Research on Rapid Development of Spatial Structure of Cities and Towns’Economy in China’S Old Industrial Base： Taking Liaoning Province for Example

（45） －45一

Research on Rapid Development of Spatial Structure of Cities and Towns’Economy in China’s Old Industrial Base： Taking Liaoning Province for Example

Zhang Shu

Abstract：Research on development situation of suggestions on speeding up spatial structure develoP－

3patial structure of cities and towns’economy in ment of Liaoning’s cities and towns’economy．

China’s old industrial base is the incarnation of important thought about completely building rela－ Kθ9ωordsJ cities and towns’economy spatial struc一 tively prosperous society and implementing“three ture speeding up development representatives”， is the new breakthrough of solving the issue on countryside， agriculture and farmer， and LThe Situation of Economical Space is the needs of stabilizing political power in basic Structure of Cities and Towns in Liaorling level and sustainable development． The spatial struc－ コprOVInce ture of cities and towns is product of cities and i．The spatial structure of cities and towns’ towns’forming， developing and interaction under economy is dispersed． certain social and economical development level． In AccordiIlg to relevant statistical figure and terms of the regional level of city， the spatial struc－ total population grouping in all cities in 2005，8 ture of cities and towns has two forms， which are grades’spatial structures have been formed in external spatial structure and internal spatial struc－ cities and towns across Liaoning． There are 2 ture． The former one is to study the spatial position metropolis（Shenyang and Dalian），4megalopo－ of cities and towns with regional background and to 1is（Anshan， Fushun， etc），22 big cities（Benxi， reflect the spatial clustering scale of interaction Dandong， etc），3medium－sized cities（Tieli耳g， rela七ionship among cities and towns；the latter one is Chaoyang， etc）， no small city，27 county towns， to explore the physical features of cities and towns 658designated towns，376 townships， arnong and the proportion relationship， function ties and which the population scale in central Liaoning spatial composition among all the parts of cities on is larger than that of western Liaoning and the the basis of city－1eve1． This paper takes close analysis population scale of western Liaoning is larger on the development situation of I」iaoning’s cities and than that of eastern Liaoning． towns’economy in China’s old industrial base from the perspective of external spatial structure， then ii． The administrative level structure of cities dissects the major problems and causes of its exis－ and towns’economy is like pyramid． tence， finally puts forward with solutions and In terms of adnlinistrative level， the existing 46－ （46） 一 東亜経済研究 第66巻 第1号

Table l Statistical Table of Administrative Level Structure of Cities and Towns in Llaoning

Level Number Name of cities and towns Vice－provincial 2 Shenyang， Dalian level

Anshan， Yingkou， Liaoyang， Fushun， Benxi， Dandong， Tieling， Jinzhou， Fuxin， Pa頭11， Municipal 12 Chaoyang， Huludao Xi㎜in， Wafangdian， Pulandian， Zhuanghe， Haicheng， Donggang， Fengcheng， Linghai， County level 17 Beining， Gaizhou， Dashiqiao， Dengta， Diaobingshan， Kaiyuan， Beipiao， Lingyuan， xingcheng County town 27 Omission Designated town 658 Omission Town5hip 376 Omission cities and towns’network system in Liaoning area is faster than that of interior land． can be divided into 6 grades， namely， vice－ With respect to gross domestic product of provincial level city， municipa1， county－level 2005，there were 23 counties（county－1evel cities） city， county town（including 8 autonomous whose GDP were over 4．88 billion yuan， among counties）， designated town， township（includ－ which 12 counties located in central part；there ing 77 national townships）． See table 1： were 20 counties（county－1evel cities）with GDP

ranging from 1．81 billion yuan to 4．88 billion iii． The development trend of cities and yuan， among which 3 counties located in cen－ towns’economy is that the central part is tral part，7counties located in eastern part and faster than the eastern part and the eastern 10counties located in western part；there was part is faster than the western part， further－ only l county（county－level city）with GDP more， the development of cities and towns ranging from O．78 billioll yuan to 1．68 billion along main transportation routes and coastal yuan， lying in eastern part． See table 2：

Table 2 Statistical Table of Gross Domestic Product Distribution of Cities and Towns in Liaoning in 2005

