SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS

MONTHLY REPORT

MARCH 1939

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

GPO 06656 SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS MARCH 1939 REPORT INDEX

OPENING, by Superintendent Frank Pinkloy 151

CONDENSED GENENERALE ILL ...SPORR T

Tr-voavel 153 400 Flore, Fauna, end Natural, 000 General. 154 Fhanomone a • 156 100 Administrative 154 500 Use, of Facilities By Public 157 200 MaMaintenancee, Iriprovamontseme , GOO Pretcction...... ;•• • 157 and Neew .Construction 155 700 Archeology, Hist.Pre-hist.. 1*58 300 Other Agencies 156 900 MMiscellaneous 1"58

REPORTS FROMH K5MEN IN THE FIELD

Arches 164 El Llorro Library . . 190 Azteec Ruins...... 165 Gran Quivira 163 Bandoliera . 186 Mobile Unit 181 Bandoliea elier CCC 187 Montezuma Castle 182 BaBondelier Ruins Stabilization • .< .-187 Natural Bridges 185 Calanyon de Chilly 174 Navajo . • . 161 Cap:;apulin Mountain 184 Pipe Spring 159 .Casa Zi sa GGrande 170 Saguar© 179 CasaCasa Grande.CCG C -.172 Tcnto . . 168 Chaco Canyon ...... 180 Tunacdcori. • • 173 Chiricahua . . i .-160 Tfclnut Canyon ...... 169 Chiricahua CCC • 181 Yfclnut Canyon CCC . 169 El llorro 188 YJhito Sands 176

HEADQUARTERS

Branch of Accounting 191 Branch of Maintenance ..... 194 Branch of Research and Personnel Notes 197 Information. . 192 Visiter Statistics 196

TIE SUPPLY.TJNT

Bandelier Birds, by George Sholly 202 Birds at Montezuma Castle, by Betty Jackson 204 Capulin Contributions, by Homer T. Farr...... *•• 202 Casa Grande Comments, by Don Egermayer 206 From Tumacacori, by Louis Caywood...... 203 Headquarters Happenings, by Corky Jones. ... • 207 Montezuma Musings, by Earl Jackson . . . • •• 203 Preliminary Study of Pottery, Room 7, Wupatki Pueblo, by Erik Reed . . 209 Saguaro Nature Nct^-s, by Carlcton Milder 205 Tonto Tales, by G. G. Philp. . . 202 S 0 U T H W E S T E R -N II 0 N-U 11 E N T S PER S-O-N N -E L

HEADQUARTERS: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE COOLIDGE, ARIZONA. Frank Pinkley, Superintendent; Hugh H. Miller, asst. superintendent; Parke W. Soule, chief clerk; Dale 3. King, asst. park naturalist; Charlie R. Steen, jr. park archeologist; Natt N. Dodge, jr. park naturalist; Lais A. Gastellum, clerk; Robert Petrie, asjt. clerk stenographer; Ira G. Goodwin, asst. clork typist; Larry I'ungerro, CCC clerk; F. S. Stonehocker, machinist; J. L. L. Baahr, utility man; Latham, machinist helper, CCC: George Sheffield, mimoograph operator, CCC; DETAILED FRO!! REGION III: J. H. Tovroa,. asst. engineer.

FIELD STATIONS POST OFFICE PERSONNEL 1938 VIS I TORS ACRES ARE. 1. ARCHES; i'loab, Utah Harry Rood, cust. 1,448 33,.680.00 2. AZTEC RUINS; Aztec, New Mox. T. C. Miller," 20,214 25.88 3. BANDELIER; Santa Fe, Now Mex • Geo. Sholly, act'. oust} 1 CCC guide 14,619 26,026.20 4. • CANYON DE CHELLY Chin Lee, Ariz. Tod Cronyn, cust. 1,573 83,840.00 5. CAPULIN 1XJUNTAIN Capulin, N. 15. H. F'arr, " 30,200 680.S7 6. Coolidgo, :.riz. A." T. Bicknell," Don Sgermayer and D.' Jones, rangers, Rodgors, Coyle an d Heath, CCC guides 33,761 472.£0 7. CIL'.CO CANYON Chaco Canyon,N..J.I. L.T.McXinney, cust. 6,271 21,512/ 7 8. . CHKECAHUA; Douglas, ;j~iz. Frank Fish, cust. Hunt or Stratton, grader operator, 2 CCC guides. 9,145 10,694.8( 9. EL KORRO Ramah, Now Mox* R.R.Budlon^;, cust. 3,208 240. Of: 10. • GILA CLIFF DWELLINGS;- Cliff, Now Uex . no cust. 105 160.' 11. GRAN QUIVIRA; , Gran Quivira, N.I' .Geo. Boundoy, cust. 3,113 610.. 12. . H0V2NWEEP . . . Cortoz, Colo. T.C.i'illcr, cust. 168 285. Si. 13.- EONTEZULIA CASTLE :Camp V.erde, Ariz. E. Jackson,' " • E. Alb ert s, ' rang or 10,645 520.00 14.. NATURAL BRIDGES; .Blanding, Utah Z.Johnson, cust. 741 2,740.00 r 15. NAVAJO; Tonalea, Ariz. J .?. . B r -.;wo r, r ang or 411 360.00 16.• ORGAN PIPE. CA-OJJS ;Ajo, Ariz. no custodian 6,200 330,670.00 17... PIPE SPRING}. ISoccasin, Ariz. ' L'. Hoaton', act.cust. 2,245 40.00 r 18. RAINBO':' B tIDGE; Tonal ea, y.riz. no custodian • 222 160.00 1 19. C " pT " Pfi • Tucson, ^riz. C-.rl .ton '.Tildor, rgr '•20,422 63,284.00 20. SUNSET CR..TBR; Flagstaff, " P. Boaubion, in chg, 6,922 3,040.00 21. TONTO; ROOSoVJlt, " G. G. Philp, ranger 4,985 1,120.00 22. .TULIACACORI5 Nogal s, Ariz. L. CayWbo'd, cust. C. G. Harkins, ra r-.- r 15,289 10.00 23. WALNUT CANYONj Flagstaff, Ariz. ' Paul Bo'aubioh, Jr. archeologist 13,526 1,873.00 24. WHITE oANDS; Alamogordo, M.i". Tom Charles, cust. Johnwill Far is, r ang.r, Jo-. Shepherd, 110,805 142,987.00 grader operator 25. .WUPATKE; .. Flagstaff, Ariz. P. BeaUbien, in chg. 2,754 35,86.:'.v 26. .YUCCA.HOUSEj . Cortoz, Colo. T»C.ITill'jr; in «hjrt 172 • • TOTAL FOR/1938;. 1,188.91 squaro milos 310/64 760,907. ,-v- /-\r\rt. ii|\|/^ By Superintendent Frank Pinkley, vv^ Ptl \|| I M 0 Southwestern National Monuments, Coolidg.., Arizona.

March was a good month throughout most of our district but, in covering about 3,000 miles during the month through the southern part of th*. district, I gained the very definite impression that traffic was off as compared with the sumo month last year. The amount of the docroas. was given all the way from "a little" to 20 per cent. I found no definite reason given for the decrease other than the old one that the traffic was going by some other route, which was evidently not the answer when the decrease was general over a district as large as ours,

The Acting Regional Director spent part of the month visiting some of our monuments and expects to visit the oth.rs next month. I was with him at White Sands, Chiricahua, Tumacacori, Sagua.ro, Organ Pipe Cactus, and Gasa Grande, and we went into the problems of thoso monuments in some detail.

Our CCC camps at Bandolier, Chiricahua, and Flagstaff continued to operate as did the Mobile Unit at Chaco Canyon and the Side Camp at Casa Grande. Inspection was made of the proposed site for the new CCC camp which is to be placed at Chaco Canyon and preparations are under way for its establishment. We will have plenty of work for this camp for several years.

Our public works jobs have all been approved and the signal to start has been given. Those jobs are in the high country and the work should speed up as the spring weather makes the construction more feasible.

Work on the El I.'orro well stood still during the month. Wo now have two dry holes at El Ilorro and are awaiting the decision of the experts as to our next more. Thus far the experts have not decided.

Assistant Park Naturalist Dale King spent the month at Bandelier National lionument working on the museum. Charlie Steen was on detail at Berkeley working in the I'usoum Laboratories on the exhibits for White Sands National "ornament. Several field trips were made by others of the staff, complete reports of which wero raado to your office.

Our finances are in good condition and we will get through the fiscal yerr with no great hardship if no unexpected handicaps come up.

I had a chance, in my visit with llr, Tolson at Organ Pipe .Cactus National aonument, to moke a further study of th.t monument as we spent one day around on the west side of the monument, going from 'jo directly to Bat-.s Well and then down to Quitobaquito which is on the border.

SOUTHWESTERN /QFU'ENTS 151 MONTHLY R3PCRT FOR MARCH, 193£ CPSKENG (CCNT.)

This road is a vory "slow or,- and only the hardiest of the visitors will sc-.rj to :r.oko thj trip; yot I am rot in favor of improving tho road. Vfo vdll have one good road running north to south through tho monument, which will bo tho Ljo-Sonoita road, and I am very much in favor of leaving all othjr roads in thoir typical desert condition. Th.;sO dosort reads can bo traveled at the rat^ of 14 to 18 miles per hour, and the visitor will get a real idea of what the old roads were like.

The weather precluded mginooring study at J,rches National Ilonu- raont during the month, but wo hope such study will be conducted in April so that, WJ may begin laying our plans for development.

The I.Ianuclito area, wost of G. Hup, was advanced considerably toward its status as a national monument during tho -month .ith the appropriation by the 3tat„ Legislature 'of Now Lloxico of sufficient money to clear title to certain lands which were holding up the project, V.'c suppes.. new that it is only a matter of time until the proclamation is made and that monument joins cur unit.

We had no action on the proposed Tuzig-ot National Ilonument during I.'larch. ".To hope to report furth-r action within the next month.

Preparations are being male to coll.-ct fees at several of our monuments at the end of th„ month and wo ar,; keenly interested in the . reaction of the public te these chrrges. Tickets are being printed and wo are awaiting final instructions as to bending employees and handling and accounting for the money.

Cordially,

S upo rint endont.

SOIJTE.7EST7,KN ::ONUI~,NTS 15?. MONTHLY ..:CI-ORT FOR MARCH, 1939 CONDENSED REPORT •N. WHICH HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MONTH ARE GIVEN

Coolidge, Arizona, April 1, 1939. The Director, National Park Service, Washington, B.C.

Dear Mr. .Director:

The Condensed Renort for the month f March. 1939. follows: ^ct. 1938 toTravel yr.Travc 1 yr '% of Station March 1939 March 19 ^ Mar. 1939 to Mar,».39t o Ma r.«38 1938 Arches 7 150 270 277 446 62.1 p.ct. Aztoc Ruins 554 926 3848 4402 4681 94.0 1! Bandolier 237 400 1340 1577 3097 50.9 11 Canyon do Cholly 46 27 294 340 284 119.7 ft Capulin Mountain 800* 600' 5600 6400 3600 177.7 H Case. Grande 3313 3295 14944 18257 20365 89.6 M Chaco Canyon 79 391 1091 1170 1377 84.9 n Chiricahua 376 547 1895 2£71 3241 70.0 It El Horro 7 34 493 500 424 117.9 H Gila Cliff Dwellings 0* 0 10 10 25 40.0 f! Gran Quivira 55 224 581 636 1072 59.3 ri Hovonwoop 0* 0 10 - 10 0 - it llontbzuma Castlo 604 • 380 2366 2970 3287 90.3 tt • Nat ur al B ri dg o s 0* 0 154 154 147 104.7 ti llava j o 8 2 85 93 83 112.0 n Organ Pipj Cactus • 700* 700 3500 4200 4200 100.0 •i Pipe Spring 156 91 1059 1215 '731 166.2 tt Rainbow Bridge 0* 0 20 • 20 66 30.3 it Saguaro 1900 3000 8850 10,750 14600 66.7 •t Sunset Crater •28 151 711 739 1784 41.4 it Tonto 640 612 1696 .2336 2835 82.3 it Tumacacori 2145 1407 8647 10792 7695 140.2 ti it Walnut Canyon 164 195 2088 ' 2252 2209 101.9 tt White Sands •4497 2962 26735 31232 28397 109.9 it Wupatki 76*. 64 438 514 416 123.5 Yucca House 0* 0 50 50 70 71,4 it Totals 16,392 16,159 86,775 103,167 105132 98,1 n Last. Year . 89,173 105,132

Estimated

r s U7: "'" :'\"~:cir^;~TS 153 cc:in:is"DT. ;T T?C.R RCH, ic39 CONDENSED REPORT (CONT.)

Although a substantial increase in travel over February Was re­ corded, and a slight gain ever the record for Narch 1938 was made, the total figures for the travel year to date-arate aree slightly, behind .those of one year ago. Some 'of the monuments show marked increases while others are far behind,there boing no consistent trends to serve as guides in indicating whether, local or general conditions are responsible. Lack of facilities at so many ef the monuments for making accurate counts of visiters renders the figures unr iliabl %

000 GENERAL 010 IJattors of Unusu• \ 1 Impertanco or Int .rest Arches; Discovery ofoH a" newnew aarch, Enl 7"rd, recorded on page 161. Checo Canyona : "Threatenineate g Rock" continues tc. move (see p. 1'81). El :Mo"erro; '."leatherinWea g is gradually destroying some of the inscrip­ tions' on the exposed sides of the rock (SJ; p. 139). 'Navajo* Official weather-recording instruments installed (see p. 161). j rthern I."onuments: A wot winter and spring has encouraged formers Indians, and stockmen with prospects of heavy crop production. ' 020 "leather Unsettled conditions with storms of snow and rain in some areas, wind in others, and warm, dry weather at still other stations bespeaks a normal spring in the Southwest. Thunderstorms were reported from the Pipe Spring, Navajo, and Flagstaff areas with sudden changes at El Uorro and unseasonably hot weeks at Casa Grande.

100 ADI.'HJISTRATIVE 123 N.P.S. Visitors Aztec Ruins; K. Boono, J. Diohl, C. Richey, F. Abbott, L. I.IcKinney, and G. Vivian. Arches; J. Nusbaum, R. Kiggins, and Zeke Johnson. Bandeli,r; J. Di hi, C. Richoy, Shirley, E. Reed, A. Noasham, E. A. Posonon, II. Mille"iller, and Chas. Gable. Casa Grande; Isabellsabellea Story, 0. I/ildorWilde , Nod Burns, L. "offott, and Jack Hail.... Chaco Canyon; HH.. I'.'.ilerMiller , G. Ritchey, J. Diohl, and R. Higg ns. Headquarter:;; Isabella Story, NedNed Burns, and L. Iloffott. Chiricahua; F. Pinkloy, D. Jones, Ned Burns, L. "offott, J. Kailc, J. Tovreeaa andand. StockmanStochman. Ilontezuma Castle; J. Tovrea,Tovrea, A.A. Kuehl,I'udil, C.J. '.fellsWe , II. Burns, and L. I.offctt. Pipe Spring; h. B. IIcDougall. Saguaro; L. Oaywocd and D. Egcrmayer. Tcnto; Don Egcrmayer Tumacacori; F. Pinkloy, Isabello -Story, D. Jones, Nod Burns, N. Dodge, L. Iloffett, and L. Gastellum "lalnut Canyon; H. Ilillor, A. Kuohl, Nod Burns, L. Iloffott, J. Hailc. %mj •: Saiida; K. Tolson, I, Story, A. Noashom, F. Pinkloy, D. Jon^s, A. T. Bicknell, C. Gould, J. Diohl, Ned Burns, L. Iloffott.' 150 Now Equipment . Headquarters; Twelve hammers and 12 wrenches wore added to the shop SOUTnTZSTERH IIONULEHTS 164 CONDENSED REPORT FOR IIARCH, 1939 CONDENSED REPORT (CONT.) equi pment (s ee p. 195). Montezuma Castle; One 2g gallon fire extinguisher was installed. 170 Plans, Maps,~and Surveys YJupatki; B.P.R. engineers resumed work laying out the entrance road route (sec p. 170). Bandclicrj The survoy on the Santa Fo 'phono line route was continued, and sites for the stables and corrals surveyed (seo p. 186). 180 Circulars, Placards, and Publicity Aztec Ruins* Easter Sunrise Service publicity has brought much attcn» tion to this monument (sec p. 167). Casa Grande: Two articles prepared for newspapers (see p. 192). :. dquarters; Through six lectures, 1,022 people wore contacted. One radio talk was given. The S.".7.".Asso. reports 251 guide booklets sold (see pg. 193). Whlto Sands; Tho Desert Magazine, Milwaukee Journal, and Radio Station KOB all gave publicity (see p. 178).

200 MAINTENANCE, IL!PROVE"ENTS, AND NE-7 CONSTRUCTION 210 Maintenance, Unusuaj. Aztec Ruins: Difficulties wore encountered in repairing the roof of the Gr .;at Kiva (sec p. 160). Bandolier: Residence canales were repaired and the administration building and ranger dormitory calsomined (see p. 186). Capulir. Mountain; Continuous wcrk throughout the month has put tho road to the volcano top in fine shape. The old concrete cabin was razed and debris removed (see p. 134). El Morro; A general spring cleanup was made (see p. 189). Navajo; Much shoveling was necessary to open the roads (see p. 162). Spring; Considerable repair to buildings is needed (seo p. 160).

220 Improvcraont s Bandolier: Steady work in the museum has resulted in the completion of four installations and six others nearly completed. The museum is new two thirds ready for the visitor season (see p. 192). Chacc Canyon; Electric lights wcr^. installed in the custodian's residence (so;, p. 180). Montezuma Castle: Electric power will soon .ba available (see p. 183). Pipe ,pring; work was commenced onen a newnew rock culvert (see p. 159). Saguaro; The Skyline Loop roadrecu waswas cucut through, end work continued on the south entrance development (nee p. 179). Tumacr.cori; Yibrk in tho patio garden ef th„ museum development was begun and planting started (see pgs. 174 and 197). YJhite Sands; A new flag pole was erected, and considerable progress made on the DL g Canyon water supply development plan (sec p. 177-9). 230 New Ccnstructicn Montezuma Castle; Approval received for construction of two now residences (see p. 183). 231 CCC Construction Bandolier; Malls, ceilings, and floors installed in cabins C-2, C-3, and D. The following jobs were brought to completion during tho SOUm'ffiSTERN MONUI.ENTS 155 CONDENSED REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 CONDENSED REPORT (CONT.)

month; Operator's Residence, Lobby and Salos Room, Cabin Groups A and B. Comfort Station, Alteration of Warehouse, and;the. Fuel Storage and Distribution System, Ilony trees and shrubs were transplanted into the development area, 57 pieces of furniture were made, and 375 linoal feet of flagstone walk laid (see p. 187). Casa Grande; The warehouse was completed,, a new directional sign built and placed, 8,000 adobo bricks made, the first unit of the cquipmont shod complotod, the excavations for unit two of the equipment shed and . for tho storage shed completed, and the excavations for the sewer and cess pool 50 percent finished (see p. 173). Chiricahua; Tho warehouse was completed 100 percent, 70 shrubs and trees transplanted for landscaping, tho basement for Residence 3 oxc.watod, and 600 yards of brnks sloped, tho materials used for fill widojiing (see p. 161). A'alnut Cantaon: A large crow continued work en the pipe line trench. li'upatki; '.Tails of tho oustodian*8 residence worweree brought up to floor level, andand thetru. watewaterr linelino put in (see p.; 170).

300 ACTIVITIES OF 0TE3K AGENCIES IN; TUB AONUIENTS 320 Cooperating Ag aioios ~~Canyon do Choil/t The.CDC-ID has improved tho roads(seo p. 176). I adruarters• photographs andand literature have boon provided for the newly established Coolidge Chamber of CommorCo (see p. 192). i'ontoZUEC. Castlei A*. largelarge diorama was loaned to the Yavapai Chamber of Commerce 'and assistance rendered in sotting it up (183.) VJhite Sands; The Alamogordo Camera Club has taken Kodachromes for tho park Service (see p. 177). 350 Donations aud Accessions Casa Grande; A Sal a do skeleton wa3 donated by Ilrs. 3. R. Bryant'of Floroiioo, Arizona (see pgs. 171 and 191). Headcuart u-s; A triple convertible lens for the 5 by 7 view camera was received. Other accessions are listed on page 193.

400 .'FLORAORA,, FAUNA,FAU!L;, andATD NATURALKV.r^L'JL PHENOMENAPHENOLENA . 410 Rar.gorRanger,, Naturalist,Naturalist, ande ' GuideGuide Seorvioc All MonumeAonum nts; Visitoorr statstatistics with figures on'guide and museum service wi llA. bbe .;• foundfound onen page• go 196. Casa Grande; A oaotus gardedenn tobo aidaid in plant identification for visitors was startod (SOJ li. 171). '.-..'. El jlorro; Tho custodian hashas againagain t.Aatakenn upup ththeo work of photographing and stabilizing the inscriptions (sue p. 189). Natural Bridges; In five talks, the custodian contacted 436 people .outside tho monument (sec p. 185). Sajmaroj Through tho cooperation of the University of Arizona, exhaustive studies are being nadc of the anatomy and physiology of the Saguaro cactus (see p. 206). A'alnut Canyon; C.C.C. guides will return to duty (see p. 169). eo Sand'••• .:v\s; Methods of visitor travol control are being porfoctod and an e.t'iort made to develop a method whereby an accurate count may be ohiciiLid* (se,; ju.IT.7ji.* ___.. L SOUTIIAESTERN ACEUAAPTS ise CONDENSED REPORT FOR IARCII, 1939 CONDENSED REPORT (CONT.)

420 Museum Service Bandolier"; Shortage of personnel has boon partially overcome by the 'vld of King working on museum installations (see p. 186). Chiricahua; Preliminary plans for the exhibit room displays arc 75 percent complete (sec p. 192). 460 Birds Bandolier: TTild turkeys wcro fed through bud weather (see p. 202). Cc.sc. Grande: Studios of House Finch habits wore Bir.de(soc p. 206). Chiricahua; Band-tailed pigsens arrived for season (see p. 160). El l.'orro; The Golden Eagles are nesting in the usual site (pg. 189), Headquarters; With 25G birds handled, banding records arc tabulated on page 203. Montezuma Castle; Betty Jackson's bird report is on page 204 as is an account of the bird calender she has developed. 470 Other Animals Bandolier; Coyotes and cougars became bold in February (see p. 202). CapulirTHountain; Doer are very gentle, and eagles are disputing the nesting site on the volcano (see p. 202). Montezuma Castlo; Snakes and bats are out of hibernation (see p. 182). Saguaro; Deer and coyotes have boon seen (see p. 206),

500 USE OF MONUIENT FACILITIES BY THE PUBLIC 510 Increase o Decrease of Travel A slight increase over March 1938 and a considerable increase-over ..February 1939 has been recorded (sec p. 153.and 196). Montezuma Castlo; Graphs showing monthly travel fluctuations for 1937 and. 1933 havo been. ;repared (see p. 183). 530 Newsworthy Visitors ~~Casa Grande; J. '.".'. Noalc (&SDI), Major Gen. Kreger, Myrna Loy. Bandcli-r; Drs. Brand and Barnett and Mrs. K. Chapman (see p. 186), Tent v.. z una 1 rstloj Dr. Colton, P. li. Helm, K. Barlett, J. C. McGregor, and J. Doud (see p. 182). Tumacaeori; Fred "Tinn (USFS) and Father Stoner (see p. 174). 540 Public Camps Casa Grande;-; Qonin~ of warmer weather has increased use (see p. 172), Tcntc~i More people desire to camp than previously (see p. 168).

600 PROTECTION 610 Police Navajo; Two Indians taken into custody for breaking into tent and stealing supplies (s-c p. 162), Canyon do Cholly; Indian girls required to r.,vncvo initials (pg. 176), 620 Fire. ' . Chiricahua; The custodian and project superintendent attended fire school as guests of the Forest Service (sec p. 161), VJalnut Cmyon; The custodian attended fire school (see p. 1^9), 630 Accidents Tontc; The ranger's wife was stung by a scorpion (see p. 202). 650 Signs; SCKJIH7ESTERN MONUMENTS 15V CONDENSED REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 CONDENSED REPORT (CONT.)

Cos L GrandOj Now directional sign mado and plr.ood (sco p. 172).

700 ARCHEOLOGY, HISTORY, -dvTD EREETSTORY 710 Arohoologloal Findings Casa Grande; Rcod ramnants found in the ruins wore identified as reed grass (s j, p. 171). A survey of a prehistoric canal was mado and a skoloton acquired (see p. 194). , I'ontozuma Castle; A prehistoric site survey was :riadc by the Uusoum of Northern Arizona, and measurements made of the monu­ ment skulIs (see p. 183). w'upatki; The pr.liminary report of the study of pottery taken from Room Seven begins on page 209« 720 Ruins Stabilization Aztec Ruins; ".'."all repair continued with four rooms completed (soc p. 167 and 181). Bandolier; Long House stabilization was nearly completed with 79 rooms done, ",'crk done on Tyucnyi (sec pgs. 186-187). • Chaoo.Canyon; "Tall support continued and 260 yds. clay placed (181). "ont.Zzuiia Castl ;» Materials accumulated for project (see p. 183).

900 I.TSCELLANE0US All ronumonts; Personnel notes appear en pages 197-200. •Bandolier; fEc approach road was put in shape by the State Highway department aft.,r much winter damage (see p. 186). Casa Grande; Discharged enrellees wore replaced (see p.'173). Chaso~"ganyon» Sites for possible CCC camp considered (see p. 180.) Chiric.hua; Approach read improvements continued (sec p. 160). • El Horro; Approach road almost impassable. Th^ library now has almost 200 books (soo pgs. 138-190)«. Iterate gurc ' -stle; Doath of custodian's father reported page 199. A dioramaCi•..i-amr. of" the Castle was set up in Rrcscott (see p. 183). Navajo; RoadRoad mimileagesl xigos charted in preparation for signs (see p. 162). ering: Seventeven y cnrolloos discharged (sec p. 159). Tumac -.ccri; Red Cross first-aid course attended (see p. 174). -.Inut C::u"y.-n; Seventeen",-..:v ntocn enroleesenrolloes discharged, Entronoo road im­ provement plannedplanned byby oountyccur.ty (see(soo pgy-s. 169-170). Hhit.e, Sa;rjids; Gonenee BaiB"irddicd February 16 (see pg. 178).

Cordially,

Frank Pinkloy, Superintendent.

S0UTlO33TZ:>2} DHTEEHTS 158 CONDENSED REPORT FOR '..ARCH, 1939 —^—, , -, T1 " '«• > '"•••• ••'• •—« ,,-,. . v...... , , - . - - - — -• FIELD REPORTS FROM THE MEN ON THE JOB

PIPE SPRING By Leonard Heaton, acting custodian, Moccasin, Arizona.

Visitors this month, 156; travel year to date, 1215.

Spring has come here in the northern part of the state and with it spring fever has hit most every one making us dissatisfied about work inside, so it is with an effort that I am rackingthi s report today. Our travel and visitors to the monument totals about the same as last month; as to count, 156. This is net c true record of all the travel through the monument as I only count those that pass from 8-00 A. M. on to 5:00 P. M. Then there are the days off that are not counted. I would be safe in saying that the total travel for the month would be 75 percent more than what my figures show. During the visit of the Moccasin school here on fiarch 17, in which there were 25 children present having a spring outing , tc^ru urure two other visitors that came «Afc'"tho. time I was doing some work on the east cabin. As they stopped their car with the Moccasin cars, I thought it just another Moccasin car and did not think any more about it. That evening'when I looked the register over, I found that, to my surprise, Mr. A. J. Riggs, ranger on the Kaibab Forest, and Dr. W. B. McDougall, NPS from Santa Fe, New Mexico, had been here. The weather has been warm and pleasant most of the month, giving us 12 clear days, fivo partly cloudy; three cloudy and two stormy days. On March 21 we had a regular thunder storm for an hour or more making floods and washing out some of the roads. Grass and weeds are about to cover the ground with a coat of green on the monument, the trees uro budding and some are putting out their blossoms. I lock for a good season for flowers this year, and hope to be able to collect a good assortment for the botany study case. Upon receiving tho :.porov-:.l und plans for the rock culvert, I started fivo boys to getting out rock from the hillside March 6. We have 75 percent or more of the rock out and the excavation completed. We will start laying the rock today. I lost the boy that has been looking aftor the Park crew this week, as he had been in the CCC's two years and had to go home, 'though he did not want to. Ho was a good, rock mason. I'x, Draper has not bouii ablo to find mo another boy to take his place, so I am spending most of my time working with tho boys and will do so 'till we can find a leader for tho crew. March 18 and 21, som,. 70 boys wont homo -from this camp leaving

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 159 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 PIPE SPRING (CONT.) about 90 her,; to carry on the work. The two flycatchers that have nested in the fort for so long returned for the summer last weak and huvo r.tarted house cleaning at their old home site. Thcr.: Is needed badly repairs to the foundations on the two old cabins. It seems lik:j the frost .nd moisture hevo crumbled the mud plast.r so that the rats and mice can dig it out. P'or about 18 inches up on the walls thcrj has been a lot of plaster removed, and in places holes dug through the .walls. I am wondering if we should repair this with dement or-a good stiff plaster of mud. This seems to cover all the things that have happened on the monu­ ment for the past month.

*****Sm.r'***** C UIDlfAUl IA By Frank L. Fish, custodian, HIKILAHUA Jeuglas, Arizona.

Visitors this month, 376; Travel year to date, 2,271.

March has been much warmer than the cold snap of February. We have had some wind and one rain storm that settled the dust on the 19th. The air was cluttered with dust-bowl real estate for several days during the middle of the month. Some of the enrollees from Texas thought there was a slight tang similar to the Ft. Worth stock yards. Since then the grass has started sprouting, the manzanita bushes and wild verbena have put out blossoms, and a few choke cherries in sheltered places are budding. Evidently, spring is here or about to arrive. There must be some urge in the air as the general tempo has quickened, and visitors are forsaking their bridge games in our modern guest places to get outside. Baseballs show increased sales, and many new birds are arriving, including our old friends, the Band- tailed Pigeons. All approach roads are opjn and have been maintained in good condition and the finishing touches to the surfacing of the Douglas- McNeil section of Statu Highway 81 arc about completed. The people of Douglas are still working to have the Parkway started out this way from State Highway 81; the latest plan is; to have an aerial survey made. It is interesting to find from checking past records that during the past yoar 15 miles of surfacing has been completed on the State Highway 81 between here and Douglas, making over 35 miles of the 70 a finished product of high quality. Visitors show a decline for the fifth consecutive month, out- of-state people more than holding their own in the percentage. Statis­ tics follow* Cars Visitors Out-of-Statc 1939 95 376 136 or 36.1 percent 1938 L3JL__ 547 A^_8llJl5!6 PcrcGnt SOUTHWESTERN "ONUIENTS 160 MONTHLY REPORT FOR : ARCH, 1939 CHIRICAHUA (CONT.)

Park Service officials were: Frank Pinkloy, Davy and Corky Jones, Ned Burns, Lorenzo Moffett, Jack Hailo, and J. H. Tovrea and Mr. Stock­ man. It was-my ploasure to attend,with Mr. Stevenson,Forest Service Fire School at the Santa Rita Range Experimental Station near Tucson on March 6, 7, 8. We were royally treated and fed, and we mot as fine a group of men as any service should desire. The meetings were open for discussion to all, and many new mothods and policies were learned that will undoubtedly aid my work in the future. Three bundles of fire hose wore received. As the couplings wore too large for our hydrants, bushings are being obtainod to correct them. Miscellaneous cleanup for the month has included repainting our garbage cans and removing the tent from the campground formerly used as a checking station.

4c ^ 4c *SWM* * * * *

C_HIR|CAHUACC_C By *tt" stGVcnson» project superintendent, Douglas, Arizona. Two hundred square yards of dirt banks were sloped on Bonita Highway one and three-quarters miles west of Bonita Park. Materials were used for road surfacing and for widening fill sections. Two hundred square yards of rock banks were sloped one-half mile north of the Sugar Loaf Truck Trail intersection. Materials were utilized in widening fill sections and for surfacing. One hundred square yards of dirt banks were sloped three-quarters mile" east of the monument boundary. Materials were used to cover rock fill slopes. The wardiouso, Project 29-111, is 100 percent complete. Com­ pletion of the administration building has been delayed pending re­ ceipt of paint samples for exterior of doors and windows. Excavation for foundation and basement of residence #3 has been dug. Sixty shrubs and ten cypress trees wer-j planted in the headquarters area. Yard layout for residences $1 and #3 ar^ 50 percent complete; banks arc being sloped rnd dry rock VJV.IIS constructed between terraces. A box for the transportation of trees was constructed and shipped to Coolidgo.

* * * * *S¥fM* * * ** MAVAJO By J. W. Brewer, Jr., ranger, Tonaloa, Arizona.

Visitors this month, 8; Travel year to date, 93. On March first, official weather bureau instruments wore put into use and a daily record has since been maintained. This has boon an unusually windless March. Records show; Clear days, 11; PanfcLy cloudy, 5; and Cloudy, 6. Maximum Temperature, 72 degrees; Minimum temperature, 10 degrees. Snow fell on March 4 and 10; the total SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 161 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 NAVAJO (CONT.) precipitation for the month being 4.8 inches. Thunder, lightning, end' rain came on March 21' and 22. Roads'below 6,000 feet have been open all month, muddy at times but passable. Tho road to the monument was not declared "officially" open until March 17, and thon only after a week's shoveling through heavy drifts and snow-filled canyons. Parts of the road are rutted, but it' is in fairly good shape. On tho 19th, road sign mileages were charted in preparation for new directional signs. Three Now Yorkers coming to Inscription House, gave up before they reached the canyon rim because of deep snow. We had two Indian vandals at Betatakin, and ono U.S^I.S. employee Two visitors were contacted at Shonto; ono wanted to reach Botatakin and helped shovel for two days and then gave up the ghost, a personal friend of min (not the ghost); the other was guided by request to the view point across the canyon. Many large ro 3ks were rolled out of tho trail .and, except for the switch back trail into tho canyon, it is in good shape. This switch back part is not being maintained bdeauso of advice from your office to locate a new trail down the head of the canyon. The spring was cleaned, and the tnail was worked oyer at She spring crossing. There's lots of water coming out of tho spring right now, only 15 seconds being required to fill a one quart can. At this rate the spring is running 1,440 gallons per 24 hour day. A new front spring was installed on USDI 13913, also a new speedometer cable. Tho carburetor and fuel pump were removed, taken apart, and cleaned. The entire car was washed, body and running gear. A freight arrival notice was received, and it is believed to bo a new filing cabinet. Tho notice was forwarded to NM5A to Clay Parker who had very kindly said ho would receive and store the ship­ ment until my next trip to town, to prevent demurrage. Many small and some large camp sites arc coming to the surface in the shape of shallowly buried cans. Looks like cans come up in the spring as well as flowers. Several loads of cans have been hauled off tho monument and some have been reburied more deeply. On March 18, your office was notified by phone that the monument road was open and requested to advise Kersey, tho well-drilling contractor, that ho could now get into the site. A request was also made to have the engineering division locate the exact place for the well hole. Making a ruin cleanup end inspection on the 20th, I found a rent in the east wall of Milton's tent. Upon entering the t6nt, I observed that the flour and sugar had been stolen. Not having an inventory of the utensils, I could not say what else. Outside the tent two sots of day-old footprints were observed; one pair moccasined and one pair cowboy-booted. ' • : Nailing up the torn tent wall, I took out after the tracks, down Betatakin Biko almost to the Scgi, then across the sand dune and up the Scgi canyon. I followed them about two miles to where they took an upper trail and returned to the switch back and up to the parking area. Here they (the footprint makers') mounted two horses and SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 162 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 NAVAJO (CONT.)

the trail sign was mado easy by the presence of a colt. The horse and colt tracks led five miles to the cornfield of a Navajo, Pipeline, who was then plowing. I told him what had happened and showed him the tracks leading directly to his place; ho told me that Sam Crank and Eugono Sheepskin had made the tracks the day before. I asked him to show mo to their hogans. Wo pullod into Sam's hogan ton milos southwost of Shonto and Sam gave up his part of the loot, got into the truck and directed us to Eugene*s hogan where the rest of the stolen things were rocovercd-- except the flour and sugar which had boon oaten. Both the men wore then taken to Shonto to District Suporvisor Kellam who told them thoy had comnittod a Federal offense and would be sent to tho "big jail", I then took them to the trading post and by the time Harry got through with them they were two thoroughly scared boys, I told them, as I released them in Shonto, that I would decide later whether or not to send the Tuba City police out to get thorn; I don't think we'll have trouble with Scan end Eugene stealing from tho morumont again. It was five and one-half hours, and 24 milos eftor tho pilfering was discovered, that the goods wore (mostly) returned and the boys in hand. I hope the word will get around that Betatakin is not a safe place from which to steal. •'.•• Boss, I hate to get into a groove and keep harping about something, but you brought tho subject up in the last monthly report and l'd like tc add that the propopoa. house site at Point "D" is on terrain darnod near as roftgh as *har shown above the ruin in tho pho^o you mentioned. As Alabama fought a loosing f:' ght voting for Uti iorwood, I still vote to build farther up the canyon-, Wo stopped at Tuba City to see Mr. Hoffman and he took us out and showod us the newly uncoverod dinosaur tracks on tho Tuba-Coal Mine Canyon road. Beautiful tracks, Boss, and lots of them, good deop tracks and seme of the casts still there. It sure would make a mighty interesting display, There must be dozens of prints there. Whon wo get into Flagstaff, we learned that cur "Grandfather" Poshlacai was very sick and asking to see us. We are going out to see him today.

*****SWM*****

GRAN QUIVIRA By George L. Boundoy, custodian, Gran Quivira, New Mexico.

Visitors this month, 55. Travel year to date, 636.

On March 19, our roads had reached a point where it was once more a pleasure tc travel over them. Thoy will need a good scraping to rid them of the ruts and washboard condition. As you probably know, our road up from the village is a favorite drive for all tho local

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 163 MONTHLY REPORT FOR i'ARCH, 1939 GRAN QUIVIRA (CONT.) people. Dozens of cars each day climb the hill and turn arcund&h the parking ground. Seme of the cars come up at such speed thut£ caution signs may become a necessity. In spite of much snow the miasion walls have suffered but little from the elements, and the added moisture should produce a wonderful crop of spring and summer flowers the coming soason. Wo have not banfled any birds up here, but each year the same birds seem to nest in the same place they nested the previous year. Work for the month has consisted principally of cleaning up broken branches brought down by the heavy snows and cleaning away the tumble woods which have been brought in by high winds. In preparation for the Cuatro Centennial in 1940, work has been started on both the Abo and Quarai State Parks. Quite elaborate restoration is to bo made cf the Curai ruin, it is reported.

******SWM*****

/\RCHES By Harry Reed, custodian, ^ Moab, Utah.

[sitors this month, 7; Travel year to date, 277.

WEATfER AND ROADS

The last snow of the season fell in the monument on March 10. Since that data, we have had fine springlike weather. On Sunday, March 19, I drove to the Windows for the first time this season. The temporary road was very rough, but no washouts have occurred and the trip was not difficult. Practically no snow remains in the monu­ ment and the sandy portions of the road are well packed. As I was leaving the monument, I met the first car for 1939 coming in. The seven occupants of the car were from Montrose and Olathc, Colorado,

PARK SERVICE OFFICIALS

Jesse L. Nusbaum, Superintendent of Mesa Verde National Park, Raymond Higgins of the Santa Fe Office, and Zoke Johnson of Natural Bridges were Moab visitors this month, Zeke and I plan to make a trip to the bridges as early as road conditions will permit to get some new photographs. I will make the color shots and some 5X7»s which I will forward to headquarters when completed.

DEVIL'S GARDEN

On Monday, March 20, Dr. Williams and I made a trip to the Devil's Garden. Wo drove as far as the "Fiery Furnace" where I made a photograph. The road through Salt Valley is rough but :Solid, and no difficulty was encountered until wo entered the wash at the lowor SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 164 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 ARCHES (CONT.)

end of tho valley. Hero wo got stuck and wore delayed about three hours.

NSH ARCH

"Arch 73" located near tho "Fiery Furnace" has an almost per­ fectly round opening approxir.iatcly 25 feet in diameter. It is noticeable for about one hour while the sun is shining on the cliff directly in back of tho arch. At any ether tine of the day, it is so perfectly blended with the cliff that one might pass a hundred tines without knowing that it is ther~. As we wore limited for time, I did not climb up to tho arch which is located high up in tho cliff. I hope to got back tv. that section of tho monument in tho n„ar future and will then got measurements and photographs of this latest addi­ tion to tho seemingly undending list of arches.

*****S,.,rI.I*****

AZTEC RUINS Aztoc, Now Mexico.

Visitors this month, 554; Travel yoar to date, 4402.

GENERAL

Travol for the month of March has boon low compared with tho travel for tho corresponding period of last year. This is partly due to unsettled weather conditions and severe snow storms which havo prevailed throughout tho month until the last fow days. Those storms have boon general through northwostern New Mexico and Colorado. However, the main highways in this socticn of the country havo been kept open by tho unfailing efforts on tho part of the highway depart­ ments in New Mexico and Colorado. Tho custodian made one official trip to Chaco Canyon on February 26. No attonpt was made to inspect Hovcnwccp and Yucca House because of. f adverseadverse weather and road condi­ tions,

VfEATHER

Tho general weather conditions throughout the month havo boon unsettled. Most of the sn w that foil in February remained on the ground unmcltcd until tho latter part cf tho month when it was thawed out by spring rains. Tho stockmen, both white and Indian, are rejoicing about tho prospects of good range conditions. A table of weather statistics fellows- Maximum temperature 74 Total Precipitation .64 inch Minimum temporaturo 1 Cl~-ar days 15 Cloildy dayfi T Partly cloudy days 6 SOUTHWESTERN ; ONUMENTS 165 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 AZTEC (CONT.)

MAINTENANCE, IMPROVEMENTS, AND NEW CONSTRUCTION

Roofs on the custodian's residence end the government garage have been waterproofed during the month and new canalies installed. An attempt was made to waterproof the roof of the Great Kiva, but we were unsuccessful. We used 100 pounds of tar and asphalt on the worst lookiningg placesplace , but we still have three leaks. This roof is in bad shapo^ and wo arc again working on it. It was necessary to break out the fire wall in several places down to the roof level to insefct new f:>lashing a rihinrsj UponU;..".r. »nmyy rereturn from headquarters, dual wheels were placed on the Chevroi.iolett trtruck 8II6„ This could not be done sooner because one of the who*iheels£ was left at headquarters when the truck was transferred to this tf.bnvuiont in December, 1938. The stop-and-waste valve for the drinking fountain was dug out and the water turned on. The'fountain has been turned off since last fall to prevent its being damaged by freezing. In the prehistoric rooms formerly occupied by the museum, the floors have been leveled and rolled in an effort to pack the loose, dry dirt and to fill up the holes made by the tramping of,: •': many feet. Much work has been done on grounds in the way of a general clean-up. We are really proud of the appearance of the monu­ ment at this writing.

ROADS, TRAILS, AND COURT DRAINAGE

As reported in the December 1938 monthly report, all operations were suspended on this project until spring or until all danger of freezing weather was ov^r. The court had begun to shape up to where wo were sur^ of a fair runoff before suspending the work. Much snow and rain this past winter has certainly give this court a good soaking, and when the thaw came we had a heavy run-off which lasted several days. Th^ result was that our drainage ditch washed more than two feet deep at. the lower Laid of the court. It was necessary to repair and rock the ditch and to fill in the low places with dirt. This was done with a gocd grade of clay mixed with enough sand to prevent cracking. The court drainage is now about 95 percent complete. During the month, 15 man-days were expended on court drainage. We hope the Engineering Department will consider doing cur trail job early in April before our heavy travel season begins. Wo now have ... . a good grade in the court with a ditch that has such a gradual slope that it is not a noticeable ditch to the eye, and it functions satisfactorily. The rock plating mentioned above is east of the • ruins, where wo had to dispose of th^ water into the flood ditch as it is carried into the Animas river.

NAVAJO MOBILE CCC UNIT

This four man crew has proceeded in a satisfactory manner on wall

SOUTHWESTERN "iONUIENTS 16C MONTHLY 513PORT FOR MARCH, 1939 AZTEC (CONT.)

repair in thu ruins. Ono of the Navajo boys was absent five days during the month, when he made a trip to the reservation to recoivo medicine at a big sing being hold for him by the medicine man. He returned five days later and statod th-.t his ailments had boon properly cured. However, it took several days after he returned to put him back to normal. A ladder, resembling the ladders made by the prehistoric peoples, has been constructed and placed in the hatchway of tho roofed kiva. Also the unsightly tar-paper roof over the room containing tho potroglyphs has been romodolcd, walls stabilized and capped. This adds greatly to the appearance of tho ruins. If we can keep those Navajo boys three years longer, we will have this ruin in fair stability.

PUB II CITY

This monument is receiving a lot of valuable publicity in the newspapers throughout the country due to the third y^ar we are having Easter Sunrise Services in the Great Kiva. Boss, don't you think Aztec will need a lot of seasonal rangers in the near future? While our winter travel is light, our summer travel will have to increase by leaps and bounds. Our ruins are getting in better shape to show tho public, and wo are ready for the heavy travel in every way except the personnel to guide them through the ruins and the museum. Of courso wo T,111 give them our best, but I can sec, oven with the additional help that.wo will have this summer, wo will still bo under-manned.

NATIONAL MONUMENT PUBLICATIONS

The. Guido Book to the Southwestern Monuments and the Park and Monu­ ment Portfolios are being offered for sale according to instructions received. The glass case received from Berkeley is being used to hold the publications. Eighteen,guido books have been sold since March 1.

NEWSWORTHY VISITORS -

Kennoth Boone, John H. Diohl, Chas. A. Richoy, Fred D. Abbott (traveling mechanic CCC) Lewis McKinney, and Gordon Vivian.

TRAVEL

554 people entered the monument in 189 automobiles coming from 21 states, the District of Columbia and Canada.

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 1S7 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 IONTO By G?rdon G* philP» ranger, Roosevelt, Arizona Visitors this month, 640; travel year to date, 2,336.

Spring is definitely upon us here c.t Tonto. During the last ten days, numerous small flowers have burst into bloom, and buds upon the Hcdgo-hog Cactus arc well-shaped. Countless lizards are out of hibernation, v\ringod insects are becoming more plentiful by tho day, numerous species of birds have burst into song, and some have even been noted carrying nesting material. Little or no rain has fallen during the month and the weather has taken a decided change for the warmer. Daily, the Salt River is carrying more water, but this increase in flow has caused Roosevelt Lake to rise scarcely at all. Some of the large dynamos are being operated again. On the evening _f March 10, hail the size of small marbles commenced to .fall, and although of short duration, the drumming effect df these hundreds of ice balls railing on this attic-loss roof could bo likened to nothing I had ever heard before. Tho noise was deafening. Most of us have undoubtedly toyed with thoughts of the world's end, and what the climax might bo like. Horetofore I merely wondered, now I believe I know. If, for the remaining few days of this month, travel continues at its present rate, visitor attendance will have increased better than 70 percent over that of last month. On two separate occasions, 81'persons' in 21 and 18 cars respectively visited Tonto,. providing, incidentally, the best two attended days for the month of March. Six hundred forty visitors came from 28 states, one couple from New Zealand, and two from Canada. Although there are really few camping facilities here at Tonto, tho occasional parties that do spend the night have expressed no complaints relative to this lack cf convenience. Most of thorn rather seem to enjoy building their own rook fireplaces, gathering wood, etc., and I must say that the great majority of these campers and picnickers are "clean-up conscious" and dispose of their rubbish. When time from guiding would permit, trail and road maintenance have boon' conducted. No amount cf effort seems to noticeably better tho condition of the approach road. Complaints, which under the circum­ stances are surprisingly few, are nevertheless forthcoming once in awhile. The favorable comments in regard to tho trail and its switch backs, which make for easier climbing, somewhat offset this sting of embarrass­ ment , however. The only Park Service visitors for the month were Don and Ruth Egermayor. Although their stay was short, wo enjoyed having them.

* ^ % * *S1WM* * * **

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 168 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 W AI NUT f~ANYOM By Paul Boaubien, jr. park archcologist, VV/\UINV»I v,/\i\iwi\j Flagstaff, Arizona Visitors this month, 164; Travel year to date, 2,252. There was more bad weather in February than any other month of the winter. The snow fall wasn't so much more, but there was mere wind. The west entrance road has boon impassable much of the time, and the east one was nearly so. At this date, however, the roads are in good condition. Park Service visitors wore Hugh Miller, Al Kuehl, Ned Burns, Lorenzo Moffott, and Jack Haile. I have received two cards from Ted Cronyn giving the road conditions to do Ghelly. Such information is more than welcome, and I hope he keeps me info mod. I was informed by the county engineer that the county intends to greatly improve cur entrance roads. Possibly they will move the location of the 'road through the monument to along the north boundary. I hope so. The CCC guides have boon laid off during the winter, but two arc . expected to report next Monday, March 27. During the month I received a cunera with instructions to take pictures for the 7fashingtcn office of visiters using tho educational facilities of Walnut Canyon, Wupatki, and Sunset Crater National Monuments. Due to lack of visitors, I could only take pictures of what visitors would see if they were here. The personnel of Coconino National Forest, with representatives of cooperating agencies, held a four day meeting in Flagstaff. I attended one day vdicn fire c ntrol was to bo discussed. I came away with some valuable information, but the principal effect was that I was envious of their fine meeting. I wish the Southwestern Monuments could hold such a meeting once a year. On March 23, I.made a trip to Wupatki : and Sunset for visitor statistics. There were 32 visitors to Wupatki Ruin for March. At Citadel Ruin there wore 77 registrations for this month, and 34 for February when I failed to report. The road to Sunset has boon open a few days, but it is still impossible to get over the road between Sunset and Wupatki. At Sunset there were 151 registrations for Decem­ ber, 12 for January, 0 for February, caad 28 for March.

* ** * *SWM** * * * WALNUT CANYON CCC *£,2ftS2£~«*. The month of March has boon practically free from storms with clear weather nearly every day. The snow is all meltod except in a few- shaded spots and on tho north side of the mountains. Travel to Walnut Canyon had to bo nade from the east entrance until the last few days, as the.west entrancc'was'madc impassable by a few muddy spots. SOUTHWESTERN FONUMENTS 169 MONTHLY REPORT FOR TARCH, 1939 WALNUT CCC (CONT.)

the trench for the water lino has boon completed nearly to the first nilc post and the crow is distributed over another half nile section. The digging is getting nuoh easier i.s'wo leave the linestone ridge adjacent to Walnut Canyon. A scarifier end blade is now b^ing used to open up the surface and in a few spots no blasting was necessary. The chipping banner has arrived and will bo in uso at the rock quarry by tho last week of llarch. The freezing weather scons tc have subsided for the tine being, so work will be started Monday, March 27, en residence No. 2 at Walnut Canyon. One car of pipe for the water line is an the read, and the rest will follow at three day intervals. Work on the side canp at Wupatki has not yet boon started, but- plans aro buing developed. The walls of the custodian's house are now all up to floor elevation, and work is gcin? ahoad as fast as can be expected. Tho water lino is installed with the exception of the 300 feet connecting the reservoir with the residence* This will nakc water available for construction work right at the j^b by April 1. Jimr.iie Brewer has the distinction of being the first to break through the Sunset road this spring. . He said considerable shovjling was necessary in spots, but the job was acconplishcd without nulos or a tractor. Engineers of the BPR are again working on the read location fron highway 89. Word was received a few days ago that the Cenpany Connandor at this canp was being transferred to the Sodona Canp and would be replaced by Lt. Miller fron that canp. Seventeen cnrollees left canp for "the old henetown" in Pennsylvania on March 23, having completed their six months* enrollment. They will bo replaced early in April. Wo arc glad to see Al. Kuchl back on the job on tho 15th of the nonth. Although his "spark" scene 1 to bo sonewhat retarded, ho looks fine and says, "You can't keep a., good nan downl" Inspector Haile n:.Co his monthly inspection on March 22 and informed us that his transfer will tal; : effect in April. Everyone, on the job regrets his leaving this district and wishes the best cf luck in his new location.

**'*>*S'.J'I '*****

B T rACA C^O AKIhC y "• * Bickncll, custodian V-A:A VJlsAINUC .Coclidfco, Arizona

Visitors this nonth, 3,313; Travel year to date, 18,257.

WEATHER Days clear 1,9 Precipitation .01" ..Max. tamp. 93 Days partly cloudy 7 M ,. + 7R o 1/Iin. " 23 Days cloudy __2__T!±±^: JL^p/„?._f Jtfecxnjfiii^tonp...... 37.4 SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 170 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 CASA GRANDE (CONT.1)

Temperatures began rising this ncnth, with night ninimums averaging some five degrees warmer than during February indicating that summer is definitely on its way. Rain f .11 on only enc clay, with a severe dust storm on Ilaroh 10. Frost occurred on the night of February 28. The prevailing winds were from the west. .

