Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 ( 2016 ) 235 – 240
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aUniversiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak MALAYSIA bUniversiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300 Terengganu MALAYSIA cTerengganu Advanced Technical Institute-College University 24000 Terengganu MALAYSIA dUniversiti Teknologi MARA Dungun 23000 Terengganu MALAYSIA
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1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.011 236 Abdul Mutalib Embong et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 ( 2016 ) 235 – 240
H[SDQVLRQRFFXUUHGRQO\LQWKHODVW\HDUVRUVRLVLQGLFDWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHODQJXDJHVRIWKH0DOD\JURXSDUH DOOVWLOOYHU\PXFKDOLNH %OXVW VRPHKRZEULHIHG³0DOD\LVRQHRIWKHUDFHVLQWKHIDPLO\RIDYHU\EURDGHWKQLFJURXSNQRZQDVWKH 0DOD\R3RO\QHVLDQRU$XVWURQHVLDQ$PRQJWKHWULEHVLQWKLVIDPLO\DUH0DOD\-DYDQHVH%XJLV6XQGDQHVH0DRUL +DZDLL)LMLDQGVRRQ7KH0DOD\UHJLRQLVYHU\ZLGH7KLVLVVXSSRUWHGE\:DOODFHDQH[SHUWLQDQWKURSRORJ\DQG ZRUOGKLVWRU\IURP2[IRUGZKRZURWHThe Malay Archipelago PHQWLRQHG³WKH0DOD\DUFKLSHODJRDVWKHZKROH 6RXWK(DVW$VLDWKDWIRUPVDWULDQJOHVWDUWLQJIURP1LFREDU,VODQGLQWKH(DVW6HDWRWKH6RORPRQ,VODQGVLQWKH6RXWK (DVWDQGRI/X]RQLQWKH1RUWKWR5RWWLQHDUWKHLVODQGRI7LPRULQWKH6RXWK´+HGLYLGHVWKHYDVWDUHDVLQWRVHYHUDO JURXSV ,QGR0DOD\D,VODQGV7LPRU,VODQGV0DOXNXDQG3DSXDLVODQGV 6KDKDULU 0SX 3UDSDQFD D -DYDQHVH SRHW IURP WKH UR\DO 0DMDSDKLW LQ KLVDesawarnama LQ KDG OLVWHG VRPH DUHDV LGHQWLILHGDVWKHODQGRIWKH0DOD\VVXFKDV-DPEL3DOHPEDQJ-DNDUWD.DPSDU.DPSDU5RNDQ3DQH.DPSH$UX 0DQGDLOHQJ7XPLDQJ/DPXUL%DUXVLQ6XPDWUDDQG/DQJNDVXND.HGDK.HODQWDQDQG3DKDQJLQ0DOD\3HQLQVXOD 0DONLHO-LUPRXQVN\ 7KH0DOD\FODVVLFDOWH[WVVXFKDVWKHMalay Annals Sejarah Melayu Undang-Undang Melaka 06 a Hikayat Merpati Mas dan Merpati Perak 06 DQGAdat Raja Melayu a066 DOVRXVHWKHWHUPsons of the soilLWVHOIZKLFKFRXOGEHWUDFHGIURPDP\VWHULRXVXVDJHRIWKHZRUGµtanah¶RU VRPHWLPHµbumL¶ ERWKFRXOGEHWUDQVODWHGDVµVRLO¶RUµFOD\¶ ZKLFKFRQVLVWHQWO\DSSHDUVLQ,QWKHMalay Annals Sejarah MelayuHG6KHOODEHDU $6DPDG$KPDG¶V WKHXVDJHRIWKHZRUG‘tanah’ VRLO LVDV IROORZV
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“the Malays are your clay as the Arab Tradition says, Al-’abdi tinu’lmaulahu, which being interpreted is ‘the slave is as it were his master” 0DOD\$QQDOV WUDQVODWHGE\&&%URZQ IURPILUVWSXEOLVKHGLQ
