L. ssp. parviflorus Marsh. (black willow) Plantago patagonica Oxalis stricta Argemone polyanthemos Argemone P. rhodosperma Polygala alba P. verticillata Eriogonum annuum Polygonum pensylvanicum Rumex altissimus Samolus ebracteatus Portulaca pilosa S. valerandi Anemone caroliniana carolinianum Galium aparine Hedyotis nigricans Prunus angustifolia Ptelea trifoliata Populus deltoides Salix nigra Comandra umbellata PLANTAGINACEAE OXALIDACEAE POLYGONACEAE PORTULACACEAE RUBIACEAE ROSACEAE RUTACEAE SALICACEAE SANTALACEAE 45 C GR GR GR GR Aug Sept Sept Sept May May-Sept R GR, FP, GY, I/S I/A N/P April-June GR, SS GY, N/P May-Sept GR, SS, FP N/PN/P May-June GR N/P April-May GR N/T N/T March-April R GY, N/T Unobserved GR GY, N/VN/V June-Sept May-Aug GR, C, R R N/A N/A April-May C N/A N/A May-Sept GR, SS GY, N/A May-Sept GY N/A May-Aug C RRB0303 RRB0882 RRB0698 RRB0412 RRB0894 RB0871 (Nutt.) T. D. Pennington (Nutt.) T. RRB0925 (Pennell) Shinners (prairie paintbrush) (Pennell) Shinners (prairie paintbrush) RRB1275 RRB0269 RRB0940 RRB0295 citrina oblongifolium (Torr.) L. Benson (netleaf hackberry) (Torr.) RRB0723 RRB0381 RRB0920 RRB0488 reticulata (Moric. ex Dun.) Britt. (chamaesaracha) RRB0936 Cav. (silverleaf nightshade) Cav. Muhl. ex Willd. (pennsylvania pellitory) Muhl. ex Willd. RRB0294 L. (cutleaf groundcherry) L. (cutleaf groundcherry) (Nutt.) G. Don var. (Nutt.) G. Don var. Lour. (saltcedar) Lour. L. (goathead)* Nutt (false foxglove) (Dougl. ex Benth.) Britt. (tall false foxglove)* L. (American elm) (big verbena) Lag. & Rodr. (L.) L. (possum grape)* (Willd.) var. var. (Willd.) Pursh (johnny-jump-up)* Michx. (riverbank grape) angulata aspera cf cf (chittamwood) Torrey & Gray (Fendler’s penstemon)* fendleri Torrey cf Agalinis Castilleja purpurea Penstemon cobaea Cissus trifoliata Vitis riparia Vitis terrestris Tribulus Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. ssp. Sideroxylon Chamaesaracha coniodes Solanum elaeagnifolium S. Dun. (buffalobur) rostratum chinensis Tamarix P. bicolor Viola Physalis Celtis laevigata Parietaria pensylvanica Ulmus americana bracteata Verbena RRB= Robin R. Buckallew, GMC= Gloria M. Caddell. RRB= Robin R. Buckallew, O= Origin, H= Habit: N= Native, I= Introduced, P=Perennial, A=Annual, B=Biennial, V=Vine, T=Tree, S=Shrub. T=Tree, A=Annual, B=Biennial, V=Vine, P=Perennial, O= Origin, H= Habit: N= Native, I= Introduced, AQ=Aquatic. GY= Gypsum, GR= Grassland, C= Cave, SS= Sandsage, FP= Floodplain; R= Riparian, Taxon not previously reported for Woodward County. for Woodward reported not previously Taxon SCROPHULARIACEAE VITACEAE ZYGOPHYLLACEAE SAPOTACEAE SOLANACEAE TAMARICACEAE VIOLACEAE * 1 2 3 ULMACEAE URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE