Geological Survey Research 1960, Geological Survey Professional

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Geological Survey Research 1960 Synopsis of Geologic Results

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 400-A Geo Survey Research 1960

THOMAS B. NOLAN, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 400

A synopsis ofgeologic results, accompanied by short papers in the geologicalsciences. Publishedseparately as chapters A4 and B

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON :1960 FOREWORD

The activities of the United States Geological Survey encompass projects that span the full range of the geological sciences. The volume and complexity of such a research program make it difficult to review, coordinate, and release the results of the work as quickly as is desirable; as a result considerable time normally elapses between the completion of many investigations and the publication of the final reports. And yet this same volume and complexity make it the more essential that some means be found to digest and make available to all the new ideas and new discoveries that have been achieved. In an effort to help solve this problem the present volume has been prepared; it summarizes the results of the recent work of the Geologic Division of the Survey. The report consists of two main parts: Chapter A, "Synopsis of Geologic Results," is primarily a summary of important new findings, either as yet unpublished or published during the fiscal year 1960-the 12 months ending June 30, 1960. It also includes a list of investigations in progress during that period, along with the names and headquarters of those in charge of each, and a list of reports published or otherwise made available to the public during the same period. Chapter B, "Short Papers in the Geological Sciences," consists of 232 papers, generally less than 1,000 words in length. These are of two kinds. Some papers are primarily announce- ments of new discoveries or observations on problems of limited scope, regarding which more detailed and comprehensive reports may or may not be published later. Others summarize the conclusions drawn from extensive investigations that have been in progress for some time; these conclusions in large part will be embodied in much longer reports that will be published later. This report is frankly an experiment. Although both chapters in this volume deal largely with the work of the Geologic Division, it is hoped to expand the scope of the report in future years to include results obtained by other Divisions of the Geological Survey, and to issue it annually. But whether this is done, and whether future issues will be in the same form as this one, depends on how well this volume achieves the purposes described above. Comments and suggestions from those who use the volume will be appreciated and will help determine the content of the future ones.

THOMAs B. NOLAN, Director. m PREFACE

The main activities of the Geologic Division of the addresses of those in charge of them, in the hope that Geological Survey may be grouped into three main it may prove helpful to those interested in work in categories, defined by the immediate objectives that progress in various areas or topics. motivate them: (a) economic geology; (c) regional The results summarized here are presented in sev- geology; and (b) research on geological processes and eral categories based on the immediate objectives of principles. The work in the field of economic geology the work or its applicability to some special field. is aimed primarily at developing information that will Those results that have mainly to do with economic be useful in the search for usable deposits of minerals problems are described on pages A1-A26; results and fuels, or help to solve problems connected with that bear mainly on the geology of specific regions are engineering works, such as the construction of high- given on pages A26-A54; and those that deal mainly ways and dams. It also provides the nation with an with principles, processes, and methods of general in- appraisal of its known and potential mineral resources. terest are discussed on pages A54-A73. Although The regional studies determine the structure, composi- this classification of subject matter is a familiar one, tion, history, and distribution of the rocks that under- it is nevertheless overlapping-an investigation stimu- lie the United States and other areas. Because this lated by economic objectives may also yield important work is essentially exploratory in nature, its underly- results in the fields of regional and theoretical geology, ing purpose is also mainly economic, for it provides and so on. Limitations of both space and time pre- the basis for the broad appraisal of the potential min- vent us from including an index to chapter A, but general resources of undeveloped areas. The research on eral cross-references are given at appropriate places geologic processes and principles consists of observa- in the text. We hope that these, together with the tional, experimental, or theoretical investigations in table of contents, will guide the reader to the topic in the field and in the laboratory, aimed at improving our which he is most interested. The short papers of understanding of geologic processes and principles and chapter B are arranged topically and in addition are hence developing and extending the usefulness of the accompanied by a short index. geologic sciences. In addition, an important part of During fiscal year 1960, the Geologic Division's serv- the Division's work consists of services to other Fed- ices were utilized by and financially supported to eral agencies that either do not have geologic staffs some extent by the following organizations: of their own or that require some of the special skills Federal Agencies: of the Division's scientists. Air Force-Cambridge Research Center Nearly all of the Division's activities yield new data Air Force-Technical Application Center and principles valuable in the development or appli- Army-Corps of Engineers cation of the geologic sciences, and it is the purpose of Army Engineer Research and Development Labo- chapter A to summarize the highlights of important ratory findings that have'come to the fore during fiscal year Army-Waterways Experiment Station 1960. Some of these have been published or placed on Atomic Energy Commission-Division of Biology open file during the year, some are published in chap- and Medicine ter B of this volume, and some have not yet been pub- Atomic Energy Commission-Division of Reactor published elsewhere at all. Only a part of the results Development released during this period can be reported here, even Atomic Energy Commission-Military Applica- in summary fashion, and the reader who needs more tion Division complete and detailed information will wish to con- Atomic Energy Commission-Raw Materials Di- suit the publications listed on pages A107-A127 and vision the papers in chapter B. Atomic Energy Commission-Research Division A comprehensive list of investigations in progress Atomic Energy Commission-Special Projects Di- is given on pages A76-A106, with the names and vision V VIE PREFACE Bureau of Indian Affairs Commonwealth: Bureau of Mines Puerto Rico Economic Development Administra- Bureau of Land Management tion Bureau of Public Roads Bureau of Reclamation In addition to the agencies named above, the Geo- Department of Agriculture logic Division has cooperated from time to time with International Cooperation Administration other organizations, and some of the results described National Institutes of Health-Cancer Institute in the following pages stem from work supported in National Park Service previous years by agencies not listed above. All co- National Science Foundation operating agencies are identified where appropriate in Navy-Bureau of Docks the individual papers of chapter B, and they are men- Navy-Office of Naval Research tioned in connection with some of the larger programs Office of Minerals Exploration in chapter A. Space limitations make it impossible Office of Minerals Mobilization to identify their contributions in connection with many State AgencWs: of the short statements in the following pages but it is Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commis- a pleasure to acknowledge here the financial support sion and splendid technical cooperation we have received California Department of Natural Resources, Di- vision of Mines from all of them. Colorado State Metal Mining Fund Board Nearly everyone in the Geologic Division contrib- Connecticut Geological and Natural History Sur- uted directly or indirectly to this report, which was vey prepared between March and June 1960, but the chief Commission of Public Lands, Hawaii responsibilities for it were held as follows: V. E. State Geological Survey of Kansas, University of McKelvey planned and directed all phases of the prep- Kansas aration of the report, and assembled chapter A from Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Ken- information supplied by many project chiefs and pro- tucky gram leaders. R. A. Weeks and R. L. Boardman com- Massachusetts Department of Public Works -piled the list of investigations in progress, and David Department of Conservation, Geological Survey Gallagher compiled the list of publications and the Division, State of Michigan index to chapter B. Doris I. Kniffin managed the New Hampshire State Planning and Develop- clerical aspects of the project. J. P. Albers and A. B. ment Commission Griggs helped process the papers of chapter B, and Nevada Bureau of Mines, University of Nevada nearly all of both North Carolina Department of Conservation and F. C. Calkins critically reviewed Development chapters and vastly improved their style and expres- Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, De- sion. I am deeply grateful to these people and to the partment of Internal Affairs, Commonwealth of members of the Division as a whole for their enthu- Pennsylvania siastic support of this undertaking. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Washington Department of Conservation, Divi- sion of Mines and Geology Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Sur- vey, University of Wisconsin Cnmrzs A. A.DESON, Geological Survey of Wyoming ChWi Geologist. Synopsis of Geologic Results

Prepared by members of the Geologic Division under the direction of V. E. McKELVEY

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 400-A

A summary of important results recently obtained, s accompanied by a list of reports released in fiscal 1960, and a list of investigations in progress o

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON :1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomias B. Nolan, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1 (paper cover) CONTENTS

Page Page Mineral resource investigations. Al Mineral resource investigations-Continued Heavy metals 1 Radioactive minerals- A 9 District and regional studies 1 District and regional studies . 9 Michigan iron districts 1 Colorado Plateau- 9 Sedimentary iron ore in the Christmas area, Gila County, Arizona- 9 Arizona ------1 Crooks Gap area, Wyoming . 9 Manganiferous zone of the Butte district, Baggs area, Wyoming- 10 Montana ------1 Gas Hills district, Wyoming- 10 Manganese deposits near Philipsburg, Black Hills, South Dakota . 10 Montana- 1 Palangana salt dome, Texas . 10 Michigan copper district 2 Uraniferous phosphorite in Eocene rocks, Pima copper district, Arizona 2 Wyoming- 10 Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district - 2 Uraniferous lignite in the Williston basin, East Tintic silver-lead district, Utah 2 Montana and North Dakota . 10 Coeur d'Alene lead-zinc-silver district, Chattanooga shale, Tennessee and Alabama. 10 Idaho ------3 Commodity and topical studies . 11 The Colorado mineral belt 3 Distribution of epigenetic uranium de- Base and precious metal deposits in north- posits in the United States . 11 central Nevada 3 Uranium in sandstone-type deposits . 11 Rhenium and molybdenum in the Runge Uranium In petroleum. 11 mine, South Dakota . 3 Uranium in coal- 11 Other districts in Western United States --- 3 Uraniferous black shale and phosphorite -- 12 Metalliferous deposits in Alaska 4 Thorium in monazite- 12 Commodity studies. 4 Fuels- 12 12 Topical studies 4 Petroleum and natural gas- McAlester basin, Oklahoma- 12 Light metals and industrial minerals 5 Wilson County, Kansas- 12 District and regional studies 5 Horseshoe atoll, Midland basin, Texas. 12 Mount Wheeler beryllium deposit, Nevada- 5 Williston basin, Montana, North Dakota, Beryllium in the Lake George district, and South Dakota- 12 Colorado. 5 Utah and southwestern Wyoming . 13 Beryllium in tin districts of the Seward Alaska- 13 Peninsula, Alaska 5 Origin of helium and nitrogen in natural gas. 13 Beryllium and fluorspar in the Thomas Coal ------13 Range, Utah 5 Geology of specific coal fields 13 Black Hills pegmatites, South Dakota. 6 National coal resources- 14 Talc and asbestos deposits 6 Distribution of minor elements In coal. 14 Phosphate deposits in Montana and Oil shale- 14 Wyoming. 6 Development of exploration and mapping techniques -- 14 Phosphate In northern Florida and South Geochemical and botanical exploration . 14 Carolina ------7 New analytical techniques- 14 High calcium limestone in southeastern Prospecting techniques- is Alaska 7 Application of isotope geology to exploration . 15 Clay deposits in Maryland 7 Isotope geology of lead- 15 Clay deposit in Kentucky. 7 Oxygen isotopes in ore and gangue minerals --- 16 Green River saline deposits, Wyoming 7 Geophysical exploration- 16 Carlsbad potash district, New Mexico 7 Aeromagnetic methods- 17 Borate deposits of southwestern United Aerial radioactivity surveys . 17 States ------7 Electrical methods- 17 Commodity and topical studies . 8 Gravity methods- 18 Beryllium 8 Geologic mapping ------18 Selenium ------8 Photogeology ------18 Marine phosphorites 8 Scribing techniques- i8 II x CONTENTS

Pa" Geology applied to problems in the fields of engineering Regional geology-Continued and public health _ A18 Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley-Continued Construction problems 19 Geologic studies in northern Michigan and Damsite location and sewage system construc- Wisconsin. ------A33 tion -_------19 Age of some Pleistocene sediments 34 Highway and bridge construction . 19 Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi embayment. 34 Emergency aircraft landing sites 19 Mesozoic stratigraphy of the eastern Gulf Problems related to permafrost or frost heaving. 20 Coastal Plain. 34 Problems related to erosion 20 Lithofacies and origin of Tertiary sediments in Engineering problems related to rock failure 20 the Coastal Plain of southern Texas . 34 Coal "bumps" 21 Buried igneous masses in Missouri and Arkansas. 34 Deformation of rock by nuclear explosions 21 Ozark region and Eastern Plains . 34 Earthquakes and earthquake-triggered land- Geology of northwestern Arkansas . 35 slides ------21 Aeromagnetic qtudies in southeastern MissourL_ 35 Other landslides and mudflows 22 Permian stratigraphy in southeastern New Selection of sites for nuclear tests and evaluation of Mexico. 35 effects of underground nuclear explosions . 22 Northern Rockies and plains. 35 Project Chariot. 22 Geology of parts of northeastern Washington Project Gnome 22 and northern Idaho . 35 Nevada Test Site ---- 23 Stratigraphy of the Belt series in western Radioactive waste disposal investigations . 24 Montana and adjacent areas . 36 Geochemical studies . 24 Geology of areas in the vicinity of the Idaho Sedimentary basin studies. 25 batholith. 38 Geophysical studies. 25 Geology of parts of western Montana . 36 Measurement of background radiation . 25 Coral zones in Mississippian rocks . 37 Distribution of elements as related to health 25 Geology of parts of western Wyoming, south- Regional geology ------26 eastern Idaho, and northeastern Utah . 37 Synthesis of geologic data on maps of large regions- 26 Geology of the Wind River basin, Wyoming.. - 37 Tectonic map of the United States 27 Geologic and geophysical studies in parts of the Paleotectonic maps of the Triassic and Permian Black Hills, South Dakota . 37 systems ------.------27 Devonian rocks in eastern Montana and Epigenetic uranium deposits in the United States. 28 western North Dakota. 37 New England and eastern New York 28 Lithofacies and thickness of the Pierre shale in Regional geologic mapping 28 South Dakota. 38 Stratigraphic and lithofacies studies in Vermont Geology of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana.. 38 and Maine. 28 Glaciation in the vicinity of Glacier National Tectonic studies in Connecticut and Vermont.--- 29 Park, Montana. 38 Geophysical surveys. 29 Ages of intrusions in the northern Appalachians. 29 Southern Rockies and plains. 38 The Appalachians 29 Precambrian rocks and structures in the Front Stratigraphic and geomorphic studies in the Range and Sawatch Range, Colorado. 38 Valley and Ridge province . 29 Geology of volcanic terranes in Colorado and Structural studies in eastern Pennsylvania and New Mexico. 38 New Jersey ------30 Geology of North Park, Colorado . 39 Age of deformation in the Raton basin, Colorado. Geologic results of aeromagnetic surveys 30 39 Geologic mapping in North and South Carolina. 30 Colorado Plateau. 39 Atlantic Coastal Plain. 31 History of salt anticlines in the Paradox basin... 39 Interpretation of aeromagnetic measurements on Structure in the vicinity of the Carrizo Moun- the Atlantic Continental shelf and in Florida. 31 tains. 39 Aerial radiological surveys 31 Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of Meso- Paleontologic and stratigraphic studies . 31 zoio rocks. 39 Eastern plateaus. 32 Basin and Range province . 40 Interpretation of geophysical surveys . 32 Thrust faults in Nevada. 40 Geologic mapping in western Kentucky . 32 Cenozoic rocks and structures in the western Stratigraphy of Upper Devonian rocks in western Mojave Desert, California . 40 New York. 32 Geology of the Sierra Diablo, Texas . 40 Quaternary geology in Pennsylvania and the New information on the age of strata . 40 Ohio Valley 32 Crustal structure and block faulting . 41 Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley . 33 Quaternary history. 41 Remanent magnetization in the Lake Superior Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plains . 41 region ------33 Geology of parts of John Day area, Oregon....- 41 Interpretation of geophysical data in central Petrology and remanent magnetism of Snake Wisconsin. 33 River lavas -.- 42 CONTENTS xir

Page Page Regional geology-Continued Investigations of geologic processes and principles-Con. Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plains-Continued Geophysics. AS5 Structure and history of the western Snake Physical properties of rocks . 56 River plain- A42 Mechanical properties. 56 Aeroradioactivity In the vicinity of the National Electrical properties. 56 Reactor Test Station area, Idaho 42 Magnetic properties. 56 Cenozoic volcanic rocks and structure in north- Mass properties. 56 central Nevada. 42 Phosphorescence and thermoluminescence.. 66 Pacific Coast region 42 Thermal properties. 57 Geology of the Sierra Nevada batholith 42 Thermodynamic properties 57 Structure and Jurassic fauna of the western Permafrost studies 57 foothills metamorphic belt of the Sierra Areal differences in character of permafrost. 57 Nevada. 43 Interpretation of temperature data . 57 Igneous rocks of the Cascade Range 43 Rock deformation. 57 Stratigraphy and structure of the Klamath Contraction cracks. 58 Mountains and Coast Ranges, northern Tectonic fracturing and faulting------58 California- 43 Rock fragmentation and mixing due to Geology of major sedimentary basins 43 volcanism and to strong shock . 58 Alaska ------44 Paleomagnetism 58 Geology of the southern part of the Brooks Studies of the thickness and composition of the Range. 44 crust- 59 Cretaceous rocks of the Koyukuk basin 44 Mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology . 59 Geology of the Tofty-Eureka district . 44 Mineralogy and crystal chemistry . 59 Stratigraphy of the Matanuska formation 44 Description of new minerals . 60 Geology of the eastern part of the Chugach Synthesis of minerals. 60 Mountains ------44 Crystal chemistry. 60 Geology of Admiralty Island 46 Experimental geochemistry . 61 Reconnaissance aeromagnetic surveys of sedi- Silicate systems. 61 mentary basins 46 Reactions of minerals In hydrothermal Tectonic provinces of Alaska 46 solutions. 61 Glacial history and distribution of surficial de- Dry sulfide systems. 61 posits In Alaska 46 Geochemical distribution of the elements . 62 Hawaii 47 Revision of Clarke's "Data of Geochem- Alumina-rich soil and clay 47 istry" 62 Ultramafic differentiates in the Kaupulehu flow. 47 Chemical composition of sedimentary Recent volcanic activity at Kilauea-Iki and rocks. 62 Kapoho ------47 Distribution of minor elements . 64 Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone 47 Organic geochemistry. 65 Western Pacific Islands 48 Structure and geochemical relations of Geologic contrasts between the island arcs and carbonaceous substances . 65 islands of the western Pacific basin 48 Biogeochemical processes in isotope frac- Regional stratigraphic and paleontologic studies. 48 tionation. 65 Origin of tropical soils and bauxite on the higher Petrology. 65 islands. 50 Origin of granitic rocks . 65 Antarctica - .-.------50 Origin of ultramafic rocks and related gab- Extraterrestrial studies. 52 bros. 66 Geologic Investigations in foreign nations . 52 Origin of welded tuffs. 66 Chromite deposits in the Philippines- 52 Fluidity of lava. 66 Coal in Pakistan. 53 Source of some volcanic magmas . 66 Iron deposits in Brazil. 53 Role of fluids in low temperature alteration Mineral and fossil fuel potential of Southern Peru. 53 of volcanic glass __- - 66 Origin of propylitic alteration . 67 Metalliferous deposits in Chile. 53 Metamorphism of manganese minerals. 67 Investigations of geologic processes and principles. 54 Steatization as a product of regional meta- Paleontology. 54 morphism. 67 Geomorphology and plant ecology . 55 Origin of jadeite and rodingite in serpentine.. 67 Development of karat features . 55 Migration of elements during metamor- Dynamic equilibrium In the development of phism. -- .------.---67 landscape. 55 Origin of evaporite deposits . 67 Formation of beaches and bars . 55 Transformation of aragonite mud to apha- Plant ecology. 55 nitic limestone. 68 World vegetation classification . 55 Origin of chert - .------68 XII CONTENTS

Page Page Investigations of geologic processes and principles-Con. Analytical and other laboratory techniques-Continued Isotope and nuclear studies A68 Analytical chemistry-Continued Deuterium and tritium in natural fluids 68 Combined gravimetric and spectrographic anal- Differences in the isotopic composition of ysis of silicates A71 meteoric, connate, and thermal waters- 68 Accuracy and precision of silicate analyses 72 Deuterium content of ocean and terrestrial Spectroscopy 72 waters. 68 Concentration of rhenium for analysis 72 Tritium and deuterium content of atmos- Determination of lead in zircon 72 pheric hydrogen 68 Use of special standards in spectrochemical Deuterium in liquid inclusions 69 analysis ------72 Measurement of alpha activity 69 Use of gas jet in reducing cyanogen band inter- Geochronology ------69 ference .------. ------72 Refinement of the geologic time scale 69 A constant feed direct-current arc 72 Age of some uranium ores 70 Development and use of the electron micro- A geochronologic method based on mag- probe analyzer. 72 netic properties of crystals damaged by X-ray fluorescence analysis of sphalerite 73 radiation- 70 Mineralogic and petrographic techniques 73 A geochemical method for dating obsidian New techniques and tools in microscopy . 73 artifacts- 70 Mineral separation methods 73 Carbon-14 dates applied to the study of Staining and autoradiographic methods 73 Pleistocene glaciation 70 Methods for studying liquid inclusions . 73 Analytical and other laboratory techniques 70 Methods in experimental geochemistry 73 Analytical chemistry 70 Geologic Division offices 74 Zirconium in small amounts 70 Main centers .------. 74 Niobium and tantalum 70 Field offices in the United States and Puerto Rico- 74 Flame photometry- 71 Offices in foreign countries 75 Analysis of liquid inclusions 71 Investigations in progress in the Geologic Division during Fluorine in phosphate rock and chlorine in silicate fiscal year 1960 77 rock- 71 Small amounts of magnesium 71 Regional investigations 77 Uranium- 71 Topical investigations 94 Analysis of chromite 71 Geologic Division publications in fiscal year 1960 . 107 Ferrous iron- 71 List of publications- 107 Zinc in silicate rocks 71 Subject classification of publications . 127

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page FIGURE 1. Index map of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii- A27 2. Map of Alaska showing the location of areas where available geologic maps meet reconnaissance standards. 45 3. Index map of Western Pacific Islands . 49 4. Index map of Antarctica. 51 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960

SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

MINERAL RESOURCE INVESTIGATIONS 30, T. 43 N., R. 30 W, Dickinson County. The for- Most of the investigations of mineral resources (in- mation is concealed by Pleistocene deposits and has cluding fuels) made by the Geological Survey can be now been explored by drilling. grouped into (a) district and regional studies and Sedimentary iron ore in the Christmas area, Arizona (b) commodity and topical studies. The district and A deposit of sedimentary iron ore has been discov- regional studies are focused on areas known or ered in the Christmas quadrangle, Arizona by Will- thought to contain mineral resources; their purpose is den (Art. 111). It is in a bed 5 to 7 feet thick near to establish guides useful in the search for concealed the top of the Martin formation, of Devonian age. deposits, define areas favorable for exploration, and As it contains only about 37 percent iron, it probably appraise known and potential resources. Most stud- is not minable now, but the occurrence suggests that ies of this kind involve geologic mapping and many other sedimentary iron deposits may be found in rocks of them ultimately help to develop general principles of this age in Arizona. of wide application. The commodity and topical studies deal with the appraisal of national resources of Manganiferous zone of the Butte district, Montana various minerals, synthesis of empirical data on ore As a part of a regional study of the Boulder batho- habits that help to define environments favorable for lith, Montana, Smedes (Art. 12) has found that more the occurrence of useful minerals, and experimental than 6,000 feet of volcanic rocks lie uncomformably and theoretical studies of the origin and distribution on the batholith and older rocks. Block faulting oc- of such minerals. The long-range aims of both groups curred repeatedly, at one time producing a graben of studies are to obtain data on field relations and on west of Butte. Gravity surveys by W. T. Kinoshita theoretical principles that will provide a foundation indicate that the floor of this graben lies at a depth from which private industry can extend its search for of about 1,000 feet beneath welded tuff, and Smedes usable raw materials and that will provide the nation believes that quartz monzonite beneath the floor may as a whole with a continuing appraisal of its mineral contain unexplored, truncated segments of metallif- wealth. erous quartz veins of the manganiferous zone of the Important new findings in the fields of heavy metals, Butte district. light metals and industrial minerals, radioactive min- Manganese deposits near Philipsburg, Montana erals, and fuels are summarized in the following pages. Deposits of oxidized rhodochrosite near Philipsburg HEAVY METALS have been the only consistent source of battery-grade manganese ore in the United States. Detailed study DISTRICT AND REGIONlAL STUDIES by W. J. Prinz has shown that the primary rhodo- Michigan iron districts chrosite replacement deposits contain abundant zinc in Geologic mapping and magnetic surveying of the the southern part of the district, but none in the north- Michigan iron districts, in cooperation with the Mich- ern part. They consist of both bedding replacements igan Geological Survey Division, have established in at bed-vein intersections, and of near-vertical pipes considerable detail the distribution of iron-formations that swell in favorable host beds. The depth of oxi- of several areas, notably the Iron River-Crystal Falls dation of the primary deposits is shallow where the district (James and others, 1960) and the adjoining Lake Mary quadrangle (Bayley, 1959a); in the latter host rock consists of impure limestone, and deep where area, the work contributed to the discovery of a Pre- the host rock is marble. cambrian iron-formation, about 200 feet thick, in secs. I Article 11 in Professional Paper 400-B. Similar references to pa- 24 and 25, T. 43 N., R. 81 W., Iron County, and sec. pers in chapter B are given In the same style. Al A2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1 980-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Michigan copper district Minor reverse and bedding-plane faults associated The Michigan copper district has been studied by with second- and third-order folds, whose trends form many geologists for more than a century, and its ma- a rhombic pattern, control the location of most zinc jor geologic features are well known, but recent in- ore bodies. The lead ore deposits, many of which tensified study of certain aspects of its geologic set- were formerly important, are controlled either by a ting has yielded results useful in looking for new group of joints resulting from tension, or a pair re- deposits. R. E. Stoiber and E. S. Davidson (1959), sulting from shear. Studies made by J. W. Alling- for example, have shown that the major copper de- ham, J. E. Carlson, Harry Klemic, T. E. Mullens, posits occur in a relatively restricted zone that is and J. W. Whitlow after completion of Professional roughly defined by the regional distribution of the Paper 309 indicate that many of the second- and third- minerals contained in the amygdules of basalts. White order folds and associated faults are probably the (1960a) has discussed evidence that copper at the base result, rather than the cause, of the emplacement of of the Nonesuch shale (White Pine mine) extends the ore bodies; i.e. they formed by compaction and over a wide area and that it was deposited mostly if subsidence in areas where mineralizing fluids dis- not entirely before the shale was deformed. The solved limestone. This interpretation does not invali- search for new deposits, therefore, need not be con- date the prospecting techniques outlined in the pro- fined to areas near major faults, as might have been fessional paper, but it sets rough limits to the areas inferred from prior studies, and it has in fact been in which ores of lead and zinc are likely to be found. profitably extended, during the last few years, into East Tintic silver-lead district, Utah areas that were formerly overlooked or considered un- On the basis of published results of a long-range favorable. study by Lovering, Morris, and others in the East Pima copper district, Arizona Tintic district, Utah, the Bear Creek Mining Com- In the Twin Buttes quadrangle, Arizona, clues to pany has recently made important new discoveries of the location of concealed copper ore bodies have been ore. Large, high-grade silver-lead replacement ore found by Cooper (1960) in a study of the geologic bodies there are found in places where steep north- setting of the Pima mining district. Two orogenic northeasterly fissures cut west-dipping thrust faults episodes followed the deposition of the Cretaceous that involve sedimentary. rocks of early Paleozoic age. rocks that underlie part of the district, one earlier The sedimentary rocks are largely overlain by lavas, than the ore and the other later. The earlier episode which were altered by hydrothermal solutions but resulted in complex folds and faults that trend north- which do not contain ore bodies. In an effort to aid west; the other resulted in the rotation of a large ill- in the search for concealed ore bodies of the East defined structural block around an axis trending north- Tintic type, Lovering and his co-workers (1960) east, and also involved thrust faulting on a large scale. made detailed studies to establish the relations be- From the geologic relations indicated by the field tween the hydrothermally altered zones in the lavas data, Cooper estimates that the thrust plate moved and known ore bodies in the underlying sedimentary about 6Y2 miles to the north-northwest. If this esti- rocks. During the course of this study they also mate is correct, the roots of several major ore bodies found primary geochemical anomalies in the altered are in part of the district that has not yet been ex- rocks up-rake from ore-localizing structures. In or- plored. der to test the validity of the techniques developed, a hole was drilled in an area that showed the same Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district type of late stage alteration as that over the known Long range geologic studies of the upper Missis- Tintic Standard ore body and that also contained an sippi Valley lead-zinc district, in part in cooperation encouraging geochemical anomaly. This hole pene- with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History trated low-grade ore; and, what was even more im- Survey and the Iowa Geological Survey, have re- portant, it cut rocks much younger than were ex- cently culminated in a report by Heyl and others pected at this depth. An analysis of the general (1960) that describes structural and stratigraphic con- geologic structure of the East Tintic Mountains, and trols useful in prospecting. The principal structural of the detailed structure of the East Tintic district, features in this district are three first-order anticlines led to the conclusion that a concealed west-dipping that trend westerly; their north limbs dip more steeply thrust fault lay between the drill hole and old mine than their south limbs and reverse faults occur lo- workings about 1,400 feet to the west. The occur- cally along the north limbs. The associated folds rence even of low-grade ore near a large unprospected decrease in abundance and magnitude northward. fault, in an area that showed favorable late-stage HEAVY METALS A3 altered zones and a geochemical anomaly at the sur- faults are also pre-ore, although post-ore movement face, strongly indicated the presence nearby of a con- has occurred on many of them. cealed ore center.- The Bear Creek Mining Company therefore sunk the Burgin exploration shaft and drove Base and precious metal deposits in north-central Nevada west on the 1050 level. They found the thrust fault An analysis of the regional structure and distri- near its expected position, and by further exploration bution of ores in north-central Nevada by Roberts found three ore zones, one of which may be compara- (Art. 9) indicates that many of the mining districts ble in size and grade to the largest previously known occur within northwest-trending zones of structural ore deposit in the district. This discovery has opened weakness. Doming along these zones has formed belts entirely new ground to exploration, and has aroused of windows in the upper plate of the Roberts Moun- interest in the techniques developed, which should be tain thrust, which expose favorable carbonate host applicable elsewhere. rocks in the lower plate. Carbonate rocks in the lower part of the sequence-for example, the Eldorado and Coeur d'Alene lead-zinc-silver district, Idaho Hamburg dolomites-may contain lead-zinc-silver de- In the Coeur d'Alene district S. W. Hobbs, A. B. posits in favorable structural settings, such as fault Griggs, R. E. Wallace, and A. B. Campbell have intersections. The more siliceous rocks in the upper amassed evidence that confirms major post-ore strike plate close to the thrust may contain minable bodies slip on the Osburn fault, which extends across the of gold ore and barite, especially near intrusives. district (see Wallace and others, Art. 13), and the alinement of the major ore bodies along a series of Rhenium and molybdenum In the Runge mine, South Dakota well-defined zones or belts. With these interpretations In the Runge mine, South Dakota, water-soluble as guides, it should be possible to concentrate future rhenium and molybdenum have been found during exploration on the most promising areas. From stud- routine spectrographic analysis in a sandstone-type ies of the mineralogy of the Coeur d'Alene district uranium-vanadium deposit (Myers and others, Art. V. C. Fryklund (Art. 15) has concluded that three 20). Six of the 27 samples analyzed contained 30 to different sources may have contributed to the main 700 ppm rhenium and 24 contained 3 to 3,000 ppm period of mineralization. R. G. Coleman, R. G. molybdenum. Much of the rhenium is water soluble, Arnold, and V. C. Fryklund, in a study of ores from and its concentration in residues obtained by leaching the Highland Surprise mine in the Coeur d'Alene samples with distilled water and then evaporating is district, have shown that the estimated temperature 10 to 25 times greater than the concentration in the of formation ranged from 370° to 492° C for pyrrho- samples themselves. The water-soluble rhenium and tite in 62 samples, and from 3750 and 4900 for spha- molybdenum are most abundant in the oxidized and lerite coexisting with pyrrhotite in 14 samples. There partly oxidized ore that contains paramontroseite, appears to be no systematic relation between depth nearly amorphous uraninite, haggite, and minor car- and temperature, although the samples represent a notite. This ore is found only in the upper part of vertical range of 1,600 feet. the deposit and along fractures that cut sandstone containing uraninite, coffinite, and montroseite, and it The Colorado mineral belt probably makes up less than 10 percent, by volume, of Nearly all of the major mining districts of Colo- the deposit. rado are in the narrow so-called "Colorado mineral belt," which extends southwestward from central Col- Other districts in Western United States orado to the San Juan Mountains. This belt is char- During regional studies of the Idaho batholith, B. F. acterized by intrusive porphyries and associated ore Leonard has found that wide parts of the Johnson deposits of Laramide age. Tweto and Sims (Art. 4) Creek-Quartz Creek silicified zone are favorable sites have found evidence that it extends along an ancient for tungsten and gold mineralization. zone of weakness defined by northeast-trending shear In the northern Cascades of Washington, F. W. zones of Precambrian age. Intermittent movement Cater has observed that the important ore deposits took place in this zone from early in the Precambrian are restricted to northwest-trending shears in the to the Tertiary, and during Laramide time magmatic Cloudy Pass batholith, to breccias related to it, and to activity occurred throughout its length. Tweto (Art. replacement zones in the gneisses peripheral to it. The 5) has also found that most of the faults that appear area may contain undiscovered ore deposits in similar to displace ore bodies in the Leadville district were relations to other batholiths. In the Loon Lake area actually in existence when porphyries of several varie- of northern Washington A. B. Campbell has found ties were emplaced. As the porphyries are pre-ore, the that many of the lead-zinc, copper, talc, and barite A4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS deposits are related spatially to a northeasterly trend- posits, and that they showed a markedly varied pat- ing zone of faults and dikes. tern., dependent on (a) pH, rainfall, and climatic fac- Mineralogic studies of samples from a prospect in tors; and (b) wall rocks and geologic variations be- the Lone Mountain area, near Tonapah, Nevada, show tween metallogenic provinces. that it contains manganoan hedenbergite, andradite, For many elements in the United States, the ton- zincian nontronite, sphalerite, galena, magnetite and nage of minable reserves in short tons has been found calcite (Gulbrandsen and Gielow, Art. 10)-a min- to be equal to crustal abundance of the element in eral assemblage characteristic of a number of pyro- percent (A) times 109 to 1010 (McKelvey, 1960). This metasomatic deposits being mined elsewhere. The relation is useful in forecasting reserves in large seg- deposit from which these samples came apparently ments of the earth's crust. For estimating world re- does not contain amounts of ore large enough to be serves of many not yet actively sought elements, a fig- minable, but the mineral assemblage suggests that ure of A x 101 to 1011 will probably give the right minable deposits of this type may be found at Lone order of magnitude. Mountain. TOPICAL STUDIMS In the Rosita district of the West Mountains, Colo- rado, Q. D. Singewald and M. R. Brock have found A broad-scale attack on the origin and physico- that the location of major deposits of base and pre- chemical characteristics of ore-depositing solutions in cious metals in the Tertiary volcanic rocks is controlled the Creede district, Colorado, is getting well under by northwest-trending faults in the underlying Pre- way. The geologic setting of the OH vein, a base- cambrian crystalline rocks. metal deposit selected for this study, has been studied in detail by Steven and Ratt6 (Art. 8), who have Metalliferous deposits in Alaska shown that the vein was deposited in a shallow vol- Near Nome, Alaska, Hummel (Art. 17) has iden- canic environment adjacent to a large volcanic caldera. tified two structural systems in the bedrock. Lode The ores are localized along faults in a complex graben and placer deposits of the Nome goldfields are closely that extends outward from the caldera; movement on associated with some of the folds and faults of the these faults occurred many times while the caldera was younger system. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Bi, and subsiding, but mineralization did not take place until Mo in the sediments of Thompson Creek in the Kig- the last main period of fault movement. Several new luaik Mountains are evidence that metalliferous lodes tools and techniques have been developed by Edwin exist in a part of the area not formerly known to con- Roedder for study of fluid inclusions in the OH vein tain them (Hummel and Chapman, Art. 16). (see p. A73), and they have already yielded. some pre- Sainsbury and MacKevett (Art. 18) have studied liminary results. For example, the absence of opaque quicksilver deposits in the southwestern part of Alaska specks within fluid inclusions seems to indicate that and find that their localization is structurally con- the ore was deposited from a solution that contained trolled. The quicksilver is associated with antimony only small amounts of the ore metals, perhaps as lit- in these deposits, and is probably of Tertiary age. tle as 10 ppm (Roedder, 1959). Preliminary data The mercury was deposited mainly as cinnabar in obtained by B. Roedder, B. Ingram, and M. Toulmin open fractures in competent rocks, but each deposit from strongly zoned sphalerite crystals at Creede sug- has important individual structural controls that af- gest that they were deposited from a rather concen- fected ore deposition and may guide further explo- trated brine, high in Na and C1 and lower in K, Ca, ration. Mg, B, and SO4 , diluted at times to various degrees COMMODiTY STUMDIE by ground water or water from other sources. The In the field of commodity studies, maps showing D/H isotope ratios in the inclusions determined by the distribution of known deposits of useful minerals Wayne Hall and Irving Friedman are lower than in the United States have been prepared during the those in sea water but higher than those in meteoric past year to record and analyze the distribution of waters in similar environments. mineral deposits. This is a first step toward the prep- Mackin, and Ingerson (Art. 1) have proposed a aration of metallogenic maps that will relate the dis- "deuteric release" hypothesis for the origin of mag- tribution of mineral deposits to tectonic and petrologic matic ore-forming fluids. The classical view is that provinces and to tectonic history. metals not accepted in rock-forming minerals become Also in the field of commodity studies, Heyl and concentrated in -late-stage fluids, which may escape Bozion (Art. 2) have investigated the distribution of from the magma and deposit ores. According to the oxidized zinc deposits in the United States. They find "deuteric release" theory, iron and other metals are that most of them have directly replaced sulfide de- incorporated in early-formed biotite and hornblende LIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRUL MINERALS A5 that crystallize at depth; if the magma was intruded mineralization lineaments that at least locally contain only to a shallow depth, deuteric alteration could re- greisen with small amounts of bertrandite (Hawley lease the metals to the escaping interstitial fluid. and others, Art. 84). Chemical criteria for recognition of possible ore- Beryllium in tin districts of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska depositing mineral waters of different types have been developed by White (Art. 206) through the study of A review of all available geologic information has existing waters. shown that the tin districts of the Seward Peninsula, D. F. Hewett and Michael Fleischer (1960) have Alaska, contain promising amounts of beryllium. studied the mineralogy of more than 250 specimens of Beryllium was identified originally in 1940 by George manganese oxide minerals collected throughout the Steiger in samples collected by J. B. Mertie, Jr., and United States and interpreted their origin. Of the R. R. Coats, from bedrock sources at the Lost River 27 manganese oxide minerals identified, one group of tin mine, and at the Ear Mountain and Cape Mountain 10 is persistently supergene; another group of 9 is tin areas. Spectrographic analyses by Shrock in 1943 persistently hypogene and a third group of 8 includes of samples of banded tactite collected by A. Knopf those that are! supergene in some places and hypogene from Tin Creek, about 2 miles from Lost River, in others. Hewett has also found that minor amounts showed beryllium in the range of 0.016-0.08 percent. of several metals, alkalies, and alkaline earths are pres- Drill cores obtained by the Bureau of Mines at the ent in the oxides of one mode of origin and absent in Lost River mine in 1943-44 (U.S. Bureau of Mines others. Tungsten nearly always occurs in hydrother- Report of Investigations 3902) also contained detecta- mal vein oxides and in those deposited in the aprons ble beryllium as beryl and phenacite, and Coats and of hot springs, but it is sporadic and very low or P. L. Killeen identified beryl in surface veinlets in absent in the supergene oxides. Most of the minor metasomatized marble at the Lost River mine. Steiger elements in the supergene oxides are those known to found that the idocrase in samples collected by Coats exist in the unweathered minerals from which the ox- from the same region is consistently high in beryllium, ides were derived. and deeper holes drilled by the U.S. Tin Corporation Fleischer (1959, 1960a) has reviewed the geochem- in 1955 showed that parts of the underlying granite istry of rhenium, with special reference to its occur- are abnormally rich in beryllium. Phenaeite was rence in molybdenite. Rhenium is most abundant in found to be present in one core sample by C. L. Sains- porphyry copper ores, but the factors controlling its bury. concentration are not yet understood. Tin placer concentrates from DMEA projects at Cape Mountain and at Earl Mountain, which were LIGHT KETALS AMD InDusTRAL H=ERALS analyzed spectroscopically by the US. Bureau of Mines, and tin placer concentrates from Bureau of DISTRICT AND REGIONA.L STUDIES Mines tin exploration near Earl Mountain and Cape Mount Wheeler beryllium deposit, Nevada Mountain (U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investiga- Stager (Art. 33) has studied a new association of tions 5493 and 7878) contain amounts of beryllium beryllium that has been found in the Mount Wheeler that are generally higher than samples of stream mine, Nevada, where phenacite, bertrandite, and beryl, sediments from beryllium-rich provinces elsewhere in intimately associated with scheelite and fluorite, re- the United States. Additional detailed work may place the lowest limestone bed along vertical quartz well outline deposits of economic importance at any veins in the Pioche shale of Cambrian age. The beryl- or all of the above localities, as well as in other tin- lium minerals probably were deposited by hydrother- rich areas for which information on beryllium is lack- mal solutions originating in a nearby granitic intru- ing at present. sion, and it seems likely that similar deposits of these Beryllium and fluorapar in the Thomas Range, Utah easily overlooked beryllium minerals may be found in the surrounding area. In the spring of 1960, prospectors discovered an extensive and new type of beryllium deposit in the Beryllium in the Lake George district, Colorado vicinity of Spors Mountain in the Thomas Range dis- In the Lake George district, Colorado, Sharp and trict, Juab County, Utah. This area has just been Hawley (Art. 35) have recognized bertrandite-bearing mapped by Staatz and Osterwald (1956) in connec- greisen as a new type of beryllium ore. Similar grei- tion with a study of its fluorspar and uranium de- sen may exist elsewhere unrecognized, as the beryllium posits, so it is possible to make a preliminary inter- silicate, bertrandite, is difficult to distinguish from pretation of the geology of the beryllium deposits feldspar. The Lake George district is crossed by pre- that may be helpful in their further exploration. The

