Feiten of Framing? Een Vergelijkende Berichtanalyse Naar De Manier Waarop (Conflict)Frames Binnen Berichtgeving Over De Koerdische Kwestie Aanwezig Zijn

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Feiten of Framing? Een Vergelijkende Berichtanalyse Naar De Manier Waarop (Conflict)Frames Binnen Berichtgeving Over De Koerdische Kwestie Aanwezig Zijn Feiten of framing? Een vergelijkende berichtanalyse naar de manier waarop (conflict)frames binnen berichtgeving over de Koerdische Kwestie aanwezig zijn Megan S. van den Ende (5636078) Bacheloreindwerkstuk Nederlandse Taal en Cultuur NE3VD11017 Afdeling: Taalbeheersing Begeleider: Dhr. Dr. W. M. Mak Tweede beoordelaar: Dhr. Dr. I. O. de Vries Faculteit Geesteswetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht blok 4 19 juli 2018 Bacheloreindwerkstuk – Megan S. van den Ende (2018) Samenvatting De manier waarop een gebeurtenis of situatie in het nieuws wordt gepresenteerd door middel van framing kan een grote invloed hebben op de manier waarop de lezer tegen de besproken situatie aankijkt. De specifieke framing van een gebeurtenis binnen een nieuwsbericht heeft hiermee invloed op de publieke opinie. De Koerdische kwestie is een ingewikkelde conflictkwestie die al jaren speelt en waarin verschillende sociale actoren actief zijn, waarvan de Turkse en Koerdische partij de belangrijkste zijn. Van dit conflict is goed voor te stellen dat er geframed wordt binnen berichtgeving over gebeurtenissen die onderdeel zijn van deze kwestie. Dimitrova en Strömbäck (2005) kwamen tot de conclusie dat er een tekort is aan onderzoek dat vergelijkt hoe media van verschillende landen een oorlog bespreken. Dit onderzoek heeft daarom als doel te analyseren op welke manier er sprake is van framing binnen berichtgeving omtrent een conflict. Dit wordt gedaan aan de hand van een casus, namelijk berichtgeving over de Koerdische kwestie in de volgende nieuwsbronnen: het Nederlandse de Volkskrant, het Koerdische Rudaw en het Turkse Hürriyet. Om het onderzoek verder af te bakenen is ervoor gekozen berichtgeving omtrent Operatie Olijftak, de situatie in Noord-Syrië, nader te bestuderen. Deze tijdsperiode loopt van januari tot en met mei 2018. Allereerst is de definitie van framing, discourse en sociale actoren besproken (Entman, 1993; Fairclough, 2003). Vervolgens werd eerder (conflict)framingonderzoek uiteengezet en een inventarisatie van (conflict)frames opgesteld waarbij gekeken werd of er sprake was van overlappende frames en of de inventarisatie compleet was. Tot slot is de geschiedenis van de Koerdische kwestie vanuit twee perspectieven beschreven, namelijk de Turkse en Koerdische. Het literatuuronderzoek leidde uiteindelijk tot de volgende hoofdvraag: ‘‘Op welke manier is er in de berichtgeving over gebeurtenissen binnen de Koerdische kwestie sprake van framing?” Hierop aanvullend zijn de volgende deelvragen opgesteld: ‘Welke vormen van framing bestaan binnen de literatuur?’, ‘Welke frames worden binnen het corpus gebruikt?’ en ‘Wat zijn de verschillen in de berichtgeving tussen de partijen als het gaat om framing?’ Om een antwoord te kunnen formuleren op de hoofdvraag is ten eerste een inventarisatie van frames opgesteld die aan de hand van de casus, de situatie in Noord-Syrië, is getest. Het corpus bestond uit negentien artikelen afkomstig uit de Volkskrant, dertig artikelen van Rudaw en dertig artikelen gepubliceerd door Hürriyet. Vervolgens is aan de hand van zeven relevant geachte frames onderzocht op welke manier deze aanwezig waren binnen de teksten en hoe de uiting hiervan per nieuwsbron verschilde. Uit de resultaten bleek dat zes van de zeven frames duidelijk aanwezig waren binnen het corpus, maar dat de invulling van het frame per nieuwsbron niet altijd met elkaar overeenkwam. Dit leidde tot de conclusie dat framing in berichtgeving over gebeurtenissen binnen de Koerdische kwestie per nieuwsbron een zekere mate van verschil toonde. Dit komt overeen met eerder onderzoek naar framing binnen berichtgeving over een conflictsituatie. Opvallend is dat Rudaw en de Volkskrant veel overeenkomsten met elkaar vertoonden en Hürriyet hier bijna lijnrecht tegenover stond. De zes duidelijk aanwezige frames waren het conflict 1 Bacheloreindwerkstuk – Megan S. van den Ende (2018) frame, het human interest frame, het consequences frame, het responsibility frame, het strategic victimization frame en het we, they and ‘the other’ frame. Het zevende frame, genaamd het undefined peace frame, kwam enkel in Hürriyet duidelijk voor. Wanneer het anti-war protest frame ook tot het undefined peace frame gerekend wordt kan gesteld worden dat alle zeven frames binnen de berichtgeving aanwezig zijn. Ook bleek tijdens de analyse dat er geen gemis van frames was. Er was geen stuk binnen het corpus waarvan gedacht werd dat er van framing sprake was maar dat er geen frame was waaraan dit te koppelen was. De inventarisatie van frames was dus compleet. Daarnaast werd er een verband gevonden tussen het responsibility frame, het strategic victimization frame, het human interest frame en het we, they and ‘the other’ frame. Uit dit verband werd duidelijk dat de partij die zichzelf als ‘wij’ en slachtoffer van het conflict neerzet de ander als ‘zij’ en verantwoordelijke portretteert. Hierbij wordt de humanitaire en emotionele nadruk gelegd op de beschrijving van de eigen partij en niet op de andere betrokken sociale actor. Wanneer men weet vanuit welk perspectief de tekst geschreven is kan deze aan de hand van dit gevonden verband de invulling van de andere frames binnen de tekst voorspellen. Dit verband wordt bijvoorbeeld op de volgende manier geuit binnen het Koerdische Rudaw: binnen deze nieuwsbron wordt de Turkse partij als verantwoordelijke van de situatie neergezet en de Koerdische partij als slachtoffer. Dit betreft de uiting van het responsibility frame en strategic victimization frame binnen het verband. Daarnaast wordt in dit voorbeeld de Koerdische partij als ‘wij’ geportretteerd en de Turkse partij als ‘zij.’ Het human interest frame wordt hierbij gebruikt om het ‘wij’ en daarmee dus de slachtofferpartij te beschrijven. Ondanks het feit dat uitspraken over het beoogde doel van het toepassen van specifieke frames binnen berichtgeving – over een conflict – met een zekere mate van voorzichtigheid gedaan dienen te worden is hier wel een poging tot gedaan. Door feiten aan de hand van framing aan de lezer voor te leggen is het mogelijk de publieke opinie te beïnvloeden, wat waarschijnlijk ook het doel is van de framing binnen het corpus. Het Turkse Hürriyet beschrijft als slachtoffers van het conflict bijvoorbeeld enkel Turkse mensen wat de indruk kan wekken dat enkel Turken de dupe zijn van de situatie in Noord-Syrië. Wanneer Hürriyet een gebalanceerder beeld zou schetsen, waarin niet enkel Turken maar ook mensen van andere etniciteiten slachtoffer zijn van het conflict, zouden de lezers een ander beeld van de situatie creëren dan bij het stuk met de eenzijdige informatie. Dit geldt misschien nog wel meer voor de neutrale lezer van de Volkskrant, een nieuwsbron van een land dat niet direct betrokken is in het conflict en waarvan gedacht zou kunnen worden dat het daarom juist objectieve(re) berichten publiceert. Uit dit onderzoek blijkt dat de Volkskrant een positie binnen het conflict inneemt die meer strookt met het Koerdische perspectief dan het Turkse daar de manier van framegebruik van de Volkskrant en Rudaw voor een groot deel overeenkomt. Het framegebruik van Hürriyet wijkt hier juist zeer vanaf. 2 Bacheloreindwerkstuk – Megan S. van den Ende (2018) Inhoudsopgave Samenvatting.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Wetenschappelijke relevantie..................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Theoretisch kader.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Framing............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Verschillende (conflict) frames.................................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Geschiedenis Koerdische kwestie vanuit twee perspectieven...................................................................... 12 3. Methode............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.1 Onderzoeksmateriaal.................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Onderzoeksmethode.................................................................................................................................................... 15 4. Resultaten......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 4.1 Resultaten de Volkskrant........................................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Resultaten Rudaw......................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.3
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