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The common features of Malay 7KH0DOD\FXOWXUHKDVEHHQVWURQJO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WKDWRIRWKHUSHRSOHVLQFOXGLQJWKH6LDPHVH-DYDQHVHDQG 6XPDWUDQ7KHLQIOXHQFHRI+LQGX,QGLDZDVKLVWRULFDOO\YHU\JUHDWDQGWKH0DOD\VZHUHODUJHO\+LQGXQL]HGEHIRUH WKH\ZHUHFRQYHUWHGWR,VODPLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ ,VODPFRQVWLWXWHVDNH\HOHPHQWLQ0DOD\HWKQLFLGHQWLW\DQGWKHUHIRUHKDVFULWLFDOLPSDFWRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI 0DOD\FXOWXUH &URXFK 7KHFODVKEHWZHHQWKHWZREHOLHIVZDVREYLRXVHVSHFLDOO\LQ,QUXUDODUHDVDVWKH 0DOD\DOVRSUHVHUYHGVRPHRIWKHLUROGEHOLHIVLQVSLULWVRIWKHVRLODQGMXQJOHZKLFKDUHSDUWO\+LQGXLQRULJLQDQG DJDLQVWWKH,VODPLFWHDFKLQJ7UDGLWLRQDOO\WKH0DOD\KDGDVRPHZKDWIHXGDOVRFLDORUJDQL]DWLRQOLYLQJLQYLOODJHVDV IDUPHUV %DVHGRQWKHFODVVLFDOGHILQLWLRQWRZDUGVWKH0DOD\V7KH0DOD\VLD FRQVWLWXWLRQJLYHVVSHFLDOVWDWXVWRWKH 0DOD\VZLWKLQDPRGHUQFRQWH[W7KLVHWKQLFJURXSLVFRQVLGHUHGWKHLQGLJHQRXVSRSXODWLRQRIWKHFRXQWU\ZKRVH DQFHVWRUVOLYHGWKHUHORQJEHIRUHDQ\RWKHUPRGHUQJURXS7KH0DOD\VPXVWIXOILOIRXUFRQVWLWXWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWV ZKLFKDUHUHODWHGWRUHOLJLRXVDIILOLDWLRQSURIHVVHVWKHUHOLJLRQRI,VODP KDELWXDOO\VSHDNVWKH0DOD\ODQJXDJH FRQIRUPVWR0DOD\FXVWRPDQGILQDOO\RQHRIKLVDQFHVWRUVKDYHWRKDYHEHHQERUQLQ0DOD\VLDRU6LQJDSRUHEHIRUH 0HUGHND'D\HYHQWKRXJKLWEHFDPHDVHSDUDWHFRXQWU\MXVWWZR\HDUVODWHU 7KH9LHZV 7KHSUHFHGLQJYLHZVDQGH[SODQDWLRQVRI0DOD\FKDUDFWHUDFWXDOO\ZHUHGDWHGIURPWKHWKFHQWXU\RQZDUGRQH RIWKHHDUOLHVWDYDLODEOHRIWKHVHFRPSLOHGE\7RP3LUHVZKHQ0DODFFDZDVFRQTXHUHGE\WKH3RUWXJXHVH7KHQ IROORZHGE\DQRWKHU3RUWXJXHVH'XDUWH%DUERVVDLQZKRZURWHDERXWWKH0DOD\DQGDOVRWKH-DYDDERXQGVLQ GHWDLOVLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ $KPDG D6SDQLDUG(PDQXHO*RGKLQRGH(UHGLDREVHUYHGWKH0DOD\VLQ0DODFFD DQGFODLPHGPDMRULW\RIWKHPZHUHFKHHUIXOURJXLVKDQGZDQWRQ &DUGRQ $IWHUWKDWWKH0DOD\ODQGZDV RSHQHGWRDOOSHRSOHDQGEHFDPHWKHREVHUYDWLRQV6RPHQRWLFHDEOHZULWHUVZHUHDQ,WDOLDQ&DUHUL'XWFKPDQ)UDQFRLV DQGE\WKHWKFHQWXU\WKLV0DOD\ODQGQRWKLQJQHZIRU%ULWLVKDXWKRUVOLNH5DIIOHV&UDZIRUG6ZHQWHQKDPDQG &OLIIRUG 7KHYLHZVRIWKH0DOD\VIURPWKH0DOD\V¶H\HVDUHQRWDVPXFKDVWKHRXWVLGHUVEHFDXVHOLWHUDF\ZDVVRPHWKLQJ QHZWRWKH0DOD\ZRUOG%HVLGHVWKH0DOD\VZKRZURWHDERXWWKHLUSHRSOHGXULQJWKHFRORQLDOWLPHDQGHDUOLHUWKDQ WKDWZHUHKHDYLO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WHOOLQJP\WKV7KXVWKHZULWWHQZRUNZDVQRWDXWKHQWLFDQGJHQXLQHWRGHVFULEHWKH UHDOOLIHRIWKH0DOD\VDWWKDWWLPH7KLVFKDSWHUZLOOGLVFXVVWKHYLHZVWRZDUGVWKH0DOD\VWKURXJKWKHZRUNRIERWK SHUVSHFWLYHV 