DOCSLIB.ORG

UNODC, Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNODC, Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia Latest developments and challenges May 2020 Global SMART Programme Copyright © 2020, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the Global Synthetic Monitoring: Analyses, Reporting and Trends (SMART) Programme, Laboratory and Scientific Section with the support of the UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Supervision, direction and review Justice Tettey, Chief, Laboratory and Scientific Section Jeremy Douglas, Regional Representative, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Research and drafting Martin Raithelhuber, Illicit Synthetic Drugs Expert Tun Nay Soe, Inter-regional Programme Coordinator Inshik Sim, Drug Programme Analyst, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Joey Yang Yi Tan, Junior Professional Officer in Drug Research Graphic design and layout Akara Umapornsakula, Graphic Designer Administrative support Jatupat Buasipreeda, Programme Assistant The present report also benefited from the expertise and valuable contributions of UNODC colleagues in the Laboratory and Scientific Section and the Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including Tsegahiwot Abebe Belachew, Rebecca Miller, Reiner Pungs, and John Wojcik. Disclaimer This report has not been formally edited. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC or the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “region” unless specified, generally refers to the geographical area that includes the countries and territories in East and Southeast Asia. The term “lower Mekong region” refers to the geographical area that includes five countries, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. The term “maritime Southeast Asian countries” includes Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Timor Leste. Reference to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Reference to tons are to metric tons, unless otherwise stated. Table of contents Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................................i List of Figures, Tables and Maps ............................................................................................................iii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction .........................................................................................................................................1 Regional Trends: East and Southeast Asia .............................................................................................5 Overview of the methamphetamine market ............................................................................................5 Overview of the ecstasy market .............................................................................................................21 Overview of the new psychoactive substances market...........................................................................24 National Trends .................................................................................................................................29 Brunei Darussalam .................................................................................................................................31 Cambodia ..............................................................................................................................................35 China ......................................................................................................................................................39 Indonesia ...............................................................................................................................................47 Japan.......................................................................................................................................................53 Lao PDR .................................................................................................................................................57 Malaysia ................................................................................................................................................61 Myanmar ...............................................................................................................................................67 Philippines .............................................................................................................................................71 Republic of Korea.....................................................................................................................................75 Singapore ...............................................................................................................................................81 Thailand ..................................................................................................................................................85 Viet Nam ................................................................................................................................................89 Abbreviations ARQ Annual report questionnaire AFP Amphetamine-type stimulants APAA alpha-phenylacetoacetamide (2-phenylacetoacetamide) APAAN alpha-phenylacetoacetonitrile ATS Amphetamine-type stimulants BNN National Narcotics Board (Indonesia) CCDAC Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control (Myanmar) CNB Central Narcotics Bureau (Singapore) DAINAP Drug Abuse Information Network for Asia and the Pacific DDB Dangerous Drugs Board (Philippines) EWA UNODC Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances GBL gamma-butyrolactone GHB gamma-hydroxybutyric acid HONLEA Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies (Asia and the Pacific) INCB International Narcotics Control Board KCS Korean Customs Service LCDC Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision MAPA methyl alpha-phenylacetoacetate (methyl 3-oxo-2-phenylbutanoate) MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MHLW Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan) NACD National Authority for Combating Drugs (Cambodia) NADA National Anti-Drugs Agency (Malaysia) NCB Narcotics Control Bureau (Brunei Darussalam) NDSB Narcotics Division, Security Bureau (Hong Kong, China) NNCC National Narcotics Control Commission (China) NPA National Police Agency (Japan) NPS New Psychoactive Substances ONCB Office of the Narcotics Control Board (Thailand) P-2-P 1-phenyl-2-propanone PDEA Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency RMP Royal Malaysian Police SMART Synthetics Monitoring: Analyses, Reporting and Trends SODC Standing Office on Drugs and Crime (Viet Nam) SPO Supreme Prosecutors’ Office (Republic of Korea) UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime i ii List of Figures, Tables and Maps Figures Executive Summary Figure 1. Seizures of methamphetamine in East and Southeast Asia, 2011-2019* Figure 2. Changes in typical prices of methamphetamine tablets of selected countries in Southeast Asia, 2011, 2015 and 2019 Figure 3. Emergence of NPS with opioid effects in East and Southeast Asia, 2014-2019* Regional overview Figure 1. Number of methamphetamine manufacturing facilities dismantled in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, 2014-2019 Figure 2. Seizures of methamphetamine in East and Southeast Asia, 2011-2019* Figure 3. Changes in methamphetamine tablet and crystalline methamphetamine seizures in Southeast Asia, 2014-2019* Figure 4. Seizures of methamphetamine tablets in Bangladesh, 2014-2019 Figure 5. Retail prices of crystalline methamphetamine per 1 gram among selected countries in East and Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand for 2019 or latest year available Figure 6. Number of cases and seizures of ATS in India, 2017-2019* Figure 7. Seizures of methamphetamine in Lao PDR and Viet Nam, 2018 and 2019 Figure 8. Number of drug-related offences in Fiji Figure 9. Seizures of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and P-2-P in Myanmar, 2015-2019 Figure 10. Crystalline methamphetamine forensic profiles reported from China, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, 2017-2019* Figure 11. Major factors influencing prices of methamphetamine in East and Southeast Asia Figure 12. Changes in typical retail prices of crystalline methamphetamine of selected countries in East and Southeast Asia, 2011, 2015 and 2019 or latest year available Figure 13. Changes in typical retail prices of crystalline methamphetamine of Australia, New Zealand and the Republic of Korea, 2011, 2015 and 2019 or latest year available Figure 14. Changes in typical prices of methamphetamine tablets of selected countries in Southeast Asia, 2011, 2015 and 2019 Figure 15. Proportion of monthly minimum wage needed to purchase one methamphetamine tablet in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand, 2011 and 2019 Figure 16. Number of MDMA manufacturing facilities dismantled in Cambodia,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download the Full Report
    H U M A N “They Treat Us Like Animals” R I G H T S Mistreatment of Drug Users and “Undesirables” in Cambodia’s WATCH Drug Detention Centers “They Treat Us Like Animals” Mistreatment of Drug Users and “Undesirables” in Cambodia’s Drug Detention Centers Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-0817 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org DECEMBER 2013 978-1-62313-0817 “They Treat Us Like Animals” Mistreatment of Drug Users and “Undesirables” in Cambodia’s Drug Detention Centers Map 1: Closed Drug Detention Centers and the Planned National Center .............................. i Map 2: Current Drug Detention Centers in Cambodia .......................................................... ii Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 7 To the Government of Cambodia ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TREATED with CRUELTY: ABUSES in the NAME of DRUG REHABILITATION Remedies
    TREATED WITH CRUELTY ABUSES IN THE NAME OF DRUG REHABILITATION Copyright © 2011 by the Open Society Foundations All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form. For more information, contact: International Harm Reduction Development Program Open Society Foundations www.soros.org/harm-reduction Telephone: 1 212 548 0600 Fax: 1 212 548 4617 Email: [email protected] Cover photo: A heroin user stands in the doorway at the Los Tesoros Escondidos Drug Rehabilita- tion Center in Tijuana, Mexico. Addiction treatment facilities can be brutal and deadly places in Mexico, where better, evidence-based alternatives are rarely available or affordable. (Sandy Huf- faker/ Getty Images) Editing by Roxanne Saucier, Daniel Wolfe, Kathleen Kingsbury, and Paul Silva Design and Layout by: Andiron Studio Open Society Public Health Program The Open Society Public Health Program aims to build societies committed to inclusion, human rights, and justice, in which health-related laws, policies, and practices reflect these values and are based on evidence. The program works to advance the health and human rights of marginalized people by building the capacity of civil society leaders and organiza- tions, and by advocating for greater accountability and transparency in health policy and practice. International Harm Reduction Development Program The International Harm Reduction Development Program (IHRD), part of the Open Society Public Health Program, works to advance the health and human rights of people who use drugs. Through grantmaking, capacity building, and advocacy, IHRD works to reduce HIV, fatal overdose and other drug-related harms; to decrease abuse by police and in places of detention; and to improve the quality of health services.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Code of Statutes
    1. ------IND- 2018 0506 S-- EN- ------ 20190508 --- --- FINAL Swedish Code of Statutes Ordinance amending the Ordinance (1999:58) banning certain products SFS 2018:1587 that are harmful to health Published Issued on 4 October 2018 on 9 October 2018 The Government hereby lays down1 that the annex to the Ordinance (1999:58) prohibiting certain products that are harmful to health shall read as set out below. ___________ This ordinance shall enter into force on 12 November 2018. On behalf of the government ANNIKA STRANDHÄLL Kjell Rempler (Ministry of Health and Social Affairs) 1 See Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services. 2 Annex SFS 2018:1587 List of products to be regarded as products that are harmful to health in accordance with the Ordinance prohibiting certain products that are harmful to health N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine (MBDB) 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine (BDB) 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DiPT) 5-methoxy-alphamethyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine (2C-E) alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chlorophenethylamine (2C-C) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine (2C-D) 4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (4-AcO-DiPT) 4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (4-HO-DiPT) gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) 4-acetoxy-N,N-methylisopropyltryptamine
    [Show full text]
  • 1. CAMBODIA 1.1 General Situation 1.1.1 Drug Use There Are No