557328 0 -60 -2 A6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS account here is based on that mapping, supplemented rich in alumina and the alkalies, were probably de- by a recent field examination by Staatz and W. R. posited from a water-rich fluid that separated from Griffitts. the silicate rest liquid. In the Fourmile quadrangle The beryllium deposits are in rhyolitic tuff on the J. A. Redden has found that the zoned pegmatites lower slopes of Spors Mountain, where, because of occur in metamorphic rocks several miles from any its friable character, the tuff breaks down and is con- large body of granite. The high temperatures that cealed by slope wash and younger deposits. The tuff prevailed in and near the major intrusive bodies fa- is a part of a sequence of faulted and tilted Miocene vored the formation of numerous unzoned quartz- volcanics, which is overlain by only slightly faulted feldspar pegmatites, but not the larger and more and imperceptibly tilted Pliocene volcanics and Quat- valuable zoned pegmatites. ernary lake beds. The only beryllium-bearing mineral thus far iden- Talc and asbestos deposits tified is bertrandite, found by E. J. Young and E. C. From a study of the petrology and geochemistry of T. Chao by X-ray analysis. Other epigenetic minerals certain tale-bearing ultramafic rocks and adjacent include opal, montmorillonite, fluorite, and calcite. country rocks in Vermont, A. H. Chidester has con- Bertrandite and other replacement minerals are most cluded that the talc was formed by regional meta- abundant in elliptical nodules that range from 0.5 to morphism unrelated to serpentinization (see p. A67). at least 8 inches in length. Five samples of the tuff A. F. Shride has shown that the principal asbestos- from two of the occurrences were determined by beryl- producing areas of east-central Arizona are in a struc- ometer measurements to carry 0.25 to 1.5 percent BeO; tural setting typical of the Colorado Plateau province, nodules from these same tuffs contain 1.8 to 10.7 per- rather than of the Basin and Range province as pre- cent BeO respectively. The beryllium-rich layers, viously thought, and that the geologic structures and which are not everywhere at the same horizon in the extensive bodies of intrusive diabase which favored tuff, may be several yards thick, but contain erratically the formation of asbestos are of Precambrian rather distributed barren areas. The bertrandite, like the than post-Paleozoic age. fluorspar, probably was deposited in Pliocene time Phosphate deposits in Montana and Wyoming during the waning stages of the younger period of volcanism. The phosphate resources of parts of Montana and Plate 1 of Bulletin 1069 by Staatz and Osterwald Wyoming have recently been estimated as a part of a shows the general distribution of the volcanics (vt on long range study of the distribution, resources, and the Plate 1 explanation) that contain the beryllium- origin of the Permian Phosphoria formation. In bearing tuff, and exploration by mining companies has southwestern Montana and a small part of adjacent disclosed a number of localities, over an area of sev- Idaho, Swanson (Art. 31) estimated that the phos- eral square miles, where the bed is mineralized. Be- phatic shales contain 450 million tons of phosphate cause of the extensive distribution of the favorable rock in units that are more than 3 feet thick and that tuff and its repetition by faulting, which has brought average more than 31 percent P2 05 ; and 6 billion tons it close to the surface at numerous places, opportuni- averaging more than 24 percent P20.. Corresponding ties for further discoveries are promising, and the re- contents of uranium in the two grade categories are serves of beryllium in the area could be very large. 35,000 and 420,000 tons. The same rocks also contain 2.5 to 3 percent fluorine. These shales also contain Black Hills pegmatites, South Dakota more than 2.2 billion tons of rock in units that are In the southern Black Hills, pegmatites-which are more than 3 feet thick and that average more than 18 mined for feldspar, mica, lithium minerals, and beryl percent P0O. -are in medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks R. P. Sheldon estimates that the phosphatic shales in intruded by the so-called granite of Harney Peak. Wyoming and a small part of eastern Idaho contain Detailed studies have helped to define areas favorable 1.4 billion tons of phosphate rock in units more than for prospecting and have led to increased knowledge of the structure, mineral zoning, and origin of the 3 feet thick and averaging more than 31 percent P2 0A; zoned pegmatites. The Hugo pegmatite, for example, 6.5 billion tons containing more than 24 percent P203 ; near Keystone, has been found by Norton (Art. 32) and 19 billion tons containing more than 18 percent to consist of seven zones and two replacement bodies. PO,. He also estimates that the phosphatic shales Most of it crystallized from a magma that became contain 5.5 billion tons of phosphate rock averaging increasingly silicic as crystallization proceeded; the more than 0.010 percent uranium and 13.5 billion tons core and the replacement bodies, however, which are averaging more than 0.005 percent uranium. LIGHT METALS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS A7 Phosphate in northern Florida and South Carolina Green River saline deposits, Wyoming In the northern part of the Florida Peninsula, recon- During the course of a long-range study of the naissance by G. E. Espenshade and Charles Spencer stratigraphy, mineralogy and origin of the Green River indicate that phosphatic dolomite and phosphorite are formation, which contains vast reserves of trona widespread in the Miocene Hawthorne formation. The (3Na204CO2*5HO), Milton and others (1959, 1960) apatite is locally altered to aluminum phosphate, as in have recently summarized information on the mineral the Land Pebble field farther south. In the Charleston, assemblages present in these remarkable deposits. Car- South Carolina area, Malde (1955a) has shown that bonates, of which the trona is one, not only make up phosphate nodules in the upper part of the Oligocene the bulk of the chemically precipitated minerals, but Cooper marl were formed by replacement of calcium are present in great variety also-in fact, the Green carbonate and were later reworked to form the basal River contains about one-fourth of all known species part of the Pleistocene Ladson formation. of carbonates. The beds also contain 12 species of silicate minerals, including authigenic amphibole magne- High calcium limestone in southeastern Alaska sioriebeckite, the pyroxene acmite, and the boron. pla- The Heceta-Tuxekan Islands area, southeastern gioclase reedmergnerite. Alaska, contains a thick sequence of relatively pure Silurian limestone, associated with marine high-rank Carlsbad potash district, New Mexico graywacke. Chemical analyses of 56 composite samples Field studies of the Carlsbad potash deposits by C. L. of the limestone collected by G. D. Eberlein over a Jones, H. C. Rainey, and B. M. Madsen have developed stratigraphic interval of 8,800 feet indicate that most the concept that late-stage solutions effected widespread of it contains more than 90 percent of CaCOa, and less metasomatic replacement in localized parts of favorable than 1 percent of MgO, 0.8 percent of R2,0, 0.1 percent beds of previously precipitated salts (Jones, 1959). of combined alkalies, 0.2 percent of total S. 0.02 percent These solutions introduced K, Mg, and SO, and removed P 2 0, and 5 percent acid insolubles (mostly SiO2 ). In Na, Ca, and Cl or precipitated them elsewhere. There samples from a zone approximately 1,000 feet thick near is evidence that the late-stage replacement was struc- the middle of the sequence, the rock is nearly pure turally controlled. calcite, suitable for metallurgical uses. Borate deposits of southwestern United States Clay deposits in Maryland Studies of the borate deposits of the Mojave Desert In a cooperative investigation with the Maryland and adjacent parts of California and western Nevada Department of Geology and the U.S. Bureau of Mines, continue to yield new information about their mineral- M. M. Knechtel, J. W. Hosterman, and H. P. Hamlin ogy, origin, geologic setting, and resources. R. C. Erd have found that much nonmarine clay of Cretaceous age has shown that the Kramer district contains a unique in Maryland is suitable for fire clay. They have also assemblage of nearly 50 minerals; the list now includes found that large deposits of marine "bloating" clay of 18 species found there during his study. Among them Tertiary age appear to constitute excellent raw mate- are four black ferromagnetic iron sulfides, some locally rial for the manufacture of light-weight concrete ag- abundant, which have x-ray powder patterns distinct gregate (Knechtel, Hosterman, and Hamlin, 1959; see from those of previously known iron sulfides. Erd also Art. 29). Thick deposits of this clay underlie has also shown that at Kramer layers of pyroclastic extensive areas that include many potential strip-mining material have been altered to analcime, clinoptilolite, sites. phillipsite, searlesite, and authigenic adularia and albite. Samples from 10 playas in California and Nevada pro- Clay deposits In Kentucky vided new occurrences of burkeite (Na,(COs) (SOI)2) A cooperative study, with the Kentucky Geological and searlesite, and one contained an unidentified hydrous Survey, has shown that the valuable deposits of flint sodium calcium sulfate. Three rare borate minerals, clay in northeastern Kentucky were formed by sub- hydroboracite, inderite, and kurnakovite, were found aqueous leaching of normal plastic clays in swamp in the Eagle Borax deposit in Death Valley. deposits of Early Pennsylvanian age, immediately above During examination of the Kramer ore body, W. C. an erosion surface cut on sedimentary rocks of Mississip- Smith found evidence that underground solution has pian age (Huddle and Patterson, 1959; Patterson and removed much borax, particularly along faults. Peculiar Hosterman, 1960). The Lee formation, which contains features of the ore body, now believed to be effects of the clay beds, grades laterally from very clean quartz solution, include its abrupt, blunt edges, certain valley- sandstone into muddy sandstone, siltstone, shale, and like depressions in the top of the ore, and a hanging claystone. wall which in places consists of slumped insoluble AS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS residue containing secondary magnesium and calcium ploration by providing a rapid means of analysis borates (Vaughn and others, 1960). An improved understanding of the geologic history Selenium of Searles Lake, and of the probable source of its boron, has resulted from G. I. Smith's study of regional as A study of the geology and geochemistry of selenium well as local evidence. The study confirms Gale's gen- indicates that this element is markedly concentrated in eral picture of Searles Lake basin as the third in a epithermal antimony and silver deposits (Davidson, chain of basins that received water from the Owens 1960). In volcanic rocks, it is concentrated in ash River during the wet periods of the Pleistocene and that and in rocks composed of ash, rather than in flow rocks partially or totally dried up during ensuing dry periods. (Davidson and Powers, 1959). Selenium has also been Drill cores from the basins (see U.S. Geological Survey found in low grade concentrations in some phosphor- Bulletins 1045-A and 1045-E) show that Searles Lake ites and black shales of the Permian Phosphoria for- was an evaporating pan intermittently throughout mation and higher grade concentrations are associated much of Quaternary time, yet only during the last with sandstone-type uranium deposits and some large two major dry periods and only in Searles Lake basin sulfide deposits. did desiccation produce salt layers that are commer- Marine phosphorites cially valuable by present standards. From the interstitial brines in these upper salts at Searles Lake Continued studies of the phosphorites in the Permian Phosphoria formation show that they are part of an commercial plants recover sodium, potassium, lithium, assemblage of lithofacies that formed synchronously carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, and bromine, as well as along the western edge of a shoaling land mass of low borate products. Smith concludes that although relief. The lateral sequence of facies, in a shoalward Searles Lake had a long history as an evaporating direction, is typically (a) carbonaceous mudstone, pan, boron and other valuable constituents were present (b) phosphorite, (c) chert, (d) light colored carbonate in the Owens River system only after their introduc- rock and sandstone, (e) saline rocks, (f) greenish- tion about 50,000 to 60,000 years ago by an episode gray mudstone, and (g) red beds (McKelvey and of volcanic and hot spring activity in the Owens River drainage. Because Searles Lake ceased overflowing others, 1959). This sequence is reproduced, in whole or part, in both the same order and reverse order in about the same time, it concentrated most of the valu- vertical sections, where the facies intertongue as the able elements subsequently brought to it by the Owens result of the lateral shifting of environments with River. transgressions and regressions of the sea. Petrographic COMMODITY AND TOPICAL STUDIES studies by R. A. Gulbrandsen, E. R. Cressman, R. P. Beryllium Sheldon, and T. M. Cheney indicate that much of the phosphorite was formed by direct precipitation from The supply of beryllium obtained from pegmatites sea water or interstitial water. The lateral sequence throughout the world is so small that hope for any of chemical sediments suggests that a salinity gradient great increase in production rests mainly on the possi- existed in the Phosphoria sea, and Gulbrandsen has bility of finding major beryllium deposits in non- shown that the succession of chemical sediments might pegmatitic rocks. Available data on the distribution have resulted from phase precipitation in a shoalward of beryllium in rocks show that certain types of quartz- moving current. gold and quartz-tungsten veins, certain manganese Information on the origin of the phosphorite as- veins, tactites, and some other varieties of rock warrant semblage of sediments, gained as the result of the ob- further investigation (Warner and others, 1959, and servations of previous workers (notably Kazakov and Norton and others, 1958 '). The recent discoveries al- Brongersma-Sanders) as well as by studies of the ready mentioned (see p. A5) encourage the belief distribution of ancient and modern sediments, provides that minable nonpegmatitic deposits can be found. clues helpful in the search for oil as well as phos- Griffitts and Oda (Art. 44) have found that the beryl- phorite (McKelvey, 1959). Phosphorites in the mod- lium content of soils and alluvium can be used in ern ocean form where cold waters rich in P, N, and Si geochemical prospecting for beryllium deposits. De- upwell. These waters become saturated with phos- velopment of beryllium detectors, based on the gamma- phates as the temperature rises with decreasing depth, neutron reaction, has contributed to beryllium ex- and they may also become successively saturated with SNorton, J. ., GrIftta, W. B., and Wilmarth, V. R., 1958, Geology carbonates and saline minerals as they move shore- and resources of beryllium In the U.S.: U.N. Internat. Conf. on ward. The exceptionally rich nutrient content of these Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, 2d, Geneva, 1958, Proc., v. 2, p. 2144. waters support lush growths of organisms, which RADIOACTIVE MINERALS A9 produce important accumulations of carbonaceous mat- On evidence derived mainly from the relations be- ter in the sediments. Sulfides and petroleum form tween ores and penecontemporaneous structures, R. H. under the reducing conditions that prevail where large Moench and J. S. Schlee have concluded that the amounts of carbonaceous matter are deposited; the uranium deposits of the Laguna district in New Mex- petroleum often accumulates in stratigraphic traps ico were probably deposited under near-surface condi- that result from synchronous deposition of both reser- tions prior to deep burial and regional tilting. The voir beds and sealing beds in other parts of the same paragenesis of uranium ores in the Todilto limestone environment. near Grants, N. Mex., indicates that the limestone is These relations indicate the following guides to the locally replaced by minerals of uranium, vanadium, search for phosphorite and oil: (a) both phosphorite and to a lesser extent by minerals of fluorine, iron, and oil are likely to occur in lateral or vertical asso- lead, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium (Trues- ciation with bedded chert, black shale, and marine dell and Weeks, 1959). Colloform uraninite formed evaporites; (b) accumulations of oil are likely to occur after the early recrystallized calcite, pyrite, fluorite, in stratigraphic traps (such as carbonate rocks sealed montroseite, haggite, and vanadium clay; it was ac- by black shale, red beds, or evaporites) whose location companied or closely followed by coflinite, galena, and can be predicted from the lateral and vertical sequence calcite, and was followed by late calcite, pyrite, mar- of lithofacies characteristic of this environment; and casite, higgite, and hematite. (c) as the main ocean currents and continental mar- Pitchblende has been identified as a secondary mineral gins have not shifted much since the Cretaceous, up- in the Ambrosia Lake district, New Mexico (Granger, welling occurred during the deposition of coastal Art. 26) where it probably was deposited from ground plain formations in many of the same general areas water that dissolved uranium from oxidizing coffinite. in which it is occurring now. Coastal-plain sediments Studies by I. A. Breger indicate that the carbonaceous adjacent to areas of modem upwelling, then, are favor- substances coating the sand grains in the Ambrosia able for the occurrence of both phosphorite and oil. Lake ore are humic substances derived by alkaline extraction of low-rank coalified woody debris, and that RADIOACTIVE MINERAL they are not related to petroleum.

DISTRICT A"D REGIONAL STUDIES Gila County, Arizona Colorado Plateau In Gila County, Arizona, uranium deposits occur in a potassic siltstone of the Precambrian Apache group. A compilation of some twenty reports recently pub- The uranium was probably derived from nearby in- lished on the geochemistry and mineralogy of the trusive diabase of about the same age (Neuerburg and Colorado Plateau ores (Garrels and Larsen, 1959) Granger, 1960). Differentiation of the diabase magma, documents two important conclusions: (a) the ores involving extensive reactions with aqueous fluids, re- that occur in rocks saturated with water consist of low- sulted in ordinary diabase, diabase pegmatite, deu- valent minerals (chiefly vanadium clays, uraninite, terically altered diabase enriched in potassium, syenite, coffinite, and montroesite), but those in unsaturated aplite, and deuteric veinlets. The deuteric veinlets rocks consist partly or wholly of higher valent minerals, such as carnotite; and (b) the ore minerals in were deposited in contraction fractures by rest fluids the unsaturated rocks were emplaced in a reducing en- as they drained from the magma. The distribution of vironment, in Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary time, uranium and copper in the differentiates indicates that before regional deformation or during its early stages, these fluids removed most of the uranium, but little so that movement of the transporting fluids was chiefly of the copper, that was originally contained in the controlled by sedimentary structures in virtually unde- magma. formed rocks. These conclusions, resulting from years of work by many people both in government and in Crooks Gap area, Wyoming private industry, provide a sound basis for prospecting In the Crooks Gap area, Fremont County, Wyo- for uranium ores, not only on the Colorado Plateau, ming, J. G. Stephens found that the uranium is mainly but in many other areas. in conglomeratic arkose beds of the Wasatch formation In the Slick Rock district, Colorado, Archbold (Eocene I). Analyses of springs and seeps in the (1959) has found that carbonate-rich zones in sand- area show that water from Miocene tuffaceous rocks stone of the Salt Wash member of the Morrison forma- contains several times as much uranium as water from tion are associated with ore deposits, and therefore Eocene rocks, which suggests that the Miocene rocks can serve as guides to ore. may have been the source of the uranium. A10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Baggs area, Wyoming its geochemical environment, along with sedimentary In the Poison basin in the Baggs area of Wyoming, structures; tectonic control in less important in this G. E. Prichard has recognized secondary ore minerals area than previously supposed. in an oxidized zone 20 to 70 feet below the surface Palangana salt dome, Texas in the Browns Park formation of Miocene(?) age; Weeks and Eargle (Art. 24) determined that the underlying tabular bodies of unoxidized ore appear to uranium deposit at Palangana salt dome is in Pliocene be parallel to the base of the zone of oxidation. and Miocene sands at a depth of about 325 feet. They Gas Hills district, Wyoming believe that the uranium was leached by alkaline Most of the important deposits in the Gas Hills carbonate ground water from tuffaceous sediments up district, Wyoming, studied by H. D. Zeller, P. E. dip, and was precipitated by reduction with H2 S Soister, and D. L. Norton, are in coarse-grained arkosic emanating from the sulfurous caprock of the salt dome. sandstones of the upper part of the Wind River forma- Uraniferous phosphorite in Eocene rocks, Wyoming tion. Unoxidized uranium ores are enriched in molyb- Although smatll quantities of phosphate, mostly in denum, arsenic, and selenium. R. C. Coleman has the mineral bradleyite (Na.Mg(PO,)C08 ), have been found that the mineral associations are largely con- known to occur in the Eocene Green River formation trolled by the oxidation state of the ore zones. Urani- and similar deposits, calcium phosphate deposits have nite, coffinite, iron sulfides, jorisite(l), calcium car- been unknown in saline-bearing lacustrine rocks. Re- bonates and sulfates are the minerals in the dark cently, however, Love and Milton (1959) found some unoxidized ores. Uranyl carbonates and hydroxides thin apatite-bearing layers of dolomitic siltstone and form in the early stage of oxidation and are accom- oil shale intertonguing with trona-bearing beds in the panied by the blue molybdenum bloom ilsemannite. Green River formation near Green River, Wyo. Se- The change from U(IV) to U(VI) compounds takes lected samples contain, on the average, 0.05 percent place much earlier than the oxidation of iron sulfides. uranium and 6.5 percent P10,. Similar uraniferous As the iron sulfides begin to oxidize, the uranyl car- phosphatic strata were found in the Lysite Mountain bonates dissolve in the acid solutions and the uranyl area in lacustrine tuffaceous siltstone in the Eocene ions then form complex ions with (PO4)-s or (AsO,) 8 Tepee Trail formation. As the known phosphatic to produce more stable oxidation products. Some sec- beds are only a few inches thick, they are not minable, ondary enrichment takes place in sulfide rich zones, but their discovery opens up the possibility that thicker where uranium is reprecipitated by reduction. Geo- uraniferous phosphorites may be found in these or chemical evidence suggests that the metals in these similar lacustrine deposits. deposits were leached from tuffs and arkose by alkaline Uraniferous lignite in the Williston basin, Montana and solutions that accumulated in the Wind River basin. North Dakota The fluids became progressively enriched in U, Mo, In the Williston basin of Montana and North Se, As, and P by evaporation, dissolution, or base ex- Dakota, N. M. Denson, J. R. Gill, and W. A. Chisholm change. When the basin was tilted, the ore fluids have found that present-day ground waters from moved into zones where H2S had accumulated, and Oligocene and Miocene tuffs contain more uranium the ore metals were precipitated by reduction. than those from other rocks, and they are also rela- Black Hills, South Dakota tively high in V, SiO, Mo, Sr, As, and Se, which are all associated with the uranium deposits. From this G. B. Gott and associates have found evidence in evidence, they conclude that in the Williston basin, as the southern Black Hills to indicate that carbonate- in many other areas, the uranium in the lignite has rich uranium-bearing water migrated vertically through been derived from the leaching of Oligocene and breccia pipes and possibly fault zones, and laterally Miocene tuffs. through permeable channel sandstones. Geochemical control of uranium deposition appears to have con- Chattanooga shale, Tennessee and Alabama sisted principally of acidification and reduction of L. C. Conant and V. E. Swanson have described the uranium-bearing solutions. This has been accom- geology, origin, trace elements, and organlc material plished in at least one place by the intermingling of of the Chattanooga shale in central Tennessee and uranium-bearing bicarbonate solutions with sulfate adjacent States. The Chattanooga is only about 35 waters derived from highly carbonaceous pyritic silt- feet thick in this area, but it has been divided into stone. In the northern edge of the Black Hills, R. E. several units each fairly uniform in lithology and Davis and G. A. Izett found that ore deposition was uranium content, that can be traced over thousands chiefly controlled by composition of the host rock and of square miles. The shale accumulated slowly in a RADIOACTIVE 1NERALSAl All shallow sea that gradually spread over an area of low first- or second-cycle sandstones (Fischer and Stewart, relief, and it thins to extinction by overlap on older Art. 22). This distribution may be related to the units in central Alabama and northeastern Mississippi, geochemistry of these metals in the igneous environ- and also on the margins of the Hohenwald platform, ment. Much of the copper and uranium in igneous a Devonian island in south-central Tennessee. rocks and hydrothermal veins is in a readily oxidizable COmatODrry AMD TOPICAL ISTUDIES form, and thus available to circulate in first-cycle Distribution of epigenetic uranium deposits in the sediments. Vanadium in igneous rocks, on the other United States hand, is in a less available and less concentrated form, Three maps on a scale of 1:5,000,000 have been pub- and forms clay minerals on weathering; diagenetic lished recently that show the relation of epigenetic reactions and a second cycle of weathering may be uranium deposits to continental sedimentary rocks, to required to mobilize it. crystalline rocks older than Late Cretaceous, and to Uranium in petroleum igneous rocks of Late Cretaceous and younger age From an investigation of the association of uranium (Finch and others, 1959). These maps provide a basis rocks, K. G. Bell relation of the distribution of various with petroleum and petroliferous for analyzing the signifi- types of deposits to the composition and age of the has concluded that petroleums do not contain quantities of uranium, and that petroleum does host rocks in which they were deposited, and they cant should help define areas and rocks favorable for pros- not act as ore-transporting fluids for uranium. He pecting. estimates that the average uranium content of crude oils is approximately one part per billion. Breger Uranium in sandstone-type deposits and Deul (1959) have also concluded that crude oil The previously mentioned investigation of the geo- plays no part in the emplacement of uranium ore; chemistry and mineralogy of Colorado Plateau ores they point out, however, that since migrating oil may (Garrels and Larsen, 1959) has yielded many results pick up small quantities of uranium, the uranium con- of broad application. For example, Evans (1959) tent of oil may have some value as a guide to pros- has defined the structure and fields of stability of the pecting. This is partly confirmed by H. J. Hyden, vanadium minerals in terms of Eh and pH. The who has found by experiments that crude oil can trivalent oxide, montroseite, is converted by weather- leach uranium from sandstone host rocks. Hyden ing to tetravalent and pentavalent minerals, but what also finds that the vanadium and nickel contents are species are formed depends on the Eh and pH pre- related to the organic composition of the petroleum, vailing in the environment. The primary tetravalent but that the uranium content as well as the content uranium minerals, which are almost insoluble under of other metals is not. reducing conditions, also readily break down under oxidizing conditions (Garrels and Christ, 1959). Many Uranium in coal of the higher-valent minerals formed on weathering The Geological Survey has recently published a are water-soluble and are deposited only through group of ten reports (Bulletin 1055) that describe the evaporation, but hexavalent uranium may be fixed occurrence of uranium in coal in northwestern South in the zone of weathering if arsenic, phosphorus, or Dakota and adjacent areas in Montana and North vanadium are available, because these elements form Dakota, the Red Desert area of Wyoming, the Goose relatively insoluble compounds with uranium. Ex- Creek and Fall Creek areas of Idaho, and the La perimental determinations of the reducing effect of Ventura Mesa area of New Mexico. The uranium woody materials show that the amounts present in content of the coal in these areas generally ranges many rocks are adequate to reduce and precipitate from 0.003 to 0.1 percent, although in the Cave Hills uranium and vanadium brought to the environment area of South Dakota large tonnages average 0.7 per- in oxidized form (Garrels and Pommer, 1959). cent. Most of the uranium-bearing coals are of low Using radioactive daughter products as tracers, rank and contain more ash than nonuraniferous coals. Rosholt (Art. 21) finds that it is possible to identify The regional occurrence of uranium in coals that the process by which uranium migrates in sandstones underlie Tertiary rocks containing volcanic materials, and to estimate the time at which the migration took coupled with the fact that the uranium in individual place. coal beds generally increases toward fractures, perme- Studies of some ore deposits in sandstone show that able layers, or other structures that probably served copper deposits are mainly in first-cycle arkosic sand- as conduits for ground water, indicate that the uran- stones, vanadium deposits are dominantly in second- ium in these coals was deposited by circulating ground cycle sandstones, and uranium deposits are either in water that leached uranium from volcanic materials. A12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Several of the uranium-bearing lignites mentioned prize by gathering and publishing data on the areal above were found by applying this theory to known geology and stratigraphy of sedimentary basins. Many information in the distribution of both coal and vol- of the results of this work are described under re- canic materials. In Bulletin 1055 Denson (1959) has gional headings on pages A26-A54 but some of the used it also to indicate additional areas favorable for findings that have to do directly with the search for the occurrence of uraniferous lignite. oil and gas are reported here (see page A9 for a de- Uraniferous black shale and phosphorite scription of the relation of marine upwelling to the Investigations by V. E. Swanson of uranium in black origin and occurrence of petroleum). shales show that uranium and distillable oil are quan- McAlester basin, Oklahoma titatively related in some shales, but not in others. Subsurface stratigraphic studies by S. E. Frezon The major factors controlling the oil yield and uran- along the northern edge of the McAlester basin in- ium content of these shales appear to be amount of dicate that the upper part of the Simpson group thins organic matter, proportion of humic to sapropelic from south-central to northeastern Oklahoma. North types of organic matter, the amount of phosphate, and of the Arbuckle Mountains in south-central Oklahoma depositional environment. the equivalent of the Fite limestone of northeastern R. P. Sheldon (1959a, b) has found that phosphatic Oklahoma (Corbin Ranch) rests on the Bromide sediments of the Phosphoria formation deposited in an formation. Northeastward from this area the Bromide environment of low Eh are relatively rich in uranium, and the underlying McLish formation are truncated whereas those deposited in an environment of high Eh and in northeastern Oklahoma the Fite rests on rocks are relatively poor in uranium. He concludes that the of pre-McLish age. low Eh of the depositional environment increases the Wilson County, Kansas concentration of uranium in apatite in one or both of two ways: (a) it converts uranium to the U+" ion and Preliminary results of part of a continuing co- thereby more U(IV) is substituted for calcium in the operative fuels resources program with the State of apatite lattice, or (b) the carbonaceous matter that Kansas indicate that in Wilson County a close rela- accumulates in environments of low Eh inhibits the tionship exists between gas accumulation and the tops growth of apatite crystallites, allowing more U(VI) of structures. Oil, however, accumulated generally in to be absorbed on crystallite surfaces. lenticular sandstones of Pennsylvanian age; where the control is stratigraphio, oil occurs on the flanks and Thorium in monazite in the lower parts of structures as well as on their From the available thorium analyses of monazite, crests. Overstreet (Art 27) finds that monazite is rare in Horseshoe atoll, Midland basin, Texas the greenschist facies, rare to sparse in the epidote- amphibolite facies, sparse to common in the amphi- The occurrence of oil in the Horseshoe atoll, in the bolite facies, and common to abundant in the granulite northern part of the Midland basin of West Texas, has facies; this indicates that detrital monazite in pelitic been described by Stafford (1959) and Burnside sediments decomposes during low-grade regional meta- (1959). The Horseshoe atoll is an arcuate, reef-like morphism, but is stable in high-grade metamorphism. accumulation of fossiliferous limestone, T0 to 90 miles The ThO, content in monazite from pelitic metasedi- across, that lies more than 6,000 feet below the surface ments rises from about 0.5 percent in the greenschist in rocks of Pennsylvanian age. The limestone was facies to 10 percent in the granulite facies. A similar extensively reworked and brecciated during deposition. relation to temperature and pressure seems to exist in It has an average porosity of about 6 percent, de- igneous rocks and hydrothermal veins: monazite in veloped primarily by leaching after deposition. Oil granites that crystallized at shallow depth is less is contained in porous zones within the atoll, and in abundant and poorer in thorium than monazite in "knolls" on its top which are capped by impervious plutonic granites; and monazite in low-temperature shale. The Horseshoe atoll is believed to be one of the veins is thorium-poor, whereas that from high-tem- larger oil reservoirs in the world. perature veins is thorium-rich. Williston basin, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota FUELS A map showing structure contours on the subsurface Piper formation, of Middle Jurassic age, in the Wil- P1R3O IMA" AD 'ATURAL GAS liston basin of Montana, North Dakota, and South Although the Geological Survey does not participate Dakota, has been prepared by D. T. Sandberg (1959) in petroleum exploration, it facilitates private enter- in conjunction with a study of well cuttings. This map FUELS; A13 shows the relations between producing oil fields and A large area north of the Brooks Range, including major structural features, including the Nesson and the Arctic foothills and the Arctic coastal plain, has Cedar Creek anticlines, Bowdoin and Poplar domes, good possibilities for petroleum production. Most of and the central Montana and Bighorn Mountains up- the exposed rocks in the area are of late Paleozoic, lifts. It also shows many anticlines and other struc- Mesozoic, and Cenozoic age. In the Arctic foothills tural features with which oil may be associated. these rocks are folded and faulted, and they dip gently Utah and southwestern Wyoming seaward, with minor undulations, under the coastal plain. Part of the area is included in Naval Petroleum In the southern Kolob Terrace coal field, Utah, Reserve No. 4, in which extensive geologic mapping geologic mapping by W. B. Cashion indicates that and exploration were carried out in the period 1944 sandstones at the base of the Cretaceous are lenticular to 1953 in cooperation with the Office of Naval Petro- and lie in a stratigraphic setting that is favorable for leum and Oil Shale Reserves. The results of this work the entrapment of oil and gas. In the northwestern are being published in Geological Survey Professional part of the Uinta basin of Utah, he finds that in some Papers. areas fluvial beds wedge out up dip between impervious lacustrine beds, and hence provide an environment Origin of helium and nitrogen in natural gas favorable for the accumulation of oil and gas. Analysis of published data shows that all gas fields One of the areas in which the concepts concerning contain some helium, and that the helium content of the relation of the occurrence of oil to phosphorite natural gas tends to increase systematically with the facies (see p. A9) may help in defining ground geologic age of the reservoir rock. Calculations made favorable for oil exploration is the fringe area of the by Pierce (Art. 87) indicate that the observed rate Phosphoria formation. In the Bighorn basin of of increase in helium content with age of the reservoir Wyoming, oil derived from offshore deposits of black rock in most gas fields is about what would be expected shale and phosphorite is trapped in porous carbonate if the helium were derived from decay of trace amounts rocks and sealed by impervious green and red shales of uranium and thorium in the surrounding rocks. and evaporites. Cheney and Sheldon (1959) have Pierce also considers that nitrogen, which in many recognized these same facies relations in southwestern fields parallels helium in its increase with the age of Wyoming and northern Utah, and believe that areas the reservoir rocks, could be derived from the slow within that general region are also favorable for the radioactive decay of carbonaceous matter in surround- occurrence of oil. ing rocks. COAL Alaska Coal studies in progress are of three main types: The petroleum possibilities of Alaska have been (a) geologic mapping and stratigraphic studies of recently summarized by Miller, Payne, and Grye specific coal fields; (b) appraisal of coal resources (1959). In southern Alaska, six possible petroleum on a state and national basis; and (c) investigation provinces have been delineated. The most promising of the petrography and composition of coal. of these are the Cook Inlet Mesozoic province and the Gulf of Alaska Tertiary province. In these two prov- Geology of specific coal fields inces, which form an are extending along the southern A recently published report by Harbour and Dixon margin of Alaska from the base of the Alaska Penin- (1955) on the Trinidad-Aguilar area of the Trinidad sula to the southeastern Alaska panhandle, the geology coal field, Huerfano and Las Animas Counties, Colo., is comparable to that of the Coast Ranges of Wash- is the sixth in a series on the Trinidad field, which ington, Oregon, and California. Most of the current is one of the most important sources of coking coal search for oil and gas in Alaska is concentrated in in the western United States. The Trinidad-Aguilar this belt. area has yielded 80 million tons of coal, and still Central Alaska, a region of approximately 275,000 contains nearly 8 billion tons, most of which is suitable square miles between the Brooks Range and the Alaska for making coke. Range, is geologically complex and similar to that of More than 8 million tons of high volatile C bitumin- the area between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra- ous coal are present in the Mesa Verde area, La Plata Cascade belts of the conterminous United States. Al- and Montezuma Counties, Colo., according to a recent though no deposits of petroleum are known in the estimate by Wanek (1959). In the Square Buttes region, three pre-Cenozoic provinces (the Yukon- coal field of western North Dakota more than 3 billion Koyukuk, the Kobuk, and the Kandik) and several tons of lignite have been mapped by Johnson and large Cenozoic basin provinces deserve further study. Kunkel (1959). A14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Areal mapping of the southern Kolob Terrace coal of the deposits yielding 15 gallons per ton. A re- field, Utah, by W. B. Cashion, shows that the two gional study of the geology and oil shale resources of productive zones in that field contain 8.5 billion tons a 1,900 square mile area in the eastern part of the of coal. Preliminary results of a cooperative investiga- Uinta Basin, Utah, indicates a similar general de- tion with the State of Washington indicate that the crease in the thickness of the oil shale zones from the southwestern Washington area contains 3.5 billion tons center of the basin toward its south and east flanks. of subbituminous coal (Beikman and Gower, 1959). Similar facies changes have also been found by J. R. In the Homer district of the Kenai coal field, Alaska, Donnell in the Green River formation in a 1,400 Barnes and Cobb (1969) have mapped 80 coal beds square mile area of the Piceance Creek Basin, western 8 to 7 feet in thickness. This coal ranges in rank Colorado. The oil shale deposits there are about from lignite to subbituminous B. Indicated reserves 2,000 feet thick in the central part of the basin, and total about 400 million tons. they thin and intertongue with sandstone facies along National coal resources the northeast and southwest flanks of the basin. Con- tinuing studies of subsurface data from the same area A new estimate of United States coal reserves, in- corporating data from many sources, is summarized by D. C. Duncan indicate that a large but incompletely outlined area in north central part of the Basin con- by Averitt (Art. 39). The tonnage remaining in the tains a sequence of oil shale more than 100 feet thick, ground in the United States on January 1, 1960, totals with an oil content of about 1,660 billion tons, of which 830 billion tons are 25 gallons or more per ton. assumed to be recoverable. DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLORATION AND MAPPING Distribution of minor elements In coal TECHNIQUES Zubovic and others (Art. 42), after compiling nu- In connection with its work on mineral deposits, merous determinations of the quantities of minor the Geological Survey does considerable research on elements in coals, conclude that there are no marked the development of new methods and tools for geo- differences in the minor-element content of coals from chemical, botanical, and geophysical exploration. Be- different areas in the United States. Analyses of cause geologic mapping constitutes a large part of its sink-float fractions of several coals indicate that the activity, the Survey also experiments with new meth- elements whose ions are small and highly charged- ods of mapping and preparing maps for publication. Be, B, Ti, V, Ge, and to a lesser extent Ga-are gen- Some of the new developments in these fields are de- erally associated with the organic fraction of the coal, scribed in the following sections. Reference to others whereas those whose ions are large-Zn, La, and Sn- will be found in the list of publications on p. are associated with the inorganic fraction. In pairs A107-A127. of chemically similar elements, such as Co-Ni and Y-La, those with the smaller ions (Ni and Y) gen- GEOCHENMCAL AND BOTANICAL 71MORATIONi erally show the greater association with the organic Since 1946 the Geological Survey has been investi- fraction. These findings indicate that the elements gating geochemical methods abundant in the organic fraction are present as or- on the premise that diagnostic chemical patterns exist in the rocks, soils, water, ganic complexes-a conclusion strengthened by the and vegetation in the vicinity of concealed mineral fact that the smaller, more highly charged ions gen- deposits. A major goal of the Survey's work has been erally produce stable metallic-organic complexes to develop rapid methods of chemical analysis suitable (Zubovic and others, Art. 41). for detecting traces of various metals in the field. OIL SHLAT Some of the methods now available for field determination of metals in soil and rock are listed on the fol- Field studies of the oil shale of the Green River lowing page. New analytical and prospecting tech- formation in Naval Oil-Shale Reserve No. 2, north- niques are discussed in subsequent paragraphs. eastern Utah, show that the principal oil shale zones in the northeastern part thin and intertongue with New analytical techniques sandstone in the southwestern part of the Reserve A resin-collection technique has been developed by (Cashion, 1959). Estimates of the potential yield of Canney and Hawkins (Art. 43) for concentrating the selected oil shale zones 15 feet or more thick in the ionic constituents of natural waters at the sample site. 140 square mile area of the Reserve, range from 800 Its advantages include (a) a much lower limit of de- million barrels for parts of the deposits yielding 30 tection (fractions of 1 part per billion) than can be gallons of oil per ton, to 3.8 billion barrels for parts obtained with most direct analytical methods, and (b) EXPLORATION AND MAPPING TECHIQUESA A15 elimination of the shipment and storage of bulky place in streams from enrichments that are related to samples and of possible losses of trace metals from ore-forming processes. Field studies in Maine by solution prior to analysis. F. C. Canney suggest that many of the false anomalies, at least in glaciated areas, are caused by the scavenging Sensitivity (in parts per million) of field methods for determination action of the black manganese oxides that coat the of metals in soil and rock pebbles and boulders in many stream courses. Sur- Eniment Me"od (rpm) prisingly large quantities of some trace metals have Antimony. rhodamine-B. 1 been found concentrated in these coatings. This Arsenic mercuric chloride . 10 Bismuth- diethyldithiocarbamate 1 scavenging action is being investigated to see if it can Chromium- (oxidation to chromate) 100 be utilized in geochemical surveys. Cobalt 2-nitroso-l-naphthol . 10 Chemical analysis of igneous rocks has shown that Copper 2,2'-biquinoline- 10 much of the ore metals in stocks associated with ore Germanium- phenylfluorone 4 deposits was introduced into the rocks and affixed to Lead dithizone- 20 Manganese (oxidation to permanganate) 50 the surface of dark minerals without inducing any Mercury- dithizone. 1 recognizable alteration; a large part can be removed Molybdenum potassium thiocyanate . 1 by dilute acids. The content of metals is directly Nickel a-furildioxime .--- - 10 related to the abundance of the metals in the ore de- Niobium . potassium thiocyanate 100 posits themselves Selenium- (reduction to elemental selenium) 50 (Griffitts and Nakagawa, Art. 45). Tin 4,5-dihydroxyfluorescein (gallein). 10 A high content of copper and zinc in igneous rocks Titanium- tiron- 150 may mark hypogene dispersion halos that extend sev- Tungsten . potassium thiocyanate 20 eral miles from centers of mineralization, and these Uranium- potassium ferrocyanide . 4 halos may be used in the search for such centers. Vanadium . phosphoric acid & sodium 50 tungstate. Roach (Art. 50) finds that the thermoluminescence of Zinc --.------dithizone- the host rocks decreases and the porosity increases with distance away from the base-metal replacement Molybdenum is particularly useful as an indicator deposits in the Eagle Mine, Gilman, Colo. If further in geochemical prospecting because it is associated work shows that these relations occur in other dis- with many base metal ores, is readily oxidized during tricts, they will clearly be helpful in the search for weathering, and in the oxidized form is soluble in ore deposits. waters of widely differing pH. To make better use of A prospecting tool that offers considerable promise molybdenum as an indicator of other metals, a method of being effective in the Basin and Range province is has been devised that can determine as little as a few comparison of the metal content of caliche on pedi- tenths of a part per billion of molybdenum in water (Nakagawa and Ward, 1960). In this method, the ments with that of the alluvium (Erickson and Mar- molybdenum is first collected by a resin, leached, and ranzino, Art. 47). then determined as the amber-colored molybdenum thiocyanate. APPLICATION OF ISOTOPE GEOLOGY TO To facilitate botanical prospecting for volatile ele- EXPLOEATION ments, such as antimony, mercury, and arsenic, F. N. Investigations of the isotopic compositions of lead, Ward has devised methods for determining traces of oxygen, and sulfur in minerals are leading to conclu- these elements in vegetation. Using the reaction of sions and concepts that bear directly on problems of beryllium with morin, he has also developed a modified origin, age, size, and position of ore deposits. Other fluorometric procedure for determining 1 to 10 ppm of beryllium in rocks. isotope investigations, bearing less directly on these Plastic artificial standards have been developed to problems, deal with hydrogen (see p. A68) and the replace cumbersome and often unstable liquid stand- "emanation" isotopes (radon, thoron, actinon) (for ex- ards in field tests for a variety of elements (Hawkins ample, Tanner, Art. 51), and with age determination and others, 1959). (p. A69) by the K/Ar, Rb/Sr, and Pb/U methods. Prospecting techniques Isotope geology of lead In reconnaissance of large areas by geochemical An analysis of all available lead-isotope data has methods based on chemical analysis of the fine-grained been completed by R. S. Cannon, A. P. Pierce, J. C. fraction of stream sediments, it is usually difficult to Antweiler, and K. L. Buck (Cannon and others, 1959). distinguish enrichments of metal that are now taking In terms of PbW , Pb2O7, and Pb208, about 75 percent A16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS of all measured compositions fall within the bounds ured. Examples of temperatures estimated from these of an evolution curve predicted from an. assumed measurements are as follows: primordial composition of lead, together with the esti- Iron River, Michigan ------800C mated contributions of radiogenic Pb"6, Pb207, and Balmat, N.Y. (post-ore supergene Pb2o8 from breakdown of uranium and thorium. Ex- mineralization) ------110C cept for the highly anomalous "J-type," the composi- Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho ------2000a Iron Mountain, Missouri ------3400a tion of lead from major base-metal districts is strik- Iron Springs, Utah ------70000 ingly concordant with the predicted values-so much so that if the ore in a mineral prospect contains lead Data from the Lake Superior region, though incom- of divergent composition, there is little probability plete, suggest that the iron oxides of the main ore that the prospect is in a major deposit. There is a bodies were formed from solutions isotopically similar close correspondence between leads from ore deposits to present-day fresh water. and those from rocks, which may mean that many, if T. S. Lovering, J. H. McCarthy, Jr., and H. W. not most, ore deposits are formed by concentration of Lakin are working on a method for indirect determi- elements from sources within the crust, rather than nation of oxygen isotopes in carbonate rocks. The from a deeper-seated source. The data also show, oxygen is released from the carbonate by reaction when analyzed for "model" ages, distinct groupings with phosphoric acid, and, as carbon dioxide, is that suggest major metallogenic epochs at 3,000 m.y. reacted with hydrogen. gas to produce water. The (million years), 1,500-2,000 m.y., and 0-500 m.y. The density of the water, which is a function of the 018/ "J-type" leads, most of which are from deposits in 010 ratio, is then measured by the rate at which it falls the central United States, have highly anomalous com- through a liquid of nearly the same density. With the positions, very different from those of leads from apparatus now developed, standardized waters differ- otherwise similar deposits of the Mississippi Valley ing in density by one part in four million can be type on other continents, as if the "J-type" leads distinguished. It is hoped that the "falling drop" owed their composition to some provincial phenome- technique will ultimately afford a rapid and inexpen- non, as yet unidentified. Uraniferous districts, such sive means,of obtaining oxygen isotope data on car- as Blind River, Ontario, and the Colorado Plateau, bonate rocks, so as to facilitate the search for hydro- are characterized by leads enriched in Pb2" and Pb2ff, thermal zoning patterns such as those that surround 4 a fact that could serve to guide prospecting for ura- the ore deposits in the Leadville limestone. nium in undeveloped areas.8 GEOPHYSICCAL E3XPLORATION Oxygen isotopes in ore and gangue minerals A significant development in the use of geophysics A geologic thermometer that may be of great range by the Geological Survey during recent years has been and precision, has been tentatively established by R. N. the trend towards studying large areas rather than Clayton (of the University of Chicago and the U.S. individual features or anomalies. The immediate ob- Geological Survey) and H. L. James. It uses the jective of these regional studies is generally to aid in 013/010 ratios of iron oxides, calcite, and quartz, and mapping geology in areas of poor exposures, where is based on the following considerations: (a) the ex- mapping by the older methods is difficult, or to deter- perimentally determined isotopic equilibrium in. the mine the depth or configuration of basement rocks or system CaCO3 -H 20; (b) the relative isotopic fraction- deeply buried magnetic masses. Although the direct ation between calcite and quartz, as determined by search for ore bodies has received less emphasis, it is measurements of equilibrium pairs from natural en- likely that a study of the geophysical and geological vironments; and (c) the assumption, based on measure- framework to which anomalies must be referred will ments of materials from many geological environ- ultimately result in easier and more certain geophysi- ments, that magnetite and hematite undergo little if cal exploration for ore bodies. Information on the development and application of any isotopic fractionation relative to the solutions aeromagnetic, radiometric, electrical, and gravity from which they are deposited. The isotopic com- methods follows. New data on the physical properties positions of magnetite-specularite-calcite-quartz as- of rocks, some of which may be useful in exploration, semblages from a number of districts have been meas- are described on page A56.