GENERAL

For the first time in six'months, March shows an increase of the visitor count over the corresponding month of last year. Ranger Egermayer made a trip to Saguarotobring back a truck load of local species of cactus for transplanting to the Headquarters area at Casa Grande. This includes a** 11 foot Saguaro which seems to be doing well in spite of somewhat rough handling. We hope to add other specimens to provide a small cactus herbarium of locally native species for the benefit of visitors interested in these plants. Ranger Jones made an official trip to the University of Arizona in- connection with the plan for the new museum at Casa Grande. On March 13, he and Corky left for Boulder Dam, accompanying Superintendent . Pinkley, to' escort Editor-in-Chief Story on a tour of the Southwestern Monuments. After leaving Miss Story in El Paso, the party returned to Casa Grande- March 21. Custodian Bicknoll, in addition to several trips to Phoenix for supplies, made a trip to White Sands to deliver two Electrolux refrigerators, returning the two electric boxes which had not proven satisfactory. The fragment of reed taken from the .Casa Grande floor, mentioned in-last month's report, has boon reported upon by Volney Jones, assistant curator of the Efcimobotanical Laboratory at the University of Michigan. He identifies the specimen as Reed Grass (phragmites communis) which was also used by the prehistoric Indians of Casa Grande for the preparation of ceremonial cigarettes, as reported by Charlie Stcon in the Supplement to the Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report of October, 1935, pp. 287-292. On March 14, Mrs. S. R. Bryant living near the Cactus Forest Ranch, 15 miles east of the monument, sent word that she had uncovorod two prehistoric skeletons near her heme, and offered to donate them to the Casa Grande Museum. Aftor his return-from El Paso, Ranger Jones spent two days in the removal and preservation of the one skeletal which was in good condition. The other was too badly damaged to attempt its removal. Both skeletons woro Salado, males, thought to bo of middle age, and both seemed to have been about 5* 9" in height. The complete reports will be filed with the headquarters naturalist staff.

N.P.S. VISITORS

Official visitors to .Casa Grande during March included- Miss Isabulle F. Story, Carlcton Wilder, Ned J. Burns, and Lorenzo Moffott.

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 1?1 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 CASA GRANDE (CONT.)

SPECIAL VISITORS

Other interested visitors at the monument during the month were: Julian Haydon, from Pueblo Grande, his wife, and Mr. Hayden, Senior; Major General E. A. Kroger, U. S. /., retired, and Mrs. Kroger; James W. Ncal, Special Agent for the Dopt.'of the Interior; Miss Edith Henderson and her father, both of Tucson, who r.re engaged in photographing scenic spots of Arizona for the state's exhibit at the New York World's Fair, and Mr and Mrs. Arthur Hornblow, Jr. (Myrna Loy),

USE OF MONUMENT FACILITIES BY THE PUBLIC

Of the 3,313 visitors to Casa Grande, 2,771 were contacted on guided trips to the ruins, the museum, or both. As another indication of approaching spring, the number of persons using the picnic grounds increased sharply. Among, these groups were 22 boys and one adult from the Kcnilworth Boy Scout troop* 40 children and adults from the CoolidgJ High School; 28 children, three adults, from the Florence grade school; 69 persons from the Church of Christ, Coolidgo; 51 children and three teachers, from the Campus Training School at Tempo. Camping parties included four trailer parties who stayed overnight, one party of three camping in a tent, and the Bicker- tons, who have been mentioned before ,-.s camping at the monument; they loft on March 23, making a present of a very old Pimp, pottery anvil and wooden paddlo to the Casa Grande Museum. Of the 2874 visitors represented by registrations, 1257 were from Arizona, 261 from California, and 141 from Illinois. People from 47 states (Vermont alone excepted), the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, Mexico, China, England, Norway, and India, came to visit the Casa Grande.

*****S17M*****

CASA GRANDE SIDE CAMP CCC

Job $ 51 - Warehouse: Interior woodwork crcosotod; this job is now completed, as far as CCC labor is concerned. Man-days; 14. Job $ 53 «• Guide Service; Hall r-coivod -..is discharge to enter pri­ vate employment and was replaced by Chester Heath. Rodgors and Coyle are still acting in their capacity as guides. Sheffield is in the Naturalist Office. Enrolloo Bybee is now the Mechanic's assistant. Total man-days cxpended-119. Job jj= 54 - Monument Maintenance; The cement floor in the old garage was repaired; a new file cabinet and storage cupboard were mado, a new directional sign was made and placed, and kindling made froti the useless scrap lumber. Man-days expended - 24. Job $ 55 - Making Adobes; Approximately 8,000 adobe bricks were made using 75 man-days labor.

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 172 MONTHLY REPORT TOR MARCH, 19.59 CAS A GRANDE CCC (CONT.)

Job # 62 - Equipment Shod: The floor, roof, end inside plaster were completed on the first unit of tho equipment shod. This job is 100 percent completed, llan-days; 61. Job # 63 - Yard Wall. The foundation was extended, and tied into tho foundation of the second unit of tho equipment shod "B". Man-days exponded, 20, Job #67 - Sewer Line; The septic tank and cesspool excavations are now 50 percent complete; 100 feet of 8 inch sewer line has been laid from the watchman's quarters toward tho septic tank location. Han-days oxponded, 17, Job #68 - Equipment Shed "B": Tho excavation for this building has boon completed. Han-days expended; 46. Job #69 - Storage t>hcds The excavation for this structure was completod, and part of the foundation poured. Han-days expended; 6. In addi­ tion, 30 yards of sand woro hauled, for use in foundations of Yard Wall, Equipment Shed "B", and Storage Shed. Various minor clean­ up jobs were performed on the monument and in new utility area. A com­ plete checkup on tools and materials was mado* Replacing experienced cnrollees who have been transferred back to CNM-2-A for discharge,17 new men are now in the camp. This exchange was started last month. Safety meetings with 100 pcrcont attendance woro held on March 10 and 24. Chaplain Hurt held religious services in the camp on ' " February 26. Camp inspections wore nado by Lieut. Boutz, Chaplain Hurt, Dr. Pennington, Lieut. Ki-lin , Supt. Stevenson, and Inspector Haile.

* * * * *SWII* ** * *

Tilu/\rArAiii By Louis R. Caywood, custodian, lUMALALOK! Bx. 797, Nogales, Arizona.

Visitors this month, 2,145; travel year to date, 10,792.

Although the leading winter season attractions are over for southern Arizona, the visitor travel for ]larch held its own in spite of a short month of 28 dp.ys (carrying over from Fevruary). The total visitor count amounted to 2,154, with contacts of 2,063. These visitors came in 580 cars. Weather conditions have remained constantly favorable for tho month with but a few windy days.

PARK SERVICE VISITORS

Hiss Isabelle Story, editor-in-chief of the Park Service, Superin­ tendent Frank Pinkley, and Ranger and Mrs. David Jones were visitors on March 16. Ned Burns, acting chief of the Museum Division, Washington, D. C, and Lorenzo Moffott of tho Yfostorn Museum Laboratories spent oonsiderable

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 173 MONTHLY ^EFORT FOR MARCH, 1939 TUMACACORI (CONT.)

time hero on Sunday, Ilarch 19, inspecting tho museum exhibits and observing visitor reaction. On Ilarch 20 Hap and Natt Dodge and party paid an unofficial visit to the monument. Natt spent most of his time taking pictures. Tho clouds wore bulgy and billowy, some of the best I have soon. Hero's hoping the pictures turn out perfectly. Luis Gastcllum looked over tho now mission floor on March 12,

NEWSWORTHY VISITORS

Mr. Fred Winn, supervisor of tho Coronado National Forest, stopped at this monument twice during the month. Father Stonor paid us a lengthy visit on March 2 going ovjr all of tho now physical improvements.

MISSION REPAIR

Adobes wore placed in some of tho larger holes in the mission. These giv~ the interior of the mission a better appearance as well as strengthening the- walls. On March 13 Landscape architect Charles Cart )r arrived with 16 CCC boys to begin work on th< patio garden. Mr. Rodman of Tucson was appointed foreman of the cr.*. Several shrubs and trees wore first removed from the patio arJft.. Part cf tho wall was removed to facilitate movement of trucks into the area. To date about one third of the filling and grading has b«en don„. Holes wore dug for four olive trees, and one olive tree has boon brought from Phoenix and planted. -It is doing veil, thanks. Th^ others may be expected one each week. Mr. Stohohockor guidod th„ truck bo

RED CROSS INSTRUCTION V

The ranger and custodian attended a 15 hour Rod Cross Instructor's course hold in Nogales by Dr. F]*yd Gardner cf the American Red Cross office in San Francisco. Tho classes T.v.r-were, held from 7.00 to 10:00 each evening for fiv^ days. Theh instruction: will be of inestimable value tc this monument because ofc i " thethj frequency of accidents on the highway.

*** t:*3W'"*****

CANYON DtCHELLY By Ted Cronyn, custodian, Chin Lee, Arizona.

Visitors this month, 46; Travel year to dat-, 340.

WEATHER March so far has boon a mild month here. Although tho temperature SOUTHWESTERN MONUISNTS 174 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 CANY0N DE CHELLY (CCNT.) has dropped below freezing most of the nights, the days have been warm and the frost is all out of the ground. During the last wo^k, we have had frequent showers but their total has been only 0.26 inch. The high winds of springtime, of which I hear dismal predictions, hav^ not started yot, save fcr a ccuplc cf hurricanes which the old- timers say w?ro mere slight samples of the wrath tc com^. Spring itself is apparently just around the ccrn.r; the blackbirds and the song- sparrows are back, a few patches of green grass have apoearod, and, as I walk to Chin Lee for chow in the morning, I see a few plants pushing through the ground surface.

THE CANYONS

The Chin Leo lUcsh (sounds like a Chinese laundry) has boon rolling high for a c.uple of weeks, as thu snow was melting in the mountains to the east. Now that tho snort is mc. stly all gone there, the wash has calmed down a let. Cozy I.IcSpo.rron, who is quite an old-timor arcund these parts, figures . n getting int~ the canyons with his car rather early this year. And I roekon that when Cozy starts up the canyons, the N.P.S. pickup won't be far behind.

ROADS

The read from Gallup has been plenty bad, north cf Ganado, but now it is all dried out .nc m:. stly dusty. Of course there's nc telling h^w many mere sterns we night hav.., but the r-ad will dry up quickly after them. Uaintenancc work has put a smcoth surface en this road, as is tho case with aim.st all the roads hereabouts. The only exceptions I know of cro these: F:rt Defiance-Chin Lee read, unused all winter, is still closed, but the traffic comes en tho alternate route by way of Ganado. The diroct road fr^m Chin Loe to Lukachukai, close t the north rim of Canyon del Huerto, is still closed. The rcacl from Lukachukai to Shiprock is closed,' according tc report. But you can roc.cn tho monument easily fr_>m Gallup, from Chambers on highway 66, frem Kayonta and the Hopi villages, and from Shiprock via Sweetwater ana Round Ucck.

TRAVEL

The visitor count for tho :acnth was an increase ovjr last month and likewise over Ilc.rch of 1938. Host of these folks wore from nearby, many of whom rode cut beside the Canyons on a Sautrday or Sunday. Fifty-five Navajo girls from tho local school camo by on a hike, drank water faster than I could bring it to them, and a few of them scratched pictures on the residence wall. But thoy didn't come to soe the canyons nor the office museum, sc thoy didn't got counted in tho visitor roll. Yes, wo got f.,ur cf them back a couple of days later to romcv^- with sandpaper tho hieroglyphics, and no erased

SOUTHWESTERN HONUMENTS 175 MONTHLY REPORT FOR I'ARCH, 1939 CANYON DE CHELLY (CONT.)

her signature) vary well.

MAINTENANCE

CCC boys removed a considerable amount cf earth from around the residence tc got fill for road repair. Their cuts were left rough as th^y hadn't tine to do any fine work, s^ the custodian will be smcothing things up a bit when ho isn't cluing something else. So when the Lontskippas co-mo, which I hope thoy will, they should wear dark glasses. I swamped cut the upper portion of the sewer line, but the lower end is bottomed below the present water table, so that part is full of standing water and effluent. Later in the season, when the water table is lower, we c;.n try cleaning out the rest of the line, although even then the lines and tanks will doubtless fill up again soon. The CCC - ID is still working on improvement of the Rim Drive. They plan to work the Rim Drive and the side road clear -ut to the White H, use Lockout, which is sure fine. They haven't yet reached the site for the guard wall at the first lockout, but propose to tackle that when they get t^. it.

GENERAL

There were' no park Service visiters, and since all the people who came were fine folk, we w^n't try t. aolco special nonticn of any. The Navajos are picwing and preparing f^r lambing time. I walked up three miles in the Canyon a ciuple of times, and dewn the White House Trail .ncc during the n.nth. The Navajo Service has made preliminary surveys and plans for a dike acr; ss a flood channel cf the Chin Lee Wash, a quarter mile north sf headquarters. Their main "bioct is to protect cottenweod plantings, but an incidental gain will bo reduction of hazard t.. ,ur sewer system, and protect!en tc the read fr ra Chin Lee t. and by hoad- quart cr s. * ****S}KL1* * * **_

By Tcn chari s WHITE SANDS ° , custodian, Alan; grodo, New Mexico.

Visitors this month, 4,497; travel year to date, 31,232. (Note; Tom's report, through carelessness of this office, was omitted last month so will bo included herewith. Ed.)

FEBRUARY

This has been about the hardent month we have had in a long time. Last month we had 1,049 registrations and this month only 536. Wo can figure cutjac good, reason for this shortage of visitors unless it SOOTKWSSTERN MONUMENTS 176 MONTHLY REPORT FOR I ARCH, 1939 TNHITE SANDS (CONT.)

be from the fact that feeder reads from oast and west have been blocked with snow, and then the ski courses at both Cloudcroft and Ruidosc have taken cur Sunday crowds from 21 Paso. On one Sunday we had 238 visiters up to five o'clock in the evening and en another wo had 178. Our percentage of registration has changed also sinco wo put the visitors through the entrance g.vtes, for it immediately eliminates the group which always stopped along the read which ran past the sands for a ccuplo ef miles. 3>.mo of these nor: stop on that hill of sand which conies cut to th, read just below the Aidingor camp, but we have no way ef knowing hew many. To ar- now counting the visitors for 7-g hours a day and, whilo the iv.urs that we count arc the best hours of the day, the visiting period is at least 14 hours a day. So, the fact ef the business is that wo do net have very much of an idea how many visiters wo have had this mr nth. Thirty-four states and two foreign countries wore represented in our registration* The now 30 foot flag pole in front _f the building and right on the side of the read gives an added attraction to cur headquarters. This woek we also get the now signs, and Joo and Jchnwill are putting them up temporarily f•,r I imagine thoy will have to be sot in cement a little later. These signs carry a ge-d black line that admission tc the white Sands is free.. We are getting excellent Ce-operation from our local ".."hite Sands Camera Club. Last week no . f the members te.k a bunch ef Kcdachromc pictures of the Sands to bo displayed in the San Frncisco Fair by the Southern Pacific Railroad. This week they are taking pictures ef the Blazer Mill and a panoramic view cf the valley for Charlie Stoen in Berkeley. That reminds mo ..f the fact that the SI Paso Camera Club is staging a tour of the Yehite Sands Ilarch 19 at which time the local club has a special invitation te join. Mrs. Jcanie M. Frank has notified me that her senior class in the El Faso High School has decided tc visit the Sands again on their "Ditch Day." Yio have had notice that they mil have a much larger crowd than last time. Dale Roisslcr, wile Manages the Carlsbad-El Paso bus line, was here last week with no of the now busses full cf high-powered men who are interested in tl-u daily trip which they are to scon start from El Paso to Qarlsbad, Artoaia, I swell, Old Lincoln, Blazer's Mill, Mcscaloro, Alain., g:. roe, and , the Great White Seonds. Dale had with him the manager ef the El Paso's Gateway Club, the manager ef the Pacific Greyhound busses, Hithoff . nd Whito, who do most of the fancy folder b oklct advertising for El Paso, and several others. Thoy are planning for this trip t_ be ;nc cf the mcst popular of all the sight seeing trips out of El Paso. Mrs. Greece Corrigan, state superintendent of public instruction has accepted an invitation from the Alamogordo Chamber ~f Commerce to- be the principal and in fact the only speaker at the.fifth annual V'Jhito Sands Playday en March 25. About a dozen different schools aro preparing folk dances for the Playday, This was one of the mcst cclorful

SOUTHWESTERN 1.I0!TU1/:ENTS 177 •MONTHLY REPORT FOR M/JICH, 1939 VffllTS SANDS (CONT.) and popular of last year's features and made seme very beautiful Kodachrome pictures. Locks like these playdays are going over with added interest each year. 'To also n.te that the idea of an Easter Sunset Service is much more popular than the sunrise variety. In the past n^nth we have had some nice publicity: Desert Magazine gave us the cover page one issue; the regional office had a nice story about the mystery : f h:.w the White Sands plants got nitrogen; Nancy Gray of the Milwaukee Journal has interspersed her advertising pro­ grams with Tttiito Sands en several occasions; KOB gavo us a few minutes no evening. Our Park Service boys will all be grieved t~ hear f the death of Gene Baird which occurred on February 16. Gene had lived in the White Sands area for nearly half a century and was affectionately known to the b^ys as the "Bill Rogers J the Groat White Sands." He was director cf Taylor Grazing Board of the White Sands District and was on duty in Carrizczo when taken ill with acute appendicitis.

MARCH

We have had wonderful weather for the past two w^eks and •..ur crowd seems to have increased accordingly. The registrati n was 1,052 as against 949 in March of last year and 536 in February 1939. The boys at the headquarters have counted the cars and number of visitors for approximately seven hours a day for the past few weeks. Their count was from 8:00 A. M. to about 3:00 P. M. and, in 143 actual hours of count, there have been 1,499 people to pass through and go to the heart of the sands, or about 10.5 visitors per hour. There is some argument as to whether there ar more visitors after 3;00 P.M. than' bhoro are during the seven hours counted. Personally I think thore r-re about the same, for the count at the electric oyes on the main road shows little difference. However from now on through the summer months most of th^ visitors will come in the evening. On the basis that the seven hours in the evening have as many visitors as the seven hours in the middle of the day, then we have 4,497 visitors this month. This docs not take into account the numb ;r of short time visitors who run off of Federal Highway No 70 just b^low Mr. Ridingor's place and stop for a few minuces in the sand. In the Barry Mohun count, that group constituted half of the total visitors. YJc were honored this month with a visit from Regional Diroc tor Tolson and Sditor-in-Chief, Miss Isabollo Story; also Dr. Aubrey Ncasham and Superintendent Pinkley. Other Park Service visitors were Davoy Jones and wife, "Corky", ,,.. T. Bicknell, and today Charlie Gould and Jack Diehl and wifj have dropped in on us. Another interesting event here was the visit of Ned Burns of Washington and Lorenzo Moffott of Berkeley who camo to tost out the mercury lamp and the property of fluorescence In the gypsum crystals. The test was very satisfactory and the coloring._of ..so.ro.ve of. theso SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 178 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 WHITE 3AITDS (C0NT.) crystals is perfectly beautiful under'this mercury lamp. The crystals are to be used in an exhibit in our new museum. I was pleased when Mr. Tolson was here that he and Dr. Neasham had a visit with Oliver II. Lee, who first visited the site of our Dog Canyon water in 1884, homostoaded in that canyon, and appropriated the Dog Canyon water in 1892. IJr. Lee accompanied us to Dog Canyon and gave us much of the early history of that section, especially the old house which Dr. Neasham considers cf unusual historic interest. Mr. Loo called Mr. Tolson's attention to the fact that it would be much easier to build the pipeline down the road which we inspected on Saturday, because the Do Canyon floods follow tho proposed route across the pastures. S. '7. Fairchild, another settler in that vicinity for the past 50 years, supported Kr. Lo ; in his belief that there would be trouble with floods on the pasture-rout^.;', '. Ylc have had sovoral nice rains in the past two weeks. These were very welcome becaus^ the now read to Las Cruc ;J had become dangerously dusty,and the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce held th.ir annual playday at White Sands on I'arch 25. There were 565 cars carrying 3,406 pooplo in something like 10 hours. Thoru was not an accidnnt, not an unpleasant incident,and the weather was perfect. This playday attendance will come in n:;xt month's count. Incidentally, we had 465 pooplo in 109 cars, into tho Heart of the Sands today, Llarch 26. Spring business is evidently picking up.

* * * * *SYJI.I* * * * *

SAGUARO By Carlet"n S" •'il^r, ranger, Bx 2708/ Tucson, Arizona.

Visit rs this a-.nth, 1,900; Travel year to date, 9,750.

TRAVEL Travel in Saguar Nationaonall I'onumenMo t dropped considerably during the nanth, reflecting thhee beginningbeginning of the departure .. f winter visiters from the Tucson area. T..ta'otalJ trav5travel1 is astinatod at 1,900 for the month, 1,765 being the actualactual coc unt by XC checkers.

GSTERAL • .

The Skyline Loop ft,Roa ad has at last been cut through, and should be pen fcr travel sh. rtly. ~.i rk is pr grossing also .,n the first unit cf construction at the south entrance to tho aonument. During the u nth thu shipment .f sign standards for labeling •tho plants in the cactus .garden arrived. Because *.f tho brevity cf my stay at Saguar , I did not order metal labels but havu used cardboard ones, weathorpr.... fed. For temporary signs, these have "steed up very well but oculd easily be criticized frcm the standpoint

S0UTEREST3RN ISFUISNTS 179 I CUTELY ifflPOKT FOR '. ARCH, 1939 SAGUARO (COOT.) cf being a little too conspicuous.

A trip to Headquarters was made en Hrrch 8 fcr the purpose cf exchanging trucks.

PARK SERVICE VISITORS;

On February 26, Custodian Caywaod came from Tumacaccri for the purpose ^f getting some photographs cf the monument fcr the Washington effice, and en Ilarch 6 Ranger Don Egermayer came down from Casa Grande to collect some specimens fcr the cactus garden.

*****SYinT*****

Ch\ACC) C AM VON By Lewis T% KoKinney, custodian, v_i \i \v_v^ ^MMI^n chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

Visitors this m:nth, 79; travel year to date, 1,170.

Here- is March abci.it . ver, and so far we have missed a lot of cur usual March west winds, but had several wet cloudy days instead. All cf our neighbor ranchers are very happy over the prospects of a fine year. Every old rancher you meet will start talking about the fine warm spring rains wo are having. But, doggone my hide, Boss, I just can't see how they can figure those as nice, warm, spring rains. I have been cut in several cf them, and every time I almost freeze. We have had six cloudy days, seven partly cloudy, and thj balance have been clear this month. Two and throe fourths inches of snow fell this month so fur, and .62 of an inch of rain. However, there was more rain en cither side of us than here in tho Canyon. Visitors havo Just started their visits to the Canyon, 79 having been guided through the ruins so far. They came from Arizona, Colorado, How Mexico and Australia. Dr. A. G. Price, I.Irs. Price, and daughter Betty from tho University of Adelaide, Australia, woro visiters today. They wore accompanied by Mr. Mcphco ef The Indian Sorvioo at Window Rock, Arizona. Hugh Miller, Charles Ritohny, Jack Diehl,:\nd Raymond Higgcns wore tho only park Service visiters this month. Captain Ferguson and his driver vrcro official monument visitors; the captain was looking overov r ac. sitesite forfor a CCC camp. The mus e vim it lack- smith shoo) has b ; n cloanod and rearranged. The fireplaces at the camp have beebeenn repar..paired and cleaned out. Trash that had blown in during the winter months has boon ricked up and burned. The gas lights have been remeved from the custodian's resi­ dence and electric lights installed. However the wiring hasn't boon completed as yet. The old Chaco Wash has been up several times already thif? spring and, by the look of the clouds today, it may be up again seen. Roads out both directions are still in tough condition.- Ask Ritchey and Diehl, they shoveled fcr a while. The Escavada wash has boen_running_ SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 130. MONTHLY PEPGRT FOR LIARCH, 1939 CHACO (CONT.)

continually since last October. Tho rock bohind Puoblc Benito is still on tho outward move. She now n...suros; wost' end,4-30/32 inchosj center, 5-17/32; and tho cast ord 5-9/52, I boliovo it would bo of interest to some of you to read tho account on page 89 of tho 1937 National Geographic, July numb ,;r«

^ T *K W *0 . il i'1"' * * *•* *

MOBILE UNIT By (Jordcn Vivian, foremen, Chaco Canyon, Now Koxioo.

The 364 man days expended by the Unit for March wore divided among the following .jobs; stabilize walls, Aztec, 80; drain plaza, B'nito, 265; and support walls, Benito, 18. All camp and maintenance details have been pro-ratod ameng the above .jobs,

AZT3C

Repairs were completed on four rocmsj 136, 141, 142, and 153, forming a block in the northwost orner of the ruin. Thj greater part cf tho work was'confined to patching the uppor portions of the two story rooms where they have bo„n damaged by the run-off from adjacent unex'cavatod fill. No capping has boon laid.

DAJI-IAGE

As ropc.-rt.od' last v,wnth, the first layer of clay plate across tho oast plaza lias boon completed. Over this was laid a cushion layer of sand. Placing ^ 2 the top course of tho plate over' this is now in pre: gross. Tv.^ hundred sixty yards'of clay wore placed in this top layur the early part f tho month. Due to frequent rains, it has boon impossible tot.. hahaul clay into the plaza the latter part of tho month, work beiiieingg coc nfinoedd toto remorelieving material which was piled outside th.; walls last month, andno preparingTiering 60 yards of clay -which will be laid as scon as the plazapla.-.a driesdri-G«

SUPPORT

The 18 man days en supp-rt wore spent proparing materials and equipment to straighten the wost wall off roomroom 118. The method to be used v.lll be that suggested by Superintendent Pinklcy t f en-' casing the wall in a flexible waterproof jacket, thon dampening it thoroughly, and forcing it int; plunb. Completion of this job will be reported in detail next month.

***** svnl'.i* * * * *

SOUTH¥9E3T2RN MOh'UIEI^TS 131 AONTIILY R3P0RT FOR MARCH, 1939 Ecr J cks n cust dian MONTEZUMA C ASTLE BI i * ? ? ° » Camp Verde, Arizona

Visitors this month, 604; travel year to date, 2,970.

During March,29 states were represented. Visitors also camo from Alask-, Ireland, New Zealand, and Holland. Thero wore 165 cars, five bicycles, three pedestrians, and seven eqestrians. The largest group was 29 grammar school children from the Chine Valley school. Travel is 58.9 percent higher than for March of 1938.