Gross domestic Total product（hundred Central part Eastern part number Westem p韻 million yuan）

Haicheng， Wa飴ngdian， Zhuanghe， Xinmin， 100．3－266 8 Donggang Liaozhong coun‡y， Pulandian， Dashiqiao

Beining， Suizhong， Linghai， Gaizhou， Xiuyan， Taian， Fengcheng， Kuandian， 48．8－99．9 15 Heishan， Panshan， Dawa， Liaoyal19， Dellgta Kaiyuan Changtu

Benxi county， 31．9－48 7 Faku Yixian， Beipiao， Lingyuan Tiel沁g county， Huanren

Jianchang， Xingcheng， Qingyuan， Xifbng， Fushun， Kazuo， Fuxin county， 18．1－31．7 13 Kangping， Changhai Xhibin Zhangwu county， Jianping， Chaoyang counly

7．8－16．8 1 Diaobingshan Research on Rapid Development of Spatial Structure of Cities and （47） －47一 Towns’Economy in China’s Old Industrial Base

In 2005， the economic total amount in celltral Fuxin， Panjin， Chaoyang， Huludao． The mega－ cities and towns accounted for 58．6 percent of lopo！is and big cities in Liaoning Province are provincial total， while the eastern part ac－ mainly distributed in plain area， which has a counted for 21．3 percent arld the western part semidiameter of 100 kilometers with Shenyang accounted for 20．1 percent． In terms of per as its centre． It is central part of Liaoning capita GDP of urban population， the central province， gathering 5 municipals，5county－level part was 18122。5 yuan， while the eastern part cities and over 200 towrls． It has been densely was 10776．7 yuan and the western part was concentrated area of Liaoning’s cities and

6690．8yuan． It is obviously that the level of per towns． capita GDP in central part was higher tharl Liaoning has tight highway and railway net， that in eastern and western part． The per and the development of most cities and towns capita GDP in central cities and towns was 1．68 rely on the tight highway and railway net． times and 2．77 times as much as that in the Currently， among 14 municipals，12 scatter eastern part alld western part respectively． along the railways of Jingha， Shenda，

Among the financial income of the county－1evel Shendan， etc；7 counties （county－level cities） governments across the province， the central scatter along Shenda railway；6counties scat－ cities and towns accourlted for 53 percent， while ter along Shenshan railway and 12 counties the eastern and the western part accounted for （county－level cities）lie in coastal area． The

25percent and 22 percent respectively． What three railway lines take on a shape of coordi－ can be known from materials above is that the nated development of counties’economies． In development level in central cities and towns is terms of economic total amount of all the noticeably higher than that in eastern and counties in Liaoning，7counties along Shenda western part， therefore，the central part has line account for 39．4 percent， 6 counties been the main growing point of provincial （county－level cities） along Shenshan line ac－

COUnty’S eCOnOmy． count for 14．3 percent，12 counties（county－level

The spatial structure distribution of cities）in coastal area account for 40．7 percent．

Liaoning’s cities and towns is composed by 3 Particularly， counties such as Wafangdian， parts：celltral， eastern and western part． The Pulandian and Zhuanghe subordinated to central county （county－1evel city） includes Dalian， Haicheng， Taian subordinated to

15counties subordinated to Shenyang， Dalian， Anshan， show strong development momentum，

Anshan， Yingkou，’Liaoyang； the eastern as the above 7 counties account for 33．7 percent county（county－1evel city）includes 13 counties of counties’economic total amount across the subordinated to Fushun， Benxi， Dandong， P「ovlnce・

Tieling；the western county（coullty－1evel city） includes 16 counties subordinated to Jinzhou， iv， Small cities and towns have basically 48－ （48） 一 東亜経済研究 第66巻 第1号

formed scale． function， and lack of due attraction and

Currently， the quantity and scale of small iufluential power．

towns in the province have pratically met the With respect to population scale， among the

standards． There were 658 designated town．s by countrysides and small towns of Liaoning

the end of 2005， with a total coverage area of province in 2004， there were less than 2．9 per－

85489 acres and per capita coverage area of cent of towns with population over 20 thou－