a Cannon, R. S., Stief, L. B., and Stern, T. W., 1958, Radlogenic 4Engel, A. B. J, Clayton, I. N., and Epstein, S., 1958, Variations lead In nonradloactive minerals-A clue In the search for uranium In Isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon In Leadville limestone and thorium: U.N. Internat. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic (Mississippian of Colorado) and In its hydrothermal and metamorphic Energy. 2d4 Geneva, 1958, Proc., v. 2, p. 215-225. phases: Jour. Geology, v. 86, p. 374-893. EXPLORATION AND MAPPING TECHNIQUES A17

Aeromagnetic methods (Moxham, 1960; Guillou and Schmidt, Art. 55). It The greatest advances in exploration geophysics in has been found that felsic rocks and shales are gen- recent years have been made in the application of erally more radioactive than mafic and carbonate aeromagnetic methods to geologic mapping problems. rocks. Some of the results of recent field measure- Practical methods have been developed for calculating ments are described on pages A29, A31-A33, and A42. second derivatives, and for the upward or downward continuation of magnetic field measurements, and pro- Electrical methods grams have been prepared by Roland Henderson Electromagnetic methods and galvanic-electric tech- (1960) for making these calculations on high-speed niques have been used on a limited scale in Minnesota, computers; tedious computations, therefore, are no Wisconsin, and Maine to determine the structure of longer a deterrent to the quantitative interpretation metamorphic rocks under alluvial or glacial cover of magnetic maps. Magnetic field patterns about (Frischknecht and Ekren, Art. 56; Anderson, ArL prismatic models of geologic structures with a wide 57). Continuous conductive zones, whose conductivity variety of dimensions have been determined experi- is probably caused by the presence of a few percent of mentally and analytically, and catalogs of the results graphite or carbon, are common in metamorphosed have been compiled. Three-dimensional polar charts shales and slates, and serve as horizon markers in for calculating the magnetic effects of a rock mass of mapping. In Maine, galvanic-electric methods for arbitrary shape have been developed (Henderson, Art. measuring resistivity and induced polarization have 52). These interpretation aids have combined to make also shown promise for mapping resistant horizon possible a highly quantitative evaluation of many markers. magnetic field maps. C. J. Zablocki has applied an induction logging Magnetic methods can be used for tracing relief and technique to the measurement of magnetic suscepti- structure in rocks that differ widely in magnetic sus- bility in diamond-drill holes. Susceptibility logs have ceptibility (see Arts. 54, 79, 85, 88, 95, 102, 114, and 158 been run during the past two years in about forty drill for discussions of recent fieldwork). Where the mag- holes penetrating magnetite ores in the Lake Superior netic contrasts arise from differences in the magnetic region, southeastern Missouri, and California. The properties of basement rocks, the thickness of sedimen- susceptibilities measured in the holes agreed closely tary cover over the basement can be calculated with an with those calculated from magnetite content. Sus- error of only 10 to 15 percent. Recent drilling and ceptibility logs generally give a better picture of seismic surveys at three places in Indiana have con- magnetic distribution than core assays, which must firmed the predictions of depth. to Precambrian base- be averaged over several feet of sample. ment rocks made by Zietz and others and recorded on a G. V. Keller has shown that induced electrical contour map of the Precambrian surface in Professional polarization is of considerable value in the search for Paper 316-B, published in 1958. As this map was pre- low-grade metallic ores that are not sufficiently con- pared almost wholly on the basis of aeromagnetic data, centrated to cause any magnetic, gravity, or electrical the new information strengthens confidence in depth conductivity anomaly (see also p. A56). In favorable determinations made by these methods. Magnetic circumstances, such as those existing in the copper de- methods can also be used to trace structure in layered posits in the Nonesuch shale at White Pine, Michigan, rocks in which magnetic contrasts exist, and were, in and in the disseminated copper deposits of southern fact, used to a large extent in making the recently pub- Arizona, induced electrical polarization measurements lished geologic map of the Iron River-Crystal Falls may be used not only to locate ore bodies but also to district of Michigan (James and others, 1960). The estimate their grade. Keller has also developed a sys- application of magnetic methods for this purpose has tem for measuring induced electric polarization con- been extended by the development of a graphical meth- tinuously by lowering a probe in a drill hole. This od that makes it possible to determine the dip of a method uses an electrode array similar to that nor- buried geologic structure when the depth to the top of mally used in resistivity logging. Current is applied the structure is known (Andreasen and Zietz, Art. 107). to the electrodes in short pulses, and the transient voltages between pulses are averaged and recorded. Aerial radioactivity surveys The method has been used for logging drill holes in Recent studies indicate that aerial radioactivity sur- several districts, including the native copper district veys will be a valuable aid in mapping areas of poor of northern Michigan, the southern Arizona porphyry exposures and low relief in which the rocks differ copper district, and the eastern Tennessee zinc district moderately in their content of radioactive minerals It is useful in determining whether or not ores in a A18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC ESUILTS particular district may be located by surface induced- result can be obtained also by rephotographing color polarization surveys. photographs through selected filters that emphasize Gravity methods specific lithologic features. Quantitative measurements of photographic tone, determined either from High-speed electronic computers are also being used optical density of the negative or light reflectance from in calculating the otherwise time-consuming terrain a paper print, also may be useful in identifying and corrections required in gravity surveys (Kane, Art. evaluating lithologic and geomorphic features. 59). Gravity measurements are effectively used to Although color aerial photographs cannot yet be determine the depths and configurations of intermon- used in simple plotting systems, Minard (1960) has tane basins filled with low-density sediments (for ex- found them a valuable tool in mapping poorly exposed ample Mabey, 1960), and Davis, Jackson, and Richter formations in the coastal plain in New Jersey. (Art. 60) have also used them to delineate areas favorable for the occurrence of chromite in Camagiley Scribing techniques Province, Cuba. The accuracy required to measure The drafting of geologic maps, especially for rapid the small gravity differences that are significant in field compilation and preliminary publication, has chromite exploration is attained by using gravimeters been greatly facilitated by the development of scribing that have low scale constants and by frequently check- techniques-work in which the map-making agencies ing instrumental drift. of the Federal government, including the Topographic Division of the Survey, played a leading role. In GEOLOGXI 1EProNG these techniques, lines are engraved on coated trans- The most important advances in geologic mapping parent but actinically opaque (that is opaque to light techniques have come in the fields of photogrammetry, waves that affect photographic film) dimensionally photogeology, and map drafting. Most Geological stable materials. Scribing offers several advantages Survey research in photogrammetry is done by the over pen and ink drafting for the geologist: it is faster Topographic Division and is not discussed here, ex- and neater; the lines made by the scribing tool are of cept to say that the Topographic Division's orthopho- uniform width; the line placements are more accurate toscope has now been brought to a high level of devel- because the lines need not be redrafted by an ilus- opment. Orthophotographs (photographs having a trator for preliminary publication; corrections can be uniform scale as contrasted to the conventional aerial easily made by applying acetate ink or some other photographs) produced with this instrument are prov- material that can be rescribed; and a preliminary map ing to be a fine base for geologic mapping in areas on which geologic boundaries and symbols have been where topographic maps are not available, and they scribed by the geologist in the field can be published will undoubtedly be used extensively in the future. with minimum delay. Materials and instruments used in scribing can now be obtained from many commer- Photogeology cial distributors of drafting supplies. Inspection of stereoscopically paired aerial photographs, supplemented by techniques that permit quan- GEOLOGY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS IN THE FIELDS OF titative measurement of relief and of the dip of in- ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH clined strata, has been used widely in recent years for A few decades ago, the science of geology was used reconnaissance geologic mapping. Photogeologic map- mainly in the search for deposits of usable minerals, ping, carefully controlled by field work, is also coming but today it is also used to help solve a wide variety into wider use as a time-saving supplement to field of problems related to engineering works, public methods in the preparation of standard, all purpose safety, and public health. Any good geologic map at geologic maps. The detail and accuracy with which a scale of a mile to the inch or larger contains infor- geometric measurements can be made from aerial mation that can be used in selecting, planning, and photos also make photogeologic methods especially designing sites for engineering structures or in evalu- useful in research on certain quantitative geomorphic ating the hazards that natural problems, such as the density, length, and orientation features offer various of drainage features in different types of terrane (Ray kinds of human activities. The geologic mapping and Fischer, 1960). undertaken by the Survey thus yields much informa- Spectrophotometric research on photos shows that tion of present or future value to engineering. The the tonal difference between various rock types can be Survey also conducts many investigations to help solve emphasized by using selected parts of the spectrum in specific problems met in connection with construction, taking aerial photographs (Fischer, Art. 61). This damage caused by earthquakes, landslides or related GEOLOGY IN -THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH A19 phenomena, underground testing of nuclear explosives, EHighway and bridge construction radioactive waste disposal, and other problems in the As a part of a cooperative project with the Massa- field of public health. Results of these studies are chusetts Department of Public Works, the Survey described in the following sections. provides geologic information about the sites of proposed road cuts.- Two examples are typical. The first CONSTRUCTION PROBEITS was connected with plans for a cut 100 feet deep along route 495 in Haverhill. From surface mapping and Most of the Survey's work on construction problems seismic exploration, C. R. Tuttle and R. N. Oldale is intended to provide information that will aid in found that this cut would be entirely in a drumlin. the design or construction of a specific highway, air- Seismic velocities and previous experience indicated port, dam, or other features. Some of these activities that the material to be removed was a tough, compact are described here as examples of the use made of till, difficult to excavate, and also that it contained geology in construction projects. a large proportion of silt, so that after excavation Damsite location and sewage system construction it would be subject to massive solifluction. Several borings were therefore recommended to enable the en- At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation, Reu- stability and damsite gineers to design the slope for maximum ben Kachadoorian investigated a proposed minimum maintenance. In the second example a 125 miles north of at Devil Canyon, approximately for a segment of Route 138 the Susitna River flows 60-foot cut was proposed Anchorage, Alaska, where A housing development rested at the deep and 1,200 feet in Fall River. through a gorge about 600 feet slope. Preliminary seismic trav- the proposed damsite con- top of the planned wide. The foundation of that the proposed slope would intersect numerous steeply dipping erses showed sists of phyllite cut by two layers of material that differed in composition. the river approximately normal shear zones that cross and were likely to have different engineering charac- spillway site, located to its course. The proposed sample and core borings were made of the river, is a V-shaped teristics. Drive about 1,000 feet south in order to identify the materials in these layers, and feet deep, but now filled valley, originally about 85 to obtain information that would be useful in by outwash overlain by a thin veneer of morainal thus designing a retaining wall. These studies, made in deposited by an advancing glacier. As a re- debris collaboration with the highway engineers, showed that sult of the study, the proposed damsite was moved layer contained weathered carbonaceous to its original location to avoid the upper 100 feet upstream from graphitic phyllite that would readily slide, so the shear zone and the spillway site was also a large engineers recommended a gravity wall with a shear relocated to reduce excavation costs. key and a benched slope above the wall. area, Washington, which in- In the Puget Sound Detailed geologic studies by Reuben Kachadoorian communities, geo- cludes Seattle and several nearby made at the request of the H. H. Waldron, D. R. and Clyde Wahrhaftig, logic information developed by Bureau of Public Roads, have shown that it is feasi- Mullineaux, D. R. Crandell, and L. M. Gard should ble to construct a highway through Nenana Gorge in significantly reduce the cost of constructing a major Central Alaska where numerous landslide areas exist, sewage disposal system. For example, these geol- and have led to several recommendations that would ogists found that a certain landslide area contains a protect both the proposed highway and the present kame of sand and gravel, and advised that the kame grade of the Alaska Railroad. As an example, one be trenched instead of tunneled as originally planned. recommendation relates to the construction of a bridge Metro engineers estimate that trenching would cost across the Nenana River at Moody, Alaska. The west between $100,000 and $200,000 less than tunnelling. bank of the gorge is underlain by highly fractured The geologists also warned that the valley floor de- and sheared Birch Creek schist, locally overlain by posits of the Cedar River probably contain "shoe- lake clay beds that are highly susceptible to land string" channel gravels, which might cause heavy sliding. Geologic mapping revealed the presence of flows of water where the trenches intersected them. a large block of relatively unfractured schist suitable Since it would be virtually impossible to outline all for the support of a bridge foundation and so situated the gravel-filled channels in advance, the engineers as to be in minimum danger from landslides in the have tentatively decided to spend less than they had adjacent clay beds. intended on exploratory drilling, and to write specifi- Emergency aircraft landing sites cations that allow for additional payment for any For 5 years W. E. Davies, G. E. Stoertz, and J. H. channel gravels intersected by the trenches. Hartshorn have been helping the Air Force Cambridge A20 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Research Center locate natural emergency landing Analysis of thermal measurements made under build- sites for heavy cargo aircraft in the north polar re- ings and roadways shows that the minimum thickness gions. More than 50 sites suitable for the safe land- of gravel fill necessary to maintain a perennially ing of the largest aircraft have been identified and frozen sub-grade is strongly influenced by the thermal 2 of the sites have been tested by aircraft landings. properties of the sub-grade. Except under favorable Sites selected for testing are on soils ranging from conditions, the amount of material required to pre- hard packed clay to gravel. The unique combination serve permafrost by a single layer of Mfil is too great of the arid climate and permafrost gives rise to an for practical use. A theory developed for periodic active thaw zone at the surface which, unlike most heat flow in a three-layer medium showed that a thin active zones, has low moisture content and great bear- layer of material with relatively low contact coefficient, ing strength. Where such soils are on flat outwash such as logs or pumice, placed between the fill and plains, flood plains, former lake or lagoon bottoms, subgrade, would greatly reduce the amount of fill re- and on river terraces they form natural runways that quired (Lachenbruch, 1959c). require very little preparation for use by heavy air- In a cooperative study with the Bureau of Public craft. Roads near Glennallen, Alaska, Green, Lachenbruch, and Brewer (Art. 63) have found that settlement and Problems related to permafrost or frost heaving heaving of roads built on permafrost is caused by the Mapping of the general distribution of permafrost change in the natural heat exchange brought about by in Alaska, coupled with other geologic studies, has the road surface itself. The road surface increases delineated numerous areas in which highway, bridge, the seasonal range of temperature and hence increases or damsite construction and related activity either the seasonal depth of thaw. Subsidence results where will not affect the permafrost or where, when thawed, water from the thawed ground can drain off, and permafrost will not cause destruction or damage to heaving occurs where water, trapped in basins beneath the structure the roadway, refreezes. A direct contribution to engineering has been made by a study of the frost heaving of piles (P6w6 and Problems related to erosion Paige, 1959). Many of the wooden pile bridges on C. A. Kaye is studying the geologic factors that the Alaska Railroad are displaced every year by frost influence the pattern, rate, and mechanics of sea-cliff heaving, as are many other structures set on piles. erosion in New England for the purpose of predicting Geologic studies of the several factors that influence erosion and recommending control measures. He finds frost action led to the discovery of better methods that at Gay Head, on Martha's Vineyard, Mass., the for placing piles. It was shown, for example, that cliffs of Pleistocene, Tertiary, and Cretaceous sedi- piles firmly anchored in permafrost are rarely dis- mentary rocks are receding 1 to 5 feet a year, largely placed by frost heave. Moreover, the practice of by landsliding; but cliffs of compact till at Long steam-thawing the holes made for piles delays re- Island in Boston Harbor recede only a few inches a freezing and permits seasonal frost action. In some year; and in hard gabbro along a tidal channel at places it was found necessary to insulate the pile Nahant, Mass., the rate of abrasion appears to be footings to inhibit formation of ice. Some of the only a few thousandths of an inch per year. principles used in these studies will be applicable to ENGINEZRNlG PROBLES RLATEAD TO ROCK construction work in other parts of the United States FATILURE where frost penetration is deep. At the request of the Alaska Railroad the Survey The failure of rocks when they are stressed, either examined the foundations of Riley Creek Bridge, near naturally or artificially, beyond their elastic limit McKinley Park Station, Alaska, to learn the cause results in a wide variety of phenomena that affect en- of horizontal and vertical movements of the bridge gineering works and other human activities. These phenomena include such things as coal bumps (the piers. R. Kachadoorian and A. H. Lachenbruch found bursting of coal seams, part of whose lateral support that the movement was due to the formation of ice has been removed in mining), landslides, and earth- lenses beneath the piers as a result of the dissipation quakes that result from failure of large segments of of heat more rapidly from the exposed parts of the the earth's crust. Studies of these phenomena that piers than through the ground surrounding them. are directly concerned with engineering problems They recommended insulating the exposed lateral sur- are described here. Results of investigations of rock faces of the piers-a relatively inexpensive solution deformation that have more general application are to the problem. described on pages A57-A58. GEOLOGY IN THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEALTH A21 Coal "bumps" There was almost no elevation above previous levels. The response of coal and adjacent strata to stresses The changes of altitude of bench marks as determined induced by mining is being studied by Osterwald and by releveling, the tilting of lake shores, and the Brodsky (Art. 64), in cooperation with the U.S. formation of new fault scarps appear to define a broad Bureau of Mines, in the Book Cliffs coal fields of basin that plunges gently eastward across the Madison east-central Utah. Surface and underground mapping Valley and Madison Range to Hebgen Lake. The at the Sunnyside No. 1 mine has shown that the ori- subsidence and tilting terminate abruptly northeast entation, relative to the direction of an adit, of the of IHebgen Lake, against fault scarps up to 20 feet dominant sets of fractures that existed prior to min- high, most of which follow faults upon which dis- ing determines whether "bumps" are frequent but non- placement had occurred earlier in Quaternary time. violent or infrequent and violent. This concept is The two major scarps are on faults controlled by the now being applied in actual mining operations. attitude of bedding in Paleozoic rocks, so the surface fault pattern does not directly indicate the pattern of Deformation of rocks by nuclear explosions deep deformation. Surface and underground cracks, faults, and crushed The rockfall avalanche that occurred at Frank, zones produced in bedded volcanic tuff of the Oak Alberta, in 1903 was a similar response to earthquake Spring formation by conventional as well as nuclear movements, and recent mapping shows that other explosives at the Nevada Test Site are being studied rockfall avalanches took place in prehistoric times in in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission the seismically active Northern Rockies. For example, to determine their relation to lithology and original M. R. Mudge has found a rockfall avalanche along structures. The effects of conventional and of nuclear the front of the Sawtooth Range in northwestern explosives cannot be directly compared at small dis- Montana that involved about 800 million cubic yards tances from the charge centers because the volume of rock. Betty Skipp has found a smaller one in the and mass of ordinary explosives and of their gaseous Maudlow quadrangle, Montana, and W. G. Pierce has products are much greater than those of nuclear ex- identified the natural dam of Deep Lake, Montana, plosives that liberate an equivalent amount of energy. as a rock avalanche that filled the canyon there to a Farther out, the effects are more easily compared, height of about 800 feet. and in some respects they are similar in kind: for Giant waves that have repeatedly devastated the both types the extent of fracturing is assymetric; the shores of Lituya Bay, Alaska, have been found by strongest displacements commonly follow pre-existing D. J. Miller (1960a, 1960b) to have been caused by bedding planes, joint systems, and faults; and the earthquake-triggered rockfall avalanches. Such an arrangement of soft and hard tuff beds affects the avalanche plunged into deep water at the head of this transmission of seismic energy (McKeown and Dickey, Art. 190). The maximum radial distance from the T-shaped tidal inlet on July 9, 1958, generating a explosion chambers of fractures in tuffs of the Oak gravity wave that swept 7 miles to the mouth of the Spring formation scales empirically as the 0.4 power bay, at a speed of about 100 miles per hour. Trees on of the energy yield in tons of the explosion for both the shore of the bay were removed up to a sharp nuclear and high-explosive tests (Wilmarth and Mc- trimline over a total area of 4 square miles and to a Keown, Art. 191). maximum height of 1,720 feet, about 4 times greater than the height of any wave swash previously re- Earthquakes and earthquake-triggered landslides ported. Other trimlines record the heights of earlier Mass movement, earthquakes, and subsidence are waves of this kind: one in 1936 reached 490 feet, one often unrelated to one another, but in some circum- about 1874 at least 80 feet, and one in 1858 or 1854, stances they are casually related. Such a relation is 395 feet. The frequent occurrence of slides causing strikingly demonstrated by the earthquake that oc- giant waves in Lituya Bay is attributed to the com- curred on August 17, 1959, Hebgen Lake, Mont. (Wit- bined kind, 1959), which triggered the Madison Canyon effect of recently glaciated steep slopes, highly landslide-a rockfall avalanche involving some 35 fractured rocks and deep water in the active fault million cubic yards of schist, gneiss, and dolomite zone at the head of the bay, heavy rainfall, and fre- (Hadley, 1959a). During this earthquake, an area quent freezing and thawing. In view of the destruc- 27 miles long and 14 miles wide subsided de- tive capacity of these waves and of similar landslide- tectably. The maximum subsidence was 19 feet and generated waves in other parts of the world that have a tract of about 50 square miles dropped more than been tabulated (Miller, 1960a), it is necessary to con- 10 feet (W. B. Myers, written communication, 1980). sider this potential hazard in any future use of Lituya