SPECIAL VISITORS

Park Service: J. H. Tovroa, Assistant Engineer, was in with W. T. Williams, the contractor, for preliminary check-up on resi­ dence construction. On March 14, Tov. returned with.Assistant Land­ scape Architect A. C. Kuehl for a residence area chock-up. Regional Electrician Clark J..Welles was in tc check over power installation needs. Nod. J. Burns, acting chief, Museum Division, and Lorenzo Moffott, chief ;f preparation at Berkeley, arrived together and spent several hours getting acquainted with the monument. Other Visitors: February 27 Den M. Cameron and R. M. Byrne, photographers, were in making pesters for the Union Oil Company. M. J. Oeklc,' photographer fcr American airlines, took some pictures cf Montezuma Castle. P. R. Helm, Executive Vice President of Tho Great International Highway 'ssociaticn, Inc. . Phoenix, Arizona, was in. Capt. C. J. Barker, CCC Surgeon, Arizona District, was in. Dr. Harold S. Cclton, director ~f the Museum of Northern Arizona, accompanied by Miss Kathcrine Bartlett, curater f anthropology of the Museum, and Dr. Coltcn's son visited the Castle. Mrs. Mary Spalding, official representative of the'State of Arizona for the New York World's Fair, was in collecting pictures and data. Don Anderson, Principal ..f the Chino Valley School, and 28 grammar school,children, cam- for a Castlo visit and picnic. Mr. and Mrs. John Dcdd of Newtown, Connecticut, wore interested visitors. Mr. Dodd, new retired, wired thJ Holland Tunnel. Dr. Harold S. Cclton, t f the Museum _f Nrtherr. Arizona, returned March 24 accompanied by Miss Katharine Bartlett, Miss Hunt, and John C. McGregor, all of tho staff of tho xiuscum.

WEATHER AND ROADS

Following, are weather statistics: Precipitati n - - .17, Days Cloudy 3, Days partly Cloudy 8, Max. Temp. 85, Min. Temp. 19, Mean Max. 70.0, and Mean Min. 32.6. Weather has been mild and quite dry for this season. Roads, on the whole, have been in good condition. C.nstructi.n is still under way for 3.5 miles in Oak Creek Canyon, and the road there is still closed between 10*00 A. M. and 2*00 P. Mi. No visitors have been over the Mormon Lake Road to this point yet this yoar, _and oxtrgmoly few have come jfrpm _R'p„sevelt_I)am by the Apache SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 18?, • MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 19:59 MONTEZUMA CASTLE (CONT.)

Trail. Travol appears close to a norm this month, while in March cf 1938 stormy weather brought it way down,

MAINTENANCE, IMPROVEMENTS, AFP NEW CONSTRUCTION

On March 13 the P.W.A. project f• r construction cf two residences, which was let on contract tc W« T. Williams, was commenced. On March 16 J. H. T.vroa started w^rk hero fcr the installation cf electricity including installation cf an electric pumping system. This work is well along, and we will probably got "juice" in a week. He has also boon getting all tho materials on hand ready for the stabilization job in tho Castle, In the line of regular routine, the following was accomplished; Thorough grcunds cloan-up, -,nd a thorough clean-up -f tho besement which serves a wide assortment jf function. Our obsolete and worn-out pump engine was twice repaired by Ranger Alberts. Our nine picnic tables and tho park bench in front of the Castlo were given a now cat . f paint. A stcvo in tho custodian's h.use was given a cleaning 3ut, as fire hazard preventative. A fence was built arcund the base­ ment wall. This well, being right en the parking area road, has long been a menace to children,

NEW EQUIPMENT

A 2-g- gallon fire extinguisher was received and placed in the garage building, in a enspicucus lection,

MUSEUM AND EDUCATION

Travel statistics and graphs f.r 1937 and 1938 arc now completed and at Headquarters. On March 20 a snake, tentatively identified as Mexican Garter Snake, was pickled and put in so:rage in the basement. This decs net go as an acccssi... n f r I used it tc replace a defective specimen collected in 1937. On Kerch 21 two bats wcro collected from the Castle. These are not rated as accessions, for they will be sent to a specialist with tho University of Michigan, wh has s.ught the cooperation of Southwestern Monuments in a scientific study of tx.ts. On March 24, Miss Kathorlno Bartlott,assisted by Miss Hunt, b^th of the Museum of Norther»Arizona, spent the day taking, measurements of a dozen cf -ur skulls from tho ruin adjacent to Montezuma Castle. She will provide us with a copy of these measurements for cur files. On tho sam.; day Dr. Chiton and John McGregor went d: wn the valley bolow Camp Vcrdo looking f< r Pueblo I or Pueblo II sites, and for Ball Courts. I spent tho day on this search with them, acting partially as a guide. Throe sites wore f und which, from surface observation, looked like Ball courts. It should be mentioned that on March 23 the custodian and H.C.W.P. motored t Prosctt and assisted in uncrating and sotting up the SOUTlttESTERN MCNULENTS 183" MONTHLY AEPORT 'FORTARC'H/1.939 MONTEZUMA. CASTLE (CONT.)

M. ntozuma Castle dicranu which the Park Service had sent to the Yavapai Chamber of Conmorco. I think tho m.del as a whole is quite effoctivo and should rouse a great deal .f interest in the Castle. It -is a little unfortunate that the m-del shews a half excavated circular kiva in front ;.f the building ^n the talus slope, however. So far as wc know, nc circular ki"V& has been positively located south of tho Ltgollon Rim, and certainly net in the vicinity cf Montezuma Castle.

PERSONNEL

On March 10, my father died in Las Vegas, Nevada. I was on annual leave from 10s00 A. 1*. of that day to March 16, inclusive.

MISCELLANEOUS;

Routine monument patrols were performed during the month, and no now evidences cf vandalism ur poaching were found. Travel is picking up rapidly in the last few days, and wo anti­ cipate a busy summer. Local guest rancheshave done a good business this month, and this is usually taken as an indication that condi­ tions are locking up.

* * * * *s "IVT.i* * * * * CAPULIN MOUNTAIN X^Z^^ZT^-

Visitors this month, 800; travel year to date 6,400.

I believe that Texas leads the list this month with Colorado a close second and possible New Mexico or Kansas a third. There was very little travel the first week in this month but after that the weather warmed up and we have had considerable lunches spread and some picnicking. None of the Park Service people to my knowledge have been here this month and no special notables. leather has been mighty nice tho latter part of the month with some light snow and several small rains with only two windy days for March so far. Our temperature has stood for the past ten days between 30 and 50, and quite a few of the inhabitants of the vicinity have begun to spin their tall fish stories and prepare for next Saturday, the first day of fishing season in this State. The Custodian has spent nearly every day in the monument this month, part of the time working single handed and, beginning the 17th, with team and' extra man on the road. ";,'e have kept the road in splendid condition all this month. The entrance road and the camp roads have been dressed and are nice and smooth. The cabin (t-ho old sore thumb) has boon torn down, tho concrete dynamited to pieces and hauled off the monument, and the material of any value has been hauled down to the custodian's yard, and_storod__c.waiting, further request for its disposition, SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 184 MONTHI-Y RErORT FOR MARP.H, 1969 CAPULIN MOUNTAIN (Cj)NT.)

The ground whore tho cabin was has bo.n cleared of r.ll rubbish and 21 loads of tho old concrete hav,.- boon hauled away. Looks bottorl

By Zoko Johnson, custodian, •* j BlQnd in NATURAL BRIDGES s» ***•

Visitors this month, 0; Travel yG;-jr to date, 154.

VTo left Salt Lake City on March 21, with Ilrs. Johnson just getting over a bad dose of the flu, and by tho tim,; wo got hur~ I had it aplenty. Today my hoad feels like it was a ten gallon can and full of garbage. Well, that is all my troubles, and I will soon bo myself again. One reason I did not writo .sooner was I did not think I could say anything worth putting into the monthly report. YJo .".re very glad to be back. Talk about a wot countryl It rains or snows ev .ry day, and if one gets off the graveled road it's just too bad, for a saddle blanket would bog-down. > I think wo must have the tent at the Bridges this summer, but it .ought to be put up in better shape than tho othor on;. I used plain green lumber for the floor and siding, and now the cracks are so big that all kinds of bugs and lizards come in through the floor. It won't cost but a few dollars ioi\. to get six inch kiln-dried flooring and drop siding, then I could paint it and make it look likJ someone was living in it. We have our horses all ro;.dy to take out whenever tho weather settles. We will go out and camp in White Canyon and fix up the trails that sadly need some repair. I don't think I can get a car over Elk until May first. Tho pickup is all r.a.dy for operation whenever I need it; tho brakes have been lined, and I have taken it out of storage. I will try to havee aa realreal reporeport for next tim.;, so please forgive me this time* I contacted 436 people in bait Lake and Ogdcn during March. I spoke at fivo littl. socials and clubs, and have many lottors from peoplo going to tho California Fair all of whom seem to want to go to the Bridges in April. I have just headed th ;m off until after May 10. ' I am all rareing to go as soon as the weather settles.

oOUTIIWSSTa.J! MONUMENTS 185 MONTHLY LffiPOHT FOR MARCH, 1939 RAN OF I IFP By GeorSe H* Sholly, acting custodian,

Ul MVU'LLILIN Box 669^ Santa FG> New Mexico. Visitors this month, 237; Travel year to date, 1,577.

Coming in 54 cars,visitors representing 16 states, England, Mexico, and Canada entered the monument. Of these, 127 people took 26 field trips and 150 people visited the museum in 31 parties. The balance of the visitors were picnickers and friends of the people in the Canyon. I am very glad to report that the Harvey cars are turning their fares over for us to be guided through the ruins. Due to the condition of the roads and weather, the" visitor season did not really start until March 18. A few nice days since then have caused people to take to the roads and visit this monument and view the mountain scenery which is as yet blanket 3d with much snow. Maintenance Superintendent Larsen of the State Highway Department was out on a tour of inspection c-f the road from the highway to the monument. Since his visit, there has been a crow of five men with a truck, "cat," and blade working on the road, cleaning barrow ditches, surfacing the uncovered rock, and filling in the chuck and mud holes which have been very dangerous. Shortly th- road should be in excellent shape and thereby bring more visitors. Jack Diehl, Chuck Richoy, Shirley, Erik Reed, Aubrey Noasham, E. A. Pesonen, Hugh 1 iller, and Charles Gable were in making inspections and signing the papers for the hotel development. The administration building has a now face of calsomino and the ranger's dormitory has newly plastered fireplaces and new calsominc. The comfort stations have been opened and the campground parking spaces cleared of needles and leaves. Threo beetle trees, which wore marring the landscape of the campground, and several broken down box elders and cottonwoods were cut into fireplace wood for the campground. The campground tables have been revarnished and are looking quite nice. Several of the residence canales leaked again this month and have been repaired. It seems the only permanent remedy for this would be to put enough paper and bar on .he higher parts of the roofs so that water would not stand in the •jntrancos to the canales. Mr. Shirley and his engineering crew were out for a few days the earlier part of the month laying cut the hotol barn and corral. They also did some work on the proposed telephone linu to Santa Fc. Although Dale Kim; has boon working frantically t< whip the museum into shape for the coming seaspn, he has boon hampered by being asked to explain things to pcoplu when a guide waa not available. However, the first two rooms are ready and Dale will b.< granted more time to him- solf after he moves into the third room next week. Bob Lister has almost completed stabilization of the Long House group and has done a grand job. Also the entrance to Tyuonyi has boon mortared and is much betted than the jumble of debris that was the entrance previously. Wo believe that Bob would make a very good Indian. Sunday, March 19, Dr. D. D. Brand and Dr. H. S. Barnott headed a group of University of New Mexico students on a tour of the ruins of Q^iMnri Tanti1m«n usual for this time of year. Snow C;.JTIC the oarly part of the month, then wind, and finally light rains. The days ar ;. quite warm and the night scold. Records arc as follows; Days clear, 17; Days cloudy, 8; Days partly cloudy, 3; Pre­ cipitation, .79; Max. temp., 68; Min. tanp., 2; Mean max., 51.42; Moan min., 20.75; and Mean, 36.08.

*****SWH*****

BANDELIER RUINS STABILIZATION By Robert H. Lister, archeology foreman, Box 669, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

During the past month, work has bejn continued on Long House with a little timv. spent cataloguing antiquities in tho museum and repairing th^ entrance way to Tyuonyi„ It is hoped that by th-j first of April work on Long House will be completed and the stabilization project at Otowi started.

Seventy-four rooms in Lon0 Houso hc.vc been stabilized to date. Most all of the room walls contain sera, looso stones, and some walls do not have any mortar at all. In the spots in need of repair, mud mortar and stone chinks are being plr.cod, and in a number of cases stones are added to the foundation to further strongthon the walls, •On ruin stabilization, 108 man-days were spent and 14^- man-days v/oru utilized in haling sand ..nd dirt for the mortar. Approximately 11 cubic yards of mortar have been used.

B AMPkCI ICD (~ (~C~ By H° B* Chase, project superintendent, -AIMULLILK V^V_V~ Bex 669, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Wall construction of Cabin "D" has boon completed during the month, also all flagstone flooring has boon laid roady for grinding. Upon arrival of materials, this cabin is ruady for the installation of roofing. Wall construction of Cabin C-2 and C-3 groups of Cabin "C" have been completed, all vigas installed, and split aspen ceilings put on. All flagstone flooring has be .n laid in Cabin C-2 and approximately 50 percent in Cabin C-3. A large crew worked during the early part of the month transplant­ ing trees and shrubs. The completion of painting and decorating and the cleanup of miscellaneous odds and ends has brought the following projects to tho point of b^ing 100 percent complete; Lobby and Sales Room, Operator's Residence, Cabin Group "A", Cabin Group "B", Comfort Station, and SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 187 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 BANDELI2R CCC (CONT.)

Fuel Oil Distribution and Storage System. Fifty-seven pieces of furniture wore completed during the month by the carpenter crow. The carpenter crow also started a new job on Ilarch 15, "alteration of warehouse." This job is now 100 percent complete, giving us some much needed office space. Archaeologist Bob Lister has carried on ruins stabilization and repair work on the ruins in Frijolos ^anyon. A large crew has operated the entire month on the walks project, laying approximately 375 lineal feet'of'flagstone walks in the ar.;a. A large crow of men have been occupied in the Rock Quarry quarrying and shaping building stone for use in the Hotel Development,

C, |\/\ <^\ p p/-\ By Robert R. Budlong, custodian, LL IVIwKKLJ Ramah, New Ilexico.

Visitors this month, 7; Travel y^ar to date, 500.

1/Inrch has been a remarkable month. The first week or two brought more snow and high winds, and the depth of the drifts made us think that warm weather never would arrive. Then the thermometer sky-rocketed to 65 degrees, and by March 18 only traces of snow could be seen. At this writing it is snowing again, but it will bo gone shortly after the morning sun strikes it. Ground is extremely boggy, but the local farmers are rejoicing ov^r: all the moisture, and hoping for a fine farming season, We really had some visiters—the first of the season. Some of the neighbors arrived here March £6 bringing relatives who had spent the winter with thorn. If reads dry out and warm weather continues, our visitor season should start in the next few weeks. The regular road from Ramah to the monument is said to be practically impassable, but the mail is coming cut ever the old road through the hills. From Ramah to Gallup, the road is in quite good condition. Reads within the monument are something of a problem, especially the one from the entrance gate to the cabin. VJhen the new house is built, this road will be abandoned. If the high center is removed, the sparse vegetation th^ru will also be removed, and after the abandonment v: f this route we'll have a scar left that will last for years. It is planned to cut down the spots where cars can touch, and leave the remaining places. The trail over th.; rock has not been worked upon as yet. The sudden arrival of warmer weather made some spring cleanup possible and, in order to have the monument presentable for cur visitors, the time has been spent on the inscription trail, cleanup of grounds, etc. Pending surfacing of the trails this summer, nc attempt is being made to create a permanent trail, but cno change is beinq; -aade in the present system. A temporary trail is being built over the earth fill of the old arroyo slightly raised above thegencral earth level.

SOUTHWESTERN IDNUIIENTS 18% MONTHLY .REPORT K)R 1IAJB0H., "1039 EL i:ORRO (CONT.) This will help step erosion and will tend tc keen visiters tc cne route, instead of using; a dozen different enos with resulting destruction of what little vegetation wo have in that area. Last winter when the watorpipo from tho pool froze up, it was necessary f:.r the well-drillers te drive up te tho dan for water• The truck was h ,avy, and as a result tho melting snow revealed what resembled a deeply-plowed field. This entire area has been gone over with rake and shovel. Drainage ditches were dug around the cabin, earth re-banked against tho back of it, and much general grading done. A row of thick pine logs has been put in front of the cabin, set vertically, with about eighteen inches showing atrove ground, to act as a barrier to cars that in the past have been parked right against the cabin so visitors often have been unable to reach the register. The driveway and turnaround have been widened, and small arroyos that started to form with the runoff of melted sriow have been filled. The enormous pile of bark and small wood chips that resulted from much axe-work on the woodpile during the winter will be hauled around near the picnic area and dumped in the arroyo. This will result in a much neater appearance of the grounds back of the cabin, and will also aid in the retention of silt that washes down the arroyo. The Golden Eagle is nesting again, in the same location as last year, and we're hoping for the best. Bluebirds and swallows have suddenly returned, and one prairie dog has been seen. The scarcity of rabbits is most noticeable. The inscriptions are inspected regularly in order to check their condition. Much weathering .has occurred on the northeast point during the wint:;r, and with the coming of the usual spring high winds before long, much of the disintegrated stone and some of the faint, more recent inscriptions will blow over into the next county. More photographic records have been made showing this erosion, : nd more of the individual inscriptions. At the present tim. it is not wise to work along the base of the cliff for very long, due to rock f.lls. TfJhon th_ rock se,ms thoroughly dry a ain, the making of latox moulds of the early Spanish inscriptions will be resumed. This office wishes to acknowledge, with thanks, receipt of three enlargements from tho Washington Office, showing a portion of tho Eulat-; inspription where s v ral words wcr.. obliterated by some vandal before the discovery of th,s„ inscriptions by Americans in 1849. These photographs arc to be used to show th„ r.-suit of attempts to bring out some of the eradicated words, 'ior ; experiments in hardening tho sand­ stone wjrc conducted during the month, and ;iore photographs made. Since we have insufficient currant for prop.r artificial illumination for making this series of photographs, various experiments have been conducted to obtain the proper lighting. Now that the deep snows have, left, our lacteal roadsigns may be put in place on the Gallup roc.d. This work will bo don., us soon as roads may be travelled. 1:7e hav. just received bill of lading indicating shipment of our new ontr..ncv sign, and this will be obtained and put in place tho coming week, if roads permit travel to and from Gallup, Ivluch work remains to be done on th. outside of the cabin that could not be don. before winter. This includes painting oucside window frames, moving the roister to a point outside the now room, building a low wall SOUniTffiSTERN JfiGNtJlENTS 189 HOTITHLY ilEPORT FOR i'ARCH. 1939 EL IJORO (C0NT.) fow foot from tho baso of tho cabin', and putting up javoa troughs to kocp drip from tho roof during rains from ontoring tho cabin and also to avoid muddy aroas whore visitors must walk. Tho truck has just rocoivod somo much-noodod repairs, and now is as good as now. Dependable transportation is an absoluto necessity horo. It might be stated, in passing, that tho roturn trip from Ramah wasn't entirely successful, the truck miring-down within three miles of tho cabin and remaining ther^ for 24 hours. But now it is parked inside- the boundaries for tho first time sinco the latter part of January. Winter scorns to have broken. vJe expect snow flurries to continue for another month, but roads should become passable rapidly. Local people claim this past winter rr.s the worst in 50 years. Several deaths occurred nearby due to illness with' no possibility of tho patients being abl^ to g^t 'loutside." There wor~ quite t number of near-tragedies in snowstorms, and numerous cases of seve'rely frost-bitten hands and feet. But spring will soon be here, fields will turn groon again, and warm weather will bo with us. . 1'"e expoct a good travel year. Y.'ord has been received of the formal award of tho contract for construction of a residence, and it should be possible to start work tho latter part of April. Oh, yes, wo nearly forgot to mention water. We'll need some in order to make various articles in tho new house usable. Tho snow being jono, we're boiling winter from thu pool, but it is miserable stuff, and is so bad now that when the attempt is mddo to wash dishes in it, the dishes, got up and climb out of the dishpan. Another project to bo undertaken tho coming month is the erection of a tombstone, with a suitable epitaph, over tho spot whore tho well was drilled. ***#*SYfi5*****

EL 1'ORRO LIBRARY By Betty Bud long

It's been so long since that poach of a book, "The Silver Hordo", arrived from you and horo I am just sitting down to thank you for it. You have no idee, how much I, and all our neighbors, appreciate tho Rex Beach book. The day after it came, someone struggled up tc tho cabin on a sled, nabbed it among others, and I haven't seen it sinco! Reports are that it has been passed around botwoan several families and is being tremendously enjoyed. I managed to carry en library activities fairly well during the snowod in period by skiin;. ever to the store with books in a knapsack, thus koopir.;;: several of thw noru omnivorous readers well supplied. Then quite a i',,-• people cam., up to the cabin regularly on horso back or sled. Sinc^ travel became bettor during the last week, I've boon doing a rush business and vory soon will start my weekly trips again. l'iiss Gertrude Hill's father, Mr. Edwin B. Hill in Ysleta, Texas, has boon a veritable fairy godfather this winter. Almost every mail has brought in eight or ton books from him, and th..n ho wrote no that he had a private printing press and wanted tc make labels for the booksl I nearly died with joy and I wish you could se„ how "dressed up" cur books look now—each with a neat printed "El Morro Public Library" label pasted in the front. Mrs. Smith o~ the Vah-ki Inn sent mo a dandy Agatha Christie mystery which; has been going tho rounds steadily. Wc have 200 books now. SOUTHWESTERN MOKUMSNTS 190 MONTHLY 35F0OT' FOR IffiHCH, "1939 BRANCH OF ACCOUNTING

Vouchors prepared during the month, regular appropriations 166 Vouchors prepared during the month, CCC • 143 Purchase orders issued, rogular appropriations, Hdqrs. 57 Purchase'orders issued, CCC 109 Allotment ledger sheets prepared, regular appropriations 169 Allotment ledger sheets prepared, CCC ' 81

Expenditures; Total for Month To Date. 1491000 National Park Service, 1939 58,316.65 $66,044.81 148/91000 Natl. Park Service, 38-39 151.76 2,325.84 • • 14/1010 Roads and Trails NPS 7.05 25,118.83 14/400-90514 PWA Allot, to Int. NPS Act of 1938 952.38 5,240.09 Civilian Conservation Corps 7,567.44 69,313.03

MAIL COUNT: OFFICIAL MAIL COUNTY for Il^rch, 1939 Official mail, incoming - - --- 3,994 Official mail, outgoing ------5,124 Official telegrams, incoming------25 Official telegrams, outgoing------50 Personal mail, incoming ------1,409 Grand total mail handled 8,582

WEIGHT of Outgoing Mail of Southwestern Monuments Headquarters submitted by the Coolidge Post Office.

F-bruary 1939 lb. oz. February 1938 lb. oz. 1 .... 6 5 15 .... 16 7 2 .... 10 11 16 .... . 7 0 3 .... 10 6 17 .... 12 0 .4 .... 10 4 18 .... 6 4 5 • • • • 4- 3 19 .... 0 0 6 .... 120 4 20 .... 8 5 7 4 . . . 6 4 21 .... 36 12 8 .... 26 12 22 .... 9 4 9 .... 12 4 23 . . . . 8 10 10 .... . 41 5 24 .... 13 3 11 .... 13 1 25 . . . . 9 4 12 .... 7 7 26 . . . . 0 0 J3 .... 23 0 27 .... 21 15 14 .... 24 0 28 . . . . 10 8 Total Mail 475 lb. 10 oz.

