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Malaysia, September 2006
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Malaysia, September 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: MALAYSIA September 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Malaysia. Short Form: Malaysia. Term for Citizen(s): Malaysian(s). Capital: Since 1999 Putrajaya (25 kilometers south of Kuala Lumpur) Click to Enlarge Image has been the administrative capital and seat of government. Parliament still meets in Kuala Lumpur, but most ministries are located in Putrajaya. Major Cities: Kuala Lumpur is the only city with a population greater than 1 million persons (1,305,792 according to the most recent census in 2000). Other major cities include Johor Bahru (642,944), Ipoh (536,832), and Klang (626,699). Independence: Peninsular Malaysia attained independence as the Federation of Malaya on August 31, 1957. Later, two states on the island of Borneo—Sabah and Sarawak—joined the federation to form Malaysia on September 16, 1963. Public Holidays: Many public holidays are observed only in particular states, and the dates of Hindu and Islamic holidays vary because they are based on lunar calendars. The following holidays are observed nationwide: Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice, movable date); Chinese New Year (movable set of three days in January and February); Muharram (Islamic New Year, movable date); Mouloud (Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday, movable date); Labour Day (May 1); Vesak Day (movable date in May); Official Birthday of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (June 5); National Day (August 31); Deepavali (Diwali, movable set of five days in October and November); Hari Raya Puasa (end of Ramadan, movable date); and Christmas Day (December 25). Flag: Fourteen alternating red and white horizontal stripes of equal width, representing equal membership in the Federation of Malaysia, which is composed of 13 states and the federal government. -
UNODC, Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia
Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia Latest developments and challenges May 2020 Global SMART Programme Copyright © 2020, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the Global Synthetic Monitoring: Analyses, Reporting and Trends (SMART) Programme, Laboratory and Scientific Section with the support of the UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Supervision, direction and review Justice Tettey, Chief, Laboratory and Scientific Section Jeremy Douglas, Regional Representative, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Research and drafting Martin Raithelhuber, Illicit Synthetic Drugs Expert Tun Nay Soe, Inter-regional Programme Coordinator Inshik Sim, Drug Programme Analyst, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Joey Yang Yi Tan, Junior Professional Officer in Drug Research Graphic design and layout Akara Umapornsakula, Graphic Designer Administrative support Jatupat Buasipreeda, Programme Assistant The present report also benefited from the expertise and valuable contributions of UNODC colleagues in the Laboratory and Scientific Section and the Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including Tsegahiwot Abebe Belachew, Rebecca Miller, Reiner Pungs, and John Wojcik. Disclaimer This report has not been formally edited. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC or the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
FULLTEXT01.Pdf
http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in . Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Eklöf Amirell, S. (2020) The making of the “Malay pirate” in early modern European thought Humanities, 9(3): 1-14 https://doi.org/10.3390/h9030091 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101229 humanities Article The Making of the “Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought Stefan Eklöf Amirell Centre for Concurrences in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies, Linnaeus University, SE-351 95 Växjö, Sweden; [email protected] Received: 20 May 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: This article traces the long historical background of the nineteenth-century European notion of the Malay as a human “race” with an inherent addiction to piracy. For most of the early modern period, European observers of the Malay Archipelago associated the Malays with the people and diaspora of the Sultanate of Melaka, who were seen as commercially and culturally accomplished. This image changed in the course of the eighteenth century. First, the European understanding of the Malay was expanded to encompass most of the indigenous population of maritime Southeast Asia. Second, more negative assessments gained influence after the mid-eighteenth century, and the Malays were increasingly associated with piracy, treachery, and rapaciousness. In part, the change was due to the rise in maritime raiding on the part of certain indigenous seafaring peoples of Southeast Asia combined with increasing European commercial interests in Southeast Asia, but it was also part of a generally more negative view in Europe of non-settled and non-agricultural populations. -
“Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought
humanities Article The Making of the “Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought Stefan Eklöf Amirell Centre for Concurrences in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies, Linnaeus University, SE-351 95 Växjö, Sweden; [email protected] Received: 20 May 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: This article traces the long historical background of the nineteenth-century European notion of the Malay as a human “race” with an inherent addiction to piracy. For most of the early modern period, European observers of the Malay Archipelago associated the Malays with the people and diaspora of the Sultanate of Melaka, who were seen as commercially and culturally accomplished. This image changed in the course of the eighteenth century. First, the European understanding of the Malay was expanded to encompass most of the indigenous population of maritime Southeast Asia. Second, more negative assessments gained influence after the mid-eighteenth century, and the Malays were increasingly associated with piracy, treachery, and rapaciousness. In part, the change was due to the rise in maritime raiding on the part of certain indigenous seafaring peoples of Southeast Asia combined with increasing European commercial interests in Southeast Asia, but it was also part of a generally more negative view in Europe of non-settled and non-agricultural populations. This development preceded the notion of the Malays as one of humanity’s principle races, which emerged toward the end of the eighteenth century. The idea that Malays were natural pirates also paved the way for several brutal colonial anti-piracy campaigns in the Malay Archipelago during the nineteenth century. -
The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries Pierre-Yves Manguin
The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries Pierre-Yves Manguin To cite this version: Pierre-Yves Manguin. The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries. Moussons : recherches en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est, Presses universitaires de Provence, 2014, Recherche en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est, pp.73- 99. 10.4000/moussons.2699. halshs-02516998 HAL Id: halshs-02516998 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02516998 Submitted on 24 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Moussons Recherche en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est 5 | 2002 Recherche en sciences humaines sur l'Asie du Sud-Est The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries La nature informe des systèmes politiques de l’Asie du sud-est insulaire : centres restreints, périphéries étendues Pierre-Yves Manguin Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/moussons/2699 DOI: 10.4000/moussons.2699 ISSN: 2262-8363 Publisher Presses Universitaires de Provence Printed version Date of publication: 1 July 2002 Number of pages: 73-99 ISBN: 2-7449-0415-5 ISSN: 1620-3224 Electronic reference Pierre-Yves Manguin, « The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries », Moussons [Online], 5 | 2002, Online since 19 June 2014, connection on 20 April 2019. -
Maritime Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: Analysis of International and Regional Legal Frameworks
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Maritime Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: Analysis of International and Regional Legal Frameworks Ahmad Almaududy Amri University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Amri, Ahmad Almaududy, Maritime Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: Analysis of International and Regional Legal Frameworks, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Law, University of Wollongong, 2016. -
Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia
Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia <UN> Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte (kitlv, Leiden) Henk Schulte Nordholt (kitlv, Leiden) Editorial Board Michael Laffan (Princeton University) Adrian Vickers (Sydney University) Anna Tsing (University of California Santa Cruz) VOLUME 300 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki <UN> Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia A Longue Durée Perspective Edited by David Henley Henk Schulte Nordholt LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of kitlv (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Cover illustration: Kampong Magetan by J.D. van Herwerden, 1868 (detail, property of kitlv). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environment, trade and society in Southeast Asia : a longue durée perspective / edited by David Henley, Henk Schulte Nordholt. pages cm. -- (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde ; volume 300) Papers originally presented at a conference in honor of Peter Boomgaard held August 2011 and organized by Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-28804-1 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-28805-8 (e-book) 1. Southeast Asia--History--Congresses. 2. Southeast Asia--Civilization--Congresses. -
British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca, 1786-1819
BRITISH STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN THE STRAITS OF MALACCA 1786-1819 Samuel Wee Tien Wang B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1991 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History O Samuel Wee Tien Wang 1992 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY December 1992 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME: Samuel Wee DEGREE: TITLE OF THESIS: British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca, 1786-1819 EXAMINING COMMITTEE: CHAIR: J. I. Little ~dhardIngram, Professor Ian Dyck, Associate ~hfessor Chdrles Fedorak - (Examiner) DATE: 15 December 1992 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE 1 hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca Author: (signature) Samuel Wee (name) (date) ABSTRACT It has almost become a common-place assumption that the 1819 founding of Singapore at the southern tip of the strategically located Straits of Malacca represented for the English East India Company a desire to strengthen trade with China; that it was part of an optimistic and confident swing to the east which had as its goal, the lucrative tea trade. -