5573ZS 0 - 60 -S A22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Bay or other lakes and bays that adjoin steep, un- Project Chaiot stable slopes in seismically active areas. Project Chariot, which is a part of the Atomic Energy Commission's Plowshare Program, is a pro- Other landslides and mudlows posed experiment to determine whether harbors can In the San Francisco South quadrangle, Bonilla be excavated by means of nuclear explosives. The (Art. 66) has mapped and analyzed the origin of Chariot site, on the northwest coast of Alaska near landslides as a sample of those that occur in the Cali- the mouth of Ogotoruk Creek (Kachadoorian and fornia Coast Ranges. He finds that 13 of the 16 others, 1959 and 1960), was selected by the Commis- types recognized in the classification of the Highway sion after it had considered other possible sites (Pew6, Research Board are present in this area; debris slides Hopkins, and Lachenbruch, 1959). Geologic mapping and earthflows are most numerous, but complex land- and other studies undertaken to plan the experiment slides have affected a greater area. More than one- and evaluate its affects show that the rocks of the third of the slides have occurred on slopes of 200 to Ogotoruk Creek area are folded and slightly meta- 250, and about one-sixth on slopes of about 400. morphosed sandstone, limestone, chert, argillite, mud- A preliminary map prepared by McGill (1959) shows stone, siltstone, and graywacke of Early Mississippian all the known active and inactive landslides in the (Campbell, Art. 156) to Cretaceous age. The material Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles, where slides to be excavated is largely mudstone, siltstone, and have caused considerable damage to houses and inter- sandstone of the Tiglukpuk formation of Late Juras- ruption of traffic along the Pacific Coast Highway. sic age. In the Puget Sound Basin in Washington, D. R. Permafrost in the vicinity of the site extends 800 to Crandell and others have recognized many previously 1,200 feet below the surface, and all material to be unidentified volcanic mudflows of Miocene, Pleistocene, excavated is in the permafrost zone. The moisture and Recent age; one of these, the 60-mile long Osceola content of the rock is estimated to be about 10 percent. mudflow, was previously regarded as a mass of glacial Seismic refraction measurements indicate velocities till. In southwestern Colorado, Crandell and D. J. from 11,500 to 14,500 fps, averaging about 13,500 fps. Varnes have found that the Slumgullion earth flow, There may be a layer between the depths of 1,000 to which is about 5 miles long, is 700 years old, and that 1,750 feet in which the velocity is higher. its upper half is still active and moving at a maximum The beach at the Chariot site is in a steady-state rate of 17 to 19 feet per year. condition. During ice-free periods the beach sediments are normally transported southeastward along the SmELCTION O SITES FOI NUCLEAE TESTS AND shore at the rate of about five cubic yards an hour. EVALUATION 01 EFFECTS OP UNDERGROUND During heavy storms, however, the rate NUCLEAR ERPLOSIONS may exceed 1,000 cubic yards an hour, so that jetties may be re- Sites for underground nuclear explosions have been quired to protect the harbor channel from the material selected by the Atomic Energy Commission partly on moved during storms. the basis of studies by the Geologic and Water Re- Unconsolidated material at the site contains shallow sources Divisions of the Geological Survey (Eckel aquifers, which during the summer depend upon recharge from surface water. Deep aquifers that re- and others, 1959; P6w6 and others, 1959; Kacha- ceive water from distant sources are present at the site. doorian, 1960). These studies have involved geologic The volume of suspended sediment that will be mapping and the collecting of relevant facts about carried into the harbor by Ogotoruk Creek is very the rocks surrounding the point of explosion (Keller, small compared with the size of the proposed excava- Art. 183). They have also dealt with such problems tion. During the winter season (mid-October to mid- as containment of the explosions, distribution of the May) Ogotoruk Creek is frozen and its flow is negli- seismic energy liberated by them (Byerly and others, gible. 1960; Diment, Stewart, and Roller, Art. 70), and the Project Gnome water resources extent to which they contaminated Project Gnome, also part of the Plowshare Program, (Clebsch and others, 1959). The Survey has also is a proposed experiment to determine whether ther- made numerous special studies of the geologic and mal energy and valuable isotopes can be recovered hydrologic effects of contained underground detona- from a nuclear explosion completely contained within tions of both nuclear and conventional explosives. a homogeneous salt medium. The explosion will be Some of the results of these studies are summarized set off near Carlsbad, Eddy County, N. Mex., 1,200 here. feet below the surface, in thick salt beds of the Salado GEOLOGY IN THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HIEALTHA3 A23 formation. Surface and subsurface geologic mapping have been conducted both before and after explosions, and other studies made to plan and evaluate this ex- and have been correlated with numerous measurements periment show that in the vicinity of the Gnome site, of chemical, petrographic, mineralogic, and physical gravel, sand, and silt of Quaternary age overlie evapo- properties (Wilmarth, Botinelly, and Wilcox, Art. 67). rites, sandstone, limestone, dolomite, and redbeds of All contained underground tests of conventional and Triassic and late Permian age (Vine, 1960b). The nuclear explosives have been in the bedded volcanic Permian evaporite sequence consists, in ascending or- tuff of the Oak Spring formation, which is several der, of the Castile, Salado, and Rustler formations thousand feet thick, relatively uniform, and easily (Moore, 1959a; C. L. Jones, 1960; Baltz, 1960). No tunneled (Keller, Art. 183). The Rainier underground water is known to be moving through the salt of the nuclear explosion was equivalent to 1.7 KT of con- Salado formation, but there are extensive aquifers, ventional explosives, and was at a depth of 900 feet some of which contain brine, in the Salado and Rustler below the surface. The explosion formed a breccia residuum, in the Rustler formation, in the Triassic zone 140 feet in diameter in the horizontal plane. rocks, and in the unconsolidated Quaternary deposits The breccia contains radioactive glass, angular to (Hale and Clebsch, 1959). subrounded phenocrysts, and xenoliths 0.3 to 3 feet Early in 1959 three scaling shots, using 190, 760, across in a fine-grained matrix of comminuted tuff. and 6,250 pounds of high explosive, were detonated The matrix is characterized by an abundance of at the Gnome site 1,200 feet below the surface to hairline fractures, which generally do not cross the provide data for calculating motion at various dis- phenocrysts or xenoliths, thus indicating that most tances from a 9 kiloton (KT) explosion (Roller and of the deformation was taken up by the soft matrix. others, 1959). The seismic waves generated from these The glass and the radioactivity are mostly confined tests and from six routine mine blasts in the Duval to the breccia zone, and gamma radiation surveys of Sulphur and Potash Company mine were recorded at the drill holes and mapping in the exploratory tunnel the surface at distances of 0.45, 1.8, 8.9, and 9.7 miles driven after the explosions have shown that they are from ground zero. Byerly and others (1960) have very irregularly distributed (Bunker, Diment, and calculated from these data that the particle displace- Wilmarth, Art. 68). Most of the radioactivity is ment, velocity, and acceleration produced in the potash several tens of feet below and to the northwest of the mines near Carlsbad by a 9 KT explosion of TNT at point of detonation. the Gnome site-a distance of 46,000 feet from the Fracturing both in the Rainier tunnel and on the nearest potash mine-would not exceed: surface, and spalling in the tunnel were observed at Displacement - 0.1 -0.2 cm considerable distances outside the breccia zone. The Velocity -1.5 -8.0 cm per see at 2 cps tunnel collapsed to a distance of 200 feet from the 2.5 -5.0 cm per sec at 4 cps explosion chamber. Severe spalling occurred in the Acceleration _ o.0"2-.04 g at 2 cps tunnel at distances of 200 to 400 feet, and several new 0.0-.12 g at 4 cps fractures were produced at distances as great as 1,100 These motions are less than those recorded at a feet. Four inches of movement were observed on a distance of 90 feet from a routine 75-pound dynamite pre-existing fault 1,400 feet from the explosion. The blast in a potash mine. only surface effects were small fractures, largely along Nevada Test Site pre-explosion joints, and rock falls along the steep topographic scarp beneath which the explosion was The Nevada Test Site is the continental testing fa- detonated (Wilmarth and McKeown, Art. 191). cility of the Atomic Energy Commission where per- As a result of the Rainier explosion, the rocks adja- formance of nuclear explosives has been studied during cent to the chamber were brecciated. Their past test operations and where experimental nuclear porosity reactors are being studied. The Geological Survey increased about 80 percent, and their permeability advises the Commission on three essential points- increased an undetermined amount, while the percent- selection of sites for contained underground tests, age of water saturation decreased about 80 percent, seismic effects both on and off the test site (Diment, the acoustic velocity about 70 percent, and the com- Stewart, and Roller, Art. 70), and ground-water con- pressive strength more than 50 percent. The decrease tamination problems (Clebsch and others, 1959). In in water saturation is approximately equal to the in- carrying out these responsibilities, extensive surface crease in porosity, which suggests that little water was and underground geologic mapping (Wilmarth and driven out by the explosion. The rocks surrounding McKeown, Art. 191), geophysical surveys (Diment, the breccia zone, out to about 110 feet from the explo- Healey, and Roller, Art. 69), and hydrologic studies sion, are highly fractured and have low compressive A24 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC dESULTS strength, low dilatational velocities, and high per- investigations of waste disposal are being undertaken meability. by the Water Resources Division of the Geological Sur- The hydrologic effects of the Rainier, Logan, and vey, but these are not reported here. Blanca underground nuclear explosions are due to changes in rock characteristics that directly or in- Geochemical studies directly control (a) volume of water in storage, (b) The ion-exchange (or scavenging) properties of rate and direction of ground-water movement, and (c) crandallite (CaAl,(P0 4),(0H) 5H 2O) with respect to chemical and radiochemical equilibrium between the strontium were investigated by Irving May during rock and its contained water. The radius of effect is the past year. Strontium solutions "spiked" with small compared to the probable extent of the perched radioactive Sr89 were passed through columns of water zones below each explosion. Water samples crandallite and crandallite-sand mixtures, to determine from the zone affected by the Logan explosion, to- the effects of Sr concentration, pH, temperature of the gether with leaching experiments on slightly radio- influent solution, and the texture (mixture with sand) active rock from near the Rainier explosion, indicate of the column packing. Crandallite was found to sorb that some radioisotopes are taken into solution by strontium fairly readily from solutions more basic percolating ground water. Movement of contamina- than pH 5. tion from the nuclear explosions would probably be Studies of the ion-exchange characteristics of Ameri- retarded by a slow rate of groundwater movement, low can and South African vermiculites made by C. R. solubility of the explosion-produced glass containing Naeser and Marian Schnepfe (Art. 71) show that ver- most of the radioisotopes, and ion exchange of radio- miculite sorbs cesium and holds it firmly at pH values isotopes between ground water and rocks. above 3. This reaction is reversed when pH values The position and movement of ground water may are less than 1. Aluminum causes virtually no inter- be partly controlled by the configuration of the buried ference in sodium-saturated vermiculite at pH 12.6. Paleozoic bedrock surface under Yucca Valley, where Hydrogen forms of montmorillonite were titrated the water table is about 1,500 feet below the surface with NaOH as a part of a general study by Dorothy (Diment, Healey, and Roller, 1959). Gravity and Carroll and A. M. Pommer (Arts. 198 and 199) of the seismic data indicate that the alluvium and tuff over- mechanisms of ion exchange. The potentiometrie lying the bedrock are thickest in a narrow north- titrations gave strong evidence that the ions are placed trending trough in the eastern part of Yucca Valley, in the octahedral and tetrahedral positions of the and that they are there more than 3,500 feet thick. A layered structures. Similar studies were extended to bordering the trough on the series of gravity highs, "illite," kaolinite, halloysite, and NHr-saturated ver- west, together with refraction seismic measurements, miculite. indicate a buried bedrock ridge whose top is locally Information on ion exchange and related character- within 100 feet of the surface, and two drill holes have istics of the soils and near-surface bed rocks of the confirmed this. Oak Ridge, Tennessee area, compiled by Dorothy Gravity, seismic, and magnetic surveys have helped Carroll, indicate that the ion-exchange capacities of of the buried Paleozoic bed- define the configuration soils derived from the limestones, shales, and sand- rock surface under Yucca Valley. This surface may stones of Cambrian and Ordovician age range from control the position and movement of ground partly 3 to 15 meq per 100 g, and those of the rocks from water (Diment, Healey, and Roller, 1959). which the soils were derived from 5 to 28 meq per BADIOACZTIVR WAST3E DISPOSAL I1IVESTXGATIONS 100 g. Most of the ion-exchange capacity of these soils is due to vermiculite, "illite," and kaolinite. Studies by the Geologic Division bearing on the dis- Clarence S. Ross has identified the cause of localiza- posal of radioactive wastes deal with the physical tion of a radioactive material in Bandelier rhyolite chemistry of ion exchange, specific sorption of stron- tuff of Smith (1937) that had been treated with liquid tium or cesium by certain minerals, and ion exchange waste. He found by a combined petrographic, auto- and other properties of soils and rocks near reactor radiographic technique that the small areas of higher sites. In addition, wells or drill holes at radioactive radioactivity were not in the original constituents of waste disposal sites are being studied by gamma-ray the tuff but in materials that had been picked up by logging techniques. Geologic information is being the tuffs. Fragments of these alien materials had been compiled on sedimentary basins that might be suitable oxidized and limonite had formed within or around for underground storage of radioactive liquids. Other them. GEOLOGY IN THE FIELDS OF ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC HEAL/TrH A25

Sedimentary basin studies 1aRASURPR OF 3ACKGMELOUND RADIAPON Storage or disposal of radioactive wastes at depth in salt deposits and permeable beds in deep sedimen- Owing to the increased use of nuclear power and processing facilities, and to the proposed use of tary basins is considered potentially feasible. nu- In the San Juan Basin, according to C. A. Repen- clear energy for harbor construction and other ex- ning (1959), there are four types of reservoir rocks perimental purposes, it has become necessary as a that might be used for storage of wastes: gypsum, precautionary measure to determine the natural back- limestone, shale, and sandstone. Gypsum appears to ground radioactivity in the many areas. In July, be most useful for disposal of sintered waste. Lime- 1958 the Geological Survey, on behalf of the U.S. stone could be suitable for storage of liquid waste, but Atomic Energy Commission, began a nationwide pro- may prove to be leaky. Shale, in which reservoirs gram of aerial radiological monitoring surveys could be constructed by hydraulic fracturing or deep- (ARMS). The purpose of the program is to obtain seated explosions, would be relatively leak-proof. data for appraising changes in environmental levels Sandstone would have the advantage in respect to of radiation brought about by nuclear testing pro- heat controL grams, by operation of reactors and other nuclear fa- As a result of an analysis of the geology of the Cen- cilities, and by radiation accidents. Most of the tral Valley of California, Repenning concludes that ARMS work has consisted of surveying the area the eastern side, as far south as Fresno, appears to be extending about 50 miles outward from the center of the most promising area for the selection of a waste- several reactor and major production facilities. Be- disposal site. South of the Stockton arch, sandstone tween July 1958 and January 1960 about 96,000 trav- beds tongue out westward into impermeable shale erse miles were flown, surveying about 110,000 square units; in some places along the eastern side of the miles in 11 areas in the United States. Some of the valley they are warped upward and are truncated and results of ARMS surveys that are of interest in areal sealed by younger shale. North of the arch the west- geology are described on pages A29, A31-A33, and A42. ward-thinnming sandstone tongues are less abundant DISTRIBUTION OF rnENTS AS ,LYAITED TO and have not been warped and truncated. A study of HEALToH hydrologic conditions might reveal places where eastward migration would be slow enough to stay within Although medical researchers have long been study- safe limits. ing the physiological effects of a few elements in the Geophysical studies geologic environment-iodine, selenium, and fluorine, for example-the work done hitherto in this general Carl Bunker, using newly modified and calibrated field has not been extensive, and few geologic studies instruments, has made gamma-ray logs of drill holes have been undertaken for the specific purpose of at the Nevada Test Site before and after injection of analyzing such problems. One such study, however, radioisotopes. His results show little horizontal or was begun in 1956 in Washington County, Maryland, lateral leakage of the injected radioisotopes into the on behalf of the National Cancer Institute, which, in surrounding rock from a specially designed and in- cooperation with the Washington County Health De- stalled tile field. The radioactivity was too weak to partment, is making an intensive study to relate en- enable him to make gamma-ray spectral measurements vironmental conditions to incidence of cancer. The of the waste. geologic part of this study consisted of aerial and Two models of pressure apparatus have been built ground radioactivity surveys to measure gammaradia- by B. C. Robertson and R. Raspet to test cylindrical tion intensities emitted by various rocks, and of bo- rock samples under biaxial loading by applying pres- tanical and geochemical studies to learn whether the sure hydrostatically to the sides but not the ends of the soils and plants contain excesses or deficiencies of sample. Biaxial tests show the actual, higher strength elements that might be related to the incidence of and elasticity of rock in place and give more uniform cancer. These surveys show relatively small but dis- numerical results than the more commonly used uni- tinct local differences in radiation intensity that can axial tests. They thus help to measure the physical be correlated with the geology, and an unusual dis- properties of host rocks for radioactive wastedisposal tribution of elements that appears to be related to soil in natural environments-properties that determine, type. Some soils, for example, apparently contain for example, the host rock's ability to confine wastes unusually large amounts of titanium, chromium, and under the elevated pressures and temperatures that lead, and unusually small amounts of iron, zinc, and may develop after injection of radioactive materials. barium. Nitrates, also, are highly concentrated in A26 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1908-SYWOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS some of the ground water and vegetation. The sig- the normal activity of this animal, the livers of both nificance of these findings with respect to cancer animals were removed, together with some of the incidence is being assessed by the National Cancer cancerous tissue. These materials were then immedi- Institute. ately quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen to prevent decay During the past year, Fleischer and Robinson sum- of the cells. Magnetic measurements were then made marized for the U.S. Public Health Service the avail- at liquid-nitrogen temperatures to preserve the sam- able data on the geochemistry of fluorine. Of special ples throughout the measuring period and also to interest is a map they have prepared showing the enhance, if possible, their magnetic susceptibility. The maximum reported fluorine content of ground water liver from the cancerous rat showed a definite ferro- in each county of the United States. These range magnetic effect, while that from the normal rat showed from less than 0.1 to 38 ppm. Waters containing none. The cancerous tissue itself, however, is non- more than 1.5 ppm F are generally considered to ferromagnetic and is more diamagnetic than the cause mottling of teeth; such waters occur in more healthy tissue, which seems to indicate a depletion than half the counties of the United States. Recent of iron. work by H. A. Powers suggests that in many western REGIONAL GEOLOGY and central States there is a connection between high- fluorine waters and the distribution of volcanic ash, The field studies described in the preceding pages which averages about 1100 ppm F. are undertaken to solve known problems of economic Attention should be called to the fact that extensive importance, but most of the Geologic Division's field data on the chemical composition of rocks, minerals, work has the broader purpose of defining the com- and waters are already available and could serve as position, structure, history, and origin of the rocks the basis for other studies of the physiologic effects that compose the earth's crust in the United States. or hazards of the distribution of elements. It is these studies that often provide the first clue to Aluminum, sodium, and manganese are among the the location of new mineral districts, that make it possible to search intelligently for elements most susceptible to neutron-induced radio- concealed deposits and activity resulting from use of nuclear weapons or appraise the potential mineral resources of vari- devices. At the request of the U.S. Army Corps of ous parts of the country, and that provide background Engineers, Burns (Art. 73), has examined means of information useful in choosing construction and test sites and predicting geographic variations in the content of in planning new highways and other en- these elements in rocks when direct sampling is im- gineering works. practicable. As a first step, he has defined the range The chief method used by the Survey to achieve in the content of aluminum, sodium, and manganese these objectives is geologic mapping, mostly on scales in several groups of common rocks. The results in- of 1:24,000, 1:62,500, and 1:250,000. Regional geo- dicate that the aluminum and sodium content of rocks physical, geochemical, stratigraphic, and paleontologic of igneous origin can be predicted from simple lith- studies, however, also play an important part. Some ologic descriptions with at least 80 percent probability of the important results obtained during fiscal 1960 of correctness within a factor of 2. Predictions of in this program are described in the following pages the manganese content of these rocks, and of the for the country as a whole and for its major regions sodium and aluminum of rocks of sedimentary origin, (see fig. 1). would be of intermediate reliability. Predictions of SYNTHESIS OPF GEOLOGIC DATA ON KASOFOLA GE manganese in rocks of sedimentary origin would have REGIONS only a low degree of reliability-at least 70 percent probability of correctness within a factor of 5. Utilizing information generously furnished by An interesting by-product of one of the Survey's State surveys, private companies, and universities as investigations came as the result of Frank Senftle's well as its own data, the Geological Survey compiles development of a sensitive device to measure magnetic and publishes several kinds of maps on a national or susceptibility in rocks (see p. A56). Using this in- larger scale. It also collaborates with scientific socie- strument, he has made magnetic measurements on ties in preparing, and sometimes publishing, maps of cancerous tissue specimens for the Nationial Cancer this type. Several such maps, described below, reached Institute. Two rats of the same species were selected advanced stages of compilation or were completed for the experiments. A cancer was induced in one during the year. Others in progress include: of the animals and was allowed to grow for about 1. Geologic map of North America, scale 1:5,000,- four weeks. Before the cancer was allowed to affect 000. This map is being compiled by a committee of GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES AVT