237。1 square rneters． The coverage area of sand，89．2 percent of towns with population

market towns is 25715 acres， with that of per below 10 thousand，68．8 percent of towns with

capita 318．4 square meters． The designated population below 5 thousand， therefore， the

towns across province have 1．1336 million population scale of cities and towns was households and 3．605 million people；the mar－ rather small． The population distribution of ket towns have O．2226 million households and Liaoning’s county region is unbalanced． The

O．8076million people， accounting for 15．1 per－ average population of provincial cou且ty region cent and 3．4 percent of provincial total respec－ was O．5401 million， while the most populous tively． By the end of 2002， there were 3 county （Changtu）was 1．122 million and experimental counties and 222 experirnental Changhai County had the lowest population of towns（195 designated towns and 27 market 80 thousand． There were 22 counties with towns）in the construction of provincial indus－ population scale larger than the average level， trial cities and towns， with 27 experimental accounting for 50 percent of provincial total． towns belonging to Ministry of Construction， The populous counties are mainly distributed

77 provincial－level experimental towns，30 in central eastern developed area， while the city－level towns（62 designated towns and 26 western backward counties have sparse popu－ market towns）． There were 562 designated lation． There are not only historical but also towns that had finished the plan－adjustment， natural geographical reasons． Since the central accounting for 93．4 percent of provincial total； eastern area is flat land， it has been population there were 317 market towns that had finished gathering place from ancient times， while the the plan－adjustment， accounting for 79．8 per－ mountainous western area is sparse popula－ cent of provincial total． tion．

The central towns’status in Liaoning’s

皿．The・Major Problems and Causes of county region hasn’t fu！ly played its role， as Development in Liaoning’s Cities and the comprehensive function isn’t strong and Towns’Economical Space Structure the attraction and influential power are weak．

i．The cities and towns have small population The central towns in eastern Anshan and scale， unbalanced population distribution， Dalian develop rapidly， exerting gradually unobvious status of centre town， unfulfilled agglomeration and diffusion function and Research on Rapid Development of Spatial Structure of Cities and （49） －49一 Towns’Economy in China’s Old Industrial Base promoting the development of surrounding part are 24％and 21．3％respectively and in the cities and towns；the western area such as west part are 37％ and 20．1％’respectively．

Chaoyang， Huludao， Fuxin， etc where the Besides， there is also unbalance of economic economic development of central towns isn’t development among the counties． In terms of sharp and the important roles of agglomera－ economic total amount， the biggest county tion－diffusiorl effect on regional development a （county－1evel city）（GDP is 26．6 billion yuan in rer1’ t recognized， have neither remarkable Haicheng）is 16．2 times as much as the smallest status or role of the central town nor regional one（county－1evel city）（GDP is 1．645 billion advantage or features． The weak attraction for yuan in Diaobingshan）． In terms of average advanced talents and technology， unrealized GDP， the biggest county （county－level city） upgrading of industry resulted in the slow （average GDP is 27．41 thousand yuan）is 6．8 development of the surrounding cities and times as much as the smallest one（county－1evel towns． Failing to receive the transfer of tech－ city）（average GDP is 4，017 thousand yuan in nology， industry and talents from central Jianchang）． This gap is also the potential space towns make some towns still very backward． of economic development in county area．

ii． The regional gap of cities and towns’ iii． Humall resources in village didn’t get fully development is big． developed．

The distributioII and development degree of In recent years，1arge amount of rural popu－ cities and towns in the province are basically lation moved to cities and towns and promoted high in southeast and low in northeast． That is the economic development， but there still were to say， the south and easten coastal area have alot of dual people， who left the soil but didn’ high level and good performance；while the tleave the village．75％of whole provincial ll areas in northwest， because of transportation million village labor forces are engaged in condition， geography position and policy etc， agriculture， but only create 46％of farmers’ have investment shortage， and the advantage income， up to 91％farmers have never been resources are rlot fully made use of and deve1－ sublected to professional training． The ability oped． Besides， the imperfect infrastructure of absorbing village labor force by private construction， slow steps in village industriali－ enterprises is not strong． The private enter－ zation， urbanization and modernization result prises in the whole provincial 44 counties in the unbalance of economic development （county－level city）only absorb 1／30f the village among cities and towns． In detail， its unbalance labor force， and the personnel set employment is that central part gathers 39％of county area average for every business enterprise are less population and creates 58．6％ of county area than 5． It is far away from the object that cities production value；while those data in the east and towns absorb largely the rural labor force 50－ （50） 一 東亜経済研究 第66巻 第1号

and realize rural economy’s scale operation． the speed of urbanization in the western back－