0DOD\DQG%ULWLVKZULWHUV 3.1. Abdullah Munsyi: The Malay that eyes the Malays 0XQVKL$EGXOODKRU$EGXOODKELQ$EGXO.DGLUZDVERUQLQ LQ0DODFFD 0DODFFDLVRQHRIWKHVWDWHVLQSUHVHQW 0DOD\VLD DQGGLHGLQ2FWREHU7KHZRUGMunshi#MunshiLVGHULYHGIURPWKH2OG3HUVLDQPHDQV WHDFKHU +DQ 'XULQJKLVOLIHWLPHKHZDVDODQJXDJHWHDFKHUDQGWUDQVODWRUZKRZHUHQRWSURILFLHQWLQ$UDELFDQG7DPLOEXWDOVR +LQGXVWDQL(QJOLVKDQG0DOD\+LV'Hikayat Abdullah'RU³Abdullah’s Narration”ZDVDERXWWKHGDLO\OLIHRIWKH 0DOD\VSXEOLVKHGLQ $EGXOODKZDVNQRZQDV 7KH)RXQGHURI0RGHUQ0DOD\/LWHUDWXUH DQGZDVWKHILUVW0DOD\ Abdul Mutalib Embong et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 ( 2016 ) 235 – 240 239 WRSXEOLVKERRNV7KHERRNUHPDLQVDUHOLDEOHDQGDFFXUDWHUHIHUHQFHRQWKHHDUO\0DOD\KLVWRU\WRWKLVGD\$EGXOODK ZDVUDLVHGE\KLVIDWKHU6KHLNK$EGXO.DGLUDSLRXVDQG$UDE,QGLDQGHVFHQW$WWKHDJHRIVHYHQ+HVWDUWHGOHDUQLQJ 4XUDQWKH0XVOLPVKRO\ERRNDQGODWHUWUDQVODWHGDQ$UDELFERRNLQWR0DOD\ 6KHOODEHDU “So I would follow whatever lessons to the boy, that’s my game, from waking up to the six in the evening. There was nothing else except listening to the noise of studying and reciting”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¶VJUHDWPHQRIOHWWHUV$EGXOODKZURWH0DOD\OLWHUDWXUHIURPWKHKHURLFP\WKIDQWDV\DQGIHXGDO H[SORLWVDVEHLQJODPHQWHGE\52:LQVWHGWDV ³ a realism that … is in accord with thegenius of a race of extroverts” =DLQ . $EGXOODKHVWDEOLVKHGKLPVHOIDVVRPHRQHSURPLQHQW\HWKLVWKLQNLQJDQGZRUNVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDVµagainst the norms’ 7KHQRUPVKHUHZHUHUHIHUUHGWRWKHWLPHGXULQJKLVHUD8QOLNHPDQ\RIWKHROG0DOD\ZKLFKIRFXVHGPRUH RQ P\WK DQG VXSHUQDWXUDO $EGXOODK¶V ZULWLQJ RWKHUZLVH EDVHG RQ REVHUYDWLRQ H[SHULHQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH +LV DUJXPHQWVFRYHUHGYDULRXVDUHDVVXFKDVVRFLHW\UHOLJLRQSROLWLFVHFRQRPLFVDQGPRUDOLW\=XEHU8VPDQ ODPHQWV “Abdullah was the fist against the normalcy, the one who was against and breaking the inherit tradition, the one who turned his pen from telling the ghostly tales or imaginaries to the world of facts”. $EGXOODKKDGVWUHVVHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIKXPDQFDSLWDOLQWKDWWKFHQWXU\VD\LQJWKDW0DOD\VFRXOGEHDJUHDW QDWLRQLIWKH\GDUHGWRPDNHWKHFKDQJHVOHDYHWKHROGDQGREVROHWHOLIHVW\OHV+HKDGDJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQVWXG\LQJWKH VWUXFWXUHVRIYDULRXVODQJXDJHVDQGUHVXOWLQJWRFULWLFDOUHDVRQLQJDQGQRWLRQVLQOLIH7KHODQJXDJHXVHGLQKLVZRUNV