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Impacts of Habitat Alterations and Predispersal Seed Predation on The IMPACTS OF HABITAT ALTERATIONS AND PREDISPERSAL SEED PREDATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF GREAT BASIN FORBS By Robert L. Johnson A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University December 2008 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by Robert L. Johnson This dissertation has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. _____________________________ ____________________________________ Date Val Jo Anderson, Chair _____________________________ ____________________________________ Date Shawn M. Clark _____________________________ ____________________________________ Date C. Riley Nelson _____________________________ ____________________________________ Date Russell B. Rader _____________________________ ____________________________________ Date Nancy L. Shaw viii BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY As chair of the candidate’s graduate committee, I have read the dissertation of Robert L. Johnson in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library. _________________________ ____________________________________ Date Val Jo Anderson Chair, Graduate Committee Accepted for the Department ____________________________________ Loreen A. Woolstenhulme Graduate Coordinator Accepted for the College ____________________________________ Rodney J. Brown Dean, College of Life Sciences ix ABSTRACT IMPACTS OF HABITAT ALTERATIONS AND PREDISPERSAL SEED PREDATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF GREAT BASIN FORBS Robert L. Johnson Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Doctor of Philosophy Sexual reproductive success in wild plant populations is dependent upon the ability to bank seed for when environmental conditions favor seedling recruitment. Seed production in many plant populations requires the pollination services of local bee populations. A loss in bee diversity as a result of exotic plant invasion or revegetation practices which do not adequately restore the flowering plant resources that support pollinators, contributes to habitat fragmentation. Even after successful pollination, developing ovules and maturing seed are subject to predation by insects. Several species of fruit flies (Tephritidae) are host specific to members of the plant family Asteraceae and can cause significant reductions in total seed yields in wild populations. Such losses in seed yield impact a plant’s annual contribution to the seed bank. Reductions in seed yield x can also impact the potential rewards from harvesting wild seed for use in the reclamation industry. With the heightened interest in using native plants for restoring western rangelands, securing a reliable seed source, whether from wild seed collection or agricultural production, has become increasingly important. Restoring native forbs in degraded rangelands will help restore native bee populations, improve population stability for pollinators, and improve wildlife habitat. This dissertation presents three separate manuscripts that address factors affecting the reproductive success of wild plant populations. All three manuscripts are formatted for publication in professional journals and are included as separate chapters. Chapter 1 examines the impact of cheatgrass and crested wheatgrass habitat on bee diversity compared to sagebrush and pinyon/juniper habitat. It was found that bee diversity is highest in pinyon/juniper habitat and lowest in crested wheatgrass. Chapter 2 examines the impact of seed predation on Wyethia amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Nutt. by the fruit flies Neotephritis finalis (Loew) and Trupanea nigricornis (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). On average, seed damage was estimated at 38.9%. Chapter 3 examines the impact of seed predation on Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. and Crepis acuminata Nutt. by the fruit fly Campiglossa sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the moth Phycitodes albatella subsp. mucidella (Ragonot) (Lepidoptera: Pyaralidae). Treatment of plants with the pesticide imidacloprid was also investigated and found to provide significantly increase seed yield. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express appreciation to Dr. Val Jo Anderson for his support and encouragement to undertake this research. I am also grateful to all my committee members for their assistance and thoughtful counsel in completing this dissertation. xii TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORIZATION TO SUBMIT THESIS.............................................................. ii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES……………………….................................................................x LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………. xii CHAPTER 1. IMPACT OF HABITAT ALTERATIONS TO BEE DIVERSITY IN SAGEBRUSH AND PINYON/JUNIPER COMMUNITIES OF THE EASTERN GREAT BASIN TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………. 1 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………... 2 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 3 METHODS………………………………………………………………………… 5 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………….. 10 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………… 17 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………. 22 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE……………………………………………….. 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….. 23 LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 24 vii FIGURE LEGEND………………………………………………………………… 28 TABLE LEGEND…………………………………………………………………. 35 CHAPTER 2. PREDISPERSAL SEED PREDATION IN WILD POPULATIONS OF WYETHIA AMPLEXICAULIS (NUTT.) NUTT. (ASTERACEAE) BY NEOTEPHRITIS FINALIS (LOEW) AND TRUPANEA NIGRICORNIS (COQUILLETT) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………. 53 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………... 54 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 55 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………... 57 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………….……………………………... 60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….. 67 LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 68 FIGURE LEGEND………………………………………………………………… 72 TABLE LEGEND…………………………………………………………………. 77 viii CHAPTER 3. PREDISPERSAL SEED PREDATION IN AGOSERIS GLAUCA (PURSH) RAF. AND CREPIS ACUMINATA NUTT. (ASTERACEAE: CICHORIEAE) AND CONTROL WITH IMIDACLOPRID TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………. 79 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………... 80 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 81 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………... 84 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………….……………………………... 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….. 94 LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 95 FIGURE LEGEND………………………………………………………………… 98 TABLE LEGEND…………………………………………………………………. 102 ix LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1 Figure 1. Site x year interaction for average bee abundance per trap (p=0.04)…. 29 Figure 2. Average bee abundance per trap between habitats (p<0.01)……………29 Figure 3. Average bee richness per trap between habitats (p<0.01)……………... 30 Figure 4. Average bee richness per trap between sites (p<0.01)………………… 30 Figure 5. Average bee richness per trap between years (p=0.05)……………….. 31 Figure 6. Three dimensional MDS plot of bee composition across habitats…….. 31 Figure 7. Three dimensional MDS plot of bee composition across sites………… 32 Figure 8. Site x habitat interaction for average flowering plant density (p<0.01)………………………………………………………………… 32 Figure 9. Site x habitat interaction for average flowering plant richness (p<0.01)………………………………………………………………… 33 Figure 10. Seasonal response of bee abundance and flowering plant abundance…. 33 Figure 11. Seasonal response of bee richness and flowering plant richness………. 34 CHAPTER 2 Figure 1. Histogram: the number of seed per capitulum for W. amplexicualis. Mean = 76.7 seed, n = 644…………………………………………….. 73 Figure 2. Histogram: the number of reared N. finalis per capitulum…………….. 73 Figure 3. Average percent parasitoidism of N. finalis at each site (2006 – 2007)…………………………………………………………... 74 Figure 4. Histogram: percent seed damage in W. amplexicaulis by seed predators. Mean = 39.0%, n = 644……………………………………... 74 Figure 5. Histogram: number of damaged seed per capitulum by N. finalis………75 Figure 6. Correlation between average numbers of reared fruit flies per capitulum and capitulum basal diameter……………………………….. 75 x Figure 7. Correlation between the numbers of damaged seed per capitulum and capitulum basal diameter………………………………………………. 76 Figure 8. Relationship between the average number of damaged seed per capitulum and the number flies per capitulum…………………………. 76 CHAPTER 3 Figure 1. Distribution of seed production per capitulum for A. glauca. (n=576, mean=38.3, mode=40)………………………………………… 99 Figure 2. Distribution of percent seed damage by seed predators for A. glauca. (n=576, mean=8.1, mode=0.0)…………………………………………. 99 Figure 3. Distribution of seed production per capitulum for C. acuminata. (n=412, mean=9.0, mode=9)…………………………………………... 100 Figure 4. Distribution of percent seed damage by seed predators for C. acuminata. (n=412, mean=12.4%, mode=0.0%).. …………………. 100 Figure 5. Three-way
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