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Jeffrey James Keeling Sul Ross State University Box C-64 Alpine, Texas 79832-0001, U.S.A

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Jeffrey James Keeling Sul Ross State University Box C-64 Alpine, Texas 79832-0001, U.S.A AN ANNOTATED VASCULAR FLORA AND FLORISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTHERN HALF OF THE NATURE CONSERVANCY DAVIS MOUNTAINS PRESERVE, JEFF DAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS, U.S.A. Jeffrey James Keeling Sul Ross State University Box C-64 Alpine, Texas 79832-0001, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT The Nature Conservancy Davis Mountains Preserve (DMP) is located 24.9 mi (40 km) northwest of Fort Davis, Texas, in the northeastern region of the Chihuahuan Desert and consists of some of the most complex topography of the Davis Mountains, including their summit, Mount Livermore, at 8378 ft (2554 m). The cool, temperate, “sky island” ecosystem caters to the requirements that are needed to accommo- date a wide range of unique diversity, endemism, and vegetation patterns, including desert grasslands and montane savannahs. The current study began in May of 2011 and aimed to catalogue the entire vascular flora of the 18,360 acres of Nature Conservancy property south of Highway 118 and directly surrounding Mount Livermore. Previous botanical investigations are presented, as well as biogeographic relation- ships of the flora. The numbers from herbaria searches and from the recent field collections combine to a total of 2,153 voucher specimens, representing 483 species and infraspecies, 288 genera, and 87 families. The best-represented families are Asteraceae (89 species, 18.4% of the total flora), Poaceae (76 species, 15.7% of the total flora), and Fabaceae (21 species, 4.3% of the total flora). The current study represents a 25.44% increase in vouchered specimens and a 9.7% increase in known species from the study area’s 18,360 acres and describes four en- demic and fourteen non-native species (four invasive) on the property. The subsequent analysis of the results, compared to those of previous regional-flora catalogues, presents the flora of the DMP as one that is unique to the higher elevations and igneous substrates of western Texas and the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Multiple influences from overlapping and neighboring ecoregions, including the Great Plains, Madrean, and Sonoran provinces, are all seen to have varying degrees of authority in regards to the shaping of the modern-day vegetation. KEY WORDS: Chihuahuan Desert, Texas, Davis Mountains, vascular flora, floristics, sky islands RESUMEN La Reserva de Conservación de la Naturaleza Davis Mountains (DMP) está localizada 24.9 mi (40 km) al noroeste de Fort Davis, Texas, en la región noreste del desierto de Chihuahua y consta de alguna de las más complejas topografías delas Montañas Davis, incluyendo la más alta, Mount Livermore, a 8378 ft (2554 m). El ecosistema frío, templado, “sky island” provee de los requerimientos que se necesitan para acomo- dar un amplio rango de diversidad único, endemismo, y patrones de vegetación, que incluye herbazales de desierto y sabanas montanas. El presente estudio comenzó en mayo de 2011 y pretendía catalogar la flora vascular completa de los 18,360 acres de la Nature Conservancy al sur de la autopista 118 y rodeando directamente Mount Livermore. Se presentan las investigaciones botánicas previas, así como las relacio- nes biogeográficas de la flora. Los números de las búsquedas en herbarios y de recolecciones de campo recientes combinan un total de 2,153 especímenes testigo, que representan 483 especies y categorías infraspecíficas, 288 géneros, 87 familias. Las familias mejor representadas son Asteraceae (89 especies, 18.4% del total de la flora), Poaceae (76 especies, 15.7% del total de la flora), and Fabaceae (21 especies, 4.3% del total de la flora). El presente estudio representa 25.44% de incremento en especímenes testigo y un 9.7% de incremento en especies conoci- das del área de estudio de 18,360 acres y describe cuatro especies endémicas y catorce exóticas (cuatro invasivas) de la propiedad. El análisis subsecuente de los resultados, comparado con los catálogos previos de la flora regional, presenta la flora de DMP como única para las altas elevaciones y substratos ígneos del oeste de Texas y el norte del Desierto de Chihuahua. Múltiples influencias de las ecorregiones que se so- lapan y de las vecinas, que incluyen las provincias Great Plains, Madreanas, y Sonoraena, se ve que tienen grados variables teniendo en cuenta el modelado de la vegetación en los tiempos presentes. INTRODUCTION The Davis Mountains Preserve (DMP) is one of the largest areas of land protected and owned by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in Texas and includes one of the most unique and irreplaceable ecosystems in the state. The nearly 40,000 hectares (98,842 acres) protected by TNC are home to some of the most topographically distinctive and complex features in all of the Davis Mountains, including its summit, Mount Livermore, which rises to over 8378 ft (2554 m), making the Davis the second highest range in Texas, behind the Guadalupe Mountains in Culberson County. These mountains rise to an elevation high enough above the surrounding J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 11(2): 563 – 618. 