KDGDKXJHLPSDFWRQVSRNHQODQJXDJHDQGDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH+HDOVRSXWWKH(QJOLVKZRUGVLQKLVZULWLQJVOLNHLQ µHikayat Abdullah’WKHZRUGFKDUDFWHU SDJH HQJLQHHU SDJH VHFUHWDULHVJRYHUQPHQWV SDJH HOHFWULFLW\ SDJH DULWKPHWLF SDJH FRPPLVVLRQ SDJH ZHUHXVHG8VLQJ(QJOLVKZRUGVZDVDQHZWKLQJLQWKHOLWHUDU\ ZRUNVRIWKDWSHULRG &RQFOXVLRQ ,QGLVSXWDEO\WUDFLQJWKHRULJLQVRIDQFHVWRUV0DOD\VLVVKDFNOHGE\VSHFXODWLRQVDQGQRWEDVHGRQHYLGHQFHRU LUUDWLRQDODUJXPHQWV0RVWUHODWHWKH0DOD\VWRWKH0DODFFD6XOWDQDWHZKLFKEHJDQDURXQGWKFHQWXU\±DQGURRWHG IURPWKH6ULYLMD\D0DOD\-DPEL*RYHUQPHQW7KLVPLJKWQRWKDSSHQLIWKH0DOD\VKDGDV\VWHPDWLFUHFRUGRIWKHLU KLVWRU\DQGZHOONHSWWKHLUOLWHUDF\ZRUN 240 Abdul Mutalib Embong et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 ( 2016 ) 235 – 240 5HIHUHQFHV $KPDG$6 (G 6HMDUDK0HOD\X.XDOD/XPSXU 'HZDQ %DKDVDGDQ3XVWDND $KPDG61 0DOD\VLDDVWKH$UFKHW\SDO*DUGHQLQWKH%ULWLVK&UHDWLYH,PDJLQDWLRQSoutheast Asian Studies3 $UNHRORJL6XQJDL%DWX )HEUXDU\ 5HWULHYHG2FWREHU IURPKWWS DUNHRVXQJDLEDWXEORJVSRWP\VHDUFK"XSGDWHGPLQ 7 XSGDWHGPD[ 7 PD[UHVXOWV %OXVW5 /DQJXDJHDQGFXOWXUHKLVWRU\ 7ZRFDVHVWXGLHVAsian Perspectives %URZQ&& 7KH0DOD\$QQDOVJournal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society&DUGRQ )5 $0DOD\WUDGLWLRQJournal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society&URXFK+ *RYHUQPHQWDQGVRFLHW\LQ0DOD\VLD6\GQH\ $OOHQ 8QZLQ +DQ( 5DIIOHVRI6LQJDSRUH $%LRJUDSK\ 5HDG%RRNV +XVVLQ$ $XJXVW 0HOD\X.HODQWDQWDKXQ.DMLDQ860GDSDWLVXEHWQLNSHQGXGXNSDOLQJDVDOGL6HPHQDQMXQJBerita Harian 5HWULHYHGIURPKWWS OLEUDU\SHUGDQDRUJP\3/)1HZVB6HSWHPEHU%HULWD+DULDQ%+SGI .DPDUXGLQ- 2FWREHU .DMLDQEXNWL0HOD\XEXNDQSHQGDWDQJGDUL&KLQDNDWDDKOLDNDGHPLNMalaysian Insider5HWULHYHGIURP KWWS ZZZWKHPDOD\VLDQLQVLGHUFRPEDKDVDDUWLFOHNDMLDQEXNWLPHOD\XEXNDQSHQGDWDQJGDULFKLQDNDWDDKOLDNDGHPLN 0DOD\ ,Q Encyclopedia Britannica. 5HWULYHG IURP KWWS DFDGHPLFHEFRP(%FKHFNHGWRSLF 0DOD\ 0DONLHO -LUPRXQVN\0 7KHVWXG\RIWKHDUWLVWLFDQWLTXLWLHVRI'XWFK,QGLDHarvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 2SSHQKHLPHU6 7KH ([SUHVV7UDLQIURP7DLZDQWR3RO\QHVLD RQWKHFRQJUXHQFHRISUR[\OLQHVRIHYLGHQFHWorld Archaeology36 8VPDQ= .HVXVDVWHUDDQEDUX,QGRQHVLD GDUL$EGXOODKELQ$EGXONDGLU0XQVKLVDPSDLNHSDGD&KDLULO$QZDU0HODND$EEDV%DQGRQJ 6KDKDULU0= Tensor dan Bentuk Pembeza: Pengenalan Kalkulus atas Manifold 1R 3XVDW3HQJDMLDQ6DLQV0DWHPDWLN8.0 6KHOODEHDU:* +LND\DW$EGXOODKELQ$EGXO.DGLUPXQVKL(GLWHGE\:*6KHOODEHDU6LQJDSRUH 0HWKRGLVW3XE+RXVH :DOODFH$5 2QWKHSK\VLFDOJHRJUDSK\RIWKH0DOD\$UFKLSHODJRJournal of the Royal Geographical Society of London