FIouR 1.-Index map of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, showing the boundaries of regions referred to on pages A28-A44. the Geological Society of America, E. N. Goddard, completed. It was prepared as a joint undertaking by University of Michigan, Chairman.. the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and 2. Basement rock map of North America from 20° the Geological Survey under the direction of G. V. to 600 N. latitude, scale 1:5,000,000. This map is be- Cohee and replaces the tectonic map published by the ing compiled by a committee of the American Asso- Association in 1944. Two examples will suggest the ciation of Petroleum Geologists, P. T. Flawn, Uni- scope of advances since the previous version. Struc- versity of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, Chair- ture in thousands of square miles in the Pacific Coast man. states, the Great Basin, the Lake Superior region, and 8. Coal fields of the United States, by James Trum- northern New England that, for lack of information, bull. Scale 1:5,000,000. had to be omitted or sketched diagrammatically in 4. Mineral distribution maps, scale 1:2,500,000. 1944, is now reasonably well portrayed. Buried struc- Compiled, under the direction of P. W. Guild and tures in such areas as the Colorado Plateau, the Mid- T. P. Thayer, for 84 metals and industrial minerals. Continent region, and the Appalachian basin, which 5. Paleotectonic maps of the Pennsylvanian system, in 1944 had to be contoured piecemeal and on as many by E. D. McKee and others. as four datum surfaces, are each now contoured on a 6. Absolute gravity map of the United States, scale single datum. 1:2,500,000. This map is being compiled by the Amer- ican Geophysical Union Committee for Geophysical Paleotectonic maps of the Triassic and Permian systems and Geological Study of the Continents, G. P. Wool- The long-term program for preparing paleotectonic lard, University of Wisconsin, Chairman. maps of each of the systems has been underway since Tectonic map of the United States 1953. The first folio, on the Jurassic system, was pub- A new tectonic map of the United States, exclusive lished in 1956. The second, on the Triassic, was is- of Alaska and Hawaii, on a scale 1:2,500,000 is nearly sued in 1960 (McKee and others); a few of the con- A28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS clusions from this study may be mentioned to indicate tic uranium deposits in relation to a) continental sedi- its scope. mentary rocks, b) pre-Late Cretaceous crystalline In Early Triassic time a miogeosyncline extended rocks, and c) Late Cretaceous and younger igneous from southern California through the eastern Great rocks (Finch and others, 1959; see also p. All). Basin into western Wyoming. East of the miogeosyncline, normal marine shelf deposits are well repre- NEW ENGLAD AND 3ASTERN NNW YORK sented; evidence for a eugeosyncline west of the mio- Major geologic mapping programs are underway in geosyncline is lacking. During Middle and Late cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Triassic time, on the other hand, a eugeosyncline be- and the States of Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and came established in the Cordilleran region; the area field studies related to investigations of mineral deposits bordering the major marine depositional trough on are in progress in Maine, Vermont, and eastern New the east was uplifted, and numerous elliptical basins York. Some of the findings of these studies that con- were filled with continental sediments of Late Triassic tribute to knowledge of the regional geology are de- age. In eastern United States several large struc- scribed below (see p. A6 for information on talc, and tural troughs developed. asbestos deposits and p. A67 for information on re- Maps and text for the Permian system were com- gional metamorphism). pleted by E. D. McKee and others in 1960 and are now in review. Major tectonic elements evident from Regional geologic mapping this study include a prominent eugeosyncline in the A geologic map of north-central Vermont compiled western Cordillera during much of Permian time. An by W. M. Cady covers an area of about 1,800 square adjacent miogeosyncline on the east was separated miles that straddles the axis of the north-trending from the eugeosyncline by a narrow belt of intermit- Green Mountain anticlinorium, and includes the zone tently positive areas in central Nevada and northern of lateral transition from rocks of carbonate-quartz- Idaho; ocean currents flowing southward along the ite assemblage, in the Cambrian of the Champlain miogeosynclinal belt furnished upwelling cold waters Valley, to metamorphic rocks originally of graywacke- along its eastern margin from which were deposited shale assemblage, in the Cambrian in and east of the phosphorite, chert, and carbonate in western Wyo- Green Mountains. ming and adjacent states. Much of the Western Inte- A. J. Boucot and others (1960) have compiled a rior during Permian time, from the Dakotas to Texas, map of an area of 12,000 square miles in northern was a relatively stable shelf on which warm marine Maine. This map includes the Moose River syn- to supersaline waters deposited red beds, extensive alinorium and shows the distribution of rocks of Cam- carbonate beds, and, in isolated basins, thick evaporite brian through Devonian age; it includes a compila- sequences. The southernmost part of the shelf, how- tion of aeromagnetic surveys. ever, passed abruptly into deep marine basins and P. M. Hanshaw and P. R. Barnett (Art. 76) have embayments in Texas and New Mexico; thick bio- found that volcanic units in the Triassic of Connec- stromal and reef limestones were deposited along the ticut contain more boron than do the intrusive rocks margins of these basins. The shelf was bordered on and that their chromium and nickel contents are use- the east and north by broad, low to moderately high ful in identifying individual basalts in mapping. positive areas. The moderately high ancestral Rocky Mountains and Uncompaghre Uplift were active in Stratigraphie and lithofades studies in Vermont and Maine Colorado and shed coarse detritus. Along the south- Cady (1960), collaborating with P. H. Osberg of ern margin of the country, tectonic activity of the the University of Maine, has made a stratigraphic Ouachita orogenic belt, greatest during Pennsylva- correlation between the unmetamorphosed rocks of the nian time, continued into early Permian time and con- miogeosynclinal zone west of the Green Mountains tributed to the thick detrital sequence present in the and the metamorphosed rocks in the eugeosynclinal Val Verde trough. In the eastern United States only zone farther east on the basis of a few distinctive lowest Permian rocks are now preserved in the Dun- lithologic units in the graywacke-shale assemblage kard basin, where drainage was to the northeast, (Cady, 1960, p. 548). rather than to the west as it had been in Pennsyl- The stratigraphic succession in northern Maine has vanian time. been established chiefly through the studies of A. J. Boucot in and near the Moose River synclinorium, Epigenetic uranium deposits in the United States which contains about 10,000 feet of upper Lower Three maps, on a scale of 1:5,000,000 have been Devonian strata, chiefly dark sandstone and slate with published recently showing the distribution of epigene- subordinate amounts of rhyolite. These are underlain - GEOLOGY ot THE UNITED STATES AM9 on the flanks of the synclinorium by ancient erosional discovered by aeromagnetic surveys), New Hampshire, remnants of Cambrian through lower Lower Devonian and northern Maine. formations. The Cambrian and Ordovician rocks are In Maine, the aeromagnetic data are a valuable aid chiefly slate and graywacke but are interbedded with in geologic mapping, for the major geologic units volcanic rocks of various kinds and unknown thick- there have different magnetic properties. For ex- ness. Some of the granitic rocks in this area are also ample the magnetic susceptibility of argillite, slate, Ordovician (Neuman, Art. 74). The Silurian and and sandstone is usually negligible; that of granite, lowest Devonian rocks, which are as much as 4,000 rhyolite, and pyrrhotitic slate is usually less than feet thick, consist of calcareous sandstone and silt- lx 10- cgs; and that of diorite, diabase, greenstone, stone, arkose and arkosic conglomerate, and limestone gabbro, and serpentine is generally greater than and limestone conglomerate. Rocks west and south- lx 10 cgs (Allingham, Art. 54). Electromagnetic west of Jackman, along the international boundary, methods are also being used in Maine for mapping that had previously been assigned to the Cambrian structure in areas that contain conductive shales (gen- or Ordovician or both, have been found by A. L. erally graphitic or pyritic) (Frischknecht and Ekren, Albee to rest on an unconformity that is older than Art. 56). Late Silurian age. These rocks are intruded by intrusive rhyolitic rocks of Early Devonian age and by Ages of intrusions In the northern Appalachians granitic rocks that are younger than Early Devonian. Potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium age studies by H. Faul in cooperation with a number of other Tectonic studies in Connecticut and Vermont geologists indicate that there were at least six distinct C. E. Fritts has found a fault contact along the cycles of intrusion (or metamorphism) in the northwestern boundary of the Triassic rocks of the Con- ern Appalachians, tentatively dated as follows: necticut Valley, where an east-dipping "pre-Triassic 3mnons of peneplain" was mapped by W. M. Davis. The relief yeas ago on the "pre-Triassic" surface is as much as 1,000 feet 460 Represented In Maine by a single body of gabbro south of in a horizontal distance of 1 mile, which supports the Katahdin. 400 Recorded in the granites of the Ohiputneticook Lakes, the growing belief that Davis' interpretation was incor- Calals area, Mt. Desert Island and Vinalhaven. rect. 8S0 Encountered In a widespread network of samples from Restored sections constructed transverse to the belt New England, Nova Scotia and the mid-Atlantic states. of early and middle Paleozoic rocks of the Appa- 810 Represented by still fragmentary data from the New lachian geosyncline in northern Vermont show east- Hampshire magma series and the pegmatites of southern Vermont and New Hampshire. ward offlap of both the graywacke-shale assemblage 260 Connecticut pegmatites. and volcanic rocks. The western margin of the lon- 190 White Mountain magma series. gitudinal zone of greatest mobility (eugeosynclinal zone) must therefore have moved eastward across the If the episodic character of these events in the north- geosyncline (Cady, 1960, p. 557, pl. 2). This infer- ern Appalachians can be clearly established and cor- ence is confirmed by the ultrarnafic rocks, which are related, the information should increase understanding of Ordovician age in the western part of the geo- of the tectonic history of the eastern margins of the synclinal belt, but which include some younger than North American continent. Ordovician in the eastern part. THE APPAZlCTA E Geophysical surveys Geologic work in the Appalachian region is in prog- Aerial radiological surveys in southern New Eng- ress in several areas in the Valley and Ridge, Blue land and adjacent parts of New York show a good correlation between radioactivity and bedrock ge- Ridge, and Piedmont provinces. Salient results of ology. According to Peter Popenoe, the highest radio- current studies are as follows: activity was recorded over the Hudson Highlands in Stratigraphic and geomorphic studies in the Valley and New York, the Hartland formation south of Water- Ridge province bury, Connecticut, granitic gneisses in Connecticut and The surface of unconformity that separates Lower Rhode Island, and the cores of gneiss-capped domes and Middle Ordovician rocks in southwestern Vir- in Connecticut. ginia and eastern Tennessee has been found by Har- Much aeromagnetic mapping has been done in the ris (Art. 83) to have as much as 170 feet of relief. Adirondack Mountains of New York (where, accord- Studies in progress by Helmuth Wedow, Jr., in the ing to J. R. Balsley, seven iron ore deposits have been Tennessee zinc districts suggest that solution chan- A30 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS nels below this unconformity are controlled by pre- deep-considerably less than previously thought Middle Ordovician structures and that the uncon- (Zietz and Gray, Art. 78). formity is one of minor discordance. Aeromagnetic anomalies in southwestern Virginia Englund and Smith have found that Lower Penn- and eastern Tennessee indicate that depth to basement sylvanian strata in the basal beds of the Lee forma- increases southeastward and averages about 17,000 tion and Upper Mississippian beds of the Pennington feet (King and Zietz, Art. 88). formation intertongue in eastern Kentucky and southwestern Virginia. This suggests that the faunas of Geologic mapping in North and South Carolina Late Mississippian age (Chester) and the floras of Overstreet and Bell (Art. 87) have found a belt of Early Pennsylvanian age (Pottsville) overlap and are low-rank metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks ex- partial time equivalents. Similar intertonguing of tending across South Carolina into Georgia that is Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian strata probably equivalent to the Kings Mountain belt far- has been found in the Anthracite region of eastern ther northeast. They also found several small granite Pennsylvania. plutons of uncertain age in the eastern Piedmont, Hack and Young (1959) have demonstrated that where earlier maps showed batholiths elongated north- the intrenched meanders of the North Fork of the eastward. Similar granite bodies have been found in Shenandoah River are caused by strong planar and the Concord quadrangle of North Carolina by geo- prismatic structures in the Martinsburg shale that logic mapping (Bell, Art. 84), supported by aero- favor northwest-southeast differential erosion. These magnetic and aeroradiometric surveying (Johnson and meanders indicate long-continued deep erosion in the Bates, Art. 85). Within this quadrangle is a large Valley and Ridge province instead of the multiple circular intrusion which was formerly thought to be a erosion cycles widely assumed heretofore (see also p. ring-dike but has now been found to consist at the A55). surface of two disconnected masses of syenite that partly enclose a mass of gabbroic rocks. Overstreet Structural studies in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey and Bell (Art. 87) have discovered other similar cir- Structural studies in the valley of the Delaware cular and ring-shaped intrusions of syenite(?) and River of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania by gabbro in western South Carolina. Two distinct pe- Drake and others (Art. 80) show that at many locali- riods of mineralization have been recognized in the ties Paleozoic rocks are separated from Precambrian Concord area (Bell, Art. 84): the earlier one, asso- rocks by decollements. ciated with the granite plutons, deposited chiefly gold, Arndt and Wood (Art. 81) have recognized five tungsten and base metals, and the later one, related to structural stages in the Appalachian orogeny in the the syenite-gabbro complex, chiefly zinc. Anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania. They in- In the so-called "slate belt" of the North Carolina fer from the southeastward increase in structural com- Piedmont, A. A. Stromquist, who is mapping the plexity of the Valley and Ridge province that the Denton quadrangles and J. F. Conley of the North orogeny progressed northwestwardly across the region. Carolina Division of Mineral Resources, who is map- If this is true, the Appalachian orogeny probably was ping the adjacent Albermarle quadrangle, have for progressive elsewhere, for structural complexity in- the first time established a stratigraphic sequence for creases southeastward throughout the Valley and the "volcanic slates" (Stromquist and Conley, 1959). Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont provinces. A major unconformity separates an upper volcanic unit from an underlying more folded volcanic and Geologic results of aeromagnetic surveys sedimentary unit of higher metamorphic grade. Aeromagnetic surveys made in cooperation with the In the Grandfather Mountain area of North Caro- Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey have lina, detailed quadrangle mapping by Bryant and traced local magnetic facies in the metamorphic and Reed (1959) shows this area to be a window in an igneous rocks of the Piedmont between outcrops, un- overriding plate of crystalline rocks. The window der heavy soil, under less magnetic metamorphic rocks, exposes not only the basement rocks, but also the and under Cambrian, Ordovician, and Triassic sedi- Chilhowee group of Early Cambrian and Cambrian( i) mentary rocks. In the vicinity of Allentown, Penn- age, and the Ocoee group, of Precambrian age. Le- sylvania, the magnetic data indicate that the Precam- sure's (1959) studies west of this area indicate that brian rocks exposed at some localities do not extend to the mica pegmatites of the Spruce Pine district were great depth (Bromery, 1959). Near Buckingham, emplaced before the thrusting. East of the window about 25 miles southeast of Allentown, the magnetic Reed and Bryant (Art. 86) have found a belt of retro- data show that the Triassic basin is only 7,000 feet gressively metamorphosed rocks along a topographic GEOLOGY OF THE UlqrTED STATESAi A31 lineament in line with the Brevard belt of low-grade neath the Gulf Coastal Plain to within 60 miles of metasediments to the southwest. The lineament ap- the subsurface extension of the Appalachian system pears to mark a major fault of undetermined nature, in Mississippi, where the two systems also appear to which separates the rocks of the Inner Piedmont from be discordant. Depth estimates from Florida aero- those of the Blue Ridge. magnetic data suggest that faulting may be a factor in the profound downwarp and accumulation of sedi- ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAN ments in the southern province. The zone of intru- Because the bedrock of the Atlantic Coastal Plain sive rocks inferred from the magnetic map checks is poorly exposed, geophysical methods are especially well with the location of the area of crystalline rocks useful there, and most of the new information on the previously delineated by P. L. Applin on the basis of geology of the Coastal Plain stems from their use. well samples. Results that add to our understanding of the geology Aerial radiological surveys of the coastal plain are described below. Information Aerial radioactivity measurements, made on behalf of on clay and phosphate deposits is given on page A7. the Atomic Energy Commission within a radius of Interpretation of aeromagnetic measurements on the Atlantic 50 miles of several nuclear facilities to provide a datum Continental shelf and in Florida to which changes in background radioactivity can be Aeromagnetic profiles over the continental shelf and compared, show a good correlation with the local geol- continental slope between Bermuda and the east coast ogy. For example, preliminary study of the radio- of North America, flown in cooperation with the Of- activity over Long Island, which ranges from 500 to fice of Naval Research, and a set of six 400-mile pro- 700 counts per second, indicates a difference of about files southeast of Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, show 100 counts per second in the radioactivity of different a prominent and more or less continuous magnetic glacial units. In the Fort Belvoir area, in Maryland anomaly of 800 to 500 gammas parallel to the outer and Virginia, highs and lows on radiation profiles edge of the continental shelf (King and others, 1960). over Cretaceous strata correspond to the location of Large gravity anomalies of comparable width have outcrop bands of marine and nonmarine sediments, been observed in the same area by the Lamont Geo- respectively; both are less radioactive than the Pied- logical Observatory, but these can be accounted for by mont rocks. In the Georgia-South Carolina area, also crustal thinning and may be only indirectly related (Schmidt, 1959; Guillou and Schmidt, Art. 55), the to the magnetic anomaly. A basement ridge also coastal plain sediments are less radioactive than the parallels the outer edge of the continental shelf, ac- rocks of the Piedmont, and the Cretaceous and Eo- cording to Lamont seismic data, but calculations show cene rocks, which are apparently derived in part from that the basement rocks must have a higher-than- nearby granite and gneiss, are more radioactive than average susceptibility to produce a magnetic anom- the younger coastal plain strata. Flood-plains of aly of the observed size from topography alone. streams heading in the Piedmont and older coastal Therefore the anomaly may be at least partly the explain formations are more radioactive than those of pression of a mass or series of masses of more mag- streams that drain areas underlain by post-Eocene netic rock, perhaps intrusives, along the outer edge of sediments. the continental shelf. Estimates of depth to basement made from aeromagnetic data at selected points on the Paleontologic and stratigraphic studies profiles agree well with depths previously found from In Florida and Georgia Schopf (1959b) has ex- seismic measurements. tracted a rich assemblage of small microfossils from A regional magnetic map of Florida recently com- well samples of dark fissile shales of Ordovician and piled by King (1959a) indicates that, beneath the Silurian age. They include chitinozoans, hystrichos- sedimentary rocks of the Coastal Plain, Florida is phaerids, and numerous sporelike forms, some of which divided into two tectonic provinces, separated by a may represent chitinous envelopes of testacean proto- zone of intrusive rocks. The northern province, in zoans. Pyrite and abundant carbonaceous material the northeastern part of the State, has well-defined indicate an environment of restricted circulation, and northeasterly magnetic trends parallel to those of the the microfaunal assemblage probably represents a gar- Appalachian system, whereas the southern province is gassoid biocoenosis. characterized by northwesterly trends. The southern An exhaustive report on Cenozoic echinoids of the province appears to be a continuation of the Ouachita eastern United States by Cooke (1959) describes 144 system, which has been traced by other means be- species within. 60 genera. Nearly all the species are A32 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS restricted to single time units, and hence form good Energy Commission, shows a well-defined radioactiv- horizon markers. ity anomaly parallel to the Pine Mountain fault in Fossils indicate that the late Oligocene sea was cool the Cumberland Plateau; the general radioactivity in South Carolina (Malde, 1959a), whereas it was of ranges from 300 to 800 cps. Elsewhere on the plateau a tropical nature in central Georgia (E. I. Applin, radioactivity units are less distinct. Used in conjunc- Art. 90). tion with aeromagnetic measurements, these data may In New York, the landward but non-outcropping aid in the interpretation of bedrock geology. edge of a previously unknown glauconitic formation Geologic mapping in western Kentucly has been recognized by Ruth Todd and N. M. Perl- Mapping in the fluorspar district of western Ken- mutter from shallow wells along the barrier beach on tucky by R. D. Trace has delineated several previ- the south side of Long Island. Foraminifera in this ously unmapped faults of the northeast-trending fault unit seem to be related to Cretaceous assemblages system, which controls the fluorspar deposition. Plain and in the known in the New Jersey Coastal Movement along these faults appears to have been walls of a submarine canyon at the outer edge of vertical, for they do not offset older dikes. By detailed Georges Bank, east of Cape Cod. In New Jersey study of drill logs, it has been found that the total progressive changes in strike of successively younger thickness of the Osage series and the Warsaw, Salem, formations, together with other evidence, indicate that and Saint Louis formations is 1,500 feet, and that the differential uplift and subsidence of the Coastal Plain formations in the Chester series are more uniform in took place during much of its history (Minard and thickness and lithology than previously thought. Owens, Art. 82). Much of the reported variation was due to mistakes in Altschuler and Young (Art. 89) have concluded correlation across unrecognized small faults. that the sand mantle in the higher area of eastern Hillsborough and western Polk Counties, Florida, is Stratigraphy of Upper Devonian rocks in western New York principally a residual sand plain formed by lateritic Detailed mapping and correlation of key beds in weathering of the Pliocene Bone Valley formation, the cyclically deposited Upper Devonian rocks in rather than a succession of Pleistocene marine ter- western New York show that the redefined Genesee races. formation is an eastward-coarsening wedge of marine EASTERXN PIATrAUB rocks which thicken from 9% feet of dark shale and thin-bedded Stylaolina-bearing limestone at Lake Erie Interpretation of geophysical surveys to more than 900 feet of intercalated sandstone, silt- The Eastern Plateaus are underlain by nearly flat- stone, and black and gray shale near Ithaca (de Witt lying Paleozoic rocks, which are gently folded in the and Colton, 1959b). The Genesee thickens most Cincinnati and Nashville domes, the Allegheny syn- abruptly in the 30 miles between Penn Yan and clinorium, and the Eastern Interior Basin. Ithaca, where the Sherburne flagstone member and the Geophysical studies in this region have thrown much Ithaca member tongue in from the east. Previous light on regional geologic structure and on the com- workers failed to recognize the extent of the tongues position of basement rocks. Interpretation of aero- west of Ithaca and miscorrelated the Ithaca member magnetic profiles (King and Zietz, Art. 88) shows that with younger rocks in the Sonyea formation. Cono- the wedge of sediments east of the Cincinnati arch is dont studies by Hass (1959) suggest that the Geneseo 8,000 to 10,000 feet thick in eastern Kentucky and shale member, the basal black shale facies of the Tennessee and thickens northeastward to more than Genesee formation, is predominantly Middle Devonian 17,000 feet in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New in age, and that the boundary between the Middle and York. In the region as a whole the magnetic anom- Upper Devonian rocks in the Finger Lakes district is alies generally trend northeastward, approximately near the base of the Orbiiculiodea lodiensii zone about parallel to Appalachian structures. The anomaly pat- 10 feet below the top of the Geneseo. Correlation of tern indicates sharp contrasts in the crystalline base- many of the members of the Genesee formation was ment rocks, and in some areas it appears possible to corroborated by Hass' condont studies. define characteristics of the Precambrian basement. Near the axis of the Cincinnati arch, for example, Quaternary geology In Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley where the Paleozoic rocks are thin, the magnetic data Reconnaissance mapping of the Quaternary geol- indicate the presence of about 15,000 feet of sedimen- ogy and soils of the Elmira, New York-Williamsport, tary rocks, probably in large part Precambrian. Pennsylvania area by C. S. Denny in company with Aerial radiological monitoring in the vicinity of W. H. Lyford, soil scientist with the U.S. Soil Con- nuclear facilities, undertaken on behalf of the Atomic servation Service, has shown that the soils on Win- GEOLOGY OF TIE UNITED STATES A33 consin drift do not show the effects of deep weather- which indicate that the rocks show the effects of de- ing and that differences in them are related prima- magnetization and remanent magnetization, as well as rily to lithologic differences in the drift. Drift of of the induced magnetization of the magnetite. The pre-Wisconsin age, however, is strongly weathered to basic igneous rocks of the Duluth gabbro yield mag- depths of more than 80 feet, and supports Red Yel- netic lows explainable only by a remanent magnetiza- low Podzolic soils, which are not found on adjacent tion at right angles to the induced magnetization. weakly weathered Wisconsin drift or on Recent col- Interpretation of geophysical data in central Wisconsin luvium. The weathered drift contains considerably more kaolinite than the unweathered drift, from which Aerial magnetic and radioactivity data, interpreted it also differs in containing a little gibbsite. Collu- by J. W. Allingham and R. G. Bates, helped in map- vial deposits within the area underlain by Wiscon- ping the geology of an area of about 250 square miles sin drift are thicker and more extensive south of the near Wausau, Wisconsin. The extensive cover of re- Valley Heads moraine than north of it, suggesting sidual soil and glacial drift is there underlain by vol- that many of these deposits were formed not later canic and sedimentary Precambrian rocks, which have than the building of this moraine. Evidently the been metamorphosed to the greenschist and amphibo- erosive processes that form volluvium have not been lite facies and intruded by various kinds of igneous ,-as active in post-Valley Heads time as they were in rocks. Areas of granite, diorite, hornblende gabbro, early Wisconsin time. and diabase have been delineated by their distinctive Four Quaternary loess deposits have been mapped magnetic patterns, and an area of syenite has been along the Ohio River between its mouth and Louis- outlined from radioactivity profiles. Pendants of ville, Kentucky (Ray, Art. 92). The oldest, of Kan- quartzite and chlorite schist that are remnants of a san age, is overlain by the Loveland loess, of Illinoian large fold have been defined by an arcuate pattern of age; the two younger are of Wisconsin age. Each was magnetic anomalies related to skarn and diorite. derived from glacial drift deposited about Louisville, Geologic studies in northern Michigan and Wisconsin and each in turn was the source of alluviation down- stream. Remnants of terraces formed during the last In the copper-bearing Keweenaw Peninsula of two periods of aggradation can still be observed along Michigan, the rate of thickening of the lava series the valley. Petrographic studies of loess formation toward the center of the Superior structural basin as in the Ohio Valley by P. D. Blackmon confirm ear- determined by W. S. White indicates that the lavas lier findings that stratigraphic correlations can be need not have extended much beyond their present made by size analysis and clay mineral composition. areal limits. It is therefore unnecessary to suppose that a great thickness of lavas beyond these limits was eroded away (White, 1D60b). Filling of the basin S=ELD ARERA AID UPPER XSSISSIPVAnLY with vast horizontal lava sheets nearly kept pace with Results of recent geophysical, geologic, and geo- subsidence, but there were pauses in the influx of chronologic studies in the Shield area and upper Mis- lavas, during which continued subsidence locally re- sissippi Valley are described in the following para- versed slopes, so that streams carried sand and gravel graphs. Additional information on zinc-lead and iron into the basin to form elastic deposits interbedded deposits is given on pages Al and A2. with lavas. Zoning of amygdule minerals in the lavas of the Keweenaw Peninsula crosses stratigraphic units Remanent magnetization in the Lake Superior region and was probably controlled by temperature. The Geophysical studies by Gordon Bath in northern similarity in mineralogy of the flow tops throughout Minnesota, done in cooperation with the Minnesota the Lake Superior region indicates that the mineral Geological Survey, and in adjacent parts of Wiscon- zones are of regional extent (Stoiber and Davidson, sin have explained many unusual and unexpected mag- 1959). netic anomalies. Contrary to previous theory, the In the Iron River-Crystal Falls district, Michigan, amplitude of the anomalies is not entirely controlled studied in cooperation with the Michigan Geological by the induced magnetization of the magnetite in the Survey Division, a new group of formations of mid- rocks. For example, a strong remanent magnetiza- dle Precambrian age was established, a succession ap- tion is required to explain the magnetic anomaly over proximately 6,500 feet thick was defined, and several the Keweenawan lava flows (Art. 93). In addition, reliable stratigraphic markers were recognized. The there are strong lows over magnetite-rich formations major structure is a triangular basin. The apical of the East Mesabi district and pronounced highs over areas of this basin are faulted and intricately folded, magnetite-poor formations of the Vermilion district, and a typical system of westward-plunging folds mod- A34 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1980-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS ifies the southerly trend of the east limb of the basin consin, and it shows that this advance must have ex- (James and others, 1960). tended into the Lake Superior basin. Six samples of The Lake Mary quadrangle in Michigan, also in- wood from the till of Iowan age in Iowa gives ages vestigated in cooperation with the Michigan Geologi- of more than 30,000 years. These ages differ widely cal Survey Division, is underlain by lower and mid- from the 21,000-22,000 year ages of samples of loess in dle Precambrian metavolcanic rocks, dolomite, slate, Illinois previously assigned to the Iowan substage and and iron formation, cut by dikes and sills of meta- indicate that the loess is probably an advance eolian gabbro (Bayley, 1959a). One of the sills, which is deposit of the Tazewell substage rather than of the about a mile thick and is now nearly vertical, has Iowan. been shown by Bayley to have been originally a differentiated sheet, with an ultramafic zone near the GULP COASTAL PLA=l AND SMISSIS I ERBAYXENIT base and a granophyric zone near the top; the original Mesozoic stratigraphy of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain pyrogenic minerals, however, have been almost en- Data from well samples are being used by Paul and tirely altered to metamorphic minerals of the green- Esther Applin to compile maps on a scale of 1:1,000-r schist facies (Bayley, 1959c). The regional metamor- 000 and cross sections showing the subsurface geology phic grade rises to a maximum in the southern part of Mesozoic rocks in parts of Florida, Georgia, Ala- of the area around a small syntectonic complex of bama, and Mississippi. During the course of this igneous rocks ranging from metagabbro to granite. work, the subsurface contact between the Comanche The major structure is the Holmes Lake anticline, but and Gulf series has been delineated in western Flor- the rocks are cut by faults that dislocate the isofacies. ida; limestone of Trinity (Comanche) age has been Detailed mapping of rocks of middle Precambrian identified in Lamar County, Alabama, and rocks of age by C. E. Dutton in Florence County, Wisconsin Late Jurassic age in Madison and Rankin Counties, -done in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geological Mississippi, and Washington County, Alabama. Fos- and Natural History Survey-has shown that strata sils found in Harrison County, Mississippi, make it of late Animikie age near Florence are folded and possible to distinguish beds of Fredericksburg age in faulted at the southeast apex of a triangular basin the Comanche series; and fossils in the Comanche that extends northwestward into Michigan. The se- series in Walthall and Hancock Counties, Mississippi, quence of late Animikie along the northeastern flank show that the beds containing them are roughly equiv- of the basin is incomplete because the two lowest for- alent to rocks of Trinity age in Florida. mations pinch out as a result of nondeposition or truncation. The sequence of late Animikie age along Lithofacies and origin of Tertiary sediments in the coastal plain of southern Texas the southwest flank occurs in Wisconsin only in a small syncline in a graben. The area between the The origin and geologic environment of uranium graben and the apex of the basin and a similar area deposits in Tertiary sediments of the central and southwest of the graben are underlain by uplifted, southern Texas coastal plain have been investigated by much less complexly folded strata of older Animikie Eargle (1959a, b) (see also p. A10). He has found age extending from the southeast. that the Jackson group (Eocene) near its outcrop consists of deltaic and lagoonal deposits, but that these Age of some Pleistocene sediments grade down-dip into offshore bar and marine deposits. Several samples of Pleistocene sediments from the Deposition was influenced by structural activity, for upper Mississippi Valley have recently been dated by the sediments grow coarser near faults, thin over posi- Meyer Rubin. Snail shells collected by John Frye of tive structural features, and thicken over negative the Illinois Geological Survey from loess in Illinois ones. proved to be older than the Farmdale substage, pre- Buried igneous masses in Missouri and Arkansas viously found to be about 25,000 years old, and younger than the Sangamon interglacial stage. These and Aeromagnetic mapping shows anomalies in Stoddard other dates determined by the Survey's C14 laboratory County, Missouri, and near Walnut Ridge and New- have been used by Frye and Willman of the Illinois port, Arkahsas, that are ascribed to buried igneous Survey to revise the chronology of the Wisconsin masses, some of which are ridges 3,000 to 6,000 feet stage of glaciation. below the surface. A sample of wood collected near Gilbert, Minne- OZARK REGION AID PMTERZ PLAIS sota, was found to be 11,330 years old. It is therefore of the same age as the Two Creeks Forest wood, In addition to the information reported in previ- which was covered by the Valders advance in Wis- ous sections on fuels, potash, and nuclear test sites GEOLOGY OF TEI UNITED STATES A35 (see p. A7, and A12), recent work in northwestern Permian stratigraphy in southeastern New Mexico Arkansas and southeastern New Mexico has contrib- In the southwestern part of Eddy County, New uted to knowledge of regional geologic relations, as Mexico, Hayes (1959) has investigated the strati- follows. graphic relations of Permian shelf rocks to those of the Delaware basin. He has found exposures in Last Geology of northwestern Arkansas Chance Canyon that clearly display intertonguing be- Rocks of Ordovician to Early Pennsylvanian age tween the upper part of the San Andres limestone that crop out in the Ozark region of Arkansas have (Permian) and the sandstone tongue of the Cherry been found to dip and generally thicken southvard Canyon formation (middle Guadalupe series). These under a thick cover of Atoka and younger Pefnsyl- two units unconformably overlie rocks of latest Leon- vanian rocks in the Arkansas Valley (Frezon and ard or earliest Guadalupe age, or both, that are cor- Glick, 1959). The base of the Boone formation (Mis- related with the lower part of the San Andres of sissippian) has a regional dip of only about 10 feet areas on the north and west. In the Big Dog Canyon per mile in the northern part of Arkansas, but its dip scarp a few miles west, rocks of Cherry Canyon age is as much as 500 feet per mile along the northern are apparently separated from rocks of latest Leonard edge of the Arkansas Valley, where the deepening of or earliest Guadalupe age by more than 580 feet of the basin was partly a result' of faulting. Nearly all carbonate rocks that are considered equivalent in age the formations of Ordovician to Pennsylvanian age to the Brushy Canyon formation (early Guadalupe) exhibit thickness and facies changes that indicate that of the Delaware basin. The sequence within the San while these formations were being deposited the north- Andres limestone in Big Dog Canyon may therefore ern and western part of the Ozark region in Arkan- represent nearly continuous deposition from latest sas was covered by shallower water, and subsided Leonard or earliest Guadalupe time into Cherry Can- less, than the southern and eastern part. yon time. In the southeastern part of the Ozone quadrangle in The San Andres limestone is overlain by the Gray- Johnson County, Arkansas, just southwest of the west- burg formation. The Grayburg and the overlying ernmost edge of a large structurally high area in the Queen formation pass laterally into the Goat Seep Ozarks, the Mulberry fault, which separates the Ozark limestone and are thus of middle Guadalupe age. uplift on the north from the downdropped Arkansas Valley on the south, has been found by E. E. Glick, NORTHERN ROCKIES AND PLANN B. R. Haley, and E. A. Merewether to split eastward Preliminary findings of some of the numerous field into a complicated fault'system. The rocks dip west- investigations in progress in the northern Rocky ward from the structurally high area, and descend Mountains and plains are described in the following 1,000 feet in 5 miles into a basin, illustrating that paragraphs. Results of recent work on, mineral de- considerable local structural relief is superimposed on posits in this region are described on pages A1-A14, the regional southward dip in the southern Ozark and landslides related to block faulting are described area. The Atoka formation thickens from about 3,500 on page A21. feet on the north side of the Arkansas Valley to perhaps as much as 20,000 feet on the south side. The Geology of parts of northeastern Washington and northern Idaho northward convergence of individually mapped beds The Hunters quadrangle, northeastern Washington, in the northern part of the area suggests that dias- straddles the border between miogeosynclinal sedi- tems may account in part for the wedge shape of the ments and eugeosynclinal sediments and volcanics. unit. A. B. Campbell believes that the contact between these Aeromagnetic studies in southeastern Missouri two rock assemblages is a high-angle normal fault in an overthrust sheet. The thrusting moved eugeosyn- Allingham (Art. 95) has found that aeromagnetic clinal rocks eastward over miogeosynclinal rocks. The measurements are a valuable aid in interpreting the Northport district, according to R. G. Yates, lies on geology of Precambrian basement rocks where they the boundary between miogeosynclinal rocks of early are buried by later sediments along the southeastern Paleozoic age and eugeosynclinal rocks of late Paleo- flank of the Ozark uplift. Not only is it possible to zoic and Mesozoic age. Cambrian and Ordovician recognize buried topographic features in the basement, time is represented by two contrasting assemblages of including some that are due to faulting, but it is also miogeosynclinal rocks, whose adjacency is interpreted possible to differentiate granitic rocks, volcanic rocks, to have resulted from large scale horizontal shorten- and magnetite-rich iron deposits. ing. In the Republic area, M. H. Staatz (Art. 141), A36 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1980-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS R. L. Parker, J. A. Calkins, and S. J. Muessig have directed thrust faults have an aggregate displacement mapped a large graben that cuts metamorphosed sedi- of about 10 miles. In the Leesburg quadrangle, W. HE ments and batholithic intrusives of probable Jurassic Nelson has found that rocks of the Belt series were age. The graben formed in early or middle Tertiary metamorphosed to the biotite grade and locally to time as the result of collapse and subsidence associ- the garnet grade of dynamothermal metamorphism ated with volcanic activity. In the Mount Spokane during the emplacement of the Idaho batholith. E. T. quadrangle, reeks formerly thought to be Late Juras- Ruppel finds that the Lemhi Range, in the southern sic or Early Cretaceous intrusions have been found part of the Leadore quadrangle, is underlain princi- by A. E. Weissenborn to be gneisses and schists that pally by Precambrian and early Paleozoic sedimentary are probably metamorphosed correlatives of sediments rocks, which have been folded into folds that trend of the Belt series that lie east of the Purcell trench. about N. 250 W. These rocks are cut by early high In the Pend Oreille area of Idaho, aeromagnetic angle faults that trend northwest, by later ones that data can be used to locate surface and near-surface trend northeast, and by nearly flat overthrust faults plutons, such as those at Packsaddle Mountain and of uncertain relations. Granite Point, according to a preliminary interpretation by E. R. King. The Hope fault divides the area Geology of parts of western Montana into a northern highly magnetic section and a south- In the Sun River Canyon area, M. R. Mudge has ern one of low magnetic gradients in which the anom- found fossils that show that the Devils Glen dolomite alies due to the plutons stand out sharply. is of Late Cambrian age. The Morrison formation (Jurassic) in this area changes in facies along the Stratigraphy of thec Belt series in western Montana and Sun River from gray and olive drab mudstones and adjacent areas interbedded sandstone and fresh water limestone east In western Montana, northern Idaho, and north- of the Gibson dam to red-brown fine- to coarse-grained eastern Washington exposures of slightly metamor- cross bedded sandstone and interbedded mudstone west phosed Precambrian sedimentary rocks, referred to of the dam. The two facies are in thrust contact near the Belt series, are widespread. The series is as much the dam. as 45,000 feet thick. According to C. P. Ross, who In the Willis quadrangle of southwestern Montana, has completed a regional study of these rocks, the W. B. Myers has shown that Middle and Upper Cam- groups that make up the series can be recognized brian strata overlap a truncated erosion surface on throughout the region. The groups, named in strati- faulted strata of the Belt series-relations that indi- graphic descending order, are the Missoula, Piegan, cate deformation in Precambrian or Early Cambrian Ravalli, and pre-Ravalli groups. They are being sub- time. A similar deformation is inferred for the High- divided locally into formations and members, but these land Mountains by M. R. Klepper and H. W. Smedes, lesser subdivisions cannot now be correlated from area where thick coarse breccias of very limited extent, pos- to area. sibly reflecting block faulting, occupy the stratigraphic Geology of areas in the vicinity of the Idaho batholith position of the Cambrian Flathead or Wolsey formations in that area. Geologic mapping by Myers also At the northwest margin of the Idaho batholith, indicates that thrust faults in the Willis quadrangle Anna Hietanen-Makela has delineated three struc- are essentially bedding-plane glide surfaces. They tural trends, along each of which folding or refolding originated during the early stage of folding and were has occurred; each phase of the deformation was fol- active until folding ceased; consequently they are lowed by faulting and intrusion. During the geologic strongly folded. mapping of the Yellow Pine quadrangle, Idaho-part In the Livingston-Trail Creek area, A. E. Roberts of a program to obtain a geologic cross section of the has found evidence for at least two pulses of thrusting Idaho batholith-B. F. Leonard has found large re- cumbent folds in highly metamorphosed "Belt" rocks toward the south and southwest. During the early previously thought to be nearly flat lying. The folds one, an anticline composed of Paleozoic rocks was generally trend northwest, but locally they are inter- thrust onto a syncline of Cretaceous rocks. During rupted by others that trend east-northeast. In the the later episode, Precambrian rocks were thrust over Riggins area, Idaho, Hamilton (Art. 103) finds that Cretaceous rocks. In the Maudlow area, Betty Skipp the metamorphic grade of volcanic and sedimentary has mapped an imbricate Laramide thrust zone, with rocks increases eastward toward a broad complex of throws up to about 1,'00 feet, in overturned Paleo- intrusive and metamorphic gneisses that are marginal zoic and Mesozoic beds along the front of the Horse- to the Idaho batholith. Two post-metamorphic, west- shoe Hills. GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATrES A37 According to Zietz (Art. 102), aeromagnetic pro- Charleston thrust, elsewhere known to be of Creta- files across a pluton near Three Forks indicate that ceous age. The granite mylonite, a product of this the pluton is bottomed at a depth of several thousand thrusting, is cut by normal faults of middle Tertiary feet; this strengthens evidence from the mapping of age, as well as by the Wasatch fault of probable Plio- G. D. Robinson which suggests that the pluton was cene and Pleistocene age. cut off by the nearby Lombard thrust. Geology of the Wind River basin, Wyoming Coral zones in Mississippian rocks In the Wind River basin area, W. R. Keefer and W. J. Sando (Art. 100) has recognized five coral J. D. Love have found evidence that during early Ter- zones in the Madison and correlative rocks of Mis- tiary time central Wyoming was invaded by a sea, or sissippian age in the northern Cordilleran region that occupied by a large lake, in which 2,000 feet of dark are useful in regional correlation. The zones indicate gray and black shale was deposited. They have shown that the Brazer, Mission Canyon, and Charles forma- also that structures along the margins of the basin tions are partly equivalent in age. began to develop locally in Late Cretaceous time and continued to form through the Paleocene (Keefer, Geology of parts of western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, Art. 105). One of the largest and most varied Paleo- and northeastern Utah cene mammal faunas known in central Wyoming was In the Clark Fork area, Wyoming, W. G. Pierce found by Keefer in the Shotgun Butte area. Al- (Art. 106) has found that the breakaway point of the though this collection has not been fully studied, it is Heart Mountain detachlnent fault is near the north- known to contain several hundred mammal teeth and east corner of Yellowstone Park. From this point, abundant shark teeth. horizontal displacement of individual blocks increases Geologic and geophysical studies in parts of the Black Blills, southeastward to about 30 miles at the most southeast- South Dakota erly limit, 65 miles way. In the southern part of the Black Hills, G. B. Gott The Meridian Ridge or Wyoming anticline, where and others have found that mild structural deforma- studied by S. S. Oriel, is a complex structure, rather tion occurred prior to Fall River time (Early Cre- than a simple anticline as heretofore believed. He taceous); this probably localized the fluvial sandstones found that the Thaynes limestone of Triassic age was in the Lakota formation, and may have been the be- earlier mistaken for the Twin Creek limestone of ginning of the Black Hills uplift. Deposits of fluvial Jurassic age along the east side of the structure as sandstone in both the Lakota and Fall River forma- previously mapped, accounting for much of the erro- tions are elongate in a northwestward direction and neous closure. Furthermore, the west side of the cross beds dip northwest, suggesting a southeastern structure is cut by steeply dipping faults whereas the source area for most of the sediments of the Inyan east side is complicated by numerous local structures Kara group. In the Newcastle area, on the west side which may be subsidiary to a major fault that lies of the Black Hills, W. J. Mapel inferred from the further east and is covered by Tertiary rocks. orientation of cross beds that the streams that de- In the Green River basin and in Jackson Hole, posited the Cretaceous Lakota formation flowed north- Wyoming, J. D. Love found proof of pro-Tertiary ward. Throughout the southern Black Hills, solu- tilting and erosion. In both areas successively older tion of nearly 250 feet of calcium sulfate from the Cretaceous strata are exposed from east to west, and Pennsylvanian Minnelusa formation and the subse- are overlapped by 5,000 to 15,000 feet of Paleocene quent calcium carbonate recementation of collapse strata. Love has also mapped many late Pliocene and breccias began in early Tertiary time and is continu- Quaternary normal faults, several having displace- ing. ments of from 10,000 to more than 20,000 feet, and in Gravity measurements made by R. M. Hazlewood the Jackson Hole area he has collected Pliocene in- show gravity highs and lows that trend parallel to vertebrates that demonstrate folding of Pliocene or the eastern flank of the Black Hills uplift. His data the vicinity of Bear Lake Valley, Idaho, later age. In also indicate that a steep gravity gradient extends al F. C. Armstrong and E. R. Cressman find that post- the way along the west flank of the Black Hills. Laramide deformation consists of normal faulting and tilting, with only minor folding. Devonian rocks in eastern Montana and western North Dakota In the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, consistent lead- Widespread subdivisions of the Jefferson and Three- alpha ages had indicated that the Little Cottonwood forks formations, both of Devonian age, have been stock was Eocene. Recent mapping by M. D. Crit- recognized by C. A. Sandberg in eastern Montana and tenden, Jr., however, has shown that it is cut by the western North Dakota. He has also found that the