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 191 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 BRAN-CHOF-llEStAp^CH AND INFORMATION By'Dale S. King, as'sistanf^pnrfe-naturalist > Coolidge, Arizona

STAFF ACTIVITIES ... "--... Park Naturalist King was on duty'the entire month at. Bandolier National Monument working on museum installations and supervising ruins stabilization except for r. two-day trip to White Sands. On this trip the problem of the proposed murals was discussed with Regional Historian Noasham and Architect Bennett. The following Bandolier museum cases were, completed; numbers 8 22, 23, and 25. Completed except for labels and other materials from the Western Museum Laboratories were cases numbers 1, 24, 3, and 3A. Cases 4 and 14 wore also almost complete as the report month closed. This work places the first two museum rooms at Bandolier practically in readiness, for tho visiter season and future work will bo concentrated on the third and final room. Some delay is being experienced due to cessation of work at Berkeley because tho Labora­ tories were forced to move to new quarters. Supervision was given to ruins stabilization work under Foreman R-bert Lister, and inspections were made by Rood and Noasham of Region III. Two "trips were made to Santa Fo to obtain materials and to consult Laboratory f Anthropology and Museum of Now Mexico scientists. One half day was spent in obtaining Kedachrcme views of Bandolier for the Chief Naturalist's office in Washington. State Game Warden Barker was interviewed in connection with the following projects; trout planting in Alamo Canyon, additional Scaled Quail for restocking Bandolier, and a permit for collecting an adult Mcrriam Turkey hen for the Bandolier museum. Junior Ar'choclogist Charlie R. Stoon spent t,.o entire month in Berkeley supervising tho '.reparation of displays for the White Sands Museum and preparing copy for syndicated press releases for the Washington office. Junior Naturalist Natt Dodge was on duty tho entire month at Coolidge headquarters k.-oping the naturalist office work current. He was able to spend'somo tinj on tho Chiricahua Exhibit Room plan. GENERAL ROUTINE' ' ' . . . Although'ph.tograph cataloguing continued to fall.behind, the project of negative'filing and tho building up of a subjectively arranged print file'was advanced. Office work was.kept purront with the usual number of rop.rts made t^ tho Washington officp and the usual number of requests f: r information answered. On.e hundred four letters were'written. Six applications were received for the proposed position of temporary ranger-histcrian. A number of photo­ graphs and c.t'hc'r di'splay material was loaned to the newly organized Coolidge Chartbc'r of Commerce. Arrangements were ma$c with rangers Egcrmaycr and philp to prepare copy for two articles requested by tho Casa Grande Dispatch. Several biological specimens were sent off to authorities'for'identification, Tho project of obtaining Kodachromo .. pno to graphs, of -.odUAD-tj on? 1- .a/rfc T vi ties. oi.n —the .Soivhh.wnfihis.rn. lj[Gj.o;wamit.$i ._ SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 192 MONTHLY REPORT FOR L'ARCH, 1939 BRANCH OF RESEARCH AND INFORILOTION (COI'T.) for the Washington Office was continued wfeh four processed rolls being returned and sent on to the photographers for identification. SOUTHWESTERN MDNUJENTS ASSOCIATION The program of this association for dispensing information at the various monuments swung into full action during the month. The following publications were sold; 251 copies of the Association's booklet number 1, "Guide to the Southwestern National Monuments"; 107 sets of the "Portfolio of the National Parks and Monuments System"; and 13 copies of Dr. Shreve's book, "The Cadcus and Its Home". The entire supply of Superintendent Pinkley's booklet, "The Mission San Jose de Tumacacori", consisting of 1,743 copies, was taken over by the Association and made available to visitors at Tumacacori National Monument, Records of both the secretary and treasurer wore kept current. Two thousand mailing envelopes and 20 announcement cards were received. SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS LOAN LIBRARY Library loans and returns were kept current and accessions for the month were filed subjectively for future cataloguing. During March seven books, four reports, 21 pamphlets, and 33 periodicals were received. There was a noticeable increase in the number of books checked out on loans. With the receipt of 450 leaflet binders from the Western Museum Laboratories, a number of leaflets in the library files were bound and placed on the shelves for future cataloguing. Twenty nine Kodachrome color frames were bound as slides. The two motion picture reels loaned to Ocmulgec National.Monument were re­ turned following five showings in Macon, Georgia. ACCESSIONS The following items were received: One "honey bear" skin, 209 photographic prints, 50 nature trail label standards for Casa Grande and 35 for So.guo.ro, 450 leaflet binders, 2,000 mailing envelopes, six Kodachrome film strips returned from processing, and one Scries VII three-clement Protar lens and compound shutter for the 5x7 view camera. HEADQUARTERS VISITORS Editor-in-Chief Isabcllo Story, Acting Museum Chief Ned Burns, Lorenzo Moffctt, Julian Haydon, and Dr. Aronson of the Indian Service were visitors at the naturalist office during March. INTERPRETATION With an ever increasing demand for illustrated educational talks being received by this office, the following seven lectures were given during March: Coolidge Lions Club, 25 attending; Florence Rotary Club with 12 present; Florence Grammar School with an audience of 415; St. John's Mission School to 275 Indian pupils and their teachers; at'the Arizona Museum with 45 attending; So.oc.ton Branch of the Arizona Game Protective Association to 250 children and adults commemorating National Wildlife Restoration Week; and to an unknown audience, a fifteen minute talk over Radio Staion KOY, Phoenix, Arizona, on the subject, "The National Monuments of Arizona". In this manner 1,022 persons not visitors to the monuments were contacted in addition to the KOY audience and the Macon, Georgia, citizens who viewed the "Glimpses of the Southwestern Monuments" motion picture reels loaned to Ocmulgec SOUTHWESTERN MONUl.ENTS 193 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 BRANCH OF RESEARCH AND INFORMATION (CONT.) National Monument• NEW OR UNUSUAL ACTIVITIES The prehistoric sites survey project carried on by R. B. Bickerton under the supervision of this office was completed during the month and a comprehensive report submitted. Complete directions for find the various sites discovered wore included in the report. As a result of Bickerton's survey, a resident in the vicinity of Florence, Arizona, notified this office of the discovery of two skele­ tons YJhioh were offered as a donation. Rangers Egermayer and Jones photographed the burials, cleaned the one skeleton which was in suitable condition, and added it to the Casa Grande museum collection. One half day was spent in company with Ranger David Jones of Casa Grande in inspecting, taking measurements, and making photographs of a well prosorvod canal, apparently of prehistoric origin, in the Vekol Wash 30 miles west of Cas a Grande, Arizona. State Highway Department official E. Hcndrix of Jasa Grande cooperated* RESEARCH Bird-banding activities wore kept current throughout the month with the dispatching of needed Bupplies to the stationcPerators at the various monuments. A bird calendor for Montezuma Castle was com­ pleted after several years of observations by Betty Jackson at Monte- . zuma Castle. SUMMARY With office routine kept current and the only neglected phase cf the naturalist work being the cataloguing of library and photo­ graph accessions, the great advance of the month consisted of museum work. Preliminary plans for the Chiricahua Exhibit Room are now 75 percent complete while work on the preparation of the White Sands displays and on installation of the Bandolier exhibits progressing continuously. Two thirds cf the staff time was devoted tc museum progress. Current projoctsall advanced cspcpially the Southwestern Monuments Association program, and the Prehistoric Sites Survey project was completed for the year. An equipment and property inven- trry was taken. ***:tc*Syj]T#****

BRANCH OF By F. E. Stonehocker, general mechanic, MAINTENANCE Coolidge, Arizona. During March, the following official duties were ^erfermed by the Maintenance Department; U.S.D.I. #8121, Ford dump truck, was completely overhauled, both meter and body, and the b-dy and cab, as well as frrme, painted. U.S.D.I. #8114, Chevrolet coupe pick-up; valves replaced, head replaced, and the bearings tcJcon up. Screens tc headquarters office and Miller residence repaired. Twc. Flamo-gas Electro lux refrigerators wore repaired f.r transfer to White Sands. Also, one kcr.senc Electrclux was repaired and checked, for transfer t" the field. In the warehouse, all tcc1 racks were installed and all tools branded and racked. The warehouse was painted inside and all

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 194 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 BRANCH OF L'JJNTBNANCE (C£NT.) materials and t.ols rearranged. The inventory, started last month, was ccmplotod. Firo hydrants in the now utility area wore installed. Tw. .fficir.l trips wero made during the monthj one to CNM-2-A, at Chiricahua, f^r exchange of men and Tor materials; the other to Phoenix, then t.. Tunacacori, with a large clive tree fcr the museum patio. Another trip was made tc deliver two old trucks t„ the W.P.A. project in Phcenix.' In addition, the regular servicing and minor repairs to vehicles and equipment was maintained.

NEW EQUIPMENT

One oil waste can for the shop, 12 hammers, for automotive toOl kits, and 12 Crescent Wrenches for use in automotive tool kits were received. ....

EQUIP1'"SNT TRANSFERRED

Two electric refrigerators were brought to headquarters from White Sands. Two Flamo-gas burning Eloctrolux refrigerators were taken to Whito Sands, two 1933 Chevrolet stake-body Tg- ton trucks were delivered to X7,P.A. in Phoenix, and one Tungar battery charger was transferred to Tumacacori. Ford "A" model pickup, #1805 went to Saguaro and U.S.D.I. #8113, Dodge pickup was returned to'Head­ quarters at the same time.

Note to Field Personnel: •

The book, "Native Woody Plants of the United States - Their Erosion Control and Wildlife Values" by William R. Van Dersal should prove of great value in every monument library. Copies may be obtained from the Government Printing Office in Washington, D.C.

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SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 195 MONTHLY REPORT FOR UARr.H, 1959 VISITOR STATISTICS FOR IfARCH, 1939 RffllTHBRBTBHM MmnTlfRWTS 1 [ • 1 Empl oyoes Fie3l d Tri ps lluseu m T alks Total \ Infoma-i % Station tional, Travel Con­ Av. Av. Av. Av. j Per Tom No. Attnd Time No. Atn i Time j Unattended Contacts tacts Attnd Time Attnd Time

Arches 1 7 7 Aztec Ruins 1 1 75 345 2895 4.6 38.6 86 388 2465 1 4.5 28.6 164 733 554 132,3 Bandolier 1 1CCC 26 127 2735 4.8 .05.1 31 150 1020 j 4.8 32.9 67 277 237 Canyon de Chollv 1 7 18 885 2.6 .26. 6 17 230 i 2.9 38.3; 18 35 r 4fi Capulin 1 8QQ 800.. .. __ Casa Grande 3 3CCC 369 2771 13606 7.5 36.9 266 2196 6004 .8.2 23.61 542 4967 3313 149.9 Chaco Canyon 1 • I 79 _L 79 Oniricahua 2 2000 54 221 .,475 4.0 64. .1 155 221 376 El Morro I 1 7 40' 7.0 40.0 1 7 fin 7.0 60.0 14 7 i 1 Gila Cliff j ! Gran Quivira 1 15 55 850 3.6 56.6 I "t 55 55 . Hovonwcop f " | CO 1 r—I Montezuma 2 100 L 458 4384._4*5 _ 43.8 . 9_0_ __4Q 8 1291 4.5 14.3t 154 r S6iL J_ . 604 143.3 Natural Bridges 1 Navaj o 1 3 4 740 1.3 246. A \ ' 1 •* i 8 Orgar. Pipe 1 4 700 700 Pipe Spring; 1 17 42 435 3.0 114 42 156 25.5 i Itiiribovr Bridge 1 i Gciguaro 1 95 341 2695 3.5 28.3 95 341 2695 3.5 I28.3! 1380 682 1900 Sunset Crater 28 28 1 Tonto 122 417 5035 3.4 41.2 12 30 240 C e 0 20.0 223 447 640 . Tuma.cr.cori 2 283 1929 5660 6.8 20.0 305 2021 576S 6.6 as i&. 125 3950 H45 1R4.1 Walnut 1 16 39 2A0 2-4 15.0 43 _129 720 3.0 16-7 35 I 168 164 Whito Sands 3 4.W7 ! . 4-j;97 V/upatk i 11 32 880 2.9 80.0 44 32 76 Yucca House 1 1 Totals 24 9 1177 6764 44120 5.7 37.4 952 5729 20925 8.0 21.9 9156 12493 16392 j 76.2 •—• —1 Last Month 23 14" 1097 5993 34451 5.4 31.4 851 5107 18068 6.0 21.2 8919 79,1? . 11107 15261 Last Year 24 11 1221 7237 14314 p. q 36.2 499 3812 11739 7.6 23.5 821,; 1 11049 .16159-.] 67-7 PERSONNEL NOTES March has been a fairly busy month and, again, I lead off with some of the travels of the Boss. On the 14th, Davy, Corky and the Boss left for Boulder Dam to bring a visiting official to headquarters. We tried out a low country road which had distinct advantages in running time; by way of Phoenix, Wickenburg, Blythe, Needles, Kingman and thence to the dam. There is only one big hill end you can maintain an average speed of 48 miles per hour. We arrived at the Boulder City Hotel at 7;10 P. M. and spent a very pleasant evening with Bob end Marie Rose, Don and Marie Erskino, and Miss Story of the Washington Office. The Roses and Erskincs sent regards to all the Southwestern Monuments outfit. They are happily settled and have plenty of work and one could not ask for more. Next morning we met Bill Loicht who is also doing good work ovur there at Boulder and is glad at being able to have his mother and sister with him. He also sent regards to everybody. We got away from Boulder about four in the afternoon and went to Needles that night. Next day wo arrived at Headquarters at sun­ down in time for a wondorful picnic supper put together by the girls. Next day we loft headquarters after lunch, proceeded to Tumacacori National Monument and back to Tucson that night. The following day wo went to White Sands National Monument where we mot Acting Regional Director Tolson and Regional Historian Noasham. The next day was spent at Whito Sands going over its problems, and the following day, which was Sunday, wo all wont down to El Paso where Miss Story took the night train for Washington. Monday, March 20, we came from El Paso to Chiricahua where we met Ned Burns and Lorenzo Moffott for a talk on the museums of the Southwest. Tuesday we came along home, Hugh Miller was out in the field from the 15th to the 25th, look­ ing over Chaco Canyon with a view to establishing a CCC camp there and helping to straighten out the new hotel permit at Bandolier. Al Bickncll made a trip from March 22 to 24 to White Sands exchanging a couple of refrigerators. Gene Stonchocker was down at Tumacacori convoying an olive tree we moved from Phoenix to the Mission Garden which.we have under way at Tumacacori. There areare threethr..e morenor^ trees to go down at this writing. Charlie and Patsy Carter and the hound left on the 17th for the Region II offices in Onaha whore Charlie has been transferred and promoted. TTo will certainly miss then and they have the good wishes of the whole outfit in their new field of endeavor. Our only complaint is that Charlie was called out right in the middle of the Tumacacori garden job and we feel like wo are out on a limb without hin. Wo found Johnwill Faris, Lena, and little Jimmie feeling fine and working hard. The RD work is coming along and the now road is in use in front of the administration building. Wo night mention that plenty of evidence was produced to show that Lena is a cook from way up on the headwaters of .the .crook.and we. are;._s_uxe. th.at-aJLl...those SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 197 MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 PERSONNEL NOTES (CONT.)

present will testify to the fact* The picnic supp„r out on top of the sand dunes was enjoyed by every one, and tho Groat Architect hung out cno of the wi or dost scenes. I have jcver's.^crf at. the- Sands. The wind had been blowing and the air was full of 'dust;-after the sun wont down wo had rev; on row of purple sand dunes leading back against a back drop of purple mountains above which hung some purple clouds. It was very, very lovely, but it made one feel he was-on some oth^r planet. Joe Shcppard has been doing a lot of road work at tho Sands in keeping the drifting sands off his right of way. Wo noticed the new survey stakes narking the big loop at the end of. the old road which will compose the new turn-around if and when-we ov_r get it finished. , Johnnie Stevens is back on the job of running the RD and the . work seems to be gaining momentum with him again in charge. Skeotor had married since wo last sav. her, but is the same nice girl and continues to produce a steady stream of: RD forms and corrcspondonco and, wo rather suspect,from the high puality of the work, includes a lot of Johnwill's 1-iters. Vic found that Corabeth Fish and the three minnows wore visiting near Chaco Canyon National Monument over in New Mexico; Frank, in the meanwhile, is eating with the army ovor at the CCC camp. The CCC canp at Chiricahua is making a real shewing on its read sloping program .since I was last down that way. They certainly have had a whale of a job with that road. Mrs. Ed Riggs,. of tho Faraway Ranch, is planning a trip to Washington in the n„ar futur,. Bill Stevenson is sporting a brand new car which looks liko a million dollars. Vfo can't remember whether it is a La Salle or a De Soto, but we do remember it is a beauty. Dale and Hortensia King have been at Bandolier during the month where Dal.: lv.s been working en the arrangement of the Bandolier Museum* Charlie and Mary Steon have been in Berkeley all menth where Charlie is working -,n the exhibits for th e'.Thite. Sands Museum. Natt Dodgo and mimeograph ; porator George Sheffield have been holding down the naturalist offices at headquarters all „lonc. Tho mimeograph went into tho Ph.enix sales office for an overhauling, so we will expect an exceptionally good job out of George's depart­ ment this menth. Bina Bickncll v^ont tc Lon : Beach during the latter part of the month to be gone ever the heated season. Natt dodge's mother paid'him a visit during the week ending March 25, returning to her heme in C~l.raue at the end of the wcok. Larry Mungerro has at last received his appointment as CCC clerk in the headquarters office. At this writing, J. H. Tovrea is in th- northern part of the state supervising the stabilization work at I.rontczuma Castle and taking care of ether matters in that district. Polly and the hound arc at homo. George Sholly continued to act as custodian at Bandolier during the menth but.we expect to have a new man in the job before another month passes• SOUTHWESTERN /ONUIENTS 198 MONTHLY ALPORT FOR MARCH, 1939 IN MEMORY OF i'ARTIN LUTHER JACKSON

On Saturday, March 11, 1939, Martin Luthor Jackson, father of Custodian Earl Jackson, died at Las Vegas, Nevada. Thus another Park Service man leaves us and goes over the Great Divide. When I think of Jack, there comes to mind such a vivid picture of the flock of quail corning down the hillside, bold and unafraid, calling in their clear tones for th-:ir friend to come out with that wheat; they wore hungry, and I can see Jack yet, in my nind»s eye, stand­ ing among thorn, talking to them as he would to a lot cf children while they ate their breakfast and talked back to him in their own tongue. I have known Jack so long and so well that I cannot remember our first meeting. He and tho family wor- living a milo or so south cf the Castle in those days, and I suggested that he take a nominal salary and become its technical custodian. Thus began our 20 yoars ~f friendship, during which I cannot remember a single quarrel nor a serious ijiajor difference cf opinion. ViTc were always 'Jack' and 'Pink' to each ether. .1 can remember how the Park Service spirit grew in Jack like a living flame. I was about the only Service official he mot in th.se early days and wo used to sit by the hour at night and talk ov.;r th,. policies and personnel of the Service and hew wo would develop the Eent^zuma Castle if and when wo got the men and money. In those days Jack was a painter by trade, making seven or eight dollars per day while the family lived at the ranch developing the place with the money his work brought in. Our top wagos on stabili­ sation work on the ruins were never ovor half what Jack could make at his trade, yet I could not keep hin froa quitting his job at the smelter and coming ..n with us each summer; ho always claimed that he was just as good a workman as I was; that ho could put just as much mud in a wall per day as I could, and th.„ fun . f doing it was Well worth the four dollars a day it cost him to work for no. YJhon, in tho ccurso ..f time, wo got what wo in these iays called a full-time salary f.r Ilcnt czum: Castle, Jack and th„ family moved up on the ground and t: ok : v r tho job, H- was so enthusiastic about his ruin that ho practically never sent away an unsatisfied visitor. He had examined every square foot of its walls, had developed all the angles of all possible deductions and could make that old building live again with its red skinned people in its various rooms. And now he is gone; with others of his type a period of tho development of the Southwestern I.'onuirunts is passing. His work, however, will remain and for many years those of us who knew him and appreciate the good work he did will thin-: of him and speak of him. Faults he had, but I loavo those of us who have none to speak of thcn» I like to remembor him calling his quail down the hillside to show them to visitors, or as we used to lie stretched out during the noon hour on the shady lodge at tho top of the Castle, planning the future work wo must do until the hour was past and we went to the present job we had under our hands. Adios, Jaclcl You WOPO a Park Service man, and you know what I mean by that. "Pink" PERSONNEL NOTES (CONT.)

Negotiations- woro successfully completed whereby Mrs. Frye is to begin the operation of the new hotel, and her eld cabins and hotel are to be razed and the grounds put back into a state of nature. Wo have had some correspondence with Ted Crcnyn looking toward a survey which would settle the boundaries cf Canyon do Chelly National Monument. Tod scons to like his work at do Chelly. lienor Farr has started a little road work at Capulin to prepare his road up the mountain f.r the expected heavy spring and sunmer travel, Davy and Corky Jones wore preparing t : go back on field duty at the end cf March and will b^ stationed at Y.'upatki Notional Monument en or soon after the first of April. Bud and 'Betty Budlong woro glad to hear that at last the contract on the now house at El Morro was approved and work orders have been transmitted to the contractor. As s.on as the snew goes off enough to allow it, work will start on the new ru-rters. George Boundcy is looking into the natter of retirement on account of poor health. He is g;ing up soon for an examination* . Tfo will be sorry to lose another old timer. Earl Jackson took several days of l^avc to attend the funeral of his father, who died • n the 11th at Las Vegas, Nevada. Earl and Betty have the sympathy cf the other members of our organization, all of who rimenber Martin L. Jackson as former custodian of Montezuma Castle National Monument. . . Zcko Johnson has reached the retirement age and has gone up for a medical cxcanination during the month to see if we can hold him another two years. It sounds funny to think of Zckc retiring when he can walk the logs off nest the thor men in our organization. The only thing the doctor could find wrong was that he needed the glassos he has boon wearing f>r tho past several years. Jim Brewer attended Red Cross First Aid school and "had the flu during the a. nth. He reported a let cf snow and bad r.ads. Leonard Hoaton has had his annual leave and settled down to. his spring work. YJe haven't hoard very much from Paul Beaubicn during the month but learn by the grapevine that he has been pretty busy. Carroll Miller, at last reports, was getting ready £oxt a great gethering on Easter r.i rnin- for tho Sunrise Service. Lewis IfcKinnoy is gcing to bo a busy man pretty soon when his new CDC oomp at th>. Clvoo begins t: ^' up. ",,'e expect this c-._mp to be there a long time as it has a heavy program ahead of it. Regional Director Tolson of the Santa Fe offices paid Headquarters a short visit March 30 and 31. On Friday evening, he met with members •f the Headquarter's and Casa Grande staffs for a round-table discussion of Southwesttproblems. Mr. Tolson gave some pointers on the organiza­ tion of the Washington and Regional offices aimed, to give the personnel a broader idea of the entire Service set-up. Called back to Santa Fe unexpectedly, Mr. Tiilson intends to continue his inspection tour of the South'.:estern Monuments- during April. SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 200 , MONTHLY REPORT FOR MARCH, 1939

^J'^yJi fl [fail filsS'&li Ji I laJloi ftp QTS Oil ITIffll???

SPRING GIVES A PARTY

When Palo Verde trims her goldon gown And tall Sagua.ro dens her crown of white, When Coreus puts on her groy-groon down In preparation for tho party night, Whon bats across tho saffron sunset danco, Who-n Occtillo lights hor candle fltuao, When vorduro carpets Desert's wide expanse, Then Spring is in the Southwest cnou again.

The finches in th_.ir scarlet vests and caps Are first to answer Spring's insistent call, While Gambjl Sparrows scan their travel maps Discussing details of tho coming ball. Then Thrashers practice every ncrn and eve The songs they'll sing upon that night of nights, While Phainepoplas, in their haste to leave, Dash back and forth in short, impatient flights.

The Desert halls glow bright as time draws near. Each cactus wo&rs her frillod and perfumed dress. Ground squirrels, for this happiest time of year, Sport their best furs. The rabbits do no less. From far and near the Desert folk have come To 'wait their hostess, Spring, who, very soon, Will lift stars o'er the skyline, one by one, And then turn on the glorious goldon moon.

N.D.

SOUTHWESTERN iiDNIL'ENTS 201 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 BA1TDSUER BIRDS \ ,. •,...,.:--;-- .• • . By George Shelly Bird banding has been carried on spasmodically during the month. As there has been no one available at all times for this'purpose, only 30 birdsbirds werweree handlhardledt (Records under "Headquarters Happening's"). Throughroughh the^he coopecooperation $£ the Game Department,- 2Q0. poundw of corn have beenteen furnishedfurnished and fiftssn wild turkeys are being fed at regular intervals. TheseThese turkey, of course, are divided into small flocks thihiss yeyear duueo toIc the deep' snoW«and scarcity,of feed. This, way a few con sur.vrvive on?n onecne area wheri an entire flock would perish from lack of feed. Fouourr diffdifferenntt flocksfloods of numbers 5-5-3-2 have been fed in different areasas,, movingmoving thethfc feedfeeding grounds to keep the birds from becoming tooe tamet«tne andand fromfrom frequfro^uea'Cing one spot too long. This is .mainly to fool Mr.ler. CoyoteCoyote who".-•he isis increasing to such numbers as to show himself along thhee roadroad four,four, five, and six members to,a pack. Even mountain lions h«n e become short of feed and are forced to hunt during the day. Several have been seen recently in the" lower country.

CAPULIN CONTRIBUTIONS By Homer T. Farr

We still have about a dozen or so gentle deer that I see almost every week. I do not know how they live on snow all winter long, but they are looking fine. ' Porcupines are still too numerous and again this winter they are doing some damage to the trees but not so much as they did last winter as I have thinned them down. Our golden and bald eagles put on a battle royal each year about this time for possession of the nesting place on top of the volcano. The bald eagle seems to be the stronger and usually wins the fight, but they never build there and the golden eagles do nest there each year, so it must be that the golden eagles are really the bosses. The golden eagles fight the young deer, but I have failed ever to find a kill.

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T0NT0 TALES By G. G. Philp

Not so long ago while Jane was working in the yard, she turned up a rock and was instantly stung upon the finger by a scorpion. She, of course, knew the exact spot in which she had been struck, but look as we might, wo could not find even the tiniest skin abrasion. Accord­ ing to Mr. H. L. Stahnke of Mesa Union High School, Mesa, Arizona, an authority upon scorpions, this lack of local swelling is generally indicative of the fact that one has been stung by the most poisonous of the species. Conversely, when local swelling and redness are evident, there is little need for anxiety for this seems to be the reaction that follows the sting of the less poisonous varieties. Of course, it would be foolish to say from Jane's one encounter with this arthropod that definitely we do have the poisonous species (C^ntruroidos Sculpturatus)

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 202 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 TONTO TALES (CONT.)

here at Tonto. However, Mr. Stahnko said he is inclined to believe we do,

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FROM TTJMA.CACORI By Louis Caywood

So many readers have requested information as'to the identity of Ida Flood Dodge whose poem, "Old Tumacacori" appeared on page 55 of the January Supplement that we are glad to provide the following: Mrs.. Ida Flood Dodge is nor* living in Tucson teaching Constitution in Safford Junior High School. She recently visited the monument and was much impressed with the museum exhibits. She is liated in Vol. I and II of American Women, 1936-7 and 1937-8 with a sketch of her life. Her poems have appeared in magazines frequently and have boon in the various anthologies including, "Arizona in Literature", 1934, "The Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Poets", 1938, "Caravan of Verso", 1938, "Crown Anthology of Verse", "American Women Poets", 1937. She is author of "Our Arizona", state history now used in all pu&lic schools since 1929. She has also written many other poems, articles, and one novel which has not yet boon published.

*****SWM*****

MONTEZUMA MUSJIIGS By Earl Jackson

The numerous monument patrols in search of the duck hunters have offered excellent occ, sion for bird observations, and I have been studying them quite a bit lately. Give me another five years and I will know as much about our birds as my wife. In the future a few of the distant bird observations should b.j positive instead of tentative, for we have invested in a low priced 25 power telescope which should put the wariest of ducks on the spot for identification nearly' any­ where on the monument. The first lizards to come out after the cold weather of the past two months have been the Arizona Tree Utas. We identified one on February 12, using Charles E. Burt's "Key to Liaards of United'States and Canada," and the key checked out perfectly. Since then a number of them have been seen sunning themselves on the south side of our house. The Ground Gray Squirrels made their first, spring appearance on February 20, and weveral have been seen since. On February 21 we saw what we believe were pre-mating antics of these squirrels.