    COUNCIL OF Brussels, 15 April 2014 THE EUROPEAN UNION (OR. en) 8990/14 CORDROGUE 26 ASIE 22 NOTE From: Japanese Regional Chair of the Dublin Group To: Dublin Group No. prev. doc.: 14715/13 Subject: Regional Report on South East Asia and China 1. CAMBODIA 1.1 General situation 1.1.1 Drug use There are no consistent statistics as to the exact number of people who use drugs in Cambodia. However the general consensus among the Royal Government of Cambodia and international agencies is that there are currently between 12,000 and 28,000 people who use drugs. Methamphetamine pills are the most widely used drug in Cambodia, although crystalline methamphetamine is becoming more widely available, with use on the rise, particularly in Phnom Penh and among unemployed youth. Whereas illicit drug use was previously concentrated primarily in urban settings, in recent years it has been expanding into rural areas, in particular in the provinces adjacent to Lao PDR and Thailand (INCSR Cambodia 2012). Drug use among women and within prisons appears to be on the rise (UNODC 2013). 8990/14 JV/fm 1 DG D 2C EN Table 1. Rank of primary drugs of concern in Cambodia, 2008-2012 Drug type 2008 2009 2010** 2011*** 2012**** Methamphetamine pills ● 2* 1 2 2 Crystalline methamphetamine ● 1* 2 1 1 Ecstasy ● ● ● 6 ● Cannabis ● ● 4 4 4 Heroin ● ● 3 5 ● Inhalants ● ● ● 3 3 Opium ● ● ● ● ● ● = Not reported Source(s): *NACD 2010a. **2010 rankings based on DAINAP data and Cambodia country reports. ***NACD 2012b. ****2012 rankings are based on data provided by the National Authority for Combating Drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Fentanyl and Its Analogues in Biological Specimens
    Recommended methods for the Identification and Analysis of Fentanyl and its Analogues in Biological Specimens MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG ANALYSIS LABORATORIES Laboratory and Scientific Section UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Fentanyl and its Analogues in Biological Specimens MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG ANALYSIS LABORATORIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2017 Note Operating and experimental conditions are reproduced from the original reference materials, including unpublished methods, validated and used in selected national laboratories as per the list of references. A number of alternative conditions and substitution of named commercial products may provide comparable results in many cases. However, any modification has to be validated before it is integrated into laboratory routines. ST/NAR/53 Original language: English © United Nations, November 2017. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorse- ment of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Acknowledgements The Laboratory and Scientific Section of the UNODC (LSS, headed by Dr. Justice Tettey) wishes to express its appreciation and thanks to Dr. Barry Logan, Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, at the Fredric Rieders Family Founda- tion and NMS Labs, United States; Amanda L.A.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
    WHO Technical Report Series 1034 This report presents the recommendations of the forty-third Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD). The ECDD is responsible for the assessment of psychoactive substances for possible scheduling under the International Drug Control Conventions. The ECDD reviews the therapeutic usefulness, the liability for abuse and dependence, and the public health and social harm of each substance. The ECDD advises the Director-General of WHO to reschedule or to amend the scheduling status of a substance. The Director-General will, as appropriate, communicate the recommendations to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who will in turn communicate the advice to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. This report summarizes the findings of the forty-third meeting at which the Committee reviewed 11 psychoactive substances: – 5-Methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) WHO Expert Committee – 3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) – 3-Methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) on Drug Dependence – Diphenidine – 2-Methoxydiphenidine (2-MeO-DIPHENIDINE) Forty-third report – Isotonitazene – MDMB-4en-PINACA – CUMYL-PEGACLONE – Flubromazolam – Clonazolam – Diclazepam The report also contains the critical review documents that informed recommendations made by the ECDD regarding international control of those substances. The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations serving as the directing and coordinating authority for international health matters and public health. One of WHO’s constitutional functions is to provide objective, reliable information and advice in the field of human health, a responsibility that it fulfils in part through its extensive programme of publications. The Organization seeks through its publications to support national health strategies and address the most pressing public health concerns of populations around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • FULLTEXT01.Pdf
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in . Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Eklöf Amirell, S. (2020) The making of the “Malay pirate” in early modern European thought Humanities, 9(3): 1-14 https://doi.org/10.3390/h9030091 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101229 humanities Article The Making of the “Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought Stefan Eklöf Amirell Centre for Concurrences in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies, Linnaeus University, SE-351 95 Växjö, Sweden; [email protected] Received: 20 May 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: This article traces the long historical background of the nineteenth-century European notion of the Malay as a human “race” with an inherent addiction to piracy. For most of the early modern period, European observers of the Malay Archipelago associated the Malays with the people and diaspora of the Sultanate of Melaka, who were seen as commercially and culturally accomplished. This image changed in the course of the eighteenth century. First, the European understanding of the Malay was expanded to encompass most of the indigenous population of maritime Southeast Asia. Second, more negative assessments gained influence after the mid-eighteenth century, and the Malays were increasingly associated with piracy, treachery, and rapaciousness. In part, the change was due to the rise in maritime raiding on the part of certain indigenous seafaring peoples of Southeast Asia combined with increasing European commercial interests in Southeast Asia, but it was also part of a generally more negative view in Europe of non-settled and non-agricultural populations.