Although there are many rural labor forces， ward region is slow， needing to improve fur－ most of them are original labor forces that ha ther． Moreover， the growth speed of ven’ t received special training or education， so urbanization in the whole province is slow－ that the labor forces in cities and towns will moving。 During ten years， the urbanization not be absorbed because of low technical abi1－ rate of the whole province only raised 3．38％ ity． and averagely raised O．34％annually．

iv． The quality of urbanization Ileeds to im－ 皿．The suggestions of accelerating space prove further． structure development of Uaoning’s cities

The urbanization level of Liaoning province and towns has already exceeded 50％， ranking the front i．Preferential development of model towns， places across the country， but village urbaniza－ particularly constructing center towns． tion quality is not high． The population in the There have been 658 designated towns in coverage area of designated towns are only Liaoning in 2005， and it is not possible to go

3．605rnillion， making up 8．6％of total popula－ toward together and develop synchronously tion in the province，15．1％of the population in when lacking in construction funds within villages and towns， ranking the tenth place in state and province． Therefore， we should im－ the country． The universal rate of running prove the quality of small towns， expand the water in villages and towns is 38．4％， ranking scale and speed up urbanization． Some model the 20th in the country； the area of sub－ towns and center towns with Iocation advan－ advanced road owned by per person is 8．8 tage and good economic foundation should be square meters， ranking the tenth in the coun－ chosen to be developed particularly， exerting try；the construction investment of public radiation effects． facilities by each person annually is only 61．7 For speeding up the step of small towns’ yuan， ranking the tenth in the country；the coIlstruction， we should preferentially develop average area of residencial usage is 15．71 model towns and particularly construct center square meters， ranking the 21st in the country． towns， form the moderate development struc－

Low－quality urbanization of village not only ture among county towns， center towns and restricts the gathering of rural industries， but general towns． Every county（county－level city） also restricts the urbanization of rural resi－ should grasp one or two center towns with dents’1ife． The quality of urbanization is better foundation， location and developing higher in mid－south regiorl and the areas along prospects， stressing center towns’ service the main transportation lines in Liaoning， function and radiation function． Finally the meeting the average level of our country， while center towns are made to have regular scale， Research on Rapid Development of Spatial Struc加re of Cities and （51）－51－ Towns’Economy in China’s Old Industrial Base economic power and be able to drive their speeded up． Finally， we can choose a few small periphery counties and towns’economic devel－ cities and towns with good foundation and opmen七． The guideline of choosing stress towns feature to support as model towns in northwest and center towns can be followed by：firstly， and east Liaoning． the system of cities and towns should be pro一 grammed；secondly， the statistics data should 11． Speeding up countles （county－1evel city） be scientific． We should particularly develop transition towards small cities in the process of the region with fastest growth speed of GDP or urbanization． with the highest rate of population flowing； Research shows that small cities， with popu－ choose county－level cities and towns wit与bet－ 1ation between 100 thousand and 200 thousand， ter location and foundation and with bigger is suitable for industry collecting， and is advan－ development potential to grow featured local tageous to the kit of function and optimization center cities；other cities should make full of the residence environment． There are many use of their respective advantage in location， big apd medium－sized cities and small cities and transportation， tourism and special resources， towns in Liaoning， but there are few small developing featured industries with market cities whose population scale is between 100 competition power， enhancing the collecting thousand and 200 thousand． Developing small and radiating functions of county－level center cities is the important way of village urbaniza－ cities and promoting healthy development of tion in Liaoning． The development of 44 coun－ county areas’urbanization． Therefore， we ties（county－1evel cities）in the province is added should positively develop central cities around to construction key points of the whole provin－ the big cities like Shenyang， Dalian and cial program， and they are backed up ill terms