*****SWM* ****

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 20» .^UPIu.^MKtfT FOR ••MA-RCF. ^

The report for January is not very extensive, since we were away visiting Earl's parents for one week, and I was in the hospital or in bod for -.nether. I notice in looking over or-ck records that the American Mergansers have been as shy in January of the last two years r.s they are this year, I've seen them twice, once at such a distance I couldn't swear to the identification. If they were, there are still the eight I saw when taking the Christmas Census, Previous records show "Flock flying over" or "Two starfed at a distance". The Road-rur.ner is getting tame now, Cn January 10, Ed. reported that he was a daily visitor near the tent. On the 4th Earl and I ' saw him, sail out of the cliff by the lover ruins almost exactly like the decer-'. ption Bailey gives on page 314. (Birds of New Mexico.) My Christinas Census went in to Bird-lore again this year and was accepted. Now I'm pleased that I never want to leave the monument, but want to take the census every year.. When we wont to Bowlder Dam, I had an opportunity to talk to Junior Naturalist Russell Grater. H~ showed mo his files, and skins, and compiled records and we talked birds for over an hour. It was very fascinating. Great n^wsl I've got my bird records all in the card file, up to the limit of the cards sent me. Credit goes to Natt Dodge for the suggestion, planted as a seed in October of 1937, watered by Russell Grater at Boulder Dam, and now ripened with the careful attentions of Earl, Ed, ard myself. Ed did as much work as I, or more, acting as secretary and transcribing my notes as I read them to him. Besides that I have oaught up on Dale King's suggestion of October 5, 1937, that I make up a bird calendar. It's practically completed for th.'j two year period we've been here, and will be along in the next week some time. Earl andSd again cooperated, cutting the labor in half. (Calendar received. M.re about it later. Ed.) Doing so much work on comparison has inspired ao so that I have notes from 17 days in the field this month instaad of the average seven. It is interesting that, 'though the Killdeer has been seen in December and February, it has novor been seen in January. This year it, or rather a pair of them, were seen February 9. Last year the first record was on the 26th. The most interesting bird of the month is the Road-runner. We put o.ll mice caught in the house out in the yard for him. He was very appreciative. On February 4 Earl, Ed, and I .watched fascinated while he nipped all ovor the body of ona, got it aimed head first, and swallowed haftd. The mouse, however, was too big, so he just stood, mouth agape and his throat distended, with half of it hanging out. After a minute or two he -avo a terrific gulp, and it disappeared. He looked around hopefully for more, saw there weren't any, and scooted off to the bushes. He was, by tha way, the one I banded in 1937. On the seventh he was here again, but on the tenth came one that was not bandod. I 0011*1* say whioh is male and which is.female., Jmt_T__ . SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS . 204 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 BIRD:i AT MONTEZUMA CASTLE (C0KT.) am "glad to have soon both of them, since thoy arc- apparently residents horo.' Our dur:imy, "Lizzie", is working very woll. Wo now have five species of birds that feed near her with no qualms at all, and three of them have gotten quite used to me. The five are the Road-runner, House Finch, Gambol Sparrow, Oregon and Pink-sided Juncos. The last three don't mind me even if I move, as long as I make no sudden motions. The quail didn't ruind "Lizzie" when wo first put her up, but this past month they have all been staying away except on; female. Earl has been infected with the bird mania lately, and twice has gone out with the glasses and brought home a notebook full of careful descriptions. We have two, or possibly three arrivals this month, not counting the Killdeer; the Eastern Bolted Kingfisher^ Feb. 18, and a Long-tailed Chat February G, which doesn»t belong here at all at this time of year, but which seems to fit Earl's description perfectly. He also saw what seem to be two Pine Siskins. This is a very possible record, wince they have been seen here in the winter months in previous years, but I have not seen them at all this winter. The Chestnut-backed Bluebird may turn out to be the Western. I can't tell till I've sent a specimen to Berkeley, which I hope to do enentually, although I*d rather have a naturalist take it for me. Till then I will continue to call it Chestnut-backed. Following are the birds seen en the monument during February: Chestnut-backed Bluebird, Arizona Cardinal, Long-tailed Chat (?), Rocky Mt. Creeper (may be Sierra Creeper), Western Moufcning Dove, House Finch, Red-shafted Flicker, Pale Goldfinch, Cooper Hawk, Desert Sparrow Hawk, Western Red-tailed Hawk, Treganza Blue Heron, Oregon Junco, Pink-sided Junco, Killdeer, Eastern Belted Kingfisher, Western Ruby-crowned Kinglet, American Merganser, Western Horned Owl, Say Phoebe, Gambel Quail, Road- runner, Western Robin, Pine Siskin(?), Townsend's Solitaire, Gambel's Sparrow, Crissal Thrasher, Hermit Thrush, Bridled Titmouse, Cactus Woodpecker, Baird's Y/renv Canyon Wren, and Rock Wren. In January, several species were recorded which were not observed in February. Those were; American Coot, Arizona Jay, Black Phoebe, Whito-rumpod Shrike, and Gila Woodpecker. Some of the names will bo slightly different from now on. I have checked them all with the latest A.O.U. Check list and find that some of the names I have been using, taken from F. II. Bailey and Wyman and Bunnell, are not in the best usage..

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SAGUARO NATURE NOTES By Carleton Wilder

The desert was a paradoxical s' ight on the afternoon of February 1, when several inches of snow foil. The bright green trunks of the saguaros rising above all with an out-of-season bloom of white atop

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 205 SUPPLEMENT FOR LARCH, 1939 SAGUARO NATURE NOTES (CONT.) each arm offered a rare sight to tho few visitors who ventured out. That night a full moon made tho desert sparkle, and the next morning after tno snow had melted the desert looked vory drab. Since this cold weather and snow we have seen but little change in the cactus, although they wore exposed to several nights of about 25 degree temperature. There is aome shriveling of the joints of the jumping cholla, due to freezing I assume, the low temperatures having come at a time whpn the cactus had a relatively high water content duo to earlier rains. Undoubtedly the damage is only of a superficial nature. Two mere deer have boon seen—a buck about half a mile from the house, and a doo running along tho western boundary of the monument. For about a vo'ok during the early part of January* we heard coyotes barking all day long, and even chased one of them over tho hill.near tho cabin. A Phainopepla, a species not soon around the cabin, was observed in tho shrubbery along ono of the large washes. A pair of Arizona Cardinals come around tho cabin for water and such food which may be outside of tho traps, but so far I have not boon able to catch them. I have made sjveral hikes for tho purpose of trying to see how many small saguaro there, are in various parts of the monument. In tho region to the west of tho main road, thor . are very few small saguaro. Along the south boundary, however, there,seem to be quite a few, and again near the cabin and in tho area surrounding the cabin small saguaro are plentiful. There are many near the cabin under three feet in height. Four inch ones are not infrequent, and one three inches high was found about half a mile to the east of the cabin. According to Dr. Shreve of the Carnegie. Laboratory, none has been found smaller than three inches in the native state. In some sections of the monument the saguaro is successfully re-establishing itself, but where cattle have ranged there is considerable evidence that reproduction is trampled out. The cross-section of saguaro which has boon on display near the cabin was cut in two, and one portion taken to Dr. Crooks of tho botany department, University of Arir.ona, for identification of the various parts. Very littlo work has been done on tho structure of the saguaro, and Dr. Crooks set some of his students to work, making thin section slides of the various parts of the stem. Tho structure of the saguaro contrasts very interestingly with that off an ordinary tree, and drawings are being made comparing, in cross-soction, the two typos of stems. Corky Jones' drawings showing tho root system contrast of saguaro of various a;jos arrived, and the exhibit ij now up and looks fine. Dr. Shreve complimented the pictures highly.

CAS A GRANDE COi'2'ENTS By Don Egermayer Tho desert saltbush, Atriplex polyoarpa, are nearly all leafed out,

SOUTHWESTERN MUirUMSWTS 206 SUPPLEI^KT FOR MARCH, 1939 CASA GRANDE COMMENTS (CONT.) probably -lao to the recent rains. With the coming of warmer days, many of the Arizona Round-tailed Ground Squirrels are out of hibernation and are seemts£?n aroundaround bhe picnic area daily< On February 19, a visitor reported seeinngg threei-hrr.e t;iny jvver.il es near tne entrance of one of the burrows, but none has yet been observed by a member cf the monument staff. However, a baby cottontail rabbit was captured and photographed on March 4 and on the following day, three very snail ones were located by CCC en- rollees. A specimen about one third grown was reported by Junior Naturalist Dodge on March 8, all cf which prove that cottontail litters arrive earlyear]} in?n the . springspying atat CasaCasa Grande*' Rough-rangewingedd SwallowsSwallows returned to the rums on March 1 as contrasted with February 23 in ij'jO and March 4 in 1936. On February 4, one of the Horned Owls disappeared from the perch among the rafters of the shelter over the ruins and on several occasions thereafter was seen on the top of the wall above the east, upper-story door. As this is the spot where the nest has been located in past seasons, it is assumed that brooding activities began on February 4. This compares with February 3 in 1938, February 21 in 1937, and February 8 in 1935.

*****SWM*****

HEADQUARTERS HAPPENINGS By Corky Jones

Continuing the bird banding work conducted by -John Fast at Vah-ki Inn, during the past three seasons, trapping has been carried on to a limited extent during January and February. As with the proverbial "biggest fish that got away", the finest catch escaped when a male Arizona Pyrrhuloxia jumped from the operator's hands while tho band was being placed. This is the first pyrrhuloxia to be "captured" at any of the Casn Grando stations. A small snake brought to headquarters for identification was sub­ mitted to Dr. H. K. Gloyd of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and de­ clared to be the Shovel-nosed Ground Snake (Chilomeniscus cinctus). Very little is known about this species, Dr. Gloyd states, because of its burrowing habits. An immature Gambol Sparrow (bandod #38-136788) at Vah-ki on February 10 was recaptured oight days later. It was suffering from severe head injuries, tho l..ft eye ball hanging down on the cheek. However there was a remarkable absence of blood on the plumage, the wounds were clean and almost completely healed. Otherwise the bird appeared to be in good condition and was full .of pep. Considerable information has been accumulated about the habits of House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis) which roost in the Casa Grande ramadas during the winter months. 0f the more than 100 birds which have been liberated at a distance from the monument during tho winter, only seven have returnod, those from a group of 35 released at Florence on,.February 19. Following is tho Southwestern Monuments bird banding record for February:

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 207 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 HEADQUARTERS HAPPENINGS (CONT.)

BIRDS BANDED Bandelier Casa Gri-and e Soguar o To.t.al -FEBRUARY 1939 EH is Birds SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 1 1 d 1Handle d P* EH OH AH g pi n OH n n 1 E pel Stations Cardinal, Arizona i 0 0 1 Dove, Western Mourning 0 0 1 1 Finch. Houso 28 9 4 41 Flicker. Gilded 0 1 0 1 Jay, Long-crested 1 0 0 1 Jay, Woodhouse 1 z 0 6 Junco 13 9 4 26 Phoebe, Say 0 1 0 1 Quail. Gambsl 0 2 0 2 Sparrow. Gambol 73 61 14 148 Shrike. White-rumped 1 0 0 1 Thrasher, Bendire 1 0 0 1 Thrasher, Crissal 0 9 0 9 Thrasher. Palmer 3 5 0 8 Woodpecker. Gila 0 6 0 6 Wren, Cactus 1 7 1 1 4 0 14 Wren. Rock 1 0 0 1

TOTAL 15 11 4 • 105 89 20 5 16 0 265 i •

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 208 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 liilliiy U11

I 111 ' JLs I h U

?R'£LJjVl]N/\RY STUDY Of POTTEfO/ ROOM 7WUPA1XI PUEBLO By Erik K. Rood, assistant archoologist, •National Park Sorvico, Santa Fc, New Mexico.

(Note; Tho original ruport is on filo and available at the Southwestern Monuments Loan Library, Coolidg,,, Arizona.)

1. Introduction;

In October and November, 1936, Room 7, Wupctki pueblo, Wupatki National Monument, was excavated by Erik K. Reed and James W. Brewer, Jr. The report on this work is listed in the bibliography. Some of the specimens recovered wore turned over to the custody of the Museum of Northern Arizona shortly after the excavation was complotcdj the other .specimens and the shards wore brought into the same museum by tho writer in Nov^mb.r, 19e7. Ten days in December, 1937, ten days in January, 1938, and nearly all of February, were spentspent at.vfc thethe Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, washing, sorting, and studying the sherds from Room 7. A total of 5,700 sherds was thus treated* time did not permit full study of several hundred undocorated red and brown sherds, which consequently are omitted from the tabulation. As mentioned in Section 3-C-l, their effect on tho results can be estimated. A numb or of incomplete but restorable vessels wore worked on and several completed as far as possible. Gr :.at appreciation must be expressed for the invaluable help generously given by Mr. Lyndon L. Hargrave, field director of the Museum of Northern Arizona, without which this report would not have

SOUTHWESTERN MGNTTL,EUTS 209 SUPPLEMENT FOR IM-P-CH. -1QM* PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.) been brought to even its present incomplete state. Explanations of the tabulation of sherds, of the detailed discussions of pottery types, and of the chart of time-distribution of pottery types, precede each of those parts of tho report. The text discussion of time-significance is quite brief, as the types are of necessity quite dotailed, in order to make tho report usable both to professional archae­ ologists on tho one hand and to the Service on the other.

2. Tabulation of Sherds;

In the following table the names of pottery types are arranged vertically at the loft, divisions of the fill horizontally across the top, on each sheet. The division "3-F" is subfloor; "3-A" represents tho trash pit cut through the floor across the south end of the room. Layer "2" is from tho floor to the fallen ceiling and layer "1" is tho material above tho fallen coiling. "ND" indicates three lots of sherds whose designations became lost; they are from layers 2 and 1. "Surface" includes collections of polychrome sherds mado.on the surface of the fill, mainly by Mr. Brewer, before excavation was begun. Tho figures for tho first group under "oxidized types" (Winona brown to Flagstaff rod) aro incomplete for layer 1, only a sample in fact, as several hundred of these remain not counted or studied. Consequently these figures cannot be used in comparison with other levels; and they may or may not represent the true ratios botwoon those types within layer 1. Also tho two or three hundred sherds of this group from the trash pit ("3-A") were not sorted and counted, and are omitted from the table. In each column and opposite each type, there are three figures- total sherds, jar sherds, and bowl sherds, respectively. Thus, Walnut black-on-white is represented in 3-F (subfloor) by 21 sherds of which six ere from jars and 15 from bovds, charted thus; 21, 6-15. The total of each group within each layer is given, opposite a capi­ talized heading at the left. The total of each typo and of each group is given at tho right. Finally, at tho extreme right, catalog numbers of complete, or restored partial, pottery specimens are given opposite the appropriate pottery type. Seme of these aro queried, as time did not permit examination of them all personally. The catalog numbers given are those of the Museum of Northern Arizona, with tho first portion, the Bito designation omitted, as it is the same in all (NA 405.R7.). The portion of the number given includes its location- designation (A indicates layer 1 and B layer 2; B.38-B.40-B.43- in­ dicate burials #38, #40, $43.) Percentages are not dealt with, as the omissions of several hundred plain red and brown sherds would vitiate any percentages except within groups within layers. For the most part, those aro not very signifi­ cant; those which are being discussed below in Section 4 of this report.

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS .210 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 A. REDUCING ATiOSPHSRS 3-F 3-A Layer 2 Layer 1 ND TOTALS Specimens Walnut Bl?.ck-or_-white 21,6-15 7, 4-3 297,92-205 43,32-11 28,19-9 396 A30, 28, 27 Bl (?) Padre black-on-white 3, x 2, x 16, 8 - 8 1 X 2, x 24 B23 prob. Kolbrook black-on-white — ~ 8, x •* ~ 8 01 60 v Oi TOTALS, LITTLE COLO. .1I.'vi 1 24 " 9 321 44 • • 30 428- - H w Flagstaff black-on-white • 10,5-5 - 12,1T11 201,43-161 28, 8-20 2, 1-1 253 B38-1 (?) . .] o Deadmans black-on-white •- - 4 x - -' . 4 .-1 Wupatki black-on-white 1, X 5, x 32, 7-25 13, 4-9 2, x 53 A-31 Sosi 2, * - "13, x 1, X - 16 8

Dogoszhi 2, x 2 , x 2, 1-1 4, x 2, x 12 ! EH Kia-ko - - •ll, • X- - - 11 1, X 1, X 5, 3-1 - i 1 polacca - 13 undec.Tusayan wh. ware 5, 3, 38 13, 11, 70 type ?? " " "" -l; "*-• " .""5, x . 6,. x .. 5,. . .x.. ...17. • • • • * s Kayenta black-on-white 2, x 3, 1-2 11, X - - 16 w 13tn century Hopi area "•-*T" * —; ——a.- 19 x . . 2,. x. ..?2.. M i r—I TOTALS, TUSAYAK WH. WARE 25 26 322 84 24 481

Deadmans gray — 1, X 3, x m _ "• 4 1 Tusayan corrugated 12, x 15, x 226,225-1 34, x 43, x 330 B-2,B40-2 (?) ' Moenkoni corrugated 6, x 12, x 135, x 34, x 13, x 200 • •- 11 Keet Sesl gray -2-1/ x — 36,- x -279, x 229, x • 176,. x . 741 w IEs^ TOTALS, UTILITY TYPES 39 64 643 297 ' 232 1275 i fa i i— Tularosa black-on-white _ wm 2, x .. — •' 2 s Little Colo, corrugated -2r, • x 1,'TT- 3, x 2, x 8 < »• . .• • - . M TOTAL TRADE TYIES 2 5 2 ' 10 EH 1 i 'A

1 TOTALS, REDUCED POTTERY 90 100 . . 1291 427 286 2,194 ;1 I o CO B. OXIDIZING ATMOSPH ERE 1. Local • Types Sur­ 3-F 3-A. Layer 2 Layer 1 ND face TOTALS1 Specimens

Winona brown (unpol.) 13,12-1 1 1062,1038-24 81, x 18, x _ 1174 1, X Ai Winona borwn (pol.) - •> 49, x - 50 CO 9 03 Turkey Hill red - 29, 21-8 28, x 15, x •- 72 B-28 '• rH Sunset red (unjol.) 8, 7-1 1 214,183-31 44,41-3 - .- 266 A-26,29,33,34,?? Flagstaff red 41,36-5 1 1154,935-219 107,100-7 59,546 «*• — •1561" A10,B38,2,B40.3 m «o TOTALS UNDECQRiTSD -62 2508 261(inco m.)92 - 2923 (A Elden corrugated 3, x 1, X 10, x _ 6, x 20 o Sunset corrugated 1, X 1, X 39, x 4,x 45 IEH TOTALS CORRUGATED 4 2 49 4 6 65 s P-, Medicine black-on-red _ M 1, X _ _ _ 1- p Tusayan black-cn-red 3, 2-1 4,1-4 61,14-47 - 2, x 0 73 CO CM Wupatki polychrome - - 10, -' - - 10 iH Citadel polychrome 5, x 2, x 71, x 43* x - 11, X 132 CM

TOTALS, PAINTED' 8 7 143 43 2 13 216

TOTALS LOCAL TYPES 74 9 2700 308 100 13 5204 2. Tsegi Roange Y/are to Tsegi red-washed 1, x _ 21, x — • 22 Tsegi red-on-orange • 1 l,x - 5, x ' 6 Tusayan polychrome 2, x - .18, x 17, x - 5, x 25, x 67 |[all'bu t 9 in Kayenta polychrome - - — - m A35,36, Keet S el polychrome - 1, X 1, X l,,x - 3 No sherds exc. a Dogoszhi polychrome - - - 1, X 1 A 37) w EH CO TOTALS, TSEGI V.ARE 3 2 10 24 5 25 99 e o CO •• OXIDIZING ATMOSPHERE (Continu cd) 3. Tro.de Types p

(• 3-F 3-A Layer 2 Layer 1 ND ! Sur­ TOTALS Specimens •- face o 1 to 131 05 Verde-b'lack-orirgray - 10,8-2 111,04-17 8,5-3 2, xi . - -i-i 131 ! r-; Tuwiuca ;bIack-on-org. 1, X 1 O Tuwiuca polychrome 2, x 2 « TOTAL OF GROUP • 3 -' o Winona smudged am 1, X 23, x . 2, x — 2«2 Winonu corrugated - 3, x - 3 EH Walnut corrugated 1, X 1, X 17, x n 19 ti McDonald corrugated 4, x 2, x 6 E .43-2 i>i •PL, Shovlow black-cn-rod 1, X 1 & TOTAL OF GROUP 55 CO

to Wingato black-on-red. 6, 5-1 1, X 7 Cvl Kintiel polychrome 2, x 1, X 1, X 23, x 27 TOTAL OF GROUP 34 i t

Typo corrugated 5, x 1, X 15, x 2, x O, X ' 26 26 * " TOTAI OF TRADE TYPES W F-i 6 15 179 16 10 '23 249 p TOTAL OF OXIDIZED SHE]*D S 3,552 « TOTAL SHERDS t 5,746 W EH CO

EH O W PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.) 3. Discussion of Pottery Types;

The following sections treat in turn of each group and type of pottery found in the Room 7 sherds. The terminology and method of the"Museum of Northern Arizona Pottery Wares," 1937, (referred to hereinafter as "the . Handbook"), is followed with few exceptions. All types discussed are listed and described in the Handbook except the three new ones (Sunset corrugated, Wupatki polychrom-, Tsegi red-washed) and the two whose names are not given, and also a few not occurring in Room 7 (hence not listed in the tabulation) but discussed in Section 3-D-2 in connection with types occurring here. The groupings of types into wares and series presented in the Handbook are followed in general, with a little reorganization whore it seemed called for. Other archaeologists oxo for the most part not convinced of the importance and usefulness of tha detailed study of southwestern pottery with separation of innumerable named typos, as carried on by the Museum of Northern Arizona (Flagstaff) and the Laboratory of Anthropology (S anta Fe), and to less jxtent by Gila Puoblo (Globe, Arizona). These are the only three research institutions devoted to southwestern work only, in contrast to outsiders working occasionally in the Southwest; they have found such work necessary and unavoidable after reaching a certain point in the study of SouthwesternA.rchaeology. Opposition has come mainly from those who have not ^ono into Southwestern Archaeology except in a general way; it has been due in part to the fact that the Museum of Northern Arizona and the Laboratory of Anthropology have not published general synthetic discussions based on the detailed work, the latter being a little too much for anyone not thoroughly acquainted with the field. As Colton says in the foreword to the Handbook,"it has been erroneously believed that Southwestern Archaeology is practically a finished job except for filling in the details, because general summaries have been published, but synthesis is only as accurate as the analysis which precedes it»" Most of the analysis has not boon thorough, and also there are great lacunae in our knowledge—entire sub-areas hardly touched. The published syntheses are no more than hypotheses, most of them already proven inccorect in parts. Accordingly, this paper is modeled upon the method and procedure of the Museum of Northern Arizona, and all varieties of pottery separated. A. word is needed first as to the main divisions of southwestern culturo: there are three, Pueblo, Hohokam, and Mogollon. Other major differences subsist between these (though all were on the same general level of culture by the 8th or 9th century A. D.), but only the pottery is under discussion here. That of the Pueblo people of Northern Arizona and Northern New Mexico is immediately distin­ guished (from all other American pottery, in fact) by the use of a reducing atmosphere in firing pottery, producing only gray or white ware with only black decoration. The Hohokam cf southern Arizona (rod, brown, and rod-on-buff) and the Mogollon of southwestern New Mexico (rod, brown, red-on-tan; later, polychromes) utilized the oxidizing^

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 214 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.)

atmosphere. All those groups constructed th^ir pottery by coiling, then thinned the walls either with paddle and anvil (Hohokam, and modern Yumans) or by scraping (Pueblo and Mogollon). Different combinations of two fundamental techniques, in addition to super­ ficial features, distinguish these groups, in short. The black- on-rcd and polychrome types (scraped) of the Pueblo area were made locally by Pueblo peoples, for the most part; it seems as if Mogollon peoples must have spread northeast into the 'White Mountains area, traded some oxidized typos to the Pueblos, and diffused to them the use of the oxidizir-.j_ .t Jphorc and apparently the thinning-by-scraping method. The work on this topic has not yet been published, and the signifi­ cance of this Mogollon-likc pottery far to the north cannot yet be statedt Accordingly, the first group of pottery discussed (A and B) is straight Puebloan; the next (c) is technically and theoretically Hohokam or Yuman, partly (Section 2) from an area held by Yumans in historic times .and influenced by the Hohckam in prehistoric times, partly of local manufacture (by actual Hohokam people, possibly—^sco McGregor, 1937); and all the groups discussed in part 3D are technically and theoretically Mogollon, although those in Sectien 3-2 and part of those in D-1 were locally made and those in Sections 1, 4, 5, and 6 made in the Pueblo area—possibly due to Mogollon influence.

