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BIGHEAD KNAPWEED (Centaurea Macrocephala Puschk.)

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BIGHEAD KNAPWEED (Centaurea Macrocephala Puschk.) PNW386 BIGHEAD KNAPWEED (Centaurea macrocephala Puschk.) Bighead knapweed is native to woody crown, each topped by a the mountain grasslands of 3-inch flower head. When Caucasia (specifically Armenia competing with other plants, and Romania) and also to bighead knapweed is generally subalpine meadows in Turkey. only 2 to 3 feet tall with one or European growers cultivate it as two stalks bearing flower heads an ornamental flower and sell it about 1.5 inches in diameter. in the fresh flower markets. Broadly lance-shaped leaves have Although not as popular as sharp-pointed tips, shallowly cornflower (bachelor's button) or toothed edges and rough mountain bluet, it is also surfaces. Blades of the stalked available in the United States in basal and rosette leaves may be flower seed catalogs and 10 inches long and 3 inches wide; nurseries under various common blade and stalk together may names, including Lemon fluff exceed 15 inches. Stem leaves and Globe Centaury. gradually change from having Occasionally, it appears in dried simple stalks to winged stalks to flower arrangements. stalkless as they become smaller Weed specialists in Washington going up the stem. The smallest found bighead knapweed in the Under frroorable conditions, bighead leaves are clustered on the early 1980s escaping from knapweed grows 4 to 5 feet tall. (Each swollen stem at the base of the abandoned gardens in Pend stripe on the stake is 4 inches.) flower head. Oreille and Whitman counties, and added it to the Class A noxious weed list. Since then, Okanogan County, Washington, and Quesnel, British Columbia have reported it. Neither Idaho nor Oregon has reported bighead knapweed, nor is it a noxious weed in those states. IDENTIFICATION Bighead knapweed, with the other knapweeds, is a member of the thistle tribe (Cynareae) in the Single heads of yellow flowers at the sunflower family (Asteraceae). tips of the stems have golden brown As the largest knapweed in the fringed bracts. Just below the head the Pacific Northwest, multiple swollen stem is covered by long unbranched leafy stems can grow When the seeds 11Ulture, open cobwebby hairs. 5 feet tall from a taprooted cup-shaped heads release them. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication • Washington • Idaho • Oregon A single head of many yellow hemlock/ queencu p beadlily By Cindy Roche, M. S., Washington tubular flowers tops each stem; habitat type. In Whitman County State University Cooperative outer flowers are not radiate. it invaded unirrigated Kentucky Extension Coordinator, and Plant Eight to 12 rows of layered bracts bluegrass sod. Scientist in Natural Resource (modified leaves) surround the Sciences. Photos by author. Having large leaves that remain base of the flower head. Each green in August, bighead Use pesticides with care. Apply bract is slightly broader than long knapweed is more palatable to them only to plants, animals, or and shades from dark brown in cattle than other knapweeds. sites listed on the label. When the center to golden brown on the mixing and applying pesticides, Cattle grazed bighead knapweed thin, papery, fringed margins. follow all label precautions to along with orchardgrass, timothy Lower bracts have flat, weak protect yourself and others around and white clover in Pend Oreille spines as an extension of the you. It is a violation of the law to County. central nerve. disregard label directions. H pesticides are spilled on skin or Seeds are brown to golden brown clothing, remove clothing and wash achenes having pale lengthwise CONTROL skin thoroughly. Store pesticides in ridges with a plume of straw­ Because it is a taprooted their original containers and keep colored to tawny brown bristles perennial, bighead knapweed them out of the reach of children, slightly shorter than the should not survive repeated pets, and livestock. 1/4-inch-long seed. Opposite the cultivation. Plants regrow Pacific Northwest cooperative plume, the seed narrows to a following a single mowing and extension bulletins are joint rounded end that has an oblique flower later in the season, but publications of the three Pacific notch at the point of attachment repeated mowing reduces seed Northwest states-Washington, in the seed head. A head may production. Pulling is usually Oregon, and Idaho. Similar crops, produce 200 seeds. impractical. When pulling breaks climate, and topography create a the tops off instead of removing natural geographic unit that crosses the root, plants can resprout from state lines. Since 1949, the PNW BIOLOGY AND the crown. Eliminate small program has published over 350 ECOLOGY infestations by repeatedly titles. Joint writing, editing, and digging all knapweed plants until production have prevented Bighead knapweed is a perennial seed reserves in the soil are duplication of effort, broadened the that reproduces by seed. exhausted. How long the seeds availability of faculty specialists, Gardeners or nursery workers remain viable in the soil is not and substantially reduced costs for may propagate it by dividing the known. the participating states. roots. Rosettes generally do not Issued by Washington State You may need herbicides to flower the first year. Peak University Cooperative Extension, control larger infestations. For flowering is mid-July through Larry G. James, Interim Director; chemical control August. At maturity, open Oregon State University Extension cup-shaped heads hold the seeds recommendations, refer to the Service, 0. E. Smith, Director; loosely. Wind, or passing animals Pacific Northwest Weed Control University of Idaho Cooperative and vehicles dislodge them. Handbook, an annually revised Extension System, LeRoy D. Luft, Although plumed, seeds are extension publication available Director; and the U. S. Department heavy, and the wind does not from the extension offices of of Agriculture in furtherance of the carry them far. Oregon State University, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Washington State University and Cooperative Extension programs Weed scientists have only found the University of Idaho. and policies comply with federal bighead knapweed where it and state laws and regulations on The author acknowledges the escaped from intentional nondiscrimination regarding race, plantings. The two largest support of the Washington State color, national origin, religion, populations in Washington grew Department of Agriculture and gender, age, disability, and gender in loam and silt loam soils the Washington State Noxious preference. Trade names have been receiving 20 inches or more of Weed Control Board in used to simplify information; no annual precipitation. In northern preparation of this bulletin. endorsement is intended. Published Pend Oreille County, it escaped December 1991. 50/0/50 into a meadow and along a PNW386 powerline clearing in a western 2 .
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