Anshan etc． These cities’economy develops of infrastructure， industry development and faster， and industries transferring and city financial supPort to develoP Population scale population reposition supply rare opportuni－ between 100 thousand and 200 thousand． Then ties for their periphery small cities and towns’ 5million peasants will be citizens， which will development． So we should bring these small exert big impact on the economic and sociaI cities and towns， as periphery cities， into the development in Liaoning Province． total program of big cities’development and give special support． As for the central towns iii． Playing a municipal radiation role and of relatively advanced areas in the rniddle and promoting the integration of provincial cities south of Liaoning， which have good economic and counties． power and foundation， we only need to invest a The gap exists in the development of cities small proportion， then the construction and and counties， although there is harmonious development of small cities and towlls will be trerld in the relation of whole provincial cities 52－ （52） 一 東亜経済研究 第66巻 第1号

and counties， it is necessary to further promote natural and humanity resources need to work

the integrated development of cities and coun－ hard for exalting the additional value of natu－

ties to make the duality structure even more ral products． In recent years， many counties

harmonious and gradually apProach the unifi－ and towns began to develop characteristed

cation of duality structure． The integration of private economy and obtained good effects．

cities and counties is a social， economic， cul－ Characterised industries include the industries

tural and ecological process which also is this formed by the exploitation and usage of local

process’s final object． The effective attraction special resources， such as medicine and chest－

and strong radiation of central cities toward nuts in east mountainous areas， sea products in

the rural areas make the reliance between the the coastal areas and jujubes and millet in

central cities and the periphery rural areas Chaoyang； industries formed by processing

consumedly strengthehed and make the rela－ and manufacturing of traditional craft， such as

tion between cities and counties more diverse smoked chicken in Goubangzi；and some cluster

and close． For example， in Dalian， counties and industries with certain size formed by simplest

towns in the rural area with poor transporta－ processing，such as clothing in Xiliu and cases

tion have bigger gap with central areas in in Nantai．

every aspect；and in these areas， the govern－ In addition， the development of provincial

ment should give more policy support， on the agriculture industries need to make use of high

other hand， the infrastructure construction of and new technologies， grow new products，

transportation and communication should be decrease pollution， plant agricultural products

strengthened to supPly these counties and meeting international standard， facing inter－

towns with good support platform for irnprov－ national market， develop outside－oriented

ing their urbanization level and developing agriculture and realize agricultural industriali－

non－farm industries． zation． Several aspects below can be included

for developing agricultural high and new tech－

iv． Developing characteristic and advanta－ nology irldustries． Firstly， high and new tech－

geous industry and pushing high and new nologies results need to be introduced technologies of agriculture industry． continuously in every field and every segment

The cities and towns’development need to of agricultural production and rnanagement to rely on local area’s resource gift and develoP make products with intense introduction of comparative advantage to choose industries． science and technologies， high additional value

The cities and towns rich in rlatural resources and good market prospect． Secondly， we must can develop industries based on local resources； continuously pursue production’s scale， stan－ the ones rich in agriculture resources can dardization， professiorlalization， localization， develop modern agriculture；and those rich in the enterprising of rnarlagement and the Research on Rapid Development of Spatial Structure of Cities and （53） －53一 Towns’Economy in China’s Old Industrial Base

integration of operation． Thlrdly， we should We have to simplify the system of market

aim at sustainable development and safe sur－ access and to effectively implement the na－

vival of human beings， trying our best to tional treatment principle；any fields that allow

substitute advanced technologies for partial foreign capital to enter should allow the entry

resources， protecting ecological environment of private capital， so that private enterprises

and realizing green production． Set up develoP－ could have equal opportunities to compete with ing－oriented agricultural structure， namely foreign－funded enterprises．

developing goods production and raising the We must establish and perfect the unified rate of various agricultural products， improv－ counseling system of privately owned enter－ ing the quality of agricultural products， mak－ prises；such as setting up small and medium－ ing every effort to launch the planting of good sized enterprises（SMEs）banks and joint－stock agricultural breeds， developing special indus－ banks， and establishing central， provincial and tries suited to various agricultural products， county（city）small arld medium－sized private making every effort to develop domestic and enterprise developrrlent fund and credit guar－ international trade to transform undeveloped antee fund． Our main purpose is， through the rural agriculture into modern delicate agricul－ small and medium－sized private enterprise ture which can create foreign exchange， so as development fund and the credit guarantee to increase local income． fund， to handle the special loans or credit

guarantees for the promising high－tech enter－

v． Starlding out the market corpus position of prises or the small and medium sized private the privately owned enterprises and fostering enterprises， which are in temporary financiaI the new growth points of the cities and towns’ difficulties as a result of natural disasters or economic development． economic fluctuations．