A. Reduced; Painted;

The major black-on-white types are, as can be seen in the table, Walnut black-on-wn*l

Chequering and dot-in-squaro designs and crosshatching aro especially frequent on the Flagstaff black-on-white sherds from Room 7. Other types of Little Colorado ware than the abundant Walnut are sparsely represented—eight bowl sherds (including a rim IA5) of Ilolbrock black-on-white, an oarlior (Pueblo II) typo with the heavy slip and sherd (?) temper but with broad-line decoration in the same stylo as the contemporary Tusayan type Deadmans black- on-white (see below); 24 sherds of Padre black-on-white, an early Pueblo III (12th century) typo with the samo core and surface as v"alnut and Holbrcck but with hachurcd decoration somewhat in the style of Dogoszhi black-on-white (see below). Single and double framing lines parallel hatched bands or triangles and the hachure is rather course, so that the style actually varios quite a bit from that of Dogoszhi (which is exclusively hachure, rather fine, with no isolated lines, no triangles). Specimen $B-23 is probably Padre. Padre rims are IB3 and IB4. Deadmans black-cn-whito is the main Tusayan Pueblo II type (circa 875-1000 A. D.), with a distinct style of decoration characterized by solid triangles and pendant dots. It is sparsely represented herein (four sherds, including rims IA3 and IA3). Wupatki black-cn-white 953 sherds herein) and Scsi black-on- white (16 sherds) are Tusayan types closely related to Flagstaff and roughly contemporary; the former with more complicated designs, similar to, but loss well executed than, those of Kayenta black-on-white (sec bolow), and Sosi with designs like thes^- of Flagstaff more boldly executed. The distinction is somewhat close, and it is quito- possible that some of the sherds classified as Flagstaff should actually be called Sesi. However, Sosi black-on-white is found primarily in tho Tsegi country. Wupatki black-on-whito is a local type of the Flagstaff area. Specimen 7fA31, an incomplete large bowl, is typical Wupatki black-cn-whitc. Additional shards of it wore found in the sorting, and it was put together. Rim types represented ^f Viupatki black-on- whitc are: IA 4, 5, 6, bowls, and IB2, IC3, jars. Kia-ko black-on-white and Polacca bla.ck-on-whito are also localized f ms of Tusayan white ware, fron the Kopi country. The former is very similar to Flagstaff black-on-white in style of decora­ tion, the second is a later type with dcccraticn rather like Padre black-on-whitc but with narrow hachure and very broad framing stripes, paint slightly purplish. One sherd from 3-F resembles Kia-ko black- on-white but is net quite it; it is particularly similar to a trade sherd from this area found at Lay-it-kin ruin in Chaco Canyon. Kia-ko rims present are IA2, IA3. Dogoszhi black-on-whito is a northern (Tsegi canyons) typo of Tusayan ware characterized by decoration exclusively of hatched bands and panels like Chaco pottery in New Mexico and like the contem­ porary and associated but more widely distributed type Tusayan black- on-rcd (see p. 19). Of the twelve sherds from Room 7 classed as Dogoszhi, only three are typical. The remaining nino are probably actually of the Flagstaff group with Dogoszhi style of decoration—

SOUTHVES-TE^ LlONbmvtfrs 21/3 suPPI^ S.TJT POP. !.v,Rr.w.. J»89 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.) i.e., locally made instead of traded from the north, but imitating the designs of the northern trade pieces. They are of a large jar, quite thick, with purplish-black core and fine quartz sand temper. The exterior surface is polished and fire-clouded; scraping marks are visible on the interior. Both surfaces are "compacted" rather than slipped. All these features resemble closely ITupatki black-on-whits. Decoration is good Dogoszhi; slightly differing in execution. The hachure is bold and striking, large lines well drawn and well spaced; the main motif a hatched "curved wing" such as is so popular on Tusayan black-on-red. If more of this sort of pottery turns up it will probably be separated as a distinct type, especially as it perhaps is contempo­ rary with Wupatki black-on-white in the late 12th century and conso- qu ntly lat r than Dogoszhi black on white. There are 87 shards of Tusayan whit~ ware (slipped very thinly or not at all, tempered with rather fiao quartz sand) which cannot be placed as to typo—undocoratod or with so little decoration that identification c,annot be made definite. Probably th

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 217 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.) types can be made apparently, but no now type, description will be attempted heroin. A horizontal bowl handle is present. Rims are IA3, 4 6. One of those sherds is more highly polished than the rest, with very shiny (not glazo) paint; it may be something different. Finally, there are two sherds of a small jar of Tularosa black-on- white. This type is characteristic of the upper Gila dnd upper Little Colorado in Pueblo III, and belongs further southeast than Walnut black-on-white. It has a definite slip and prepared temper and hence belongs in the same general group with the Walnut series, Little Colorado white ware. The decoration of Tularosa black-on- white is characteristically balanced solid and hatched elements. This is the only real trade piece of black-on-white, in a sense; the types heretofore discussed are either of local manufacture (v/alnut, Padre, Holbrook; Flagstaff, Wupatki, -Doadmans, perhaps Sosi, some of the Dogos- zhi), or from the Tscgi area (.true Dogoszh'c, perhaps Sosi, true Kaycnta) or the Hopi country (Kia-ko, Polacca, and the unnamed late type), both of which areas are not far off and \vcre occupied by closely related people. Presumably the occupants of the upper Little Colorado area wore further separated from the makers of Flagstaff black-on-whitc, in language as well as in geography, than wore the makers of Walnut b1ack-on-whi t c•

B. Reduced; Plain and Corrugated;

The earliest types of plain gray (Lino gray, Baskctmaker III, pre 750 A.D., and Lino fugitive red, which- is the same as Lino gray except for the addition after firing of a wash of red paint—sec below) and! coil-neck gray (Kana-a gray, pueblo I, about 700-875 A.D.) do not appear in the collection. Nor do Tedicinc gray and Coconino gray of Pueblo II—these typos, like Kana-a gray, have orno,mental treatment (corrugation and tooling or incising with horizontal channels, respecti­ vely) of only the necks of jars; body and base sherds cannot be dis­ tinguished from Lino and Kana-a. fll four of these are quite distinct from the late type of plain gray discussed last in this section, being thin, light in color, and with relatively even surface. Deadmans gray (Pueblo I-II, from before 700 A.D. to the mi_ddle of the 11th century)- is represented, but only by four sherds. It is readily distinguished from the above group by its smooth, even polished, surface; by the bluish tinge of the surface; and by the presence of considerable mica in the temper. This type is of parti­ cular interest in that it, and its decorated cognates (Deadmans fugitive red and Deadmans black-on-gray), are the only known types of Southwestern pottery which were constructed with paddle and anvil and fired in a reducing atmosphere; it is considered to be derived from Rio de'Flag brown, which is paddle-and-anvil and oxidized (see p» 3C-1 below, and p. 251, Handbook). Tjio point being, that if one re­ duced typo is derived from an oxidized type, 6.11 the Pueblo pottery .' may well be derived from oxidized pottery. This is theoretically likely in any case, as the reducing atmosphere is restricted

SOUTHWESTEUK "ONUIIENTS 218 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TOTTERY (CONT.)

exclusively to tho Pueblo culture, "mile the oxidizing is otherwise universal in North America (in fact, world-iri.de); and oxidized pottory was boing made in several parts of the Southwest earlier, or at least e.s early as, Puebloan reduood pottory. Very possibly there is connection of seme sort between Deadmans gray and the oxidized and paddled pottery of the Vordo,discussed below , which is in part gray, and whoso tempering is partly mica, especially sirco tho rang:: of occurrence of Doadmans gray is primarily western and Wupatki and Walnut Cr^ek ar^ on its eastern periphery. In this connection, it might be mentioned that the 'fugitive red' wash frequent on Baskotmakcr III — Pueblo I gray pottery anywhere from the San Francisco mountains to the Chaco Canyon is surely due to tho simple fact that the reducing atmosphere does not permit production of pottery ether than gray or white, and that people using tho reducing atmosphere had to apply the paint after firing if they wanted it to stay red. This fits with the notion that Puebloan reduced pottery doriv.-d from oxidized pottory— the ancestors of the peopl.; using ' fugitiv.; red' were able to make red pottery. Around 900 A. D., or a littlo after,the indented corrugation of the nocks of Medicine gray was extended to cover the entire vessel. Thj type thus produced is called Tusayan corrugated. Throe hundred thirty sherds in the Wupatki Room 7 material were classified under this type. Tusayan corrugated continued in use to the 12th century (McGregor 1938), but during tho 12th and 13th centuries a variety with wider flatter un-indented coils was in use. This type, known as Moenkopi corrugated, is represented in the collection by 200 sherds. Treatment of the corrugations varies quite a bit in Tusayan corrugated. In particular, one Tusayan-type sherd is indented in the distinctive fashion of Slden corrugated (local, red-brown called "Clap­ board" in New Mexico and sugge-stive of an early '.limbres type. Also, unfortunately, bhere are a number of sherds with the wide corrugation of Moenkopi but indented like Tusayan; transitional, presumably. These have usually been classified as the Tusayan; some with quite shallow.indenting as Hoenkopi. Some of the Moenkopi sherds appear partly oxidized; probably this is duo to accidental re-firing. Only one sherd of Tusayan is listed as a bowl—it is the rim (type IA5) of a small shallow bowl; probably taer., are more bowl sherds, but unless the rim is present they are practically indistinguishable from the preponderant jars. Rim types present of Tusayan corrugated jars are IB3, IC2, and IC3; of Moenkopi'corrugated arc. IB2, 3, 4, 10; IC3, 4. Gray utility pottery runs through, a development from plain gray to coil neck to corrugated nook to fully corrugated, then gees back­ ward typologically to un-indented corrugated, and completes the cycle with degeneration to a plain gr- y with the coils almost entirely obliterated. For at the end of this lineage id Keet Seel gray, a late 13th century (end of Pueblo III) type from tho Tscgi country, an unornamented gray with a very bumpy surface, the logical outttomo of Moenkopi corrugated. There is in tho Y.'upatki Room 7 material a large amount (700 sherds)

SOUTHWESTERN L'SNUMBKTS ' ?-J9. S*rpri.KMITOT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.)

of dark gr;.y utility pottery with the corrugations'obliterated or almost obliterated--many sherds are intermediate between Moonkopi and plain gray. One vessel, possibly restcrable, 43 shords being present, has the coils obliterated but shallowly marked with the thumbnail in the same arrangement and manner in which a corrugatod vossel would be indented. It was thought best to include this as.plain gray rather than as degenerate Tusayan or as a new type. Typical, or rather actually, at the other extreme as the end product, are dark gray sherds with the coils com­ pletely obliterated but with very bumpy exterior surfaces; with quartz sand as temper, usually coarse, and conspicuous on tho surface as well as in section; often with black fire-clouds (not soot, but produced in the firing of the vessel), often with conspicuous scraping marks. There appear to be varieties with black core with rather fine tamper, including (only in this last variety, as far as observed) fine black material as well as quartz. Tim^ did not permit thorough study of this material to determine tho constancy and relative abundance of these variations. Similarly thu complete seriation from Tusayan and lloenkopi corrugated to plain gray was not worked out; nor was the exact relationship of this obliterated-coil gr..y pottery at Wupatki to Keot Sect gray in the Tsegi country. It is fairly likely that this is a local product and that objective differnnces from Keet Seel gray would appear with further study. For example, "opaque angular .frag­ ments" (i. c., prepared temper, probably crushed rock)arc utilized, as well as quartz sand, in the tempering of Keet Seel gray, but wore not observed in this material; this difference might and might not prove out. Rim types pf these jars include: IB2, IB3, IC2, IC3, IC5, IC7, IC10, ID3. Of these IC3 is the only one given for Keet Seel gray in the Handbook. As a matter of fact, not only is this very possibly a local • product, but also thoro are perhaps minor differences between Tusayan and Lloenkopi corrugated as they occur in the Tsegi and as they occur in the San Francisco Mountains area. Furthermore, a similar develop­ ment exists in the Upper Little Colorado, from Lino gray to Kana-a gray to Littlo Colorado corrugated (see next paragraph), and it is not unlikoly that thorough study of utility typos in this aroa would show tho existence of5 a ncck-corrugatod intormodiate form similar to Coconino gray, and an end-product plain gray comparable to Koot Sool gray and to tho '.Vupatki form of Root Sool gray. Eight shords of Littlo Colorado corrugatod wore rocognizod in the Wupatki Room 7 sherds—trade material, though of utility typo* It is readily distinguished from Tusayan corrugated, which it resembles in surface treatment, by the temper of "opaque angular fragments" (crushed rock). Included in these is a plain gray ladle (?) handl of Littlo Colorado ware, of a utility vessel rather than a decorated one, but perhaps not a corrugated one. Certain of the Littlo Colorado corrugated sherds support the nation discussed above. In particular, one large pieco of a quite small jar, definitely of tho Littlo Colorado typo, has tho coils allTKIst.-Obliterated and, quite ca.r.'t r-ssT y ^Hnnt.nrl, SOUTHWESTERN liONUJSNTS 220 SUPPLEMENT FOR "IARCH, 1939 PBE1XHEKARY STUDY OF POTTERY (COITT.)

• In'other words, utility wixros throughout northeastern Arizona . probably ;Wv_nt through the same evolution from p'ain.gray back to plain gray between-700 and 1300 A.D., before being replaced by tha oxidized utility typo^ (yellow and orangJ, corrugated and plain) of Puoblo IV after 1300. This would not be true in the case of Chaco Canyon utility wares, as the Chaco was abandoned about 1150 A. D., before this tendency come into play, about 1275. Finally, therj are two und^corated smooth gray-white bowls . represented by one sherd each, rims IA6, which rre totally unlike Keet Seel gray and not the same as Lino gray, suggestive rather of an unpaintod typ- of the docoratod Tusayan white .ware. These are not in the tabulation. . ... •

C. .Oxidized; Paddle and Anvil:

1.' Rio do Flag Series*

The major utility types of the Flagstaff region, considerably more abundant than the corrugated types (also local) discussed in sections 3B and 3D3, are plain red or brown, undocoratod either by painting or 'corrugating , quite evidently made with the paddle and anvil. These are grouped as the 'Rio de Flag series' as they are considered to have all developed from the Pueblo I-II typo called Rio do Flag brown (r.s is also one reduced plain type). This typo is not itself present herein, but all the Pueblo II-III developments of it ai-c ropr sented, thy later forms in abundance First of these is Winona brown, which was made about 1000-1150 A.D. .(Pueblo II - early III). It varies from buff to gray, being usually medium dark brown, is usually unpolished, is tempered with sand and crushed rock. Only 50 jar sherds of true Winona brown wore found, but' there are 1,174 of partly polished vessels (mostly jars; only 25 bowl sherds) that would b. classified at present as Winona brown. The separation of polished frem unpolished was made because of the great preponderance cf the former, the normal lack of polishing on Winona brown, and th.. probably time significance of this trait,

2. Prosoott Series;

The prehistoric inhabitants of the Verde Vc.lloy and the Prescott area manufactured thick, coarse pottery heavily tempered with mica, feldspar, and quartz; with surfaces red or brown or yellowish or gray; constructed with paddle and anvil; and fired in an atmosphere pri­ marily oxidizing, but either not Woll controlled or else deliberately varied to produce black-on-grays and vessels with yellowish (oxidized) exterior and gray (reduced) interior. The majority of this Verdc- Prescott pottery is unornamented; soino is painted with rather crude designs, but much of the decorated pottery found in the area is trade material from the north (the Flagstaff area and the Hopi country). The main relationships of the native po ;tery, however, are to the south and west—great similarity to Gila plain of thv Hohokam culture to the south (and Hohokam trade pieces occur in the Verde, also indeed trade specimens from the Verdo in the Hohokam area; see Clarice, 1935, p. 51), and great similarity of decoration to historic pottery of the modern Mohave and of tribes of southern California. These peoples are Yuman (although some of the southern Californians are Shosoneans acculturatcd to the Yumans); it is not impossible that the Hohokam originally spoke Yuman rather than Piman; and the historic occupants of the Verde Valley were tho Yavapai—also Yuman. One type of Verde pottery was found in considerable amount—131 sherds, possibly enough that it should be thought of as local, the product of a near by colony of people either from the Verde or culturally—and linguistically, surely—related to the people of the Verde, rather than as traded from a distance; especially so, since this is not very good pottery, and one would not expect it to be greatly in demand among a people making excellent pottery of their own. In this connection ii might be mentioned that apparently the Havasupai or Coconino (Yumans closely related to the Yavapai) extended into this region until r-latively recently. All the shards of this group wor~ classified as Verde black- on-gray. T-ierheree areare atat leasleast two varieties present, but the variant does not scom to be theth. otherother described type of black-on-gray (Tuzigoot black-on-gray) andand itit waswas not considered essential, especially with limited time, tc study thisthiii parparticular problem thoroughly. Also, much of this material might beb„ plainpi .in undecoratedundocoratod***as tho jars were usually painted only on thej insideinside ofof ththee rim and neck. However, all rims found were decorated, and there is no othoj difference between the plain gray and the painted. One vessel is probably r.,storablc; a fairly large jar, typically coarse and thick and friable, with yellow exterior and gray interior, carelessly painted black lines on the inside of tho neck rim of typo IE3. Many of the sherds are of this vessel, or of vessels very similar to it. Another jar is pre­ sent, however, with rim IBS. Fully as many are of the variant men­ tioned above—much darker gray, on both sides; temper coarse but with loss mica; not as thick. The 22 sherds thought to bo from bowls are of this latter; only one of them is decorated, in typical Verde black- on-gray style, with a rim IAS. SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 224 SUPFLEMENT FOR LARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CGNT.)

No sherds of the other major types from the same area, Verde brown and Tuzigoot red, were recognized in the Wupatki Room 7 sherds.

*** In her "Field Monual....," 1936, Dr. Hawley lists (p. 56) a "Prescott grey." This is not given by Colton and Hargrave, 1937 (the Handbook), who list the numerous decorated types, but only the Verde brown and Tuzigoot red as plain types, in the Vcrdo-Pr-scott group. This is duo to a mis-understanding of the usag^ of the terms •ware' and 'type' in the publication on-the Verde-Prescott area us-cd as a source in both the above. In this ( aywood and Spicer, 1935) and another related publication (Spicer and Caywood, 1936), an attempt is made to group separate pottery types into wares—major divisions on the basis of fundamental characteristics—according to th~ usage- proposed by the Museum of Northern Arizona; but Messrs. Spicer and Caywood followed a slightly different system than does the said Museum, and instead of describing a plain type "Prescott , gray" under "Prescott gray ware" and using the "ware" only as an abstract term grouping together similar types, they describe the plain type as the ware and decorated types as variants thereof. In this case, and several others, this is actually the better method, but it cannot be used throughout, and conformity to a single classificatory system would be preferable. "Prescott gray" does occur as a type, constituting a large proportion of the pottery found in the Verde Valley and in much of western Arizona in general; specifically it constitutes about 90 percent of the total sherds in two rooms of Kings Ruin on upper Chino Creek (Spicer and Caywood, p. 29), though apparently not over five percent of the undecoratod sherds in a stratigraphic test at Tuzi­ goot (Caywood & Spicer, p. 60). No other usable figures are given on these ruins, and none for the Fitzmaurico site (in the Agua Fria drainage northeast of Prescott).

D. Oxidized; Coiled and Scraped;

The 22 types of pottery fired in an oxidizing atmosphere and constructed by coiling and scraping without the use of the paddle and anvil are treated under six heads herein. Three of the groups- nine typos--ar. trade material from th-j southeast (3D-2, 4, 5); one is perhaps of northwestern origin (3D-6); two types era locally made but placed after the trade ^roup from which they probably derived their origin (3D-3); and-one group, which will be discussed first, is of ten types all related but partly local and partly from the Tscgi country.

1. Dcadmans Series and Tsegi Orangoware;

Medicine black-on-red, of which only one sherd is present in the Room 7 Wupatki material, is en early type (Pueblo I-II, from before

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 225 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.)

800 A.D. to about 950 A.D.), occurring only in the region of Wupatki and Sunset Crater. Presumably derived from it is the more widespread (occurring in the Tsegi area as well as in the San Francisco mountains regiorn) and later (Pueblo Il-in, about 850 A.D. to after 1100) type formerly called "Proto-Kayenta", but, since 1931, "Tusayan black-on-rcd." There are in the sherds from Room 7, Wupatki, 73 sherds of Tusayan black-on-red 19 of one (?) jar with typical decoration of hatched bands (with a handle, with an unslipped base) and 54 of three or more bowls with non-typical decoration, probably late, of large triangles filled with cr°sshatching or checkering of staggered small squares. Bowl rims are IA3, IA4, and IA10. The last is a rim form not previously recorded for Tusayan black-on-red, :.nd of late occurrence in general. Citadel polychrome is the earliest three-color pottery made in the Southwest, except perhaps some of tho St. Johns group. It derives from Tusayan black-on-red apparently, by omission of a large part of the red slip on the interior, and demotion cf black decoration to a minor role, retaining only stripes, forming a design on the buff unslipped base, cf red bordered with black. Also som„ of the biback hatched bands arc sometimes retained, direct on the unslipped surface. The exterior continues red-slipped. This type is local in the San Francisco mountains area, occurs as trade material in the Tsegi. It dates to about 1115-1150 ;.. D. (Beginning of Pueblo III.) One hundred thirty-two sherds of Citadel polychrome of five or more bowls, some perhaps restorable, with rims IA3 -..nd IA4, wore found in Room 7. Forty of the Citadel polychrome sherds are from one location in layer 1, associated with the basket imprint (Specimen A32), of a bowl on which th^ exterior slip was applied very carelessly and in­ completely. Probably contemporaneous is a hybrid on transitional polychrome type, observed for the first time in this collection. Ten sherds were found of one bowl, with Rim IA4, of which the interior is good Tusayan black-on-red with decoration of hatched panels; and the exterior like Citadel (and Tusayan polychrome) interiors—bands of red bordered with black on the unslipped buff surfac ,. In ether words, th.., same reduc­ tion of the slip to a;. decorativedeccrativ.. memethod, but on the outside instead of the inside, and the samesain.; retentionretention unchanged cf one surface, but in this case the interior. Also,^lsc, however..owjv,r, black bordering cf the red bands is added on the eutsido—»sc this must have been made a little later than the beginning of Citadel polychrome, so as to have gotten from it the notion of rod bands bordered with black. A formal description of this now type follows: •Wupatki polychrome (new type in Deadmans series), ten sherds cf one bowl, Room 7, Wupatki Pueblo. Probably early Pueblo III between 1115 and 1150, cf local manufacture. Distinctive criteria; interior like Tusayan bl .ck-on-rcd; exterior lik; Citadel•polychrome interiors. Construct jdj by ceiling and scraping (?). Fired; in oxidizing atmos­ phere. Ci.ro; Gray to light br.wn. Temper• Quartz sand and light- col red angular fragments, conspicuous in crosssection :.nd en surfaces.

SOUTHWESTERN IsONUiSNTS 226 SUPPLEMENT FOR iARCK, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.) - ...

Toxturo: medium fine. Frrcturo; shattering, only slightly crumbling. Surface finish; exterior compacted, polished, bumpy, scraping marks not observable. Interior slipped, polished. Surface color; exterior light brown to gray; interior red. Formsj Bowl Rims; IA4. Decoratbn; interior painted with bl..ck hatched motives; extjrior with red bands bordered with black, in simple rectilinear arrangement. Rim painted black. Those four types so far discussed, two black-on-red and two polychrome, are cf local manufacture. During the periods in which they were being made in the San Francisco mountain area, probably no black-on-rods or polychromes (no oxidized pottery) were b^ing made in the Tsegi country, unless SIL of the Tusayan ulack-on-rod found there was made there (possibly by women from tho San Francisco mountains area?)..The early types of black-on-red, one from the San Francisco mountains area, and one from the middle San Juan and the Chinlec (the northeastern corner of Arizona), occur only as occasional trade pieces in the Tsegi, and Medicine black-on-rod not r.t all; Citadel polychrome is not abundant and presumably is trade material.

* Specimen 3720 in the .Arizona Stat.- Museum at the University of Arizona is an excellent specimen of "TTupatki polychrome", a large bowl with a III B 6 rim and a single h.riz^ntal strap handle. It is from the -lower burial ground r.t Tachini Point near Harsh Pass, and was recovered by the 1923 University Expedition. This is of particular interest as demonstrating tho occurrence of the type in the Tsegi as well as the Flagstaff area, a.nd raising some doubt as to whether this was locally made at Wuputki as suggested abev.. Acknowledge­ ment-is duo Mr. Gcrden Baldwin, assistant director of the Arizona State Museum, f..-r furnishing information on this specimen.

In thej middlmiddlee ofof thetho twelfth century, something or _.ther happened. Very possibly a.'...grou g p ofof peoplepeople from the San Francisco mount: ins moved up te the Tsegi canyons. F.r the endend datedate ofof Citadel poly­ chrome is abeut 1150 .',.. D. (and Tusayan black-on-red had ended a generation before, overlaoverlapping onlynly aa little with its descendant); and the beginning date of tho first ..xidizTsrd type made in the Tsegi is also ab .ut 1150, ana this type is sc closely related to Citadel that they were formerly included undederr thethe sameseine namename ocf Tusayan polychrome. Tusayan p-lychren.„ome,, propeproperly speaking,speaking, isis a middlmiddlee and late Pueblo III type (ca 1150-1300 A. D.) madmadee inin thethe TsegiTsegi areaarea and traded north, oast, and south. The int^ricr is like that of Citadel polychrome, with mere cf the black hatching; on tho .,-xt.;rior tho red slip Iv.S been reduced to two or throe narrow horizontal stripes, not bordered with black, encircling tho outside of the vessel .just below tho rim. Also horizontal handles appear (not recorded for Citadel). Sixty-seven sherds cf Tusayan polychrome were found in Rcom 7, Mupatki; all but nine of them wore parts of two bowls (specimens NA 405R7-A35, A36, incomplete, medium largo; with a two-1 ,cp horizontal handle on each; SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 227 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (COOT.) rims IA 3, 4). Of those remaining nine, throe aro of a variant with one (?) broad diagonal exterior stripe ;.ni rim IA2. Rim type IA6 is also present. These r.rc all traded from tho Tsegi, presumably. The type is sufficiently abundant to suggest the possibility of lecal manufacture hore as well as in the north, however. During the second half of the 13th century, several variants of this same group were developed in the Tsegi. Best known of those is Kaycnta polychrome, which is simply Tusayan polychrome with an addi­ tional white outlining added to the black-bordered red bands and to tho black decorations. Kaycnta polychrome (about 1250-1300 A.D.) is represented in the Room 7 collection by one incomplete largo bowl with horizontal handle, found as sherds on tho surface (specimen A37). This is undoubtedly a trade specimen from the Tsegi country. No other shords •. f Kaycnta polychrome wore found. Two other polychromes .. f this same group were very sparsely reprosontcd~ono small sherd of a bcwl of D-goszhi polychrome with rim IB6 (this type, also made in the Tsegi, at the same time as Kayenta, has a black-on-red interior and one or two narrow red stripes around an unslippcd buff exterior—another hybrid or re-arrangement-- the insido is Tusayan black-on-rcd and tho outside is like that of Tusayan polychrome and Kaycnta polychrome) and throe sherds of Kect Soel polychrome, one of a jar and two of bowls (Kect Seel polychrome has black decoration outlined with white on a red-slipped surface, was made in the Tsegi between 1270 o.nd 1300). Other 13th century types of this group in the Tsegi varied in the other direction of simplicity ^f color-scheme and stylo of decoration. One, in fact, has no decoration, is unslippcd gray- to -buff -to -orange- ,nj is dcccrr.tcd only with simple black linos, one with simple stripes and solid areas ;f rod; and one has the simple black decoration _n tho interior o.nd a red encircling stripe on the exterior. Of those only the type with red decoration is represented here (unless two undec,rated sherds from the bottom of a vessel arc indeed plo.in Tsegi c range instead .,f from the undecorated base of 'the red-on-crangc vessel)—six shords of a Tsegi red-on-_> range bowl. In addition, a new typo cf this series is present, however, in which both surfaces are thinly slipped with red, but no painted decoration applied. This is boliovod to bo trade material from the Tsegi also, alth.ugh not yet roc:, gnized in that area. There are 22 sherds .f this, seemingly of:f mermoree than one vessel. They are identical with Tsegi rcd-on-orangc and.Tsegi <.. ro.nge in every respect except fcr the red wash covering .11 th_ interior, ..rid the exterior for about two inches down from th^ rim. This has sufficient significance for the study of northern Arizona p ttery to warrant designation as a new type. A description in the usual form follows. Th^ name Tsegi rod- washed has been preferred to Tsegi red as th„ latter term would suggest to the mind a heavily-slipped, well-polished, bright rod surface like that of the black-on-rods and the Mogollon-Flagstaff redwares. Tsegi redoweshod (now type in Tsogi ^rangowaro)• 22 shords of one-or more bowls, f rom Jtoon 7^ Wupatki pueblo. Believed to have been. SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 828 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 • PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.)

made in the Tsogi ccuntry (and namod accordingly, especially as it falls technically in Tsegi orange ware) during the 13th century. Dis­ tinctive criteria; identical with Tsegi orange and Tsegi red- n-orange except for b jing slipped inside and out (base plain) with a thin watery wash of red. C .nstructcd; by ceiling and scraping (?) Fired; in oxidizing atmosphere. C~ro; light orangu-brown. Temper"; Quartz sand and light-colored angular fragments, conspicuous in crcss-secti n and on surfaces, especially the unslippcd base. Texture; medium. Fracture; slightly crumbling. Surface finish; exterior bumpy, scraping marks (?) occasionally conspicuous, slipped with thin watery wash about halfway down, partly polished. Interior slightly bumpy, covered completely with the wash, partly polished. Surface color; light red. Form; Bowl, no handle (?). Rim. IA2 no painted decoration. It may have been ruticod that Tn both dcseripti_ns of now types in this section, the statement "scraped" has been queried, although these types hav;, been discussed under "Oxidized; coiled and scraped" here"as in the Handbook. In the published d scriptions of every typo in Tsogi orangj war:., and in ov.;ry typ^ of the group to which Tusayam black-on-red and Citadel polychrcm., b long, there is no mention of scraping marks; and in all but . ne type the surface is described as bumpy or sometimes bumpy. This is vjry suggestive of pottery constructod with the use of th.; paddle and anvil. The lin..s mentioned under Tsegi rcd-washod, supra, as "scraping marks(?)" might bj something else or a combination of techniques used, and th•; possibility that Tsegi orange ware and its parent group in the Fl-gstaff area (where utility wares were made with paddlo-and-anvil, see #0-2) were not scraped but paddled should be kept open.