2017 This article has been licensed as Open Access by the authors(s) and publishers. 564 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 11(2) grass and scrublands to receive a sufficient amount of precipitation and are cool enough in climate to harbor one of North America’s most pristine examples of “sky islands,” ecosystems that are scattered occasionally throughout a true desert “sea” region that support a vast biological diversity. This is influenced by increasing aridity over the past 9,000 years that contributes to extreme biological isolation and endemism, where species in unique micro-niches adapt independently (The Nature Conservancy 2008b). Located in the heart of Jeff Davis County in the north-eastern region of the Chihuahuan Desert in Trans- Pecos, Texas, the Davis Mountains are in an area of large-scale ecological overlap (Fig. 1). Evidence of phyto- geographic connections with several other surrounding floristic areas is abundant, with influences from the Rolling Plains, High Plains, Edwards Plateau, and Southern Plains of Texas, and southern Chihuahuan Desert links reaching northward from Mexico’s Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental (Larke 1989). Rocky Mountain species, far south from their normal distribution, illuminate a small, northerly connection, with the significant graminoid flora reflecting a close proximity of the range to the Great Plains grasslands (Powell 2000; Christie 2006). The higher Davis Mountains create a rugged skyline and topography and have been the target of many previous biological and ecological studies, but it is also very well known that its com- plex landscape provides for many still-unvisited microhabitats, possibly exhibiting floral and faunal species far out of their normal distribution ranges as well as many endemic, rare, and extremely localized species. Uncovering new information regarding rare plant species is one objective of the current study, as well as in- creasing baseline knowledge of the flora of the higher Davis Mountains, specifically TNC’s conserved property of Mount Livermore and its adjacent areas, in general. Additional objectives in the scope of this study include cataloguing the known species of the DMP and placing the range and its floristics into a larger geographic context. To aid in placing this area into a regional context, several other Trans-Pecos floras will be used to compare and contrast with the results from the DMP. These efforts should help to identify patterns of distribu- tion and abundance, which should prove beneficial in elucidating the evolution and establishment of the present-day flora. In order to enhance the understanding of intelligent and effective management practices in these types of ecosystems, it is important for managers to understand what they are trying to protect from a various array of factors, such as response to climate change and human impact. The primary aim of this study was to construct a collective body of work on the vascular floral composition of the DMP by documenting all vascular plants through herbarium records, field collection of voucher specimens, and the construction of species lists at vari- ous transect locations. Regional patterns of species diversity, both in regards to regions within Texas and as compared to southwestern North America, can be illuminated through subsequent analysis of these results. Study area description.—The Davis Mountains are located primarily in Jeff Davis County but have signifi- cant reaches into neighboring Presidio and Brewster Counties. In roughly the shape of a ‘V’ they extend about 60 mi (97 km) in a northwest-southeast fashion from north to west central Jeff Davis County, with the point to the southeast at Fort Davis, with the approximate center of the range about 10 mi (16km) north of Fort Davis at 30°43' N, 104°00' W (Texas State Historical Association 2010). The main entrance to the DMP is 25 mi (40 km) northwest of Fort Davis, Texas, on Highway 118 and is approximately 7 mi (11 km) northwest from the University of Texas McDonald Observatory. The area of focus for the current study was the nearly 18,360 acres (7430 hectares) of TNC owned property west and south of Highway 118, encompassing Mount Livermore, Pine Peak, the third highest peak in the Davis Mountains at 7710 ft (2350 m), and nearly 10 km of Upper Madera Canyon. This area is bordered on the southeast and southwest corners by easement properties donated by private ranches (Fig. 2), and the Davis Mountains Resort subdivisions. Obvious topographic features include the study area’s higher vantage points such as the distinctive Baldy Peak of Mount Livermore (Fig. 3) in the southwest corner of the property and Laura’s Rock, a distinctive east- west trending intrusive uplift that rests directly north of the summit about 0.2 air-miles. The area’s other taller peaks include McDaniel Mountain at 7235 ft (2205 m) at the northwest end of the property, Whitetail Mountain on the western boundary at 7485 ft (2281 m), and the aforementioned Pine Peak on the east.
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