    [Show full text]
  • “Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought
    humanities Article The Making of the “Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought Stefan Eklöf Amirell Centre for Concurrences in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies, Linnaeus University, SE-351 95 Växjö, Sweden; [email protected] Received: 20 May 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: This article traces the long historical background of the nineteenth-century European notion of the Malay as a human “race” with an inherent addiction to piracy. For most of the early modern period, European observers of the Malay Archipelago associated the Malays with the people and diaspora of the Sultanate of Melaka, who were seen as commercially and culturally accomplished. This image changed in the course of the eighteenth century. First, the European understanding of the Malay was expanded to encompass most of the indigenous population of maritime Southeast Asia. Second, more negative assessments gained influence after the mid-eighteenth century, and the Malays were increasingly associated with piracy, treachery, and rapaciousness. In part, the change was due to the rise in maritime raiding on the part of certain indigenous seafaring peoples of Southeast Asia combined with increasing European commercial interests in Southeast Asia, but it was also part of a generally more negative view in Europe of non-settled and non-agricultural populations. This development preceded the notion of the Malays as one of humanity’s principle races, which emerged toward the end of the eighteenth century. The idea that Malays were natural pirates also paved the way for several brutal colonial anti-piracy campaigns in the Malay Archipelago during the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Compulsory Treatment of People Who Use Drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: an Application of Selected Human Rights Principles
    Assessment of compulsory treatment of people who use drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: An application of selected human rights principles Western Pacific Region WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Assessment of compulsary treatment of people who use drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: an application of selected human rights principles. 1. Substance abuse, Intravenous - rehabilitation. 2. Substance abuse treatment centers. 3. Human rights. 4. HIV infections – transmission. ISBN 978 92 9061 417 3 (NLM Classification: WM 270) © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Substance Abuses
    SUBSTANCE ABUSES THE HUMAN COST OF CAMBODIA’S ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2020 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: This image shows the inside of a cell in Phnom Penh’s CC1 men’s facility at Prey Sar prison (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. in April 2018. Prisoners are held in extremely cramped cells such as this, holding up to 530 people for up https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode to 24 hours per day. Prisoners are not provided any bedding, and cells are typically hot, humid, and For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org extremely uncomfortable. Diseases are rife. Photo supplied; photographer’s identity withheld. Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: ASA 23/2220/2020 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 METHODOLOGY 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries Pierre-Yves Manguin
    The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries Pierre-Yves Manguin To cite this version: Pierre-Yves Manguin. The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries. Moussons : recherches en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est, Presses universitaires de Provence, 2014, Recherche en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est, pp.73- 99. 10.4000/moussons.2699. halshs-02516998 HAL Id: halshs-02516998 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02516998 Submitted on 24 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Moussons Recherche en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est 5 | 2002 Recherche en sciences humaines sur l'Asie du Sud-Est The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries La nature informe des systèmes politiques de l’Asie du sud-est insulaire : centres restreints, périphéries étendues Pierre-Yves Manguin Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/moussons/2699 DOI: 10.4000/moussons.2699 ISSN: 2262-8363 Publisher Presses Universitaires de Provence Printed version Date of publication: 1 July 2002 Number of pages: 73-99 ISBN: 2-7449-0415-5 ISSN: 1620-3224 Electronic reference Pierre-Yves Manguin, « The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries », Moussons [Online], 5 | 2002, Online since 19 June 2014, connection on 20 April 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: Analysis of International and Regional Legal Frameworks
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Maritime Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: Analysis of International and Regional Legal Frameworks Ahmad Almaududy Amri University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Amri, Ahmad Almaududy, Maritime Security Challenges in Southeast Asia: Analysis of International and Regional Legal Frameworks, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Law, University of Wollongong, 2016.
    [Show full text]