2. Winona Scries, Showlcw Series, and lieDonald Corrugated;

It has been mentioned that th 2 Mcgo lion culture manufactured pottery with an oxidizing firing atmosphere and the coiling and scraping method. Also, it has boen stated that net all such pottery is necessar­ ily ef Md'gollon production; the Pueblos of northern Arizona seem to have used the oxidizing atmosphor. as well as the reducing, and the oxidized and scraped types discussed under headings 3D-1, 3D-4, and' 3D-5, are probably of ultimate Mgollon ..rigin; and the Tsogi orange ware soens objectively a Hohckan-Mcgollon combination. The group about to be discussed, including the locally made types under 3D-3, is however, pretty definitely .f Mogolion derivation} certain of its types (not discussed here, as net occurring in Room 7, Wupatki) are superficially indistinguishable from definite Ilcgollon types of southwestern Now-Mexice (discussion in McGregor, 1937; p. 49-50), and it connects with the latter byway of a series occurring in the Petrified Forest area. Three types of the "Winona scries" (actually trado material in this region, but named from the Winona site east of Flagstaff where first found—sec Handbook, p. 50; McGregor, 1937. True locale of manufacture 'urtoeym,)' aro roprosontod in tho shards from Room 7, Wupatki, SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 229 SUPPLEMENT FDR I/ARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.)

Two of th^sc typos are corrugated—one with polishod black interior, ono with slippod an:1, painted black-on-rod interior. (Extoriors arc rod-brown.) Thoro aro only throe shards, evidently _f tho same bowl, of tho formor (Winona ccrrugatod); 19 protty suroly all of only ono bowl, with rim typo IA4, of tho socond (Walnut corrugated)* Tho third typo is plain, a quito distinct typo cf rodwaro with bowl interiors smudged black and highly polishod—'Winona smudged, of which 26 bowl shards aro present in tho collection. It is immediately distinguished from Winona brown-Turkey Hill rod and Sunsot rod-Flagstaff rod by its tempering--very fine "light-colored angular fragments," in this case very probably ground pot-sherds, seemingly characteristic of tho Winona scries. Also, it is presumably coiled and scraped, showing no - nvil marks as do th^se .ther red types. Tho exteriors very from light brown t. rod; both surfaces ar^ highly polished and show (some of tho exteriors to an extreme) the finger-marked "hammered brass" effect so characteristic cf Mogollon pottery. Rims are IA3. On page 53 cf the Handbook it is stated that "Sherds that roughly fit the description ;.f Winona smudged hav^ boon reported from northern New Mexico...There is probably an unrecognized scries of ~ypes similar to the types in tho Winona series except for a change in temper." This series exists, and was described by Mora, 1934; but was accidentally omitted from th^ Handbook. It comprises four types occurring in the Petrified Pcrcst region derived from the W:>druff series (Woodruff brown, Woodruff red and Woodruff smudged; Basketmaker III types in the Petrified Forest i.rea) and differing from the Winona series enly in being tempered with fine sand instead of ground potsherds. Showlow corrugated corresponds to Walnut corrugated, Showlow smudged to Winona snmdged, and Showlow corrugated-smudged to Winona corrugated. The fourth type of this Showlow series is Showlow black-on-red, to which there is no precise correlate in the Winona series. It was included in the Handbook, but .under "?Iomolovi series" along with Pueblo IV types derived from it, but with the comment that it perhaps should be classed in the major group to which Winona series is a constituent. It and its contemporary relatives mentioned above should constitute a "Showlow series" immediately following Woodruff series in the Handbook. This series is represented in tho material from Room 7, Wupatki, by one sherd of a Showlow black-on-red bowl, rim IA4. Another development from the Mogollon typos is McDonald corrugated, with polished black interiors. Its homo- range seems to be the White Mountains. Two bowl of McDonald Corrugated are represented here by six sherds. One is largely gray on bhe exterior, the other light brown and with very narrow un-indented coils. Tho rim of the former is of typo IB3. Specimen B43.2, found by J. W. Brewer, is probably McDonald*

3. Flagstaff Scries

Slden corrugated, represented by 20 bowl sherds herein, including eima. LA f>. ..T A fi. TB4_ is-a—locally .uada type of-.Mogollon '.derivation,. _.. SOUTHWESTERN'MONUMENTS 230 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.) related to McDonald corrugated and to the Winona series. That it is of local manufacture is demonstrated not only by its relative abundance in the San Francisco mountains area, but r.lso by its most distinctive characteristic--tempering with black volcanic sand (as in Sunset red- Flagstaff red), which is available only in this area. It has polished black interiors; and the corrugation on the exterior is indented ver­ tically in a distinctive manner. The four sherds of Elden from layer 3 in Room 7 have larger corrugations less sharply indented than is typical, are brick-red in color instead of brownish (exterior), and the corrugations are not polished; thy rim type is IB4 (slightly differ­ ent from rims mentioned ior Elden in the handbook). A new type of oxidized corrugated, with a variant that perhaps should be a separata type, appears in the Room 7 sherds. These are related to Elden corrugated, being tempered with black volcanic sand. The main type has un-indented corrugations, the variant is indented but in tho stylo of Tusr.yan corrugated. Only jars arj represented (by 45 sherds). Both surfaces are brown in general. Formal description follows: Sunset corrugated (new type in Flagstaff series)j 39 sherds, of more then cno jar; from Room 7, Wupatki. Pueblo III, presumably late 12th century, of local manufacture. Distinctive Criteria; brown surface, un-indonted corrugations, black volcanic sand tamper. Constructed; by coiling and scraping. Fired; in oxidizing atmosphere. Core; light gray to light brown. Tamper: fine and black c.f. Sunset red, presumably volcanic sand, also a v„ry little quartz sand; ob­ servable on worn or unpolished parts of interior surfaces. Texture; medium coarse. Fracture; crumbling. Surface finish; exterior, corrugations un-indented, unpolished, rather irregular, average ca. 5mm. wide. Interior polished partway down, scraping marks conspicuous, lower part unpolished, rough. Surface color; exterior medium brown and medium to dark gray; interiors, upper portion light brown, lower black. Forms; jars. Rims; VC7. Variant of Sunset Corrugated; Identical except that' the corruga­ tions are indented. Three sherds of one vessel with corrugations ca, 4mm. wide, indented exactly in the typical style of Tusayan corrugatedj three sherds of one quite small jar, rim IB2, similarly indented but with corrugations only about 2mm. vide and the indentation corresponding­ ly narrow, and with three un-indented coils at the maximum diameter of the vessel. On this last the e:;terior is light gray; probably other parts of the same vessel night be brown, and the interior is like Sunset corrugated.

4. Winslow Series;

The gro\ip termed by Colton and Hargrave (1937) "Winslow orange ware" is represented here by only three small sherds--one of a Tuwiuca black- on-orange bowl, rim of type IA4, and two of Tuwiaca polychrome bowls with rims IA6 and IA12. Plain undecorated Tuwiuca orange does not appear. Tuwiuca polychrome is simply the black-on-orange with a white deooration added on the ext§£iojr_of bowls^ like the closely_similar .... SOUTHWESTERN liONUMSNTS 231 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.)

Jedditc polychrome and the unrelated Kintiel polychrome. This feature may be of St. Johns inspiration (see below, discussion of Kintiel polychrome). The Tuwiuca types fall in the second half of the 13th century, and were manufactured on the Little Colorado in the vicinity of Winslow.

5. White Mountain Redware;

The black-on-red and polychrome types of the upper Little Colorado and the Zuni country constitute an important group, called by Colton and Hargrave "White Mountain red ware." This includes among others the familiar 3t. Johns polychrome and the early-historic and late- prehistoric Zuni glazes such as are found at Hawikuh. Trade material from this ware in Room 7, Wupatki, comprises seven sherds of Wingate black-on-red, six of them of the same small jar, with a worked-down rim and a shouldered peculiar shape, the other a typical end of a bowl, with rim type IB6; and 23 sherds of two bowls of Kintiel polychrome. Wingate black-on-rod is Pueblo II-III, typical in the Arizona Pucrco and vicinity;. very similar to St. Johns polychrome, to which merely a white exterior decoration has been added. Style of decoration is vary much like that of Tularosa black*on-white. Kintiel polychrome is a late 13th century type; from Kintiel puoblo (Wide Ruins) on Leroux wash, and vicinity. It has a light orange-brown surface with black interior decoration and white exterior decoration. The color scheme is like Tuwiuca, Jeddito, and Klageto polychromes, but the surface color differs from the orange-red of Jeddito, the bright yellow-orange of Klageto, and the unslippod light orange of Tuwiuca (see preceding page); and is, of cour-seT. quite different from the red-slipped surfaces of Kwaituki polychrome (another imitation in th„ northeastern drainage of the Little Colorado of St. Johns polychrome) and of St. Johns polychrome itself. All these types arc related in varying degree and arc contemporary, but are distinguishable each from thj other and wore made in different localities, certain of them probably at only one pueblo exclusively or primarily. There are two bowls of Kintcl represented, mainly from the surface with rims IA7 and IB3. Neither is restorable.

6. Oxidized Corrugated, Types undetermined;

Twenty-six sherds of corrugated pottery, constituting a not entirely homogeneous group, were not definitely classifiable. They are largely oxidized (i.e., brown); often with the exterior gray (reduced) and the interior brown. Tempering is usually "light-colored angular fragments" and quartz sand, the former usually predominant. Treatments very, including thumbnail indentations of almost obliterated coils (compare p. 10-11). Interiors ar^ in some cases partly polished. Some of these sherds are similar to "Sunset corrugated" except for th_e__obyious difference' in temper. Especially so is one .small vessel, SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 232 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.)

8f which five sherds are present in layer 2, with a modoratoly polishod light brown interior and a sharply indented narrowly-corrugated light gray exterior. Also, a number of thorn are quite suggestive of "Shina- rump brown coiled," an oxidized corrugated type in the Virgin Valley in southwesteramost Utah, apoar^ntly of Pueblo II date (Spencer, 1934, p. 75). Two of these sherds are quite distinct in at least one respect from the others, but discussed horc to avcid having a separate section in the report. They arc gray with partly oxidized interior, with a black temper apparently not volcanic sand. All 26 are hero thrown together as one group; exhaustive study would show two or more types, but they would probably be considered all related to each other, and probably related to Shinarump on the one hand and to the local Sunset corrugated on the other. None of them fit any published typo, apparently.

4. TIME-SIGNIFICANCE 0Ff.POTTERY TYPES t

The accompanying chart of time-distribution of pottery types is based largely'on"the'time-ranges given in the Handbook, with a few omendatdons from McGregor, 1938. In two instances both ranges are given. Uncertain extensions in time ar- indicated by broken lines. It will be observed that all the major and important local types, except one, and the two .aost common of tho rare local types, and all except six of the intrusives, overlap at 1150 A. D. Some of those extend much earlier, most extend a hundred years later. The ones that do not occur at 1150 include five earlier typos, of which only two lio not extend past 1100; all v;ry rare; and six falling in the last quarter of the 13th century. "' Occupation from circa 1100 or 1125 to circa 1300 is indicated by the pottery—occupation of that portion of the pueblo, not of Room 7 itself, obviously filled with trash (hence the great amount of sherds). Architectural .vidence is clear that this was a late room (Reed and Brewer, 1936) and r. tree ring date from the door in the east wall is 1168 A.D. (dated by McGregor). But th^ trash fill includes not only late 13th-century types but also typ^s not existing later than 1150. The beam in the door which dates 1168 ;;iight have been put in after Room 7 was abandoned, by occupants of Room 5; it certainly appears as if Room 7 was built in thu ocirly 1100's and abandoned a generation earlier than the tree-ring dat.., thereafter used as a trash repository until the end of the occupation of the puoblo—from shortly before 1150 until nearly 1300. This implies that Rooms 4, 5, and 6, adjoining Room 7, were built o.bout 1100 A. D. (obvious architecturally that Room 1 wss built into these, not along with them), and continued to be used as living quarters long after the abandonment of Rcom 7 (at least Room 5 was in use in 1168; probably only the secend-stcry roc>m over Room 4 continued in use.) Particularly. in;t_er^sti.ng...i_s_th_e .occurence of six pcttjpry...typos SOUTHWESTERN KOISIIMENTS 233 CJIPPI.TMKN*? FOR M^OTI, 1939 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF POTTERY (CONT.) manufactured in th- last part of tho 13th century. The latest dondrochro- nological date for Wupatki is 1205 A. D.; abandonment soon after 1200 has boon assumed. It is now clear that occupation, in very small num­ bers perhaps, continued to nearly 1500. There is little suggestion of abandonment about E00 and reoccupation 1275-1300, possibly by a group from tho Tsegi. A number of tho pottery types jresent bridge the gap, but also were made earlier—there is no type present belonging exclusively to tho first half of the 13th century. Either alternative is possible at proscnt--continuous occupation of Wupatki from about 1100 or a little before to about 1300, or abandon­ ment about 1200 and reoccupation by a small group from the Tsegi after 1250. Tho occurrence of five sherds of two types which were not made after 950 A.D. in the one case and 1050 A.D. in the other, has no great significance, probably; there are several ways they can have gotten into a structure built long afterward. They do not affect tho evidence for r. 12th-13th century occupation of Yfupatki. Trends from layer to layer within Room 7, as expressed in percen­ tages, do not appear significant in general. They are often contradic­ tory, or such slight changes as to have no importance. The rise of Keet Seel gray to '75 percent of the reduced (gray) •utility pottery in layer 1 is notoworthy--but it is already 55 percent in layer 3. More important is the numerical abundance of Keot Sccl gray—exceeded only by Winona brown, polished, and Flagstaff red. Absence of Tusayan black-os-rcd (an earlier type than most of tho major ones) in layer 1, after constituting 37.5 percent of the oxidized 'painted in layer 2 and 39 percent in layer 3 is indeed very significant. Yet, Winona brown and Sunset red (unpolished), which are also earlier typos, are present in layer 1. A point of interest in this connection is that Tusayan black-on-rcd and Citadel polychrome together constituto 62 percent of the oxidized painted pottery (exclusive of Verde black-on- gray, largaly a utility type). Flagstaff black-on-whito includes 28 percent cf tho total of black-on-white sherds, Walnut 43.5 percent, and Wupatki 5.8 percent. Increases or decreases of the black-on-whitcs between levels seem to havo nc significance. To restate the conclusion; deposition of trash in Room 7, Wupatki, seems to have extended from scon after 1100 A. D. tc the neighborhood of 1300 A. D» Further deductions :.r~ unsafe.

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 234 SUPPLEMENT FOR ILItCH, 1939 LOCAL TYPES A.D. 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1225 1250 1275 1300 1. Major c Tusayan corrugated CO Moenkopi corrugated Winona Brown Sunset-Flagstaff rod -Handbook^ Citadel polychrome • la Flagstaff black-on-white -Handbook (H Walnut black-on-whito •McGregor O LS Root S<_ol gray f-

2. Important W hJ f-. Tusayan black-on rod — Wupatki black-on-white •Ji Turkey Hill rod \Si tc 3. Rare

Medicine black-on-rod Deadmans gray Doadmans black-on-whito - CM Holbrook black-on white - Padre l.lack-on-whito Elden corrugated

CO i r-J. CO g o CO TRADE y/iTEEti'vL

,..D. 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1225 1250 1275 1300 1. From tho cast 05 to (Hopi country) os i-H Kia-ko black-cn-whito w Pclacca black-or-white o

2. From tho north o (Tscgi ;ourtry) Dogoszhi black-cn-whitc EH Sosi black-on-whito 7-' Tusayan polychrome B Tsegi rod-dn-orongo P-. Kayenta black-on-whitc & Kay., 'Degos., K«et Socl ftely. CO to to 3. from southeastward CO (several localities mostly on 1. C.) Wingato black-on-rod Showlow black-on-rod Little Colorado corrugated CO Winona smudged, IT. corrug. EH Walnut corrugated r-\ Tularosa black-cn-whitc B >-, McDonald corrugated O Tuwiuca black-on-orangc and pclychro,e Sw Kintiel polychrome EH W K-

o CO FRELIMENiJlY' STUDY OF POTTERY (XNT.) : . •..-..' . '

BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 ' T ' < t * - . ." Caywood, L.R., r.nd Spicor-,' E. H», "Tuzigoot: the Excavation and Re­ pair of a Ruin on the Verde jjivor near Clarkdalc, Ariz." National Park Service, .Field Division of Education; Berkeley; Califoraia, July, 1935....' • ' Clarke, Elinor P. "Designs cn:tho Pr-historic Po ttery, -f .Arizona." University of Arizona, Social Science Bulletin 9, Tucson, Arizona-; May; 1935.

Colton, Harold 3. "A Survey cf Prehistoric Sit^s in the Vicinity of Flagstaff, Arizona." Bureau cf American Ethnology, , Bulletin 104, Smithsonian Institute, 1932.

Colton, H. S., and' Kargravc, L.'L. "Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Yaar^s." Museum -.f Northern Arizona, Bulletin 11, Flagstaff, Arizona, 1937. :• . , . * * » - . Hargravo, L. L. "Guide tc Pcrty Pcttory TypbjB of the'Hopi Country and the San Francisco Mountains•w Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 1, Flagstaff, 1932.

Hawlcy, Florence M. "Field'Manual of Southwostorn Pottery Types." University of Now Mexico, Bulletin 291, Albuquerque-, April, 1936.

McGregor, John C. "Winona Village." Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 12, Flagstaff, October, 1937.

McGregor, John C. "How Seme Important Northern Arizona Pottery Types wore Dated." ' Museum ;f Northern Arizona, Bulletin 13, Flagstaff, January, 1938.

Mora, H. P. "Observationonss onen thethe rArchaeojrchcoology :.f Petrified Forest National Monument." Laboratory cf .jrthropology, Technical SeriesSeries, Bull-tin 7, janta Fe, Juno, 1934, Rood, E. K., and Brewer, J. V/. "T'ae Excavation cf Room 7, Yfupatki". Southwest era Monuments Special Report 13, Coolidgo, Arizona, January, 1937.

Spencer, J. E., "Pueblo Sites o£ Scuthv/cstorn Utah." American Anthropologist 36|1, 1934.

Spiccr, E. H., and Caywood, L. R. "Two Pueblo Ruins in west- central Arizona." University cf Arizona, Social Scionco Bulletin 10, Tucson, January, 1936.

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 237 SUPPLEMENT FOR l&BfiH, 1939 in which the Boss givos a bit of history with the monthly report as KUjvlJjNAflQjNS tho contral figuro- Wo had a Taurian Sossicn on tho monthly report last night. Whon wc run completely out of FQ»1 hot material to discuss at the Sessions, we have throe never failing subjects wo can dig up; uniform regulations and changes, the monthly report, and nuscums. It seems at the recent conference of Chief Clerks tho matter of the Superintendent's Monthly Report to tho Director was one of the items that was considered under report procedure, and ours excited the wonderment and questions of committee members. I was a little puazlcd that they should be concerned because cur own Chief Clerk doesn't soo our monthly report until his personal copy is laid on his desk, and about all he hears of it up to that time is tho yowling >_f the stencil cutter calling for his copy that reports the state of tho funds and the mail count of the month. But it scorns that the ether superintendents have a happy habit of transferring tho burden of tho monthly report to tho alro.ady overburdened shoulders of the Chief Clork in that cheerful Park Service pastime of "letting Georgo do it". From the reports that drift in to me ovor the grapevine, it appears that the Chief Clerks arc "agin" the present standard type of monthly report and want somebody to do something. I can't say that I am unsympathetic to such a wail, because a bunch of those standard manthly reports are pretty deadly when they land on cur desk in ono flock and have to bo road, er at least locked -ver, at one sitting so they may go on to_ the next superintendent. So, as an innocent bystander, n^t making that kind of a monthly report, wc are inclined to root from the side lines and wish there might be a way found to make then, readable. Then, it seems, just as. wo; wore in.a .helpful mood, these clerks, start falling into tho belief^ that.wo'•propane'bur monthly report through sufforence and error, and that we would delight in being released from an Hurculcan task which only produces—from the outsider's opinion—a haywire report which can't be defined through roto. The inferenco would seem that we should bo suppressed for uur own benefit. .' * Well, that not only amused us, but made Us conscious that thoro was' a need for dissemination of general enlightenment to clerical sources, and ethers, interested in the growth Lf the report, so we just reached out for a bosom and asked the fellow on our right to step back and give us a little elbow room. You sec, these youngsters, as a whole, don't know "any of the' background about tho monthly report, and, as is generally the case, when you don't know what you are talking about, you sometimes, shoot pretty wide of the point. A good many years ag- the superintendents were supposed to write a monthly narrative report to the Director. ' A few of them did. Most' of them passed the job tc the Chief Clerk. S.me of thorn stalled and tried to avoid it. t have seen VJashingtcn letters saying that, if

SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS 238 SUPPLEMENT FOR MARCH,- 1939 RUMENATIONS (CONT.)

S'-and-Sc didn't got his monthly rjpcrt in promptly, his pay check would be held up until the report arrived;-and I wasn't the Superinten­ dent under discussion either. Finally the situation get to the point where LIr. Albright issued instructions that the n.nthly report was tc be made in the present prevailing form. This was en the theory that by giving them a regular form, divided and sub-divided by heads and sub-heads, even the Superin­ tendents (or Chief Clerks, as tho caso might be) could get out a report telling what had happened at their park tho proceeding month, and if they couldn't ho could hang them at tho mast hoad with a free conscience, seeing that he had done everything but write the report for thorn. I tried my best t. fells, w tho form for several months until tho next conference when I told my troubles to Mr. Albright and he promptly absolved me from following tho fcrm saying some pretty nice things, which I nood not repeat hero, about ,ur conditions being different, thr.t we were always .11 tine with our ninthly report, that it was very readable, and that he had nc intention of c.vering us into those instructions. In view of this acceptance, running ever the last ten years or more, by the Directors, and the benefits derived from cur report, wc persist in iniquity and plan tc remain under tho banner of un.rthodoxy. Seoing that wo seem to bo .no of tho few superintendents who actually does seme writing en his monthly r-pcrt; seeing that we got a peck of fun out of it every month; seeing that almost overy employee in our field also has a lot of fun as well as getting his morale and espiit- do-corps stiffened considerably by it; seeing that s>me 15 or 20 scientists scattered across the country say that they read it every month tc get caught up on tho latest developments in the Southwest; seeing that 40 museums scattered from New England to Califonnia have asked to bo put en its nailing list, thereby sTaowing that they think it has some reference value; maybe these Chief Clerks won't pretest, if their own skins are saved, as wo go .ur sinful and sorrowful way of continu­ ing tc issue a report which people within and without our Service per­ sist in considering goooodd readinreading. And now having get all this off ..ur chest, we pause long enough to point out that we have given these fellows their blooming formal report in its due form and ceromonemonyy everyevery monthmon . It is in the six pages following the "Opening" and it is shortersh-rtor andand mermoree coconcise than any of these efforts they turn in; in aboabout six minutesminutes readreading time they can get a bird's eye view c.f the month. The difference is that wc back cur concise report with abut 35 pages of basic rep.rtepo s fron which it is drawn, with numerous references t. the basic papers, s if y.u have any doubts about our garbling them, you con go back tc the original reports and check up or get further details. You den't have tc read those supporting papers but we find that most of the readers do . Then there is a sectionsection of.f our; ur reporeport, called "Headquarters",

SOUTHWESTERN' H0NU1ENTS 239 SUPPLEMENT FOR LARCH, 1959 RULO.JTI CMS (CONT.) which thoso ethers don't have; cr rather, their whclc report deals with nothing but it because their headquarters and their park arc the sane thing, generally, whereas wo have 26 blamed scattered areas to report en and, on top of that, a headquarters sot-up. And then, in addition to that, wc have a section those ,thor reports den't seem tc knew anything about; the Supplement. VJ"o have a lot jf interesting, things on the pan all the time and every month one or two of them will jell, s.. somebody writes about it and that goes into'tho Supplement; or some interesting nature notes turn up ani they go into the Supp., too. Y^u understand, wo don't tear lur hair or sweat around about this Supplement; the stuff wh'ch we use just more or loss drops out of secondary slots as our machine runs along and wfe salvage it by putting it into this section „f cur report. These ether fellows either don't have such a by-product or else they put it cut with a fanfare of trumpets ~s a separate issue a half dczen times a year; wo just throw the tail in with the hide, as it were, and lot it go as a part of the monthly report. All .f this leads tc a pretty bulky monthly report; but remember, when scanning its girth, that a direct parallol with routinized reports can't be mado—it's not that kind .f ; rep-rt. It has all the cendensed s'tuff the others have and a whole lot more; it serves several pur­ poses which thoir type wouldn't serve, and, above all, it is readable; you can find what you want and you needn't read the rest—some one else will. So, having saicl these few words of elucidation, we put away cur besom, read shaking hands with the Chief Clerks trust their difficul­ ties will bo resolved.

SOUTHWESTERN irONUIENTS 240 SUPPLEMENT FOR 1 ARCH, 1939