By the end of the“Ninth Five－Year Plan”， We should set up professional SMEs man－ more than 95％of township enterprises in agement organizations and provide privately

Liaoning， which basically became to be private owned economy with development and plan－ enterprises with clear property rights， have ning， technology and information， diagnosis completed the reform of the property right and advisory services． system， and the private economy has poured We could， by means of the establishment of the new vigor and vitality into the cities and t industrial parks and development zones， offer owns’ economic development． infrastructure and public technical measures to

1」iaoning Province should help private enter－ privately owned enterprises and promote them prises to develop based on their own economic to achieve scale operations， and we could also development features， with focus on the follow－ drive the private economy to develop rapidly by

1ng polnts： virtue of bringing the region agglomeration 54－ （54） 一 東亜経済研究 第66巻 第1号

effect into play and taking advantage of the strategy of ‘‘going outside， inviting inside；

enterprises cluster． breaking out， bringing in”， and intensify ef－

We should guide the privately owned enter－ forts of attracting investment． We have to

prises to positively face the domestic and over－ continuously expand the fields of utilizing

seas markets． foreign investment， and to take flexible and

We need to implement the strategic upgrad－ diverse investment measures of door－to－door

ing and transformation of the private enter－ business， business to business， intermediary

P「1ses・ business， online business and projects invest－

Currently， most of the privately owned ment， so as to absorb extraterritorial projects，

enterprises in I・iaoning Province are mairlly capita1， technology and personnel to enter． To labor－intensive industries， of which the techllo－ promote ecomomic development of cities and

logical content and added value of their prod－ towns， Liaoning should draw on the experience ucts are relatively low， and of which the of advanced region， strengthen the iρfrastruc－

competitiveness is insufficient， then， the exten－ ture and related policy proposals， invite foreign sive managemerlt shortcomings have been investors to come to investigate and provide exposed． Therefore， in the face of the present preferential investment policies for them， and development status of the private enterprises in attract the introduction of projects， capita1，

Liaoning， we should focus on the growth of technology and expertise． capital and technology－intensive industries， on the changes of the extensive operations， so to vii． Developing education and enhancing the bring about the strategic upgrading and trans－ competitiveness of human capital in cities and formation． With regard to the provincial eco－ towns。 nomic development of cities and towns， the Through learning and innovation to enhance counties， in which urban economy has been the ability of development is an important better developed， have a group of large－scale characteristic of city－town system in new era， private enterprises in their leading industries． as well as a significant manifestation of vitaliz－

Moreover， the privately owned enterprises give ing the county by science and technology． obvious impetus to the forming of industrial Vigorously to develop basic education and chain， and to the urban economic development． vocational training and to accumulate the

human capital are the major approaches of

vi． Fully opening to the outside world and learning and innovation， Education is the intensifying investment efforts． major means of bringing up human capita1．

It is not enough for cities and towns’econ－ Growing education and personnel、training in omy to develop by itself， it needs help from the county region can increase the number of outside world， and we should enforce the the town’s talents and attract foreign capital Research on Rapid Development of Spatial Structure of Cities and （55） －55一 Towns’Economy in China’s Old Industrial Base and talents to enter， and also can promote the management， establlshing moderll transporta－ econolnic accumulation and knowledge ex－ tion， communications， hospitals， schools， shop－ change． The improvement of workforce quality ping centers， entertainment venues and other in cities and towns will inevitabily allure well－ infrastructure， simultaneously paying special known enterprises to invest and attract talents attention to the protection of the ecological and technology， so as to enhance economic environment， then we can build a“nature－ efficiency． Thereby， we must recognize the based”clean beautifu1“Garden Towl1”． importance of human capital and regard educa－ tioll as cities and towns’economic development ix． Reforming the household registration focuses． management system in small cities and towns．