557328 0 - 60 -4 A38 AGEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Beartooth Butte formation, of Early Devonian age, is has already shown, among other things, that the oldest more extensive than supposed and may be equivalent Precambrian rocks, a thick series of metasediments to the lower part of the Maywood formation. which T. S. Lovering and E. N. Goddard had pre- Lithofacies and thickness of the Pierre shale in South Dakota viously grouped mainly in the Idaho Springs and Swandyke formations, can be subdivided into several In a comprehensive study of the Cretaceous Pierre mappable units of wide areal extent (see Koschmann shale (see also p. A64 and Art. 205), H. A. Tourtelot, and Bergendahl, Art. 113). J. D. Wells and D. M. L. G. Schultz, and J. R. Gill have found that along Sheridan have found that the quartzite at Coal Creek, the Missouri River in central South Dakota it con- previously regarded by Lovering and Goddard as sists of clayey rocks with a carbonate-rich unit in the younger than the biotite gneisses of the Idaho Springs upper part and several thin beds of marlstone in the formation, grades into that gneiss. Sims and others lower part. In the Black Hills region, it contains lit- (1959) showed that the rocks in the central Front tle carbonate and more silt and sand. The thickness Range were deformed during at least two periods in of the Pierre increases from about 500 feet in south- Precambrian time. Many faults, including the brec- eastern South Dakota to more than 3,000 feet on the cia reefs that were previously thought to be of Lara- southwestern flank of the Black Hills. mide age, originated in Precambrian time according to Geology of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana evidence presented by P. K Sims and G. R. Scott. In the Bearpaw Mountains, W. T. Pecora and B. C. Ogden Tweto and R. C. Pearson, on the basis of Hearne, Jr. have found that the complexly faulted comprehensive work in the northern Sawatch Range, border zone surrounding the mountains narrows east- have delineated an elongate swarm of metamorphosed ward and is characterized by steep normal faults. This lamprophyre dikes within a great Precambrian shear zone contains down-faulted blocks of volcanic rocks zone. These dikes record almost the latest Precam- and Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous formations, which brian event in the region, for they are younger than have depressed the surrounding formations. Data on the plutonic granites and the regional metamorphism, remanent magnetizm obtained by K. G. Books indi- yet they themselves are metamorphosed, approximately cate that before deformation the volcanic rocks gen- to the amphibolite facies (Pearson, 1959). erally dipped northwest in the northern volcanic field An important outgrowth of studies of the Precam- and southeast in the southern volcanic field. brian in the Front Range and Sawatch Range is the Glaciation in the vicinity of Glacier National Park, Montana recognition that the Colorado Mineral Belt, defined by Laramide intrusive rocks and ore deposits, is co- East of Glacier Park, G. M. Richmond, R. W. extensive with and localized by a zone of intense Pre- Lemke, and E. Dobrovolny determined the strati- cambrian shearing (Tweto and Sims, Art. 4). graphic relation between continental glacial deposits and the Alpine-piedmont deposits of Bull Lake and Geology of volcanic terranes in Colorado and New Mexico Pinedale age. In the Glacier Park area itself, Rich- In studying the classic volcanic terrane of the San mond (Art. 98) found evidence of three Wisconsin Juan Mountains, Colo., Luedke and Burbank (Art. 7) glaciations, two ice advances in Bull Lake time, three mapped several ring-fracture zones, associated with in Pinedale time, two in early Recent time, and two ring dikes related to a late intrusion within the well- in late Recent time. known Silverton caldera in the western San Juans. Steven and Ratt6 (Art. 8) discovered a major caldera SOUTHERN ROCKIES A=D PLFINS near Creede, in the central San Juans, and related its Geologic field investigations in the Southern Rockies subsidence to voluminuous ash flow eruptions. The and plains in 1960 yielded important results in the veins in the Creede district were deposited on the study of Precambrian basement rocks, volcanics of north margin of the caldera along faults extending Cenozoic age, and sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic and outward from it; many of these faults were active younger age as described below (see p. A3-A5 and A13 throughout the subsidence of the caldera, but no sig- for information on mineral deposits in this region). nificant mineralization took place until after the last major period of fault movement (see p. A4). Map- Precambrian rocks and structures in the Front Range and ping in the Spanish Peaks area of south-central Colo- Sawatch Range, Colorado rado by Ross B. Johnson has shown that the radial Geologic mapping has recently been started in the dikes around West Spanish Peak and Dike Mountain Front Range of Colorado to obtain a geologic cross- occupy a joint complex that resulted mainly from in- section of the range at about mid-length, and a longi- termittent orogenic stresses caused by the formation tudinal section of the east-central foothills. This work of the LaVeta syncline, which occurred before the GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES A39 magma was emplaced. Earlier workers generally at- northwesterly trend of the salt anticlines was inher- tributed the radial fissuring to doming of the sedimen- ited from structures formed before the deposition of tary rocks by the emplacement of the stocks. Studies salt of the Paradox member of the Hermosa forma- by C. S. Ross, R. L. Smith, and R. A. Bailey in the tion in Middle Pennsylvanian time. This conclusion Valles Mountains area, New Mexico, have led to the is reinforced by the geophysical findings of H. R. recognition of zones and zonal variations in ash flow Joesting and P. E. Byerly (Byerly and Joesting, tufts that should be widely applicable. 1959; Joesting and Case, Art. 114). Magnetic and/or gravity anomalies are associated with all larger uplifts, Ceology of North Park, Colorado basins, salt anticlines, and laccoliths of the central In North Park, a structural and topographic basin Colorado Plateau. Regional anomalies, associated with between the Park Range and Front Range, it has been the large salt anticlines and with at least some of the found that the widespread Coalmont formation is of laccoliths, relate to structures in the Precambrian base- Paleocene and Eocene age (Hail and Leopold, Art. ment rocks, and perhaps to structures in pre-Missis- 117) and that the North Park formation is probably sippian formations. In many areas, however, the con- of late Miocene age (Hail and Lewis, Art. 116). Geo- figuration of the surface of the basement is not re- logic mapping in the basin by D. M. Kinney and W. J. flected in post-Mississippian rocks. Hail, Jr. indicates that folding and high-angle thrusting related to the Laramide orogeny began before Structure in the vicinity of the Carrizo Mountains deposition of the Coalmont formation and continued A discordance in structure in the Carrizo Mountains throughout its deposition. A conspicuous unconform- has been brought out through the subsurface studies ity in the Coalmont between the Paleocene and the of J. D. Strobell. Well data indicate that an old land Eocene shows that marked uplift took place locally mass in the Carrizo Mountains area was lapped by along the basin margins. Cambrian sandstone and overstepped by limestones of Age of deformation in the Raton basin, Colorado the Devonian Elbert and Ouray formations. On the Precambrian highland just west of the Carrizos the Johnson (1960) and others have concluded, from the Mississippian Leadville and Redwall limestones also results of geologic mapping, that the Laramide Revo- lap out on markedly thinned Devonian beds. The lution began in the Raton basin of south-central Colo- basal Pennsylvanian Molas formation extends across rado with epeirogenic movements in late Montana the eroded complex. Accumulations of oil and no- (Late Cretaceous) time. These epeirogenic movements tably high concentrations of helium in nitrogenous were followed by at least seven orogenic episodes of natural gas occur below the relatively impermeable decreasing magnitude, which extended into Miocene Molas formation in solution cavities near the top of time, and by normal faulting in late Tertiary. the Leadville and Redwall limestones and in porous COLOPADO 'PLATEAU crystalline zones in the lower part of this limestone. Most of the geologic studies on the Colorado Plateau Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of Mesozoic rocks have been undertaken to aid the search for uranium The results of a stratigraphic study of the San and fuels (see p. A9, All, and A13), but they are also Rafael group by J. C. Wright show that the connec- making important contributions to an understanding tion between the shallow Utah basin of deposition and of the regional geology and history of the area. Some the open ocean to the west was restricted in Jurassic of the new findings are summarized below. time. This basin was probably saline, as indicated by History of salt anticlines in the Paradox basin the meagre fauna and prevailing red color of the San Studies of the salt anticlines in Paradox Valley, Rafael group in the basin as well as by the saline precipitates that it contains. In eastern Utah substan- Gypsum Valley, Fisher Valley and other areas by D. P. Elston, E. R. Landis and E. M. Shoemaker show tial but locally erratic erosion of the underlying Nav- that the salt cores were formed in Late Pennsylvanian ajo sandstone took place not only on salt structures but and Permian time and continued to grow from Tri- also in other areas. that collections from the Chinle assic to Early Cretaceous time (Art. 118). Subsequent R. A. Scott reports formation of five localities widely separated on the solution of salt and redistribution of salt by plastic Colorado Plateau have yielded rich assemblages of flow has resulted in the collapse of Mesozoic rocks pollen and spores. Pollen of Ephedra were identified, deposited over the salt cores; this movement has con- and also pollen and spores comparable to those in the tinued through late Pleistocene time. European Keuper. In the eastern part of the Paradox basin, the dis- In the Uinta Basin of the northeastern part of the tribution of subsurface formations suggests that the Colorado Plateau, Zapp and Cobban (Art. 112) have A40 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS been able to map and date the landward extent of percent more of the area is probably underlain by marine wedges and the seaward extent of non-marine Tertiary and Pleistocene fill The greatest thickness wedges for five major transgressive cycles in rocks of of fill, about 10,000 feet, is in basins that are near the post-Eagle (Cretaceous) age. Garlock and San Andreas faults. Structure within the concealed fill is largely unknown; little of it has BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE been explored by test drilling. The mapping of ex- Noteworthy advances in our understanding of the posed Cenozoic rocks has shown, however, that they geology of the Basin and Range province have been are much faulted and that they are sharply folded in made recently in regard to: (a) thrust faults in Ne- many places, particularly near the steep northwest- vada; (b) geology of the Mojave Desert; (c) geology trending faults that characterize the Mojave Desert. of the Sierra Diablo area, Texas; (d) dating of Geology of the Sierra Diablo, Texas strata; (e) crustal structure and block faulting; and Structures of Basin and Range type extend south- (f) Quaternary history (see pages A2-A8 for new east-ward into the northwestern trans-Pecos area of information on mineral deposits in this region). Texas, where a long intermontane depression, the Salt Thrust faults in Nevada Basin, is bordered on its eastern and western sides by In the Osgood Mountains, P. E. Hotz and Ronald fault-block ranges. The Guadalupe Mountains, one Willden have found rocks transitional between the of the ranges on the east, was previously described by eugeosynclinal elastic and volcanic facies typical of P. B. King, and he is now preparing a report on the western Nevada and the miogeosynclinal carbonate Sierra Diablo, a range on the west. The Sierro Diablo facies typical of eastern Nevada. Since the Osgood fault block had a considerable prior history as a posi- Mountains are 90 miles west of the eastern trace of tive area, dating back to a period of folding and the Roberts Mountains thrust, and since the overrid- faulting near the close of Pennsylvanian time. De- ing plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust contains formed Pennsylvanian and older rocks are overlain rocks of the eugeosynclinal facies along its eastern by a mass of Permian carbonate rocks of Wolfcamp margin, those rocks must have originated west of the and Leonard age several thousand feet thick which Osgood Mountains, and have been moved more than compose the main part of the range. They were 90 miles eastward to reach their present position. In formed on a submarine platform at the southwestern the northern part of the Shoshone Range, Gilluly edge of the Delaware basin, and the Leonard series (Art. 119) and others have found that the Roberts at the margin of the platform is a complex of bank, Mountains thrust is folded into a tight overturn and reef, and fore-reef deposits. Knowledge of the Wolf- is cut by younger thrusts. camp and Leonard series of the Sierra Diablo sup- In the Snake Range, Nevada, mapping of complex plements knowledge of the Guadalupe series in the structures by D. H. Whitebread has shown that the nearby Guadalupe Mountains, making the composite thrust faults consistently show younger rocks thrust sequence of the two areas one of the standards of ref- over older rocks. Within the upper plates of the erence for the marine Permian in North America. thrust faults are numerous northward-trending faults New information on the age of strata with predominantly strike-slip movement. In the Schell Creek Range, Drewes found that the Paleo- Geologic mapping by H. R. Cornwall and F. J. zoic rocks east of Connors Pass are thrust on several Kleinhampl in the southern Grapevine Mountains of bedding-plane faults that removed tens to thousands Nevada indicates that olenellid-bearing shales of late of feet of an otherwise normal sequence (Art. 122). Early Cambrian age, previously discovered by J. F. McAllister, belong to the Johnnie formation. This is Cenozoic rocks and structures in the western Mojave Desert, the lowest known occurrence of fossils in the strati- California graphic column in the Great Basin. Geologic mapping by T. W. Dibblee, Jr., G. L. Research on Great Basin graptolites by R. J. Ross, Smith, and others, and concurrent geophysical sur- Jr., and W. B. Berry indicates that the entire span of veys by D. R. Mabey, undertaken as a part of borate the Ordovician is present in the Great Basin in both investigations (see p. AT), have shown that in the eugeosynclinal and miogeosynclinal facies. These western Mojave Desert the surface alluvium of some studies make possible fairly precise correlations be- basins conceals extensive and thick accumulations of tween the two facies, and also with graptolite-bear- Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Whereas ing rocks of New York, Texas, Australia, and Great actual exposures of the Tertiary and Pleistocene rocks Britain. J. G. Moore (Art. 131) has found from a make up only about 10 percent of the area, about 30 review of all fossil evidence that the metavolcanic I GEOLOGY OF THE UMTAD STATES A41 rocks in roof pendants of intrusive bodies related to with maxima (earliest to youngest) at about 5100, the Sierra Nevada batholith in western Nevada are of 5135, 4770, 4470 and 4410 feet above sea leveL Late Triassic and Early Jurassic age. COLU* A PLATEAU ANED SNARE PIVER PLAIS Crustal structure and block faulting Gravity studies (see Mabey, Art. 130) in the Basin Current detailed mapping in the Columbia Plateau and Range province have revealed an inverse corre- and Snake River Plains is centered in three areas: lation between the Bouguer anomaly values and re- the John Day country in north-central Oregon, north- gional topography, suggesting that regional isostatic central Nevada, and the Snake River Plain of south- compensation exists throughout the region. The grav- ern Idaho. ity data indicate that several basins are underlain by Geology of parts of John Day area, Oregon over two miles of Cenozoic rock, and the pre-Tertiary In the John Day area, T. P. Thayer finds two gen- rock surface under some of these basins is as much as erations of layering in a gabbro-peridotite complex two miles below sea level. that contains chromite deposits, and believes that this From an analysis of the block faulting that char- layering resulted from magmatic deformation of semi- acterizes the Basin and Range province, Moore has solid rocks during their emplacement, which took found that blocks tend to be tilted toward regional place in Early and Middle Triassic time. Fifty thou- topographic highs, and that many of the major range- sand feet of graywacke and volcanic rocks deposited front faults are arcuate in plan, concave toward the in this area in late Triassic time show major intra- down-thrown block (Art. 188; see also p. A58). formational unconformities, abrupt facies changes, and Tiltmeter observations by Greene and Hunt in the local thickening, all of which indicate contemporane- Death Valley area indicate that tilting is going on ous deformation (Thayer and Brown, Art. 189). Met- there at the present time (Art. 124). The amount amorphism of these rocks to zeolitic facies, and locally and direction of tilting differs from one station to to actinolite-albite facies, has been related to intru- another, and the rate of tilting at a given station sion of granodiorite and related rocks (accompanied varies from time to time. by gold mineralization) in Late Cretaceous time. Geophysical studies along the eastern front of the Fischer and Wilcox (Art. 140) report that the beds Sierra Nevada suggest that Mono Basin and Long of the John Day formation near Monument, Oreg. Valley are volcano-tectonic depressions (Pakiser and were largely wind-laid on a subaerial surface of mod- others, 1960). Pakiser (1960a; see also Art. 189) has erate relief. Flows of Columbia River basalt subse- suggested that volcanic rocks in this region were quently filled depressions on the surface of the John erupted from regions of relative tension or stress re- Day formation, and eventually blanketed the whole lief in offsets of major left-lateral en echelon shear region. The youngest of these flows differ from the zones. older ones in texture and in mineral and chemical Quaternary history composition. In Lake County, Oregon, G(.W. Walker From a study of ancient soils and other surficial (Art. 138) has mapped volcanic rock formations that deposits, R. B. Morrison believes it possible to cor- are similar to those of Central Oregon in general relate the later Quaternary stratigraphic units of the stratigraphy, and contain a related vertebrate fauns Carson Desert with those of the Bonneville Basin, of Miocene age. Rocky Mountains, and Sierra Nevada. His tentative Petrology and remanent magnetism of Snake River lams correlations confirm earlier suggestions that Lakes Powers (Art. 137) has found that basaltic rocks of Lahontan and Bonneville fluctuated synchronously, the Snake River valley in southern Idaho differ from and that both lakes were high when the glaciers were other basalts in the northwestern United States in extensive in the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Moun- their low content of silica compared to total iron and tains. The intricate stratigraphic record related to magnesia, and that some basalt-like rocks are alkalic the fluctuations of Lake Lahontan not only provides (Art. 136). evidence on which to base a detailed history of the Measurement of remanent magnetism by A. V. Cox Carson Desert, but also gives indirect evidence of gla- on a suite of 800 samples from the basaltic lavas shows cial oscillations not yet recognized in the mountains. that, regardless of differences in mineralogy, the mag- In the Little Cottonwood area, Utah, G. M. Rich- netic polarity of basalt of late Pleistocene and Recent mond and R. B. Morrison determined by detailed age is north-seeking, whereas the polarity of basalt stratigraphic mapping of the Quaternary deposits of middle and early Pleistocene age is south-seeking. that there were five lake cycles of Lake Bonneville, Moreover, within each of these groups, smaller differ- A42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS ences in directions of magnetization can be used to aa lava is generally about 50 to 150 cps higher than correlate isolated outcrops of individual flows. that of pahoehoe lava, perhaps because the as has a Structure and history of the western Snake River plain greater surface area per unit volume, and therefore has a larger effective gamma emitting surface than Malde (1959b) has shown that the northwest-trend- the pahoehoe. ing reach of the Snake River Plain in southwestern The highest aeroradioactivity levels, up to 1,100 cps, over basaltic lava flows were those Idaho developed by major subsidence along faults that recorded over serrate flows in the northeast corner of cross the trend of Basin and Range faulting. During the Craters of the Moon National subsidence of this graben, elastic sediments and sub- Monument. ordinate amounts of interbedded basaltic lava and Cenozoic volcanic rocks and structure in north-central Nevada siliceous volcanic ash, which total at least a mile in In north-central Nevada, R. R. Coats has distin- thickness, were deposited intermittently from early guished several formations of siliceous volcanic rocks Pliocene to Recent time. Pliocene and lower Pleisto- alternating with formations of basaltic lavas. Some cene deposits Mfil broad basins, whereas the middle of the rocks are mineralized with gold, and all are Pleistocene and younger deposits are confined to nar- broken by block faults structurally allied with the row ancient canyons nearly congruent with the pres- Basin and Range province. Fossil mammals, mol- ent canyon of the Snake River. Malde (Art. 135) lusks, leaves, and diatoms date the gold mineraliza- relates the youngest deposits to the overflow of Lake tion as late Miocene and the subsequent block faulting Bonneville into the Snake River. as latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene. The graben of the western Snake River Plain in Idaho is a region of high gravity in which three large PACIFIC COAST REGION positive anomalies are arranged en echelon parallel to the regional northwesterly structural trend (Pakiser, Geologic investigations in the Pacific Coast region 1960b). Simple Bouguer values of about -70 mgals are grouped for discussion into the following cate- (milligals) at the gravity highs, by comparison with gories: (a) the Sierra Nevada batholith, (b) western values of about -125 mgals at the basin borders, are foothills metamorphic belt, (c) the Cascade Range, interpreted by Baldwin and Hill (1960) to indicate (d) Klamath Mountains and the Coast Ranges of a buried section of basaltic lava somewhere between northern California, and (e) major sedimentary the limits 8y2 to 24 km in thickness. basins. A elastic deposit several thousand feet thick in the Geology of the Sierra Nevada batholith western Snake River Plain, dated as late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, contains a very large fresh-water The principal objectives of the work in the Sierra molluscan fauna in which D. W. Taylor recognizes Nevada, part of which is being done in cooperation 109 species, many of which are new. In degree of with the State of California, are to determine the spa- endemism, in the variety of species and genera, and in tial and temporal relations and the structure, compo- the great variety of individual forms, this fauna is sition, and mode of emplacement of the plutons that similar to that now living in Lake Ohrid, Yugoslavia, constitute the Sierra Nevada batholith; the strati- and in Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa, Africa. It is graphy and structure of the associated Paleozoic and also similar in these respects to the fossil faunas from Mesozoic strata; and the factors that controlled the the former Pontian, Dacian, and Levantine basins of localization of deposits of tungsten, copper, and gold southeastern Europe. that characterize the range. The first phase of this investigation is to prepare a reliable geologic map of Aeroradloactivity in the vicinity of the National Reactor Test a strip about 85 miles wide across the central part of Station area, Idaho the range. This map is being synthesized from all According to R. G. Bates, aerial radiological sur- available mapping but it is based mainly on large- veys (ARMS program) in the vicinity of the Na- scale geologic mapping of critical areas and recon- tional Reactor Test Station area show that the high- naissance mapping of intervening areas by P. C. Bate- est natural aeroradioactivity levels, 1,000 to 1,900 cps man, L. D. Clark, C. D. Rinehart, D. C. Ross, and (counts per second), are found in or near areas of others. This mapping, supplemented by stratigraphic rhyolite and related rocks along the northwest and and paleontologic studies (Rinehart and others, 1959), southeast boundaries of the Snake River Plain and shows that the top directions of strata of Paleozoic in three areas within the plain. A basaltic lava flow and Mesozoic age, which form the wall rock and roof southwest of Idaho Falls has a uniformly low radio- pendants, are toward the central part of the range, activity of 300 to 400 cps. The aeroradioactivity of indicating that the batholith was emplaced along the GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES A43 axial part of a synclinorium. New data confirm and Stratigraphy and structure of the Klamath Mountains and extend certain earlier concepts, namely that the Si- Coast Ranges, northern California erra Nevada batholith is composed of many discrete In the southern part of the Klamath Mountains, plutons of granitic rock, which were in general em- geologic mapping of the Weaverville quadrangle, done placed successively from west to east and show an by Irwin (Art. 147) in cooperation with the State eastward increase in silica and potassium content. of California, indicates that a belt of metamorphic Mapping and petrographic studies by J. G. Moore rocks in that area has a synclinorial structure, and and P. C. Bateman indicate that most of the individual that the Abrams mica schist is probably younger than plutons are concentrically zoned and that quartz and the Salmon hornblende schist, rather than older as K-feldspar increase toward the core. In the Mount thought by earlier workers. Pinchot quadrangle a swarm of lamprophyric dikes In the Coast Ranges of northern California geologic mapped by Moore cuts some of the plutons and in mapping has been hampered by lack of fossils and of places is cut by others, a fact that helps determine distinct lithologic units in the thick and structurally the relative ages of the plutons. complex sequence of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cre- taceous graywacke that constitutes much of the ter- Structure and Jurassic fauna of the western foothills ane. The use of stain techniques (Bailey and Ste- metamorphic belt of the Sierra Nevada vens, 1960) to determine the distribution of the feld- In the western foothills metamorphic belt, L. D. spar content of these rocks may prove to be the clue Clark (1960; see also Art. 148) has identified a ma- needed to unravel this geology. Results to date indi- jor system of steeply dipping faults and recognized cate that the Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous two distinct stages of deformation. The foothills fault rocks on the west side of the Sacramento Valley in- system, which trends northwestward and has been crease in K-feldspar content with decreasing age, traced for about 200 miles, is a zone of shearing whereas the rocks of the Franciscan formation gen- thousands of feet wide; displacement may be meas- erally contain no K-feldspar (Bailey and Irwin, urable in miles. 1959). R. W. Imlay has found that Late Jurassic faunas Geology of major sedimentary basins in this area have a strong boreal aspect, and that they also have affinities with Mexican and Cuban faunas. In the Los Angeles basin surface and subsurface The Late Jurassic seas in California must therefore mapping by J. E. Schoellhamer, A. 0. Woodford, J. G. Vedder, R. F. Yerkes, D. L. Durham, T. H. have been connected freely northward with Alaska McCulloh, and P. J. Smith, when integrated with the and southward with the Tethyan region. results of density determinations on more than 2,000 Igneous rocks of the Cascade Range samples, made it possible to construct a compartmen- As a part of the cooperative program to prepare a talized lithodensity model of the basin. A gravity State Geologic Map of Oregon., Peck's mapping in map, prepared by subtracting the gravitational ef- the Cascade Range has established the stratigraphic fects shown by this model from the Bouguer anomaly values, indicates a steep northeastward-sloping resid- sequence of 15,000 feet of Cenozoic volcanic rocks, ual regional gravity gradient, which is ascribed to ranging in composition from rhyodacite to olivine ba- landward thickening of the crust (McCulloh, Art. salt, and the relations of the lower part of this se- 150). quence to the marine Tertiary strata that interfinger The position of the boundary between Lower and with it from the west (Peck, 1960). He has also Upper Cretaceous rocks on the west side of the Sacra- shown that these volcanic rocks were extruded from mento Valley was clarified recently by Brown and vents alined in northward-trending belts, which in Rich (Art. 149) when they recognized an extensive general shifted progressively eastward with time zone of Upper Cretaceous slump deposits that contain (Peck, Art. 144). blocks with Lower Cretaceous fossils. In the Holden quadrangle, in the northern Cas- In the central part of the Oregon Coast Range ba- cade Mountains of Washington, Cater has found that sin, P. D. Snavely, Jr. has tentatively concluded from the post-Eocene Cloudy Pass batholith reached an his study of the sedimentary structures and the dis- exceptionally high level in the earth's crust. In so tribution of lithofacies in the middle Eocene Tyee doing it developed chilled porphyritic borders and formation that these rhythmically bedded sandstones gave rise to hypabyssal porphyry plugs, intrusive brec- were deposited by turbidity currents flowing along cias, and a volcanic neck (Art. 218). the axis of a eugeosyncline about parallel to the pres- A44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS ent range. In the Juan de Fuca basin and on the Cretaceous rocks of the Koyukuk basin northern slopes of the Olympic Mountains, geologic Reconnaissance mapping and stratigraphic studies mapping and stratigraphic studies by Brown and oth- by W. W. Patton in the Koyukuk Cretaceous basin ers (1960) together with studies of Foraminifera by of western Alaska, which may contain much petroleum W. W. Rau, established the stratigraphic sequence of (Miller and others, 1959), shows that late Early more than 30,000 feet of marine sedimentary and vol- Cretaceous rocks in the Kateel River quadrangle are canic rocks of early Eocene to middle Miocene age. bounded on the north by the folded Early Cretaceous H. D. Gower has mapped a heretofore unrecognized and older volcanic rocks of the Hogatza Arch. Both major structural feature, the northwestward-trending the volcanics and sediments are capped by Quaternary Calawah River fault zone, in the Pysht quadrangle, flows as much as 700 feet thick, but the northern and Washington. He believes that this fault has a left- eastern limits of the Cretaceous sediments beneath lateral displacement measured in tens of miles. these flows and the alluvium are clearly shown by Gravity studies by D. J. Stuart in western Wash- several aeromagnetic profiles that cross the basin ington show a close correlation between gravity highs (Zietz and others, 1959). and thick sequences of Eocene volcanic rocks. In Geology of the Tofty-Eureka district west-central Oregon, R. W. Bromery and P. D. In the Tofty-Eureka district in central Alaska, D. M. Snavely have inferred from correlation of surface ge- Hopkins and Bond Taber found that the northern limit ology with offsets of aeromagnetic patterns, that a of outcrop of a sequence of rocks many thousands of fault with a left-lateral separation of about 3 miles feet thick, consisting of basal orthoquartzite that grades extends from the town of Siletz eastward across the upward to graywacke, coincides approximately with poorly exposed rocks in the central part of the Ore- the northern limit of the Early Cretaceous geosyncline gon Coast Ranges. in which the sequence was deposited. They distinguished intrusive rocks of two ages, one probably of ATLASA Early Cretaceous and the other of Late Cretaceous Our understanding of the geology of Alaska is still age, and found that tin is associated with the earlier intrusives and gold with the later. They also found at an early stage. Large parts of the State have not that the gentle valley slopes underlying the placers in been mapped at all and our geologic maps of other the area, at first thought to be pediments carved by large parts are not up to the standards now set even minor tributaries, were formed instead by trunk reconnaissance mapping (fig. 2). Some of the for streams flowing east or west, which during most of now being done is in areas of special economic mapping Pleistocene time were cutting into their south banks interest on scales of 1:63,360 or larger, but most of the and simultaneously deepening their valleys. mapping in progress elsewhere is being done on a scale of 1:250,000, in order to cover the region as quickly Stratigraphy of the Matanuska formation as possible. Apart from studies related to mineral The rocks that make up the Matanuska formation and engineering problems (see pages A4-A14 and pages in the Matanuska Valley, Nelchina area, and Copper A19-A22, respectively), the principal areas of geologic River lowlands were found by Grantz and Jones (Art. field work during the past year were in the Brooks 159) to range in age from Albian to Late Maestrich- Range, the Koyukuk Cretaceous basin, the Tofty- tian and to be separated at three stratigraphic levels Eureka district, the Matanuska Valley, the Copper by unconformities. Although the gross stratigraphic River basin, the eastern Chugach Range, and south- succession is similar in all these areas, the details of eastern Alaska. the succession change significantly between the Nel- china area and the Matanuska Valley. The formation Geology of the southern part of the Brooks Range is more highly deformed in the Matanuska Valley As a part of reconnaissance mapping of the south than in the other areas. half of the Brooks Range, Brosg6 and Reiser completed Geology of the eastern part of the Chugach MIountains a geologic map of the Wiseman quadrangle and The lithologic character and general structural pat- mapped much of the Chandalar quadrangle. The rocks tern of complexly folded sedimentary, volcanic, and in this area consist largely of metamorphosed Pale- metamorphic rocks have been determined by Earl ozoic sedimentary rocks intruded by granite and basic Brabb and D. J. Miller in a strip crossing the previ- rocks. Metal prospects occur near granite masses and ously unknown eastern part of the Chugach Mountains. on strike with them, and copper is associated with a They discovered that the argillite-graywacke sequence few of the basic intrusives (Art. 161). exposed on Barkley Ridge in the southern part of the EXPLANATION

MAPS OF MAPS OF BEDROCK SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

Scale of 1:100,000 or Scale of 1:100,000 or smaller (chiefly 1:250,000) smaller (chiefly 1:250,000)

Scale of 1:63,360 Scale of 1:63,360

Mopping of islands shown in the Insert: bedrock and surficlal deposits have been mapped at 09 a scale of 1:63,360 for all those in the four western quadrangles;the three easternmost islands have not been adequately mapped; the remaining islands have been mapped at a scale of 1:63,360 or smaller I. St 6 I 4b

Fainkt 2.-Map of Alaska showing the location of areas where available geolglo maps meet reconnaissance standards. A46 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 19g0-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS area is of Late Cretaceous or Paleocene age. Some ciine, are approximately parallel to the coast of the copper and gold mineralization is associated with southern part of Alaska. These major tectonic belts dioritic intrusives. They found evidence of two major are similar to those known further south on the North glaciations, both presumably Wisconsin in age, and American continent. The Arctic Coastal Plain and they also found evidence of late Wisconsin and Recent the floor of the Arctic Ocean off Alaska, like the cen- uplift. tral interior of the United States and Canada, was Geology of Admiralty Island probably a platform or shield until the beginning of The work of E. H. Lathram and others has shown Cretaceous time. The Brooks Range compares tecton- that the metamorphic rocks forming the backbone ically to the Rocky Mountains, the Central Plateau and western side of Admiralty Island (including the region of interior Alaska to the Basin and Range Retreat group, previously thought to be of Triassic province, the Alaska Range and associated Talkeetna to Cretaceous age) are Silurian and Devonian. There Mountains to the Sierra-Cascade province, the Cook is evidence for three periods of folding, all of which Inlet-Matanuska Valley lowland to the Great Valley may be later than Early Cretaceous. Most of the of California, and the Chugach and St. Elias Ranges folds are overturned to the southwest, but a few are and the Kenai Mountains to the California and Oregon overturned to the northeast. The rocks are intruded Coast Ranges. by many small stocks and by a batholith having an Glacial history and distribution of surflcial deposits in Alaska area of at least 150 square miles. Migmatites related Coulter, Hopkins, Karlstrom, Pew6, Wahrhaftig, to two of the stocks show signs of mineralization and Williams have compiled a map on a scale of (Berg, Art. 19). 1:2,500,000, which shows the limits of past ice advances Reconnaissance aeromagnetic surveys of sedimentary basins of post-Altithermal or Recent, post-Illinoian, pre- Analysis of aeromagnetic profiles across the Yukon Altithermal, fllinoian, and pre-Illinoian ages through- Flats indicates that magnetic "basement" underlies out Alaska. One of the interesting things brought out most of the area at no great depth (Zietz and others, by this compilation is that during each advance glaciers Art. 36). Only in relatively small parts of the area have been most extensive on the south side of moun- have low magnetic gradients been found that might tain ranges and most restricted on the north sides-a indicate possible thick sequences of sedimentary rock. rain shadow effect demonstrating that precipitation Aeromagnetic traverses across the Bethel lowland show sources lay to the south and southwest in the Pacific that it is not a simple structural basin but is underlain Ocean and perhaps the Bering Sea during at least the by four northeast-trending belts, two where magnetic last half of Pleistocene time. Another map of Alaska rocks are relatively near the surface, and two where on a scale of 1:1,584,000 compiled by Karlstrom and magnetic rocks lie at considerable depth. East-west others (Art. 154) shows the distribution of surficial aeromagnetic lines flown across the Cook Inlet-Susitna deposits (including glacial deposits, loess, alluvium, lowland between Chelatna Lake and Seldovia, show a coastal sediments, and volcanic deposits) and also the line of abrupt change in magnetic pattern that crosses location of ice fields and glaciers, and major faults the Susitna and Beluga lowlands and coincides in part that have displaced surficial deposits. It should be of with the Castle Mountain fault (Grantz and others, considerable use in state-wide planning of engineering unpublished data). Great thicknesses of sedimentary projects. rocks probably do not occur north or northwest of In the Johnson River area on the northeast side of the this line. South of this line, however, thick sections Alaska Range, G. W. Holmes (1959d) has recognized may underlie part of the Beluga lowlands and are three major glacial advances in his summary of the known to be present southeast of the line in the Cook Quaternary history of the area. In the Cook Inlet area Inlet area. A total intensity aeromagnetic contour Karlstrom (1959 and Art. 153) has established a Qua- map and a gravity survey indicate that in places within ternary chronology of 5 major glaciations and has the southern half of the Copper River basin sedimen- correlated this glacial sequence with that of the mid- tary rocks are thick enough to have oil possibilities continent area of the United States. In the upper (Andreasen and others, unpublished data). Kuskokwim region, Fernald (1959) has differentiated and mapped the extent of two ice advances. Other Tectonic provinces of Alaska recent observations on the extent, age, and origin A tectonic map on a scale of 1:2,500,000, compiled of surficial deposits are reported in papers by Coulter by George Gryc and others, shows that Alaska is (Art. 160), Lewis (1959anb), Nichols (Art. 162), Wil- made up of a series of arcuate geosynclinal and geanti- liams (1959 and Art. 152), and Williams, Pew6, and clinal belts that, except for the Brooks Range geanti- Paige (1959). GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES A47 HAWAII subsided until August when, accompanied by a series The Geologic Division's current work in Hawaii is of earthquakes, it commenced again. During the next mainly concerned with investigations of alumina-rich few months the rate of swelling increased and the soils, and with observations on the Hawaiian volcanoes. series of earthquakes, originally centered 35 miles below the surface, became shallower and more numerous. A Alumina-rich soil and clay great flurry of tiny, near-surface earthquakes centered Alumina-rich soils developed on basaltic rocks in on the edge of the crater heralded the violent summit the Hawaiian Islands are being investigated by S. H. eruptions at Kilauea-Iki from November 14 to Decem- Patterson to determine both their economic significance ber 20, 1959. Although the swelling subsided slightly and the geologic factors influencing their distributions. during the eruptions, it continued at an increasing This work, which is being done mainly in Kauai, is an rate until January 13, 1960 when an eruption occurred extension of earlier reconnaissance investigations by on the flank of the volcano at Kapoho 24 miles away, J. B. Cathcart of the Geological Survey and Professors an event also foreshadowed by a flurry of local earth- G. D. Sherman and A. T. Abbott of the University quakes. The volcano then settled dramatically as of Hawaii. Kauai, as one of the geologically older the magma reservoir was drained, and activity cul- island volcanos of the Hawaiian group, is more deeply minated in a series of small collapses of the crater weathered than the younger islands. Work to date floor. by Patterson indicates the Kauai deposits are sub- Sixteen phases of the eruption in the summit crater marginal as bauxite ore. were recorded in the period November 14 to Decem- On the island of Hawaii G. D. Fraser (Art. 163) ber 18, 1959, each manifested by geyser-like action with has mapped an extensive and deeply weathered pyro- fountains up to 1,900 feet high. The lava temperature clastic deposit known as the Pahala ash. This bed, reached a maximum of 11900 C. The depth of the locally several feet thick, is now known to be a unique lava lake exceeded 400 feet and the thickness of the horizon marker in the Mauna Loa-Kilauea lava se- ash fall at the crater rim exceeded 100 feet. The crust quence and is believed by Fraser to have emanated on the lava lake has been penetrated by drilling, and from Kilauea as phreatomagmatic explosions. Com- devices installed in the hole for geothermal studies posed largely of pumiceous material, its weathering have recorded a thermal gradient of 100° C per foot to high-alumina clay has proceded more rapidly, geo- in 7 feet of crust. The lava from the summit eruption logically, than weathering of basalt. contains 46.3 to 49.5 percent SiO 2 . Ultramaflc differentiates In the Kaupulehu flow Among the gases identified in the eruption, SO, A remarkable "boulder bed" composed essentially reached concentrations of one percent within the high- of ultramafic inclusions has been exposed by a new temperature interior of the newly-formed pumice cone, road cut in the 1801 Kaupulehu flow on Hualalai and in Hilo, 22 miles distant, the SO2 content of the air reached Volcano. Locally this "conglomerate" contains less 2 ppm. The ratio of COdSO2 ranged than one percent lava matrix and is up to 9 feet thick. from 0.6 to 2,000 at different gas-venting localities. The mineral and chemical composition of the olivine- CuCl2 emission was detected in volcano flames during rich and pyroxene-rich nodules are being studied in eruption. great detail by D. H. Richter and K. J. Murata for The flank eruption at Kapoho was predicted by their significance in magmatic differentiation of pri- seismic station monitoring, and public warnings were mary basaltic magma. issued after the Kapoho graben sank three feet. Erup- tion began on January 13, 1960 and ingress of ground Recent volcanic activity at Kilauea-Iki and Kapoho water caused violent steam emission coincident with Recent volcanic activity on the island of Hawaii, lava eruption. Flows rapidly changed from pahoehoe beginning with a summit eruption at Kilauea-Iki in to aa. The lava that issued from Kapoho was November 1959 and ending with a flank eruption at more viscous, reached a lower maximum temperature, Kapoho in February 1960, was observed and analyzed and contained more silica (50.2 percent SiO,), plagi- by geologists D. H. Richter and C. K. Wentworth, oclase, and pyroxene and less olivine than the lava geochemists K. J. Murata and W. U. Ault, and geo- that came from the summit eruption. The Kapoho physicists J. P. Eaton and H. L. Krivoy of the Geo- eruption is interpreted as a more advanced differen- logical Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. tiate of the Hawaiian primary magma. The recent series of eruptions at Kilauea were presaged by a swelling of the volcano from October PUERTO RICO A DTHE CANAL ZONE 1958 to February 1959, measured by the Survey's The U.S. Geological Survey has been studying the newly developed portable tiltmeter. The swelling geology of Puerto Rico in cooperation with the Eco- A48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS nomic Development Administration of the Common- Geologic contrasts between the island arcs and Wands of the wealth of Puerto Rico. The project was started in western Pacific basin 1952, and its purpose then was only to investigate the The contrasting geologic nature of islands situated mineral resources, but in 1955 its aims were enlarged on the two major island arc systems bounding the to include mapping the entire island on a scale of western side of the northern Pacific Basin are illus- 1:20,000. trated by differences in the stratigraphic successions The mountainous central part of the island is made of the rocks of Okinawa and Ishigaki in the Rynkyu up of rocks of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary age Islands and of Guam in the southern Mariana Islands and Yap in the western Caroline Islands. On Okin- in a complexly faulted northwest-trending anticlinor- awa, an island of the western arc, raised late Tertiary ium. Most of the stratigraphic units are lenticular and Quaternary reef limestones and associated sedi- and consist of volcanic rocks or of sedimentary rocks ments overlie a thick sequence of tilted Miocene marls containing volcanic fragments (Berryhill, Briggs, and and complexly folded and faulted low-grade meta- Glover, 1960). These units are cut by several large morphic geosynclinal deposits mostly of late Paleozoic bodies of intrusive rock. The coastal border of the age (Flint, Saplis, and Corwin, 1959); those of Ishi- island is underlain by gently dipping younger rocks gaki rest on faulted Eocene limestones, conglomerates of Tertiary age. and volcanic rocks, and on probable late Paleozoic In the east-central part of the central mountainous intermediate-grade metamorphic geosynclinal sedi- area, graben and horst structures occur in a zone of ments that have been intruded by granites of late complex faults (Briggs and Pease, Art. 167), and Mesozoic or early Tertiary age (Foster, Art. 170). in south-central Puerto Rico small thrust faults have On Guam, an island of the eastern arc, uplifted been recognized by Glover and Mattson (Art. 166). reef limestones and argillaceous equivalents overlie In the north half of the mountainous area hydro- a thick sequence of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks thermally altered rocks containing quartz, pyrophyl- and associated sediments, most of which were de- lite, alunite, and kaolin group clays occur at several posted at or below sea level but are now raised to places along a northwest trending belt (Hildebrand, elevations of as much as 1,300 feet and more above 1959; Pease, Art. 165). sea level (Tracey and others, 1959). At Yap, late Tertiary and Pleistocene reef limestones are lacking; In the Canal Zone and adjacent parts of Panama, the basement rocks include Miocene volcanic rocks, a geologic studies have been carried on intermittently breccia of undetermined Miocene or Oligocene age, by W. P. Woodring since 1947. The principal ob- and older undated metavolcanic deposits that have jectives have been to determine the geologic history been intruded by ultramatic rocks (Cole, Todd, and of the land bridge, but geologic mapping by the Geo- Johnson, 1960). logical Section of the Special Engineering Division Whereas basement rocks in both arcs are now ex- of the Canal Zone has been compiled and is included posed above sea level, basement rocks in the Northern in Chapter A of Professional Paper 38W on the geology Marshall Islands, a group in the western Pacific and Tertiary molluks, published in 1957. The de- basin east of the arcs, now lie at appreciable depths scription of the Tertiary mollusks is continued in below sea leveL At Eniwetok, Quaternary reef lime- Chapter B (Woodring, 1959a). stones rest on thick Miocene and Eocene reef limestones that in turn overlie a flow of olivine alkali WESTERN PACMCISLANDS basalt at depths of more than 4,000 feet below sea level (S. 0. Schlanger and G. A. MacDonald, un- The scattered islands and the island groups of the published data). Western Pacific (fig. 3) represent the exposed re- Regional stratigraphie and paleontologie studies gional geology of an area greater than that of the continental United States. Up to 1946, little detailed Large paleontologic collections, especially of microfossils and Mollusca, have made it possible to correlate geologic information about this area was available; the Tertiary limestones throughout the Western Pa- today, as the result of geologic studies supported or cific. W. Storrs Cole reports a comparable sequence done in cooperation with several agencies of the De- of larger Formaminifera, ranging in age from Eocene partment of Defense, with the U.S. Atomic Commis- to Recent, at widely separated localities in the Fiji sion, and with the National Research Council, it is Islands, the deep drill holes at Bikini and Eniwetok, abundant. Some of the islands, indeed, are among and the raised limestones of Saipan, Guam, and the the most intensely studied places on earth. Palau Islands. The sequence can also be correlated ~-ILAI4S EXPLANATION I0 (Island names underlined as shown) o'er::C Geological, geophysical, and deep-well explora- AE N %.*.CAROLIN O ' tions; Northern Marshall Islands ISLAN DS 1 Detailed geologic, soils, and vegetation studie, - . *-. AKRW GIIA; Pacific geologic mapping program geologic studies and geologic …Supplementary reconnaisance, for ffice of the Engineer, U. S Army; U. S. Coast Guard, U. S. Air Force; and National Research Council ? ,.290 490 690 8 Miles

FIGPURI B.-Index map of Western Pacific Islands showing areas investigated by the Geological Survey. A50 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS with the one previously well-established in Indonesia. have been centers of dispersal for many elements of Studies of smaller Foraminifera by Ruth Todd, of the Indo-Pacific fauna. Mollusea by H. S. Ladd and F. S. MacNeil, of corals by J. W. Wells, of discoasters by M. J. Bramlette, of ANTACTICA fossil algae by J. H. Johnson, of fossil Mammalia by F. C. Whitmore, and of fossil pollen and spores by The Geological Survey has participated in scientific E. S. Leopold, indicate that similar successions and work undertaken by the United States in Antarctica correlations over large areas of the Pacific may be during most austral summers since 1954-55, and pres- possible for other fossil groups. ently is working there with support from the National F. S. MacNeil has found that the fossil gastropods Science Foundation. Even though the work under- of Okinawa correlate with other described faunas of taken thus far has not been extensive, it has helped the Far East of late Oligocene to Pleistocene age. to indicate the geologic character of this little known The faunal succession indicates cooling of marine continent. waters in that area from late Miocene to early or Geologic mapping by Hamilton and Hayes (1959a) middle Pliocene, followed by warming in late Plio- in Taylor Valley, South Victoria Land (fig. 4) has cene. The Pleistocene deposits in Okinawa consist of outlined a composite batholith, consisting of various reef limestones, presumably deposited during warm- kinds of granitic rock, intruded into the western water interglacial stages when sea level was high; side of a belt of metasedimentary rocks, 15-miles wide, unconformities in these deposits presumably represent roughly parallel to the coast. Unconformably over- glacial intervals during which the water was cool and lying the crystalline rocks is the nearly flat-lying sea level was low. Beacon sandstone, within which are sills of differen- Fossils of the extinct deer Metacerivulua astylodon tiated diabase up to 1,300 feet in thickness. These sills and the Beacon sandstone are displaced by sev- (Matsumoto) have been identified by F. C. Whitmore eral large normal faults (Hamilton and Hayes, Art. (Art. 171) in collections from Ishigald-Shima, Ryukyu 173). Islands, in rocks of Pleistocene or late Pliocene age; these and other data suggest that mammals migrated Structurally, the mountain belt that borders the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, and includes the Horlick from South China, via Taiwan, during a period of Mountains (fig. 4) has been regarded hitherto as a emergence in late Pliocene or Pleistocene time. part of the "Great Antarctic Horst," which is marked Younger bones of a pig, probably Su& leucorsystaoz by a nearly continuous mountain chain that crosses riukiuanua Kuroda, have been dated by C,, methods Antarctica near the South to be at least 8,500 +500 years old. Pole. Doubt has been cast on this view, however, by Hamilton's reinterpretation Origin of tropical soils and bauxite on the higher islands of rocks and structures, and by the fossils and radi- The tropical and subtropical islands, as they are ometric age determinations that are now available. now and were during their recent geologic history, These support the hypothesis that the mountain chain present a wide range of conditions for the develop- is a belt of rocks that was metamorphosed and in- ment of tropical soils and bauxites and for the dis- truded by batholiths in Cambrian time (Hamilton, persal of vegetation. S. S. Goldich, who investigated Art. 174). bauxite deposits of the Palau Islands, and C. H. Samples of coal and fossil plant materials from the Stensland, who has studied and mapped soils on many Beacon sandstone in a portion of the Central Range, of the islands, have independently arrived at the Horlick Mountains (fig. 4) have been studied by James conclusion that surficial deposits of the higher, larger M. Schopf. He finds that some of the coal is semi- islands are principally the products of weathering anthracite, and that it contains both megafossils and during late Tertiary and possibly early Pleistocene microfossils characteristic of the Gondwana coal meas- time, and that they reflect a complex geologic history. ures. Migrations of land and marine faunas and floras, A geologic reconnaissance of the western and central and of man, between islands of the Western Pacific parts of the Thurston "Peninsula" was made by Harold have long been subjects of study and controversy. A. Hubbard while working with the scientific group H. S. Ladd (1960 and Art. 172) has concluded, on the of the 1960 Amundsen-Bellinghausen Seas Expedi- basis of fossil Mollusca from the islands and in the tion. Bedrock samples were taken at four localities; light of recent discoveries from drilling, dredging, the rock at all of them is a fine- to medium-grained and submarine mapping, that many islands and hornblende-diorite. reefs existed within the Central and Western Pacific In Marie Byrd Land, Eugene L. Boudette completed throughout the Tertiary and that the island areas may a geologic reconnaissance along the route of the austral ANTARCTICA A51

