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Flora Del Bajío Y De Regiones Adyacentes

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Flora Del Bajío Y De Regiones Adyacentes FLORA DEL BAJÍO Y DE REGIONES ADYACENTES Fascículo 157 septiembre de 2008 COMPOSITAE* TRIBU HELIANTHEAE I** (géneros Acmella - Jefea) Por Jerzy Rzedowski***,**** y Graciela Calderón de Rzedowski Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Centro Regional del Bajío Pátzcuaro, Michoacán Plantas herbáceas, arbustivas, a veces arborescentes o trepadoras; hojas con más frecuencia opuestas, simples, tri o triplinervadas y serradas en el margen, aun- que con muchas excepciones fuera de este patrón; cabezuelas homógamas o he- terógamas, a veces completamente unisexuales y entonces las plantas monoicas; * La descripción de la familia puede consultarse en el fascículo 32 de esta serie. ** Referencias: Bentham, G. Notes on the classification, history and geographical distribution of the Compositae. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 13: 253-382. 1873. Blake, S. F. (en colaboración con B. L. Robinson y J. M. Greenman). Asteraceae. In: Standley, P. C., Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1401-1641. 1926. Bremer, K. Asteraceae, cladistics & classification. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 752 pp. 1994. McVaugh, R. Compositae. Flora Novo-Galiciana. Vol. 12. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. 1157 pp. 1984. Nash, D. L., L. O. Williams et al. Compositae. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 1-603. 1976. Strother, J. L. Compositae-Heliantheae. Flora of Chiapas. Part V. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 232 pp. 1999. *** Se agradece al Bibl. Armando Butanda su ayuda en la reproducción de las imágenes de láminas de publicaciones antiguas; se dan las gracias asimismo a la Dra. Socorro González Elizondo por haber realizado una búsqueda especial de la población de Coreopsis maysillesii en su localidad tipo. **** Trabajo realizado con apoyo económico del Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (cuenta 20006), del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, de la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad y del Sr. Walter L. Meagher. 1 flores del radio casi siempre femeninas o neutras; flores del disco hermafroditas o funcionalmente masculinas, por lo general amarillas; receptáculo típicamente pro- visto de páleas, plano a cónico o columnar; anteras por lo común llevando apén- dices en el ápice, ramas del estilo de las flores hermafroditas truncadas o apendi- culadas en el ápice; vilano diverso, pero por lo general de aristas y/o de escamas, no pocas veces ausente. En esta contribución se acepta la circunscripción restringida de esta tribu, si- guiendo los lineamientos de Bentham (1873) con las modificaciones aceptadas por Bremer (1994), de suerte que las Helenieae y las Tageteae resultan excluidas. De esta manera el conjunto comprende alrededor de 200 géneros (con unas 2500 especies), mayormente confinados en su distribución al continente americano. Es la tribu de Compositae mejor representada en la flora de México y también de la región de estudio, donde cuenta con 68 géneros. El grupo es de interés económico por el gran número de especies importantes como ornamentales (por ejemplo de los géneros Cosmos, Dahlia, Tagetes, Zinnia), de otras como oleaginosas (Helianthus), y en México sobre todo por su muy no- table participación como malezas (por ejemplo de los géneros Ambrosia, Bidens, Galinsoga, Melampodium, Simsia, Tithonia, Tridax). Clave principal para géneros. 1 Cabezuelas sin lígulas manifiestas ............................................................... clave 1 1 Cabezuelas con lígulas aunque éstas a veces cortas. 2 Flores del disco funcionalmente masculinas ............................................ clave 2 2 Flores del disco hermafroditas. 3 Flores liguladas estériles. 4 Vilano presente ..................................................................................... clave 3 4 Vilano ausente ....................................................................................... clave 4 3 Flores liguladas fértiles. 5 Vilano presente ..................................................................................... clave 5 5 Vilano ausente ....................................................................................... clave 6 Clave 1. Cabezuelas sin lígulas manifiestas. 1 Cabezuelas de dos tipos, unas llevando flores masculinas y otras con flores femeninas. 2 Brácteas involucrales de las cabezuelas masculinas connadas; involucro femenino maduro de 2 a 6 mm de largo, provisto de 3 a 12 espinas o tubérculos ................................................................................................................. Ambrosia 2 2 Brácteas involucrales de las cabezuelas masculinas libres; involucro femenino maduro de 2 a 3 cm de largo, provisto de más de 20 espinas ........ Xanthium 1 Cabezuelas todas del mismo tipo. 3 Cabezuelas con flores periféricas femeninas y fértiles. 4 Flores femeninas con corolas tubulosas 2-4-lobadas; hojas opuestas. 5 Hojas finamente divididas con los segmentos filiformes; aquenios maduros de forma y tamaño diversos en la misma cabezuela; plantas conocidas de la región árida del centro de Querétaro ........................ Dicranocarpus 5 Hojas indivisas; aquenios maduros por lo general todos similares. 6 Flores del disco fértiles, sus aquenios con vilano ........................... Calea 6 Flores del disco funcionalmente masculinas, sus ovarios sin vilano ........ ..................................................................................................... Clibadium 4 Flores femeninas sin corolas; hojas profundamente divididas, mayormente alternas. 7 Aquenios maduros con márgenes corchosos pálidos; plantas subacuáticas o de suelos muy húmedos .......................................................... Euphrosyne 7 Aquenios maduros sin márgenes corchosos pálidos; plantas sin ligas con suelos muy húmedos o encharcados ........................................ Hedosyne 3 Cabezuelas sin flores femeninas periféricas. 8 Corolas blancas, blanquecinas, rosadas o moradas. 9 Cabezuelas con 1(2) flor, a su vez agrupadas en cabezuelas secundarias ... .......................................................................................................... Lagascea 9 Cabezuelas con más de 10 flores, sin agruparse en cabezuelas secundarias. 10 Aquenios notablemente comprimidos; vilano por lo general de 2 aristas o 2 cerdas, rara vez ausente. 11 Corolas tetrámeras; plantas herbáceas anuales ................... Acmella 11 Corolas pentámeras; plantas arbustivas y más o menos trepadoras o reclinadas ............................................................................. Salmea 10 Aquenios gruesos; vilano de unas 8 aristas desiguales o ausente. 12 Anteras negras; vilano de unas 8 aristas desiguales ........................... ............................................................................................. Melanthera 12 Anteras de otro color; vilano ausente .................................. Isocarpha 8 Corolas amarillas. 13 Involucro aplanado, compuesto de 2 a 4 brácteas, una más grande y opuesta a las demás; flores generalmente 2 (a veces hasta 8) por cabezuela ............................................................................................. Delilia 13 Involucro no aplanado; flores más de 2 por cabezuela. 14 Hojas opuestas, al menos las principales. 3 15 Involucro doble, con una serie de brácteas externas muy diferentes de las de la serie interna; hojas compuestas ......................... Bidens 15 Involucro de brácteas esencialmente similares; hojas indivisas. 16 Vilano de 2 aristas ........................................................... Verbesina 16 Vilano de 10 a 15 escamas, o bien, ausente ......... Alloispermum 14 Hojas alternas. 17 Vilano de 2 aristas. 18 Aquenios alados .............................................................. Verbesina 18 Aquenios sin alas ............................................................ Flourensia 17 Vilano de numerosas cerdas. 19 Hojas filiformes; cerdas del vilano plumosas ................................... .............................................................................. Dyscritothamnus 19 Hojas más anchas que filiformes ................................ Neurolaena Clave 2. Cabezuelas con lígulas; flores del disco funcionalmente masculinas. 1 Flores liguladas 5 o menos. 2 Aquenios con vilano. 3 Lígulas 2 o 3, amarillas ........................................................................ Baltimora 3 Lígulas 5, blancas ............................................................................. Parthenium 2 Aquenios sin vilano. 4 Lígulas 1 o a veces 2; involucro irregularmente globoso u obovoide, acrescente en la madurez del fruto para formar una estructura endurecida ...... Milleria 4 Lígulas 2 a 5; involucro no irregularmente globoso ni obovoide. 5 Anteras verdes; flores blancas ....................................................... Guardiola 5 Anteras de otro color; flores por lo general amarillas. 6 Lígulas triangulares, notablemente bífidas en el ápice; plantas sólo conocidas del noreste de Querétaro ..................................... Tragoceros 6 Lígulas no manifiestamente bífidas en el ápice. 7 Brácteas involucrales interiores frecuentemente endurecidas, envolviendo totalmente los aquenios, soldados con ellos para formar un solo cuerpo ................................................................ Melampodium 7 Brácteas involucrales interiores envolviendo los aquenios, pero sin formar con ellos un solo cuerpo; aquenios trígonos .............................. ...................................................................................... Trigonospermum 1 Flores
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