Household registration managemeht system viii． Paying equal attention to economic devel－ has been the key factor of imposing restric． opment and environmental protection alld tions on China’s rural population getting into establishing“Garden Town”． cities and towns． At present， there are still

Strengthening the conservation of environ－ limitations being implemented to prevent farm－ ment and nature is the important measure to ers from settling in the towns， and some places ensure sustainable economic development． At are still chargillg a certain Ilumber of town present， in addition to the differences of devel－ compatibilization matching fees， and still opment degrees， there are great gaps of devel－ strictly control both rural population to opment between small towns in other regions change from rural to non－rural and migraIlt and abroad and those in Liaoning． The biggest labors to move into cities and towns． The disparities are poor infrastructure，10w quality inertia of management system and irlterests in of environment，10w levels of service and man－ sectors seriously hinder the reform of the agement． Even those small towns which have household registration system， so the peasants good infrastructure still exist serious problems have no possibility to settle in large and me－ of“dirty， chaotic and poor”． To change this dium－sized cities． Liaoning Province should situation， Liaoning has to take measures， not Iearn from the advanced experience of Europe only of administrative and professional man－ and the United States， reforming the census agement and more importantly， of the social register management system in small towns， management that all citizens are conscious of gradually relaxirlg and removing the disparity participation． Within communities， we should between the rural and urban household regis－ actively promote resident autonomy bodies for tration account， and establish a management self－management， to start from one family， system that registered permanent residence strengthelling health management， environ－ according to habitation． As long as we have a mental management and public order steady income， stable residence， stable 56－ （56） 一 東亜経済研究 第66巻 第1号

employment， and living in a place for a period environment and enhancing the quality of

of time， we can settle down at that place． urban environment． In addition， we have to

synthetically consider the close ties between

x．Running cities and towns as capitals． cities and towns construction and development

Atown is the center of county’s economy， and the surrounding environment， regarding

politics and culture， and it is also the gathering the environment construction and the rational

center of social production factors． The deve1－ allocation， utilization and protection of re－

opment and prosperity of cities and towns will sources as prerequisites for sustainable devel－

bring about county’s economic prosperity． opment of town economy， but we have to avoid

Running cities and towlls as capitals is de－ ablind pursuit of short－term illterests． Based

rived from the development process of market on the situation of county economy in

economy， which may capitalize all production Liaoning， we can find that the counties in

factors， such as county planning， ports， credi－ Liaoning have large stock of assets． Supposing bility， irlformation，10cation and franchising that we put these assets onto the market， and rights． These potential county capitals must be carry out market operations or optimize port－ capitalized through the market mechanism， folios through market， these assets will be and only by capitalization can these capitals transformed into the active production ele－ realize their own value and the value－added． In ments， which would invisibly raise the value of fact， the cities and towns’capital operation is urban capital and allure more investment． the process of capital transformation， develop－ ment， creation and operation． For local govern－ References ment， the admiIlistrator． of cities and towns， 1．Rao Huilin，7んθorッ（ゾμrわαπθcoηoηzッαπ（メ、ρrαcむjce capitalization is to convert and develop capitals e麓pZorα亡‘oη， Northeastern financial university which are formed by governrnent engaging in press， June，1998 city construction for many years， and is also to 2．Wang Jianxin，etc edit， Rθ8θαrcんrερor古oπcθ鷹rαZ activate the urban existing stock assets ωrわαπ（」θびe♂o∫）ηzθπ古α古 亡ん2亡μrπ（ゾcεηむμrごθ8，soft through market． In the process of cities and t scientific project of Liaoning Province， July，2000 owlls’ transformation and development， there 3．Wang Zhenliang， Coんθs‘oπ伽07ツσμrわαπαηd are many resource capitals requiring cultivat－ rμrαZαrθα’8spαcθ， Fudan university press， Apri1， ing， developing and creating． 2000

Running．cities and towns as capitals also includes realizing urban erlvironmental values．

We must treat the environmental construction as an important potential capital， and acceler－ ate the land value by improving the