O0° 220° 230° 200 0 200 MILES I . . . I I

FIGURE 4.-Index map of part of Antarctica showing areas of geologic reconnaissance and geologic mapping by the Geological Survey In 1958, 1959, and 1960. Locations are indicated for bedrock stations In Marie Byrd Land (circles 1 through 5), mountain groups observed at variable distances along the route of the 1959-1960 Byrdland Traverse (circles 6 through 10), and bedrock stations on the Thurston "Peninsula" (circles 11 through 14). A52 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 196 0-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS summer 1959-0 geophysical-glaciological traverse (fig. at Meteor Crater, Ariz., has furnished another cri- 4). Preliminary results from his investigation show terion for the recognition of terrestrial impact struc- that two mountain groups, provisionally called the tures (seep. A58). "Crary" and "Toney" Mountains, are composed of Tektites (small pieces of glass found in widely basalts and related rocks, and that they contain separated localities and thought by some to be of stratiform volcanic cones rising 5,000-7,000 feet above extra-terrestrial and possibly lunar origin) have been the ice-plateau surface that show little erosional de- found by Frank Senftle to have little or no magnetic struction. The south end of the Ames Range and a susceptibility. This indicates that the iron in them range previously surveyed in 1959 contain felsic to must be in solution, and hence that they must have intermediate volcanics. In the Edsel Ford Ranges been heated well above 14000 C., which in itself granite intrudes metagraywacke. Mountains in the implies an extra-terrestrial origin. Executive Committee Range, the Ames Range, Mount R. E. Wallace (1959) has described a simple and Petras, Mount Berlin in the Hal Flood Range, and rapid graphical method, using a stereographic net, a mountain group provisionally named "Mount of solving certain problems related to the orbits of Takahe" were observed from a distance to be of similar artificial satellites. physiographic form. The Kohler Range and "Mount X-Ray" (also provisionally named) do not have GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN FOREIGN NATIONS diagnostic physiographic forms and they may consist Under the auspices of the International Cooperation of non-volcanic rocks. From Boudette's interpreta- Administration, the Geological Survey cooperates with tion of bedrock exposures and from seismic profiles a number of foreign governments in activities broadly made by F. K. Chang (traverse seismologist), it seems designed to aid the growth of their economies through likely that much of Marie Byrd Land is a volcanic development of their mineral resources. These ac- archipelago. tivities are of several kinds: (a) geologic training of foreign nationals, accomplished by assigning them to EXTRATE STRAL STUDES Survey field parties and laboratories, or by lending experienced Survey geologists to foreign universities A terrain study of the moon has been made by or geological surveys; (b) advisory service; and stereoscopic methods by R. J. Hackman (see Art. 62) (c) geologic mapping, geophysical surveys, and similar and A. C. Mason, under the auspices of the Office studies of areas favorable for the occurrence of min- of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. Among the eral resources. Although the training and advisory features mapped are mountains, maria, craters, rays, activities are perhaps of the most far reaching sig- and rills. Pre-maria craters are distinguished from nificance, they do not yield new geologic information post-maria craters, and flat-bottomed craters are dis- directly and are not described further here (see p. A93, tinguished from those having simple or compound however, for a list of the activities involved). Some central cones. The data are presented on a photo- of the new information from the field studies is sum- mosaic monotone, but will later be plotted on a map marized briefly in the following paragraphs, with at a scale of 1:5,000,000 now being prepared by Army emphasis on that which is of broad scientific or Map Service. A bibliography of about 1,000 refer- economic interest. ences concerning the surface of the moon has also been completed. Chromite deposits in the Philippines E. M. Shoemaker has made a detailed study of An investigation of the chromite deposits of the Copernicus, and compared this and other lunar craters Philippines, in cooperation with the Philippine Bureau with comparable earth features. Shoemaker interprets of Mines, was begun in 1955 and is continuing under the rays that extend as much as 400 miles from the the direction of D. L. Rossman. Four 15-minute crater Copernicus as splashes of crushed rock derived quadrangles in Tambales province have been mapped, from the impact of large fragments ejected when three others have been partly mapped, and several Copernicus was formed; many of the rays start from chromnite bodies have been mapped in detaiL These visible impact gouges as much as 5 miles long. field investigations have shown that the Tambales As the result of the work of R. E. Dietz, of the complex is a layered intrusion at least 100 miles long Naval Electronics Laboratory, and others, shatter and 30 miles wide, with a stratigraphic thickness of cones are now recognized as a criterion of terrestrial at least 10,000 feet. The lower part of the complex impact structures, the study of which aids in the consists of a peridotite zone at least 5,000 feet thick, interpretation of similar features on the moon. The a central transition zone about 500 feet thick, and an discovery of coesite, a high-pressure form of silica, upper gabbro zone about 5,000 feet thick. The small- GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN FOREIGN NATIONS A53 scale layering within the major units crosses lithologic The hematite in the Quadrilatero Ferrifero is in boundaries, unlike similar structures in the Bushveld banded iron formation associated with metasedimen- and Stillwater complexes, and cannot, therefore, be tary rocks, intruded by granitic rocks. The ore de- used as a guide to predict structure or location of posits have been found to be localized in the troughs chromite ore bodies. Mapping, however, has shown of synclines, and less frequently on the crests of anti- that all of the chromite ore bodies occur either in the clines; a few, however, show no apparent structural transition zone or in the peridotite within a few hun- control. The area contains several billion tons of high- dred feet of the transition zone. Furthermore, it has grade (<65 percent Fe) hematite ore and many billion been found that metallurgical-grade and refractory- tons of intermediate grade (35 to 40 percent Fe) grade chromite deposits are enclosed by different itabirite, much of which can be concentrated by simple rocks. Drilling based on these observations has thus gravity methods. far proven the existence of about 500,000 tons of high- grade chromite ore. Mineral and fossil fuel potential of Southern Peru During 1958 and 1959 the Survey cooperated with Coal in Pakistan the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Although the Geological Survey's program in Paki- Fomento Mineras in a project to evaluate the mineral stan consists mainly of advisory assistance and train- potential of seven departments in southern Peru. The ing, it also includes demonstration projects conducted reports by Kiilsgard and Olive have been published by the Survey staff, involving mapping and appraisal in Spanish (Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo del of selected economically-important resources such as Sur del Peru, 1959) and include a geologic map, on a coal, iron, and chromite. As Pakistan currently im- scale of 1:1,000,000, of southern Peru, a map on the ports about 20 million dollars worth of coal each year, same scale showing the location of all known mineral -three of the Geological Survey demonstration projects deposits, and geologic descriptions of more than 100 in West Pakistan have been established in coal-bear- individual deposits or districts. ing areas to aid the expansion of coal mining and help One of the principal conclusions of this study is reduce coal import expenditures. that southern Peru has large, undeveloped mineral Pakistan coals are in outer mountain belts in the resources, particularly porphyry copper deposits, but Himalayan Mountains system. They are of Eocene that it will be expensive to bring these deposits into age and many of them are of good quality, sub- production. To stimulate exploitation of these re- bituminous rank. The reserves in the areas studied are sources, the report recommends the Peruvian Govern- tentatively estimated to be more than 200 million tons. ment make detailed geologic studies of the following Studies of chemical constituents, physical properties, favorable areas: (a) porphyry-copper belt extending and lateral changes in thickness have made it pos- along the western front of the Cordillera Occidental, sible for the first time in Pakistan to classify reserves from Arequipa to the Chilean border; (b) a belt of by quality, rank, and utilization possibilities, and contact metasomatic-copper deposits extending north- also to compare the coal-forming environments in west across the Andean Altiplano, in the departments Pakistan with those in other countries having similar of Cuzco and Apurimac; (c) ore-bearing volcanic coals. rocks in the Cordillera Occidental; and (d) the extensive but heretofore inaccessible gold-bearing area Iron deposits in Brazil along the eastern flank of the Cordillera Oriental. Among the several field activities of the Geological Metalliferous deposits in Chile Survey in Brazil, the investigation of iron and manganese in the Quadrilitero Ferrifero of central Minas The U.S. Geological Survey continued to work in Gerais, done in cooperation with the Departamento cooperation with the Instituto de Investigaciones Ge- Nacional da Producao Mineral, has been the most ologicas of Chile during 1958 and 1959. Reconnais- extensive. In progress since 1950, the work has in- sance field investigations in the Province of Tarajaca, made for the purpose of organizing a long-range volved geologic mapping, at a scale of 1:25,000, of project of detailed mineral investigations, resulted in thirty-five 7%-minute quadrangles. These maps are the discovery of several large alteration zones that now largely completed, and a map, on a scale of show many of the characteristics of porphyry copper 1:200,000, of the entire Quadrilatero Ferrifero has deposits. Two of these zones are currently being been recently compiled by the Departamento Nacional mapped in detail. de Producio Mineral and U.S. Geological Survey Metalliferous deposits in Chile tend to be restricted (1959). to well defined metallogenic provinces, each charac-

557328 0 -6O -5 A54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS terized by a dominant mineral or mineral assemblage As a part of a study of the Late Cretaceous gastro- or by particular geological features. The most im- pods of Tennessee and Mississippi, N. F. Sohl has portant ore deposits are those of copper, iron, silver, noted a large number of evolutionary trends or gold, and manganese. The primary minerals repre- changes. For example, in the Urceolabrum lineage, sented are few in number and most are simple sulfides the species increase in size (especially height), orna- and oxides; more complex sulfo-salts are scarce. Sec- ment complexity, and width of ornament spacing with ondary minerals in great variety are important con- time. In the bicostate group of Turritell4 the lineage stituents of the ores. Many of the ore deposits are shows a decrease in the number of primary spiral cords situated along well defined structural lines, several with time. hundred kilometers long, that parallel the structural From studies of Bacndite8, W. A. Cobban has strati- grain of the Andes. graphically zoned the Upper Cretaceous of the West- The deposits, with few exceptions, are found in ern Interior, and correlated the zones with the Euro- sedimentary or volcanic rocks that range in age from pean Cretaceous standards. His studies also reveal Jurassic to Late Cretaceous or in intrusive rocks of interesting changes in species with time-for example, Late Jurassic or Late Cretaceous age. Most deposits Sciponoceram grackle migrated from the Gulf Coast are genetically related to intrusive bodies which have region to Montana; during the course of its migration an average composition within the range of diorite- the adults became notably reduced in size, presumably granodiorite. because of cooler waters. The metalliferous deposits can be classed as hydro- Fifteen floral zones are recognized in the upper thermal, sedimentary, and contact-metamorphic. Cop- Paleozoic systems in the United States by Read and per deposits are typically hydrothermal. Some of the Mamay (Art. 176). In order of decreasing age, the manganese deposits are sedimentary. And most of Mississippian zones are: AdiantiteW, Triphyllopteris, the iron ore deposits are contact-metamorphic. Th3 and Cardiopteri.. The Pennsylvanian zones are: hydrothermal deposits, the most abundant and most Neuropteris pochowntaa, Mariopteti- pottsivillea, Mari- important economically, were formed at moderate opteris pygmaea, MegaZopteri*, Neuropteris tenuifoia, to low temperature and pressure. Neuropteris rarinervi8,Neuropteri8 fleasuosa, Lesurop- INVESTIGATIONS OF GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND ters, and Danaeite&. The Permian zones are CaUmp- PRINCIPLES teris; the older Gigantopteris, Glenopterig, and Supaia Although the investigations described in the pre- floras; and the younger Gigantoptenri flora. ceding sections of this report are dominantly research A. R. Palmer (1960c), reports the preservation of activities, they are either stimulated by economic ob- copepods in rocks of Miocene age. This is the first jectives or by the need to learn more about the geology description of fossils of this arthropod subclass. De- of specific areas. A third general type of research, spite their rare preservation, copepods have probably classed here as topical, is undertaken because of the been in existence since early geologic times, but have need to know about geologic processes or principles. evolved very slowly. Although these investigations do not necessarily focus Preliminary studies by Henbest (Art. 177) of fossil spoor in the Morrow and Atoka series of Pennsyl- on immediate economic or areal geologic problems, vanian age indicate that they are useful as indicators they do provide the stimulation and basis for advances of environment and conditions of deposition, as well in all phases of geology. as in the local tracing of sedimentary facies. Henbest The research currently in progress on geologic proc- (Art. 178) has also developed petrologic criteria to esses and principles is grouped in the main categories distinguish agglutinated tubiform foraminifers from of paleontology; geomorphology and plant ecology; secreted forms where the shell material has been re- geophysics; mineralogy, geochemistry, and petrology; crystallized. and isotope and nuclear studies. Ecologic and morphologic analyses of 17 living species of the foraminiferan Bolivina off El Salvador PALEONTOLOGY by Patsy J. Smith indicate that some species show no Paleontological studies that have to do mainly with variation in size or morphology throughout depth stratigraphic correlation and other regional problems changes from 50 to 3,200 meters; others reveal great are described in the other sections of this report deal- change. In species which change morphologically with ing with the geology of various areas. Findings that depth, greatest abundance and largest size is reached have to do with evolutionary development, ecology, at 800 to 900 meters, the depth zone of minimum oxy- and other subjects of general interest are reported here. gen and maximum nitrogen. GEOPHYSICS A55

GEOMORPHOLOGY ANID PLANT ECOLOGY ditions developed by some longshore currents, causes gently sloping, seaward-dipping beds to form. In Many Survey projects are concerned with land forms contrast, shoreward-dipping strata of steeper angle are and geomorphic processes, particularly if their empha- characteristic of bars developed where the sand supply sis is upon mapping surficial deposits, and many field is limited. geologists utilize and make observations on the distribution of natural vegetation in the course of their Plant ecology mapping. A few projects, however, are concerned A vegetation map of about 50 square miles of moun- with general principles in these fields and their results tainous terrain in the Potomac River Basin, prepared are summarized here. by Hack in collaboration with John C. Goodlett of Harvard University, indicates that the distribution of Development of karat features tree species is closely related to topographic forms, Two investigations have served to bring out some of soil, and geology as they exist today; they have con- the factors that control the development of karst cluded from this that the forest pattern is determined phenomena. In Puerto Rico, Monroe (Art. 164) finds mainly by the water-in-soil requirements of individual that karst type is a function of the homogeneity of the trees rather than by the evolution of climax commu- underlying limestone. Sinkholes occur where the ter- nities. rane consists of alternating hard and soft beds of lime- In Death Valley, Calif., Hunt (Art. 208) analyzed stone, and tower-karst where the terrane is composed the geomorphic distribution of plants, and finds that of homogeneous limestone. In the Shenandoah Valley xerophytes grow in the main and tributary washes of of Virginia, Hack (Art. 179) has shown that solution the grand fans, and phreatophytes grow at the foot cavities in carbonate rocks are more abundant in areas of the fans where the ground water is shallow. Bench- that receive waters of low pH draining elastic sedi- lands between the marshes commonly have an imper- ments than in areas where all the streams drain car- meable surface of desert pavement and are bare. The bonate rocks. salt pan in the interior of the valley is devoid of flow- Dynamic equilibrium in the development of landscape ering plants and ground around the foot of the fans that contains more than 5 percent of salts is also bare. In the Potomac River Basin, field studies, made by Hack and his associates, of soils, vegetation, and ero- World vegetation classification sional features indicate that the "maturely dissected" In the course of studies of vegetation patterns it landscape of this region was produced by the weather- became evident to Fosberg (1959b) that current vege- ing and erosional processes that are going on at the tation classifications which involve the environment as present time, acting in dynamic equilibrium upon rocks well as the plants are not satisfactory for certain pur- of diverse character. Hack believes that this and other poses. In attempting to ascertain which criteria per- such landscapes may be end products of long-continued taining to the plants themselves are suitable bases for erosion under conditions similar to those of the present a world-wide vegetation classification, he found that time, and that these processes can never lead to the features of "structure" (the arrangement in space of formation of a peneplain. If this is true, the classical the components of vegetation), and of "function" explanations of such landscapes in terms of landscape (features that suggest special adaptation to environ- cycles should be discarded (Hack, 1960). mental situations, either present or past), provide a Formation of beaches and bars basis for classification that can be carried down to the level of formation and, if needed, subformation. Fur- McKee (1960b) and Sterrett have found from wave- tank experiments that the form and internal structure ther subdivision, appropriate on a regional basis, may be made by taking into account floristic composition of beaches and bars are controlled by three factors: depth of water, intensity of wave action,'and supply (i.e. the species present in the vegetation). of sand. Offshore bars develop at the point of wave GEOPHYSICS break. Where this occurs in very shallow water an emergent bar commonly forms; where it is in some- The physics of the earth is an extremely broad field what deeper water a submarine bar is built; where still which, logically defined, includes some branches of the deeper no bar develops. Increase in intensity of waves geological sciences long known by other names-struc- tends to build a bar toward and even onto the beach. tural geology, for example. Defined in this way, many Weaker waves build upward to form barriers with of the field investigations already described have to do lagoons to shoreward. Abundant sand furnished on with geophysics (and under even a narrow definition the seaward side of a developing bar, simulating con- many of them are of interest to geophysicists). In A56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1 960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS this section, however, are described studies in more all cases by increases in the dielectric constant in the restricted fields, specifically: new measurements of the frequency range 300 cycles per second to 200 kilo- physical properties of rocks, work on permafrost, ex- cycles per second. Unless the rock is heated above periments and observations on rock deformation, and 150'C, its inherent resistivity is generally disguised by paleomagnetism. Work on the development of geo- its water content. physical exploration methods is described on p. A16, Keller has also studied induced polarization in single geophysical work directly related to engineering prob- crystals of some sulfide and oxide minerals by measur- lems on pages A19-A25, and results of aeromagnetic ing over-voltage, surface impedance, and normal elec- and gravity measurements in various areas are de- trode potential (see also p. A17). Minerals with the scribed on pages A29-A46. highest surface impedance probably contribute the most to induced polarization. Measurements of the PHYSICAL PROPERT=IS OF ROCKS electrical transient voltage of various rocks gave the The use of geophysical methods in exploration and following results: disseminated sulfides have the great- mapping, and in the solution of many geologic and est ability to polarize, followed in order by hematite engineering problems depends on knowledge of the iron ores, glacial till, fine-grained igneous rocks, sand- physical properties of rocks. Reported here are some stone and shale, felsic igneous rocks, limestone and of the new findings on the mechanical, electrical, mag- dolomite, and ultramafic igneous rocks. netic, mass, optical, thermal, and thermodynamic properties of rocks. Magnetic properties An absolute method of measuring magnetic sus- Mechanical properties ceptibility by means of a quartz helix balance has been In studying the change of strength of ice during the developed by Thorpe and Senftle (1959); the sensi- thaw period in Lake Peters, Brooks Range, Alaska, tivity of the method for milligram samples is 10-10 cgs D. F. Barnes found that both strength and thickness units. Measurements on natural brookite, anatase, and decreased more rapidly in ice whose grains have pre- rutile, and on synthetic anatase and rutile over the dominantly horizontal crystallographic c-axes than in temperature range of 40K to 3730K show that the ice with vertical c-axes. magnetic susceptibility is markedly affected by iron, L. Peselnick has studied absorption of mechanical magnesium, and other impurities (Senftle and Thorpe, vibrations as a function of frequency in certain nearly 1959a, b). isotropic rocks by determining (a) the pulse absorp- J. R. Balsley and A. F. Buddington (1960) have tion at about 107 cycles per second, (b) the resonance found a distinct correlation of anisotropy of magnetic decay at natural frequencies of about 104 cycles per susceptibility with the fabric of granites and or- second, and (c) the torsion pendulum absorption at thogneisses of the Adirondack Mountains. The direc- about 10 cycles per second. Results of measurements tion of remanent magnetization is related to the on the Solenhofen limestone, a very fine grained, mineralogical composition of the rocks. nearly isotropic rock, show that there is a slight but real change of absorption with frequency. (Peselnick Mass properties and Outerbridge, Art. 182). Mean values of bulk density, porosity, permeability, Using elasticity theory and underground measure- thermal conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility have ments of the velocity of compressional and shear waves been determined by C. H. Roach, F. M. Byers, and in a potash mine near Carlsbad, N. Mex., R. E. War- G. A. Izett for granite, dolomite, and marble found on rick calculated the elastic moduli of the rocks in place; the Nevada Test Site. These rocks are all dense, as good values for Poisson's ratio are 0.28 for a salt pillar shown by their low permeabilities (less than 10-15 and 0.30 for a potash pillar. millidarcies). In the granite, they found a linear relation (with some scatter) between log magnetite in Electrical properties volume percent (M) and log susceptibility in cgs units From a preliminary study of the effect of tempera- (S). This may be expressed as S = 4.3 M1 '. ture on resistivity in rocks, G. V. Keller concludes that below about 4000C conduction in the mineral Phosphorescence and thermoluminescence grains is controlled in good part by impurities but Preliminary results of an investigation by Rt M. that between 4000C and 1,0000C it is ionic. It is diffi- Moxham indicate that scheelite, kyanite, and fluorite cult, however, to determine the mechanism of conduc- have an infra-red phosphorescence that persists long tion in rocks because the rock samples undergo irre- enough to be observed on an oscilloscope, although versible chemical and physical changes during the total persistence is less than 10 milliseconds; the decay tests. Reductions in resistivity were accompanied in very nearly follows an exponential law. Investiga- GEOPHiYSICS A57 tions of the relation of thermoluminescence to wallrock sporadic permafrost. Detailed mapping in the Fair- alteration are discussed on p. A15. banks area (Williams, 1959; Williams, P6w6, and Thermal properties Paige, 1959) has shown the influence of surface drainage and sediment texture, as well as climate, on the From measurements on duplicate samples of 93 depth to the permafrost table and on the distribution specimens, representing 1,000 feet of limestone and of ground ice masses. 1,000 feet of dolomite from a deep well in West Vir- In North Greenland the active zone has considerably ginia, Robertson (1959) found that the mean con- greater bearing strength than the active zones in other ductivity of the limestone is 6.77 x 10- cal per cm/deg permafrost regions (see p. A20). Preliminary studies C and that of the dolomite is 11.39 x 10-8 cal per indicate that the high bearing strength of the active cm/deg C, with standard deviations of 77 percent and zone in North Greenland is due to its uniformly low 10 percent respectively of the means. These results, moisture content throughout the year (Davies, 1960a). together with density measurements and chemical and mineralogical analyses, show that both the limestone Interpretation of temperature data and dolomite are remarkably uniform, from which it The analysis of temperature data that Lachenbruch, may be inferred that the sedimentation process and Brewer, and others have been collecting for nearly ten the succeeding metamorphic history were also very years in a variety of environments in northern Alaska uniform. is now yielding significant information on the climatic history of that area. Because of the thermal dis- Thermodynamic properties turbance caused by drilling-which usually raises R. A. Robie has made a critical compilation of temperature but sometimes lowers it-a correction entropies and heat contents, and calculated values of must be applied to temperatures measured in drill the heats and free energies of formation at 100-degree holes. Although the change. of temperature thus 0 intervals to 1,000 C or higher for 58 minerals; he has caused may take as long as 50 years to diminish to also evaluated the fugacities and free energies at high .010C., one can now correct for it with such accu- pressures and temperatures for CO. and HO. These racy that residual secular changes in natural earth data are the first readily available for the rapid ther- temperatures as small as .010C. per year can be de- modynamic calculation of the temperature-pressure tected from measurements made a few years after stability fields of certain minerals and for determining drilling. Analysis of temperatures measured a few whether a particular chemical reaction will proceed hundred feet beneath the surface near Point Barrow or not. indicates that the temperature at the ground surface PERMAFROST STUDIES rose about 30C. during the past 50 to 75 years (Lach- Permafrost studies, begun in 1945 following perma- enbruch and Brewer, 1959). As oceans and lakes have frost damage to the airfield at Northway, Alaska, have a pronounced thermal effect. on permafrost, shoreline been extended over much of Alaska and to other parts changes during the last several thousand years can be of the Arctic. The primary objectives of these studies detected by analysis of temperatures measured at vari- are to elucidate the general laws governing thermal ous depths near the present coast line. This method phenomena in permafrost, to determine the areal ex- is being used at several arctic stations to learn the tent of permanently frozen ground and its relation to history of post-Pleistocene shoreline changes. Prelimi- various soil types, and to learn how permafrost be- nary results obtained by Lachenbruch and Greene (in haves under varying engineering conditions (see p. Kachadoorian and others, 1960) from temperatures in A9 for a description of results that bear directly on deep wells at Ogotoruk Creek (in the Chariot test site engineering problems, and p. A58 for information on area-see p. A22) suggest that the permafrost is about contraction cracks in permafrost). The work is being 1,000 feet thick, that the climate has grown warmer done in cooperation with the Office of Naval Research, in the past century, and that the sea has been trans- Bureau of Yards and Docks, Bureau of Public Roads, gressing on the land. Chemical Corps, Corps of Engineers, Alaska Railroad, Bureau of Reclamation, and other Federal and State ROCK DEFORMATION agencies. Observations on rock deformation accumulate con- tinually as the result of geologic mapping, but investi- Areal differences in character of permafrost gations of the principles and mechanics of deforma- In Alaska mapping of the general distribution and tion that are also in progress are reported here (see character of permafrost has delineated the boundaries p. A20 for a description of results of work related to between zones of continuous, discontinuous, and engineering problems). A58 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Contraction cracks Rock fragmentation and mixing due to volcanism and to strong shock In analyzing the mechanics of contraction cracks, such as columnar basalt joints, mud-cracks, ice-wedge E. M. Shoemaker's mapping of serpentine-bearing polygons, shrinkage cracks in concrete and ceramic diatremes of Arizona and Utah and their craters shows that these pipelike vents start with a fracture propa- glaze, A. H. Lachenbruch (Arts. 186 and 187) finds gated by high-pressure fluid, are enlarged by high that their size can be explained in terms of stress- velocity flow of gases, solids and entrained wall-rock perturbation due to a single crack, and that they may fragments, may be modified by spalling of the walls, be classified on the basis of whether or not most of and are ultimately filled with debris derived from the cracks intersect at right angles. Orthogonal poly- above as well as below. Continued work on the origin gons evidently evolve by progressive subdivision, and of craters has led Shoemaker to detailed mapping of nonorthogonal ones by successive branching of rapidly Meteor Crater in Arizona and to the application of propagated cracks. Hunt and Washburn (Art. 185) modern theories of shock waves and hydrodynamic have found that contraction cracks, where they form flow in analysis of the mechanics of impact (Shoe- on salt pans in Death Valley, yield patterned ground maker, 1959a, b, and Art. 192). He found that the similar to that in frozen ground. While mapping the observed structures and distribution of debris at Late Triassic Watchung basalt fissure eruptives of Meteor Crater are consistent with those that would be New Jersey, G. T. Faust found that he could deter- produced by the impact of an iron meteorite about 80 mine stratigraphic position within a flow from the feet in diameter travelling with a velocity of 15 kilo- character of the contraction joints. The joints are meters per second at a high angle of incidence to the hexagonal in the upper part of a thick flow; those in earth's surface and liberating energy equivalent to the middle part are tetragonal; and those in the lower between 1.4 and 1.7 megatons of TNT. He finds (Art. part are curved surfaces. In thin flows, the tetragonal 192) that mixing or scrambling of fragmented ma- joints are missing. terials is a consequence of strong shock induced by artificial explosives and natural impact, and that the Tectonic fracturing and faulting mixing motion occurs out to a sharply defined limit D. J. Varnes and S. P. Kanizay have found that from the origin of the shock. The equation certain geologic fracture patterns may be expressed in 3 R¢ia ft)= 5.7W" (h a. of TNT mousksOt terms of trajectories of maximum shear stress predicted by the equations of plasticity. Using only the describes the relation between the limit of the domain of simplest formal theory of plasticity, that of von Mises, mixing and the energy released. Fragments of strongly Varnes found that the theoretical and actual fault and shocked rock are dispersed in a breccia composed vein patterns in the Silverton, Colo., mining district chiefly of rocks that have been subjected only to low agree closely. In one instance, he found that the pre- shock pressures. At Meteor Crater the strongly dicted position of a dike that curves through 154 de- shocked material may be recognized by its sintered or grees of strike in 7 miles was nowhere more than 400 compressed and crushed condition. E. T. C. Chao, yards away from its actual position, although he used B. M. Madsen, and E. M. Shoemaker have found only the two end points for control. This method of coesite, the high pressure polymorph of silica, to be analysis appears to be worth testing in other areas. generally present in fragments of strongly shocked Experiments at room temperature on the creep of Coconino sandstone, the principal rock-type present in Solenhofen limestone (Robertson, 1960) showed that the breccia. The occurrence of coesite at Meteor the rate of creep decreased 100-fold when the hydro- Crater, together with its absence from quartz crystals static pressure was increased from 1,000 to 2,000 bars. partially sintered by high pressure shock waves of The experiments showed also that fracturing is one of very short duration, probably indicates that sluggish the principal mechanisms of creep in limestone, al- polymorphic transitions may occur a considerable dis- though some fractures heal on unloading. tance behind the shock front in waves of longer dura- From an analysis of the main normal faults bound- tion. ing tilted fault-block ranges, Moore (Art. 188) con- PALZOMAGNRISM cludes that their surfaces are concave toward the From a review and evaluation of all published down-thrown side, both in plan and section, and are paleomagnetic data, supplemented by their own therefore analogous to the spoon-shaped faults that studies, Doell and Cox (Art. 193) conclude that bound many landslides. paleomagnetic results from late Tertiary rocks strongly MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY A59 support the dynamo theory for the earth's magnetic anomaly (1,000 gammas), and a large linear gravity field, and exclude extensive polar wandering during anomaly has been found in the same area. These late Tertiary time. Although rocks of late Pleistocene anomalies are both interpreted as effects of a large age all show normal magnetization, numerous reversals block of magnetic rocks 5 to 10 miles below the sur- in the Tertiary and early Pleistocene rocks suggest face, probably intruded along a major fracture in the that the earth's field may have undergone at least a earth's crust. Similar broad aeromagnetic highs have dozen complete reversals during the interval between been observed over the moderately deformed rocks of middle Tertiary and middle Pleistocene time. Older the Matanuska geosyncline in Alaska. In both areas rocks show less consistent results, but results obtained relatively flat magnetic profiles are observed over adja- from the Permian, Carboniferous and Precambrian cent belts of severely deformed sedimentary rocks of rocks show a high degree of consistency, and they in- similar age. It is possible that the deeply buried mag- dicate that the positions of the earth's magnetic pole netic rocks beneath the gently deformed areas are struc- differed significantly during those times from its pres- turally more competent than the nonmagnetic rocks ent position. Their fundamental conclusion is that that apparently underlie the highly deformed belts. If the available paleomagnetic data support the hypothe- so, this would account for the differences in the degree sis that the magnetic pole has wandered during geo- of deformation, for a competent igneous mass of the logic time but that there is not yet conclusive evidence size believed to underlie the Matanuska geosyncline concerning continental drift. and Great Valley would have given them great struc- Doell and Altenhofen (Art. 194) have designed and tural stability (Grantz and Zietz, Art. 158). constructed a new Lambert equal-area projection, with Similar work indicates that the Appalachian Plateau an accuracy of one-tenth degree, useful in solving of southeast Kentucky and central Tennessee is under- problems in spherical trigonometry encountered in lain by a block of dense, magnetic rock 100 miles wide, paleomagnetic research and in other disciplines as and 8,000 to 10,000 feet beneath the surface, and that well. the overlying Paleozoic rocks thicken to the east and Results of other studies on paleomagnetism and north (King and Zietz, 1960). remanent magnetism are described in connection with work on Snake River lava (p. A41) and various rocks MINERALOGYf GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY in the Lake Superior region (p. \X33 and Art. 93). Studies in the general field of mineralogy, geo- STUDIES OF THE THICENESS AND COMPOSITION OF chemistry, and petrology are concerned with the de- THE CRUST scription of new minerals; definition of the chemical and physical properties of minerals; experiments and The thickness of the earth's crust is being studied by observations on the mode of origin of minerals, rocks gravity methods. Among the recent results of these and ores; compilation of data on the distribution and studies is the discovery of a Bouguer anomaly low of abundance of the chemical elements in rocks and ores; more than 240 mgals (milligals) over the Sierra Ne- experiments and observations on organic processes and vada. This is interpreted as indicating the presence materials that are of geologic importance; and ob- of a mountain root, although the anomaly may be servations and analysis of data on the distribution of partly due to the Sierra Nevada batholith, which is of the isotopes and nuclear properties of the elements and lower density than the average crustal rock (Oliver, their meaning in terms of the age and origin of the Art. 146). A regional gravity map of the Great Basin containing minerals and rocks. Work in these fields shows that the Bouguer anomalies are low where the is a fundamental part of many other Survey investiga- regional topography is high, and vice versa, which tions and some of the new results of work in progress indicates that the regional topographic features in the have already been discussed in connection with other Great Basin are isotatically compensated (Mabey, Art. problems (see especially the sections on mineral re- 130). Seismic refraction measurements along a line sources, geochemical prospecting, waste disposal, and extending from the Nevada test site to Kingman, Ari- natural distribution of elements as related to health). zona, suggest a crustal thickness of 31 km, if we as- Other findings of wider application are described here. sume a one layer crust, or 34 km for a two layer crust. These values are smaller, however, than those calcu- MINERALGY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY lated from both gravity and surface wave studies in Mineralogic studies of valuable metalliferous and this area. nonmetalliferous mineral deposits, and of minerals Over the Sacramento Valley, a high altitude aero- suitable for use in capture of radioactive wastes, have magnetic survey recorded a huge linear magnetic been described in previous sections of this review (see A60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1980-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS p. A1-A12 and A24). Results of some of the studies however, to speed the reaction by increasing the tem- of new minerals, synthesis of minerals, and of crystal perature. chemistry are discussed here. Synthesis of minerals Description of new minerals and other mineralogic studies Synthesis of minerals provides a means of solving The new basic mercuric sulfate schuetteite (HgSOe many mineralogic, crystallographic, and geochemical HgO) has been described by E. H. Bailey and others problems. Robert Meyrowitz has synthesized excellent (1959), who found it in several quicksilver deposits in crystals of the uranyl carbonates liebigite, bayleyite Nevada and at single localities in California, Oregon, (see Art. 201), andersonite, and swartzite for single and Idaho. It occurs on surfaces of cinnabar exposed crystal study and determined the conditions under to sunlight, where it probably formed through direct which these compounds are formed. Synthetic and oxidation of cinnabar by oxygen-bearing surface analytical studies of abernathyite, conducted by Frank water; it is also found on dumps of burnt ore, where Grimaldi and Robert Meyrowitz, determined its com- it must have been formed from action of strongly acid position and helped in the study of its structure, de- sulfate waters on metallic mercury. scribed below. Synthesis of several of the California Charles Milton's completed study of kimseyite, a borate minerals by R. C. Erd afforded knowledge on new zirconium garnet from carbonatite at Magnet chemical relations and provided material for X-ray, Cove, Arkansas, has shown that its basic formula is DTA, and other analytical studies. CaZr2AISiO1 2, a remarkable extension of known Hans P. Eugster and his coworkers are studying the garnet structures. substitution of boron for tetrahedrally coordinated In the course of a study of an unusual sample from aluminum in silicates, and have synthesized boron the Wet Mountains thorium area, Colorado, submitted analogs of analcite, sanadine, leucite, nepheline, kalsil- by M. R. Brock, F. G. Fisher found a new hydrated ite, and micas (Art. 202). This work has not only calcium-thorium phosphate mineral that is approxi- thrown light on the crystal chemical relations between mately the thorian analog of the newly described these compounds, but may lead to some important new uranous phosphate, ningyoite. Like ningyoite it has developments in ceramics. a structure approaching that of rhabdophane at room Crystal chemistry temperature but changes to a monazite-type structure when heated above 9000C. The principal investigations in progress in the field Several new minerals have been described from the of crystal chemistry are aimed at the definition of the borate districts in Colifornia. One of these is gower- crystal structures and crystal chemistry of the borate, ite, a new calcium borate, CaO*3Bs*5H20, which Erd silicate, and phosphate minerals, and at the kinetic and others (1959) have shown to be formed by weath- and thermodynamic relations between solid phases and ering of colemanite and priceite veins in basaltic rocks the solutions from which these minerals are formed. of the Furnace Creek formation. Additional new Analysis of the structure of a synthetic calcium minerals that have been described by Survey workers borate by J. R. Clark and C. L. Christ have proved are another hydrous calcium borate from the Death it to be a fifth member of the colemanite series, Valley region and a hydrous strontium borate 2CaO*3B,O*nH2O, with n=1. The crystals contain SrOBgO,4H 2O from the Kramer borate district. The colemanite-like chains of B,09 rings of two tetrahedra rare borate minerals hydroboracite, inderite, and and one triangle joined laterally to form sheets. H. T. kurnakovite were found in the abandoned Eagle Borax Evans and B. J. Skinner, from a structure study of Works deposit in Death Valley. fl-spodumene, have defined the role of lithium in this The new potassium uranyl silicate weeksite (Ki- unusual compound, and have shown that its base ex- (UO).(Si.O.).e4H2O), described by Outerbridge and change properties and variable composition are due to others (1960), was found at 10 localities in Utah, the presence of channels and cavities. Similar in- California, New Mexico, Wyoming, Pennsylvania, formation about the zeolite-like mineral bikitaite Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. It occurs in rhyolite and (LiAlSi,O H2 0) has resulted from the determination pegmatite and replaces pebbles in tuffaceous con- of its structure by D. E. Appleman. The crystal glomerate. structure of viryneite, MnBePO,(OH), has been de- Harry C. Starkey has shown that the true ion-ex- termined by M. E. Mrose and D. E. Appleman, and change capacity of some zeolites is not determinable they have found that it contains tetrahedra of BeO,- by the standard methods. Samples leached for over (OH) and chains of P04 . These chains unexpectedly 100 days showed no indication of having reached an proved to be completely different from those in the end point in the exchange reaction. It is possible, isomorphous euclase, AlBeSiO4 (OH), whose structure WNERALOGY, GEOCHEMSTRY, AND PETROLOGY A61 has also been accurately defined. The detailed ar- the compaction rates of natural rhyolitic glasses as rangement of the layer structures of the autunite functions of water content (pressure of Hz0) and minerals has been revealed by Malcolm Ross and H. T. temperature and from these data they have calculated Evans in their determination of the structure of aber- their viscosities. They have also found that the vis- nathyite, KUO.AsO,93HO. They found the inter- cosity of the glass increases with time, possibly due layer cations to be distributed at random over fourfold to polymerization. sites with the water molecules. Reactions of minerals In hydrothermal solutions A new classification of the hydrated borate minerals, prepared by C. L. Christ (1960), makes it possible George W. Morey and Robert 0. Fournier have shown that the solubility of quartz in water at 15,000 to assign reasonable structural formulas to most of 0 the borates whose structures are still unsolved. The psi decreases regularly from 830 ppm at 200 C. to scheme is founded on a set of crystal-chemical prin- about 70 ppm at 1000C. At still lower temperature ciples evolved from studies of crystal structures that extensive metastability exists, and at room tempera- govern the linkage of BO. tetrahedra and BO. tri- ture equilibrium is not obtained even after a year. angles. The solubility of quartz below 2200C on the three EXPErIMENTAL GEOCHXEMISTRY phase curve (quartz-liquid-vapor) is greater than that determined by Kennedy; at 1360C it is 100 ppm. Research in the field of experimental geochemistry Morey and Fournier have also investigated the re- has been directed principally toward determining the actions of some common silicates with water at 2950C conditions and mechanisms under which geologically and 2500 psi, and have found that microcline breaks significant chemical processes take place. Extensive down slowly to muscovite, albite alters more rapidly studies are underway on: wet and dry silicate systems, to paragonite, boemite, and an amorphous material; solubility and reactions of minerals in hydrothermal and that nepheline quickly breaks down to muscovite, solutions, and dry sulfide systems. boemite, and analcite. The total Na2O+K20+Al,20 Silicate systems +SiO, in solution averages 167 ppm at pH 7.9 from microcline, 243 ppm at pH 7.9 from albite, and 440 From a study of the system NaAlSi,0.-LiAlSO,- ppm at pH 9.7 from nepheline. H20 at 2000 bars David B. Stewart has shown that The solubility of zincite at 250C, and of brochantite, much natural eucryptite was probably formed by the atacamite, and tenorite from 25 to 760C, have been replacement of spodumene by sodium rich solutions, and measured by Barton and Bethke (1960), who show that the structural state of the albite associated with that the solutions that deposit tenorite have a con- eucryptite is higher than expected. The NaAlSi,0 8- centration of less than about 10-lO' molar in Cu+2. LiAlSiO,. join is of the "eutectic" type, with the four- phase point (albite-eucryptite-liquid-vapor) located at Dry sulfide systems about 81 percent NaAlSiO,, 19 percent LiAlSiO, and Since the pioneer work of Kullerud appeared in 733±30C. 1953, several workers have helped refine the sphalerite Herbert R. Shaw has determined the four-phase geothermometer. The effect of FeS on the unit cell point K-feldspar-quartz-liquid-vapor at 2000 bars H10 of sphalerite has been recalculated by Skinner, Barton, pressure in the system KAISi,0w-SiO,-H20 at K-feld- and Kullerud (1959), and Skinner and Barton have spar 56 percent, SiO2 44 percent, and 7670±51C. The recently shown that errors of previous investigators silicate liquid a few degrees above the four phase were caused by the presence of ZnO in solid solution point contains about 5 weight percent H,0. in the sphalerite. Skinner has also worked out linear- David B. Stewart and Eugene H. Roseboom have unit-cell versus mole-fraction curves for CdS and shown from theoretical considerations of the final MnS in sphalerite and wurtzite. Skinner (1959) has crystallization of ternary feldspar melts that slight completed four isotherms in the system MnS-FeS- changes in initial composition, temperature, degree of ZnS and one in the system CdS-FeS-MnS, and shown fractional crystallization, and water pressure can re- that both Mn and Cd have small but measurable effects sult in radically different textural relations in the on the solubility of FeS in sphalerite, and that wurtzite fully crystallized product. Experimental investiga- is a stable phase down to low temperatures if large tions of these phenomena will prove difficult, however, amounts of MnS are in solid solution. Preliminary because they involve a temperature range of only a studies of sphalerite in the Cu-Fe-Zn--S system by few tens of degrees. Priestley Toulmin indicate that the composition of In an effort to interpret the genesis of welded tuffs, sphalerite in equilibrium with pyrite and various Robert L. Smith and Irving Friedman have measured copper-bearing sulfides lies principally along.the ZnS- A62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS FeS join, rather than along the ZnS-CuFeS, join, reported in the following sections on the revision of and also that the small amount of CuS (<5 mole the "Data of Geochemistry," distribution of minor percent at 6000-7001C) that can enter the sphalerite elements, and chemical composition of sedimentary has little effect on the solubility of FeS. Barton has rocks. shown that the mole percent FeS in sphalerite in equilibrium with pyrite decreases about one order of Revision of Clarke's "Data of Geochemistry magnitude when the activity of S. is increased by two Clarke's "Data of Geochemistry" is a critical com- orders of magnitude. The activity of S. is thus a pilation of data on the composition of the Earth, its much more important variable than temperature in rocks, minerals, waters and atmosphere, plus a sum- determining the composition of sphalerite in pyrite- mary of the data required to interpret the chemical bearing assemblages. Kullerud's original solvus in processes that occur on and within the Earth. Good the FeS-ZnS system has been verified independently progress on the revision of this monograph was made by Skinner and by Kullerud (of the Geophysical during the year by the 44 authors, about half of whom Laboratory); and Barton and Kullerud have shown are at universities and research institutions. that this solvus applies *to sphalerite-pyrrhotite as- As part of this undertaking, Fleischer and Chao semblages below about 6000C. have made a critical study of published estimates of Toulmin has shown that a complete solid solution abundance of elements in the Earth's crust and have series exists above 3500C between proustite and py- shown that most of them are actually based on the rargyrite, but his attempts to locate the solvus have abundances in continental rocks. Because the ocean been thwarted by failure to attain equilibrium at basins are composed essentially of basic rocks, the lower temperatures, even in runs of several months estimates usually cited for the Earth's crust are about duration. an order of magnitude too low for elements such as In investigating portions of the systems PbS-ZnS- nickel and chromium that are enriched in basalts, ZnSe-PbSe, CuFeS%..-CuFeSe%.-PbSe-PbS, PbS- and about an order of magnitude too high for elements ZnS-CdS, and PbS-ZnS-MnS, Bethke and Barton such as rubidium and barium, that are enriched in (1959) have determined the distribution functions for granitic rocks. Se, Cd and Mn between coexisting sphalerite and galena, Chemical composition of sedimentary rocks and of Se between chalcopyrite and galena as functions As a part of a project of both temperature and pressure. Combination of the to compile the 20,000 to distribution of two minor elements between a pair of 25,000 analyses estimated to have been published on sedimentary rocks of the United States, minerals therefore offers a very promising combined T. P. Hill, M. S. Warner, and M. J. Horton have nearly com- geothermometer-barometer. Concordant pressure-tem- pleted a volume containing about 3,000 analyses of perature values from the distribution of three or more sedimentary rocks in Colorado, Kansas, Montana, elements provides a novel and widely applicable crite- Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyo- rion of equilibrium between mineral pairs. ming. Barton and Toulmin (1959) have devised an elec- The analyses in this compilation are classified by a trum-tarnish method for the measurement of the ac- ternary system, modified by W. W. Rubey from one tivity (or chemical potential) of sulfur in laboratory proposed by Brian Mason in 1952, based upon the sulfide systems, based on the thermodynamically well relative abundance of excess silica, a conventionalized known systems Ag-S and Ag-Au. This work pro- clay molecule, and total carbonates. Analyses that vides a powerful tool for determining the thermo- contain less than dynamic properties of many sulfides and it can also 50 percent of these major components are grouped in special categories according to the be used in developing several geothermometers. predominant constituents, such as gypsum, phosphorite, GEOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION Or THE EMUENTS and the like. Pertinent data, such as mineralogy and economic use to which the rock has been put, are given The distribution of elements and their role in geo- where available, and tables of means and standard logic processes are being studied as a part of investiga- deviations; triangular diagrams by lithologic char- tions in the fields of mineral resources, isotope geology, acter, classification group, and age; and cumulative geochemical prospecting, public health (including ra- frequency curves of each constituent are also included. dioactive waste disposal), experimental geochemistry, The assembled analyses may not adequately repre- geochronology, and petrology; new findings in these sent the various rock types and formations because fields are reported elsewhere. General investigations the samples that have been analyzed were generally of the abundance and distribution of the elements are collected because of possible economic use of the rock. MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY A63 The standard deviations of many constituents in a able, probably approach meaningful values. The given rock type are large, indicating that averages adjusted mean composition of shale, clay, and lime- of groups of analyses must be compared cautiously. stone are shown in the following tables, which illus- Nevertheless, averages of some of the common rock trate also the kinds of summations being presented types, in which large numbers of samples are avail- and the way in which they are computed.