Contesting Boundaries in the Riau Archipelago
CAROLE FAUCHER Contesting boundaries in the Riau Archipelago The fall of the New Order and the implementation of the regional autonomy laws have provided fresh opportunities for the local elite to promote and consolidate their own sphere of influence. As has already been the case in a number of provinces and districts, instances of conflict have spread, often in the context of power struggles and highly complex social and political restructurings (H. Schulte Nordholt 2002). In many cases, these conflicts are popularly articulated through the language of ethnic and religious identity politics. Similarly, ethnic and religious sensitivities which were consciously repressed during the period of the New Order, are now exposed. The Riau Archipelago (or Kepri from Kepulauan Riau) had been so far largely spared from acute tensions and mounting violence. However, among the urban middle class and between generations ideological polarization has taken place. The different attempts to conceptualize ‘Masyarakat Kepri’ – the society of Kepulauan Riau – by politicians and public intellectuals seems to demonstrate how an increasing emphasis on regional identity has gradually superseded a more general concern with the nation. The discussion about the character of the newly formed province of Kepri has oscillated over the past years between the aristocrats’ ideal of reverting to the era of the sultanate, and an image of an industrial oriented pluralistic society, advocated by business people, which is strong and autonomous enough to compete economically with Singapore and Malaysia. The proximity to Malaysia and Singapore has created an interesting para- dox. On one hand, Singapore and Malaysia have been a source of identity for the Malays in the Riau Archipelago as important economic and cultural power bases. -
The Question of the Future of Indian Muslims in Malaysia: the Post-Mahathir Legacy Era
AFRICAN AND ASIAN STUDIES African and Asian Studies 11 (2012) 219-246 brill.nl/aas The Question of the Future of Indian Muslims in Malaysia: The Post-Mahathir Legacy Era Ahmad Noor Sulastry Yurni* Department of Anthropology & Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The Malays, Chinese and Indian community in Malaysia have been homogenized since British colonialism. The existence of Indian Muslims’ identity caused a new paradigm shift in Malaysia involving the racial discussion. This paper traces the diffference in Indian Muslims’ identities from Indian and the Hindus. I argued that Indian Muslims share Islam as their religion and faith, while maintaining a Malay way of life and custom in their daily practices. In Malaysia, the Indian Mus- lim community struggled to place their future in terms of social, economic allocation and politi- cal justifijication among the other communities. However, the strength of ethnic politics clearly charted out their involvement in the political base and moved them to fijight for their cause and rights. Hence, today’s Indian Muslim community has caused an Islamic resurgence, which has brought a new Indian dimension as a whole. Keywords homogenized; religion; race; identity and human rights Introduction As a multi-racial country, Malaysia has four major ethnic groups, each with its own traditions: Malay, Chinese, Indian and the indigenous people. Indians form 7.8 percent of the country’s total population of 27 million and are mostly Hindu with origin from Tamil Nadu. The Muslim Malays form 60 percent of the population while the Chinese, who account for 25 percent, are Buddhists or Christians. -
Tracing the Malays in the Malay Land
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 ( 2016 ) 235 – 240 UG*OREDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ%XVLQHVVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFH*&%66'HFHPEHU .XDOD/XPSXU0DOD\VLD 7UDFLQJWKH0DOD\VLQWKH0DOD\/DQG $EGXO0XWDOLE(PERQJD -XKDUL6KDP-XVRKE-XOLDQL+XVVHLQF5D]LWD0RKDPPDGG aUniversiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak MALAYSIA bUniversiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300 Terengganu MALAYSIA cTerengganu Advanced Technical Institute-College University 24000 Terengganu MALAYSIA dUniversiti Teknologi MARA Dungun 23000 Terengganu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©7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRIhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). WKHUG*&%66 Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015 Keywords:0DOD\ Orang Melayu2ULJLQV*HQHWLF Sejarah Melayu ,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHRULJLQRIWKH0DOD\LVGRXEWIXO%ULWDQQLFDHQF\FORSHGLDGHILQHVWKHMalayRUOrang -
Tracing the Malays in the Malay Land
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 ( 2016 ) 235 – 240 UG*OREDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ%XVLQHVVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFH*&%66'HFHPEHU .XDOD/XPSXU0DOD\VLD 7UDFLQJWKH0DOD\VLQWKH0DOD\/DQG $EGXO0XWDOLE(PERQJD -XKDUL6KDP-XVRKE-XOLDQL+XVVHLQF5D]LWD0RKDPPDGG aUniversiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak MALAYSIA bUniversiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300 Terengganu MALAYSIA cTerengganu Advanced Technical Institute-College University 24000 Terengganu MALAYSIA dUniversiti Teknologi MARA Dungun 23000 Terengganu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©7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRIhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). WKHUG*&%66 Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015 Keywords:0DOD\ Orang Melayu2ULJLQV*HQHWLF Sejarah Melayu ,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHRULJLQRIWKH0DOD\LVGRXEWIXO%ULWDQQLFDHQF\FORSHGLDGHILQHVWKHMalayRUOrang