Chemical composition of shale in Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming

Standard devi- Mean with Standard de- Number of Mean of actual atlon of actual blanks counted viatlon with Adjusted mean I determinations determinations determinations'i as zero blanks counted Constituents as zero '

N X. a. 7. a. IV .

SiOg--226 56. 95 11. 14 56. 95 _6-- 56. 95 A120s- 219 16. 18 4. 48 15.68 5. 23 1& 90 FeO, -203 4. 62 1.87 4.15 2.26 4.36 FeO -23 3.13 2.00 .32 1.14 1. 56 MgO -205 2.27 2.58 2.06 2.55 2.15 CaO -224 4.60 7.81 4.56 7.79 4.58 Na.O -111 .78 . 53 .38 .54 .56 K,O -124 2. 49 1.25 1.37 1. 55 1. 86 H,O -23 5.31 3. 24 .54 1. 90 2. 64 TiO - 100 .99 .64 .44 .65 .68 P2-O------87 .51 . 81 .20 .56 .34 CO2- 13 & 38 6.91 .48 2.52 3.96 803 ------85 . 76 1. 02 . 29 . 72 . 49 Organic matter- 16 8. 28 6.66 .59 2. 73 3. 97 Total -11. 25 - 88. 01 - 100. 00

I Calculated as: Standard deviation=s=[ ( l)]' *NZ2[ X-(ZX)'J'

2 Calculated as: Adjusted mean-.=X_(Z 10 X,) For example, the adjusted mean for K20 is

7 .i.=2.49.r.=.49 ( 115.25-88.01)115.25-100 \2.49-1.37)= 24-.7=8 186

Chemical composition of clay and limestone in Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming A. Clay 712 amplee but except for 810s, not all eonstItuents were determined In all nples)

X. S. 7. 7. .. F.

SiO-, 65.10 10. 58 65. 10 H,O -7. 13 4. 18 3. 05 Al,0 - 15. 51 . 67 1. 33 TiO,- .87 . 48 .67 Fe2Oz ------3. 60 1. 81 3. 3 P,O,- 1.78 2. 95 .83 FeO 1. 47 1. 88 . 55 CO2 - 7. 48 9. 90 3. 10 MgO -1. 40 1. 34 1. 18 803 _- 1. 05 1. 95 .47 CaO -3. 32 6. 44 2. 85 Organic matter -2. 94 3. 18 1. 08 Na,O-- 1. 50 1. 04 1. 03 K,O- 1.86 1.01 1. 23 Total - _-_-_-_-_.115.01 -- _-__ 100.00

B. Umestone (751 smples. but except for CnO, not all constituents were deteramined In all samples) 32. IX, 5 Z. a. E.7.

SiOs-6. 74 7. 14 6. 74 H,O- 1.63 2. 69 1. 61 AOs ------1. 49 1. 62 1. 48 TiO,-. 21 .18 .20 FeC) ------1. 21 1. 09 L 20 PO, .15 .83 .14 FeO -. 63 .0 . 62 CO,- 36. 06 7.94 35. 64 MgO- 2. 22 3.99 2.22 80, -. 22 .34 . 21 CaO -48. 19 7. 21 48.19 Organic matter - 1. 23 1. 53 1. 22 Na-O -. 18 .23 .17 K,O -. 37 .44 .36 Total------00.3- - 100. 00 A84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 196 0-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Two of the interesting relations that have emerged tionation process that can be traced backward in time from this first compilation are: (a) cumulative fre- through a series of earlier differentiates. These data quency curves prepared for of each constituent suggest for Th and U in large measure independently confim that major constituents tend to have a normal statisti- the subdivision of the major Laramide petrographic cal distribution and minor constituents a log-normal provinces into subprovinces, and these in turn into distribution; and (b) with increasing geologic age separate centers of intrusion as delineated by plotting the percentage of K 20 appears to increase in clays the major oxides on variation diagrams using the and shale but to decrease in carbonate rocks, sug- results of 70 standard rock analyses by rapid methods. gesting that the potassium in interstitial waters may Phair and Gottfried have extended the Colorado tend to become fixed in clay minerals with lapse of Front Range studies to include the Boulder Creek time. intrusion, a small but complex Precambrian batholith, in order to assess the mobility of minor elements under Distribution of minor elements conditions of (a) magmatic differentiation plus as- During the past year the weighty mass of data on similation, (b) crushing and recrystallization, (c) hy- the uranium content of various magma series through- drothermal alteration, and (d) reheating by later out the world obtained by Esper S. Larsen, Jr. and intrusions. Their data indicate that the general result David Gottfried was augmented by analyses on many of all post-solidification processes was to reduce the oceanic and continental basaltic suites. The results uranium content. Under conditions of crushing plus show that the oceanic basalts have consistently less recrystallization, both uranium and lead are commonly uranium than their continental equivalents. The usual removed from zircon, but the lead is removed more trend, in which uranium rises with SiO2 , is reversed rapidly than the uranium, resulting in discrepant "low" in one such oceanic suite, the alkalic Honolulu vol- ages. The low-age zircons from this batholith are canic series; this is the first such reversal encountered commonly characterized by fresh, recrystallized rims. in the Survey's studies. A detailed survey of data on the abundance of zir- Results of several hundred precise thorium analyses conium in volcanic rocks made by Chao and Fleischer by newly developed calorimetric methods do not bear shows that within a given region, the zirconium con- out the generalization, recently published by Whitfield, tent generally increases regularly with increasing con- Rogers, and Adams, that the Th/U ratio rises with tept of silica and alkalies. There are marked regional SiO, in granitic rocks as a result of loss of part of variations, however, that are not yet explained. For the uranium to late stage volatiles and solutions; in- example, basalts of Palau and Guam contain an aver- stead the Th/U ratios in specific comagmatic series age of 20 ppm Zr,-those of the Aleutians and Japan of known chemical composition, in contrast to the about 50 ppm, and those of the Sierra Nevada of Th/U ratios on collected igneous rocks of diverse California close to 200 ppm Zr. origins, average about 4.0 in all the differentiates. During the course of developing a method for The one notable exception is the porphyry series in analyzing zinc in silicate rocks, Rader and others the Colorado Front Range studied by George Phair. (Art. 216), found that the zinc content of 159 samples In the Central City District a late-stage loss of uran- of basalt from widely scattered areas ranges from ium is indicated by the formation of pitchblende 0.0048 to 0.018 percent and averages 0.0094 percent. deposits. The late-stage differentiates (quartz boston- Compared with other constituents, the zinc content ites) are remarkable for their high Th/U ratios of these basalts generally increases as the total iron (maximum 7.5), content of uranium (up to 130 ppm) increases and the silica decreases. and thorium (up to 300 ppm), and for their low From analyses of minor metals in the rocks of the content of CaO, (which is almost absent in some Pierre shale, Tourtelot and others (Art. 205) have samples). They are about as close in composition to found that bentonite seems to have the highest mean the experimental system Ab-Or-quartz studied by Tut- contents of zirconium and lead; shale and claystone tle and Bowen ' as any rocks yet found in nature. with more than 1.0 percent organic carbon have the But the high U and Th content of the residual magmas highest mean contents of vanadium, copper, arsenic, from which they crystallized is not an exotic late selenium, molybdenum, and uranium, and they tend stage development; it was an end result of a frac- to have the highest mean contents of boron, chromium 5 Whitfield, J. M. Rogers, J. J. W., and Adams, J. A. B., 1959, The and probably zinc. Marlstones have the highest mean relationship between the petrology and the thorium and uranium contents of some granitic rocks: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta., vol. 17, contents of strontium and manganese. Zubovic and nos. 8/4 p. 248-271. others (Art. 41; also p. A14) report that the elements * Tuttle, 0. F., and Bowen, N. L., 1958, The origin of granite In the light of experimental studies: Geol. Soc. America Mem. 74. most closely associated with carbonaceous matter in MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY,. AND PETROLOGY A65 coal are beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, and tion with Drs. Micah Krichevsky and Benjamin germanium. Prescott of the National Institutes of Health, suggest, however, that the heavy isotopes are bound within ORGANIC GEOCHEMI5TRY polysaccharide molecules and then excreted. Research in organic geochemistry, described here, D. E. White (Art. 206), from his study of natural relates to the structure and geochemical relations of waters, infers a biogenic origin for the relatively naturally occurring organic substances, and to bio- high nitrogen and iodine content of connate and meta- geochemical processes in isotope fractionation. In- morphic waters and also for the high CO2 content and formation on the minor metal content of certain fuels relatively low CI3/C 12 ratios of ground waters. is discussed on pages A3 and A14, and the application Equipment for mass spectrometric determination of of concentrator plants to studies of the incidence of dis- C13/C 12 and 018/016 ratios has been installed under ease and to geochemical prospecting are discussed on the direction of Irving Friedman and is now being p. A25 and in Article 46, respectively. used. Radiocarbon studies by Meyer Rubin show no of old carbonate by grasses growing Structure and geochemical relations of carbonaceous substances detectable uptake on caliche and no evident fractionation of carbon A. M. Pommer and I. A. Breger have concluded isotopes in wood buried in an alkali soil. from potentiometric titrations and infrared analyses of humic acid that in alkaline solution humic acid PETROWLOGY increases with time in its apparent equivalent weight Information on rock-forming processes and on the while undergoing loss of carbonyl groups and con- source of the materials of which rocks of various version of aliphatic structures into polynuclear ring types are composed is gathered during most field and systems. Independent studies by I. A. Breger and many laboratory investigations, and has already been by James Schopf indicate that much of the solid discussed in several parts of this report (see espe- carbonaceous matter in Paleozoic and younger shales cially the sections on mineral resources, regional ge- is similar to coal or lignite, but that one can dis- ology and experimental petrology). Some studies, tinguish between fractions of marine and nonmarine however, are concerned primarily with these subjects origin. Breger has also found that neutron irradia- and are yielding results of wide application. These tion induces the formation of free radicals and high are reported in the following paragraphs. reactivity in high-rank coals, and that it can convert humic acid in peat to a product resembling high-rank Origin of granitic rocks lignite. His studies of the structure of organic matter P. C. Bateman, L. D. Clark, N. K. Huber, J. G. associated with Colorado Plateau uranium ores have Moore, and C. D. Rinehart have concluded that the led him to conclude that the ores are associated with granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada are in discrete humic substances related to coal rather than to oil. plutons, emplaced successively over a period of at Infrared spectrophotometric analyses by F. D. Sisler least 12 million years. Many of the plutons are com- of a piece of the Murray meteorite from the Smith- positionally zoned, both laterally and concentrically, sonian Institution collections indicate that it contains probably as a result of crystallization-differentiation. nitrile and other structurally "organic" components, The plutons were emplaced by pushing the wall rocks as well as amorphous carbon. aside and upward; piecemeal stoping was quantitatively unimportant. Granitization and assimilation Biogeochemical processes in isotope fractionation effects are conspicuous, on a small scale, where granitic The mechanisms by which hydrogen isotopes are magma came in contact with mafic rocks, and the fractionated by microorganisms and the divergent reactions that took place accord with Bowen's reaction metabolic pathways of and biologic tolerances to series. protium, deuterium, and tritium are also being in- Toulmin (1959) has also called upon magmatic vestigated by Sisler in an effort to evaluate ecologic processes to explain the origin of a syenite body near and diagenetic effects and the possible significance Salem, Mass. He suggests that the syenite is an of the process in producing heavy water. Laboratory accumulated "shower" of feldspar crystals resulting cultures of a bacterium from the Bahama Banks gen- from periodic release of volatiles from a granitic erate protium-enriched gas during carbohydrate fer- magma through volcanism. Crowder (1959), on the mentation in normal media, and in those enriched in other hand, has concluded that a quartz-diorite com- deuterium or tritium, but the fate of the heavy iso- plex in the Northern Cascade Mountains was formed topes after fermentation is not yet clear. Experiments by granitization of gneisses and schists. Locally the in progress with tritium-enriched glucose, in collabora- rocks were rendered plastic and mobile during granit- A66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 19g0-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS ization, and, in places, were fused to produce anatectic Fluidity of lava magmas that differentiated to form potassium-rich The problem of the fluidity of Precambrian basaltic pegmatites and local granodiorite masses. lavas in the Lake Superior region has been considered Origin of ultramafie rocks and related gabbros by White (1960b), who has concluded that the typical thinning in the direction of flow, the absence of lava E. D. Jackson has applied many of the techniques tunnels and of true aa, and the characteristic differen- of sedimentary petrology to the layered rocks of the tiation in the Keweenawan flood basalts can be ascribed Ultramafic zone of the Stillwater complex, and has to the great volume of the flows alone, rather than to found that primary precipitate crystals are not only greater fluidity of the basalts as has been suggested present in these rocks but that they obeyed the laws previously. Powers (Art. 136), on the other hand, has that control gravity stratification. From studies of called attention to the exceptionally high fluidity of the shape, distribution, and grain-size and size-dis- some alkalic lava in the Snake River plain. tribution, orientation, and packing density of the settled crystals, and of the distribution and order of Source of volcanic magmas crystallization of the interprecipitate material, he has Several deductions have been made recently as to concluded that the rocks formed during crystallization the source of specific volcanic magmas. In Bulletin of a single saturated basalt magma by accumulation 1028-H Snyder reported that chemical variations and of early crystal products on the floor of the magma extrusive sequences of the lavas of Little Sitkin Island chamber and that these crystals were enlarged or ce- in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska are inconsistent with mented after deposition by the magma from which the Bowen reaction series, and that they were produced; they crystallized. Jackson believes that crystallization by magmatic melting in a zone where continental and took place near the floor of the magma chamber, that oceanic rocks had previously been mixed by tectonic the layered rocks directly reflect changing composition processes. From the compositional trends and age of the magma with time, and that the textures, mineral relations of lavas on Semisopochnoi Island in the same associations, and cyclical rock distributions in the area, Coats (1959) has suggested that, although the ultramafic part of the complex can best be explained chemical trends can best be explained by differentia- by a mechanism involving continuous but variable- tion, the differences between early and late extrusive depth convection that caused periodic refreshment of rocks mean that magma was mixed with its earlier magma crystallizing in the lower part of the intrusion. differentiates. T. P. Thayer has compared the petrologic features Peck (1960) believes that the Cenozoic volcanic of stratiform peridotite-gabbro complexes, like the rocks of the Cascade Range in Oregon were derived Stillwater complex, with those of Alpine-type intru- from five or six successive magmas, mostly of andesitic sions. He concludes that the stratiform complexes composition, that formed by partial or complete fusion originated by crystallization of molten magma in place of parts of the underlying crust during periods of with little or no disturbance, whereas Alpine-type com- crustal stress. Differentiation of these magmas, prob- plexes were intruded as already differentiated crystal ably in large part by crystal fractionation, yielded mushes and that mixing of gabbro and peridotite volcanic rocks ranging from olivine basalt to rhyoda- commonly occurred during emplacement. cite. R. L. Smith, who studied the volcanic rocks of Origin of welded tufNa the Lava Mountains, Calif., found that earlier volcanic C. S. Ross and R. L. Smith have demonstrated the products in the area resulted from explosive activity, abundance of welded tuffs (ash flows) in the geologic whereas the later ones were effusives. The frequency record and the significance of fluids trapped within of eruption increased with time, but no systematic ash particles in maintaining an extensive subaerial compositional change occurred. According to Smith, flow of the dense pyroclastic clouds. the volcanic magma probably formed by the complete R. J. Roberts and D. W. Peterson have shown that melting of crustal quartz monzonitic rocks, and did two major types of welded tuffs-welded ash tuffs not differentiate after eruptions began. and welded crystal tuffs-can be distinguished on the See page A47 for a description of recent observa- basis of composition and texture. Eruptions yielding tions at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. welded ash tuffs are generally characterized by higher silica content and higher volatile content than those Role of fluids in low-temperature alteration of volcanic glass yielding welded crystal tuffs. They conclude that the A. B. Gibbons, and others (Art. 214), from a study source magmas of the welded ash tuffs are more highly of volcanic rocks in southern Nevada, have suggested differentiated than those of the welded crystal tuffs. that mildly alkaline ground water moving through MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY A67 permeable tuff layers altered volcanic glass to zeolites to serpentine. In the first stage, serpentine was altered at near-surface temperatures. to tale-carbonate rock by addition of CO. and loss of R. L. Smith and coworkers have recently shown that R.O. In the second, metamorphic differentiation in perlite, long considered a product of hydrothermal the contact zone between serpentinite and country rock alteration of rhyolitic glass, is instead a surficial formed steatite and "black wall" chlorite. alteration produced by meteoric water; this conclusion is based partly on the similarity in isotopic composi- Origin of Jadeite and rodingite in serpentine tion of oxygen and hydrogen in the perlite to that of Coleman (1959b) finds that jadeite in the California ground waters of the area in which it occurs. serpentine masses is stable in the glaucophane-schist facies and believes it formed by the desilication of Origin of propylitic alteration quartz-keratophyres in a serpentine environment at In the San Juan Mountains, Colo., W. S. Burbank pressures less than 5,000 bars and temperatures less (Art. 6) has found that the propylitic or quartz- than 8000 C. In the San Francisco Bay area J. G. carbonate-chlorite type of alteration has affected many Schlocker has noted that alteration of sandstone to cubic miles of volcanic rocks throughout and beyond jadeite in the Franciscan formation is local, which in- the Silverton caldera. Field relations and other data dicates that the process was not controlled by condi- have led him to conclude that this type of alteration tions of regional extent, as formerly supposed. He takes place after volcanic eruption has ceased as the also believes that the rodingites in the serpentines of result of evolution of gas, rich in C02 , during crystal- the Franciscan formation are tectonic inclusions of lization and differentiation of deep-seated gabbroic calcium-enriched volcanic and other rocks (see Art. and granodiorite magma. The process consists of (a) 145). condensation of gases in locally adsorbed water films; (b) partial solution of silicate minerals by the con- Migration of elements during metamorphism densates; (c) mixing of saturated condensates with The progressive metamorphism of basalt, graywacke, other patches of liquid forced along by gas pressures; and siliceous magnesium limestone in the Adirondack and (d) reaction in these mixtures causing precipita- Mountains of New York has been studied by Engel tion of new minerals. Propylitized rocks are prob- and Engel (Art. 212). They have found the meta- ably an arrested stage of this process; if it is long morphism at 5000 to 600'C was accompanied by emis- continued it probably forms carbonatized and chlori- sion of water and CO,-rich fluids containing alkali tized rocks. silicates, Pb, Ba, and Mn. A different group of elements-mainly Ca, Mg, Al, Metamorphism of maganese minerals and Fe-migrated during the metamorphism of rocks D. F. Hewett has found that the manganese ortho- in the Orofino area on the northwestern side of the silicate, tephroite is widespread in manganese deposits Idaho batholith, according to Anna Hietanen-Makela. in the Jurassic metavolcanic rocks of the western The temperatures attained during metamorphism there Sierra Nevada of California. Although tephroite is appear to have been 4000 to 5000C. Mrs. Makela is commonly regarded as of hydrothermal origin, Hewett using the aluminum silicates andalusite, kyanite, and believes that in the Sierra it is a product of the ther- sillimanite as a key to the temperature and pressure mal metamorphism of original manganiferous car- that prevailed during metamorphism. bonate in an environment of connate water. Pavlides (Art. 211) has found that tightly folded Origin of evaporite deposits beds in Aroostook County, Maine, containing braunite - E-an Zen (Art. 209) has applied the Gibbs Phase (8MnO 8eMnSiO8) and hematite, have been metamor- Rule to the precipitation of salts from a moving body phosed to magnetite-bearing rocks that contain no of water and proposes that many mono-mineralic braunite. The recrystallization of the iron oxide and evaporite deposits form as a result of fractional crys- the migration of the manganese is most pronounced in tallization from an ocean current (see also p. AS). areas of tight folds, which appear to have been local Petrographic studies by C. L. Jones of a core from thermal nodes. salt in the Permian Hutchinson salt member of the Steatitization as a product of regional metamorphism Wellington formation in Reno County, Kansas, and In a recently completed study of the Vermont talc of salts from several western fields show that magne- area, A. H. Chidester has found that the steatite was site and dolomite pervasively replace calcite, and that formed by regional metamorphism in two stages, both calcite is the main primary carbonate deposited in unrelated to earlier alteration of the ultramafic rocks evaporite environments. A68 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1860-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Transformation of aragonite;mud to aphanitie limestone described here. Results of other isotope and nuclear Using electron microscopy techniques, J. C. Hatha- studies are discussed in the sections on beryllium (p. way has shown that aragonite muds can be changed A8), uranium (p. All), exploration methods (p. in a relatively short time to aphanitic limestone at A15), and organic geochemistry (p. A65). low temperatures and pressures. In this transforma- DEZUTEMIUM AND TRITIUM IX NATUIr}AL FLUIDS tion, the mud changes progressively from a mass of Differences in the isotopic composition of meteoric, connate, and needle-shaped particles, to a mass of rounded and thermal waters coalescing particles, to a final rock stage of mosaic texture and fracture surfaces typical of aphanitic Harmon Craig of the University of California, La limestone. Jolla, and Donald E. White have found that near Steamboat Springs, Nev., hot springs and surface wa- Origin of chert ters differ significantly in D/H, O08/O0e and C 5/C 12 The relation between type and chemical composition ratios, depending on. details of origin and evapora- of chert has been studied by E. R. Cressman from tional history (White and Craig, 1959). Preliminary data compiled from the literature. He plotted the data indicate that connate, magmatic, and metamor- SiO2 content of each analysis against the ratio SiOf phio waters differ chemically (White, Art. 206) as A12 08, and compared the distribution of the plotted well as isotopically (if both oxygen and hydrogen are analyses with the lines representing the theoretical considered together) from ordinary surface waters and change in composition that would result from the that isotopic differences in surface waters are related addition of Sio2 to the average pelagic clay, the aver- to distance from the oceans, latitude, and evapora- age sandstone, and the average limestone. Analyses tional history.' of radiolarian chert and shale fall in a well-defined Deuterium content of ocean and terrestrial waters trend that coincides with the line plotted from the Preliminary results of a study of the deuterium composition of the average shale. Analyses of spicular variations in ocean waters being carried out by Irv- cherts fall along the line plotted from the average sandstone. Analyses of chert nodules from lime- ing Friedman, in cooperation with A. 0. Redfield of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, indicate that stone and dolomite are widely scattered, and all in general the waters originating in the Antarctic con- analyses fall to the left of the curve plotted from tain as much as 1 percent less deuterium than other the composition of the average limestone; however, a ocean waters, and can therefore be traced long dis- curve representing the change in composition that would result from volume-for-volume replacement of tances northward. Deuterium analyses of the surface waters of the calcite of the average limestone by quartz falls in the midst of the points, supporting the hypothesis that United States show that the areas where deuterium is highest are mostly in the Gulf Coast region and in most nodular chert is of replacement origin. coastal Southern California (Friedman, unpublished From an analysis of the spatial relations of fos- data). Lower values are found further north on the sils and chert in the Redwall limestone (Early Mis- Atlantic Coast and the Pacific Coast. The deuterium sissippian) in Arizona, E. D. McKee (Art. 210) has content decreases inland with increasing altitude and suggested that layers containing abundant fossils were is especially low in the lee of high mountains. layers of maximum permeability and therefore espe- In a study of the deuterium content of Arctic sea cially susceptible to chertification. Dolomite in the ice, Friedman, B. Schoen, and J. Harris found evi- same formation probably formed by the replacement dence for the existence of a layer of water derived of calcium carbonate on or beneath the sea floor be- from melted snow on the surface of parts of the Arctic fore lithification, but a comparison of the preservation ocean in summer. of fossils in dolomite and chert suggests that the chert formed before the dolomite. Tritium and deuterium content of atmospheric hydrogen The tritium and deuterium content of atmospheric ISOTOPE AND NUCLEAB STUDIES hydrogen gas has been determined by Frederick Bege- Isotope and nuclear studies are being made in con- mann of the Max-Planck Institut fur Chemie, Mainz, nection with many diverse problems, ranging from Germany and Irving Friedman. Although the tritium methods of ore finding to the study of paleotempera- is enriched by a factor of 104 to 105 over that in rain, ture. Only those studies having to do with the dis- r Craig, Harmon, Boato, G., and White, D. B., 1956, Isotopic geo- tribution of deuterium and tritium in natural fluids, chemistry of thermal waters: Proc. Second ConD. on Nuclear Processes in Geologic Settings, Pub. 400, Nat. Acad. ScL-Natl. Research Coun- measurement of alpha activity, and geochronology are cil, p. 2948. MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND PETROLOGY A69 the deuterium content is similar to that in rain. In (see p. A70), and efforts are currently being made to samples collected in Buffalo, New York from Janu- develop its details. ary 1954 to October 1956, the tritium and deuterium GEOCIEONOLOGY contents show a linear relation to each other. A simi- Many age determinations based on C14, potassium- lar relation was found for samples collected in Ger- argon, strontium-rubidium, and uranium-lead methods many by B. Gonsior, of the University of Heidelberg, have been made by the Geological Survey to help in who also made the tritium determinations on them. solving geologic problems. Most of the recent age Deuterium in liquid inclusions determinations that bear mainly on problems of local Wayne Hall and Irving Friedman have found that or regional geology are discussed in other parts of this the deuterium content of water extracted from liquid report, but some results of wider interest are reported inclusions in minerals from the Cave-in-Rock fluorite here, along with work on new methods. district of southern Illinois show differences that are Refinement of the geologic time scale related to the paragenesis. Fluid inclusions from the The age of mica from several stratigraphically well- early minerals have a deuterium content and salinity defined rocks that could serve as tie points in the geo- similar to that of local connate water. Fluid inclu- logic time scale was measured by Henry Faul and sions from later minerals are progressively depleted Herman Thomas by potassium-argon and strontium- in deuterium. rubidium methods. The results are listed here in order of increasing age: MEASUREMENT OF AjPHA ACTIvITY Middle or late Eocene (Rocky Boy Stock, Millionsyears of A method has been developed by A. Hoyte and F. Bearpaw Mtns. Montana) ------50 Senftle for determining the absolute alpha activity of Early Permian or later (Oslo region) ------260 thick powdered mineral samples without using a stand- Post-Westphalian (younger than Late Carboniferous) ard sample. To measure alpha spectra with better (Dartmoor granite, Cornwall) ------290 Dinantlan, pre-Visean (early Carboniferous) resolution, Martinez and Senftle (1960) have studied (Vosges granites, France) ------820 the effect of crystal thickness and geometry on alpha Late Devonlan (Chattanooga shale, Tennessee)_ 840485 particle resolution, using cesium iodide as a scintilla- Post-Middle Devonian (Hog Island, Jackman, Maine) 860 tor. As a result of these investigations, they have been Between Late Silurlan, Late Devonian 0 (Calals granite of Foyles and Richardson, able to obtain a resolution of 1.8 percent for Po2l 1929, Maine) ------405 alpha particles, which is considerably better than has Middle Ordovician (Alabama bentonites) ------420450 ever been reported for crystal scintillators. No useful tie points are yet known below the Middle The effects of alpha-particle radiation damage on Ordovician, so the length of Cambrian time can only the magnetic properties of crystals has been critically be surmised; the above results indicate, however, that examined by Senftle and Pankey, and they have de- the total length of time since the Precambrian is vised a theoretical model which explains the heating greater than previously thought. curves for some uranium-bearing minerals such as zir- Some zircon concentrates from stratigraphically con, coffinite, and uraninite. A new method of age closely bracketed rocks were studied by Thomas Stern determination based on this work has been outlined and Harry Rose, who obtained the following results:

Lcaliti and ample s/mo-Ar Pb(ppim) 1=1 omleears) eodogic we giren inah literature San Vincente, Baja California, SV-1 -- 152 6. .I 100+10 Early Late Cretaceous (post-Albian pre-Maestr- (6. 0, 6. 2) ichtian). Talkeetna Mountains Alaska, GG-1 - - 68 3. 4 125 4 15 Post late Early Jurassic, pre-middle Late Jurassic. (3. 4, 3. 4) Talkeetna Mountains Alaska, GG-2 -- 103 5. 7 135 ± 15 Post late Early Jurassic, pre-middle Late Jurassic. (6. 1, 5.3) Martinsburg shale, near Strasburg, Va. VA-2. 144 24 5 410±45 Middle and Late Ordovician. (24. 5, 24. 5) Martinsburg shale, near Strasburg, Va. 137 23. 5 410±45 Middle and Late Ordovician. FMB-1. The above ages were calculated from the formulas ses indicate that the lead-alpha age method yields and constants given by Gottfried and others (1959, results which are consistent with the lengthened time p. 16-19). The errors given above are due only to scale suggested by other workers. uncertainties in analytical techniques. These analy-

537326 0 - 60 - 6 A70 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS Age of some uranium ores changes in the pattern of precipitation, as has been According to Stieff and Stern the Pb/U ratios of proposed recently by Ewing and others, but resulted uraninite samples from the Urgeiriva and Lenteiros instead from world-wide cooling. mines in Portugal indicate that the age of the ore in The carbon-14 data have confirmed the concept that both mines is about 83 ±8 m.y. changes of sea level during the Pleistocene corre- Algebraic and graphical methods have been devel- sponded to glacial pulsations. They have also dem- oped for evaluating discordant lead-uranium ages onstrated the rapidity with which climatic changes (Stern and others, Art. 23). Applying these meth- took place, and have shown that the time since the ods, Stern and others have concluded that the ura- last continental glaciation was only about half as long ium deposits in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, were as previously supposed. emplaced during Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous time. ANALYTICAL AND OTHER LABORATORY TECHNIQUES Much of the research already discussed in this re- A geochronologic method based on magnetic properties of port is an outgrowth of or crystals damaged by radiation depends in one way or another on chemical, spectrographic, and other analyses Sentfle and Pankey have found that the iron impur- performed by the Survey's analytical laboratories, so ity in crystals damaged by natural radiation is in a that a large part of the results of their work has al- reduced nonmagnetic state in the damaged regions. ready been described. In addition to making such On heating for a limited time in an oxygen deficient analyses, however, the laboratories also investigate atmosphere the crystals at first become magnetic due new methods of analysis and other laboratory tech- to diffusion of oxygen into the damaged regions and niques so as to improve their accuracy, precision, and the subsequent oxidation of the iron to magnetite efficiency. Methods applicable to geochemical pros- (Fe O,). On further heating the crystals again be- 3 pecting and nuclear studies are described on pages come non-magnetic due to the oxidation of the Fe,0, A14 and A16. Some of the other important results to non-magnetic a hematite (Fe O,). The maximum 2 of this research are summarized in the sections that magnetization measured during the heating cycle is follow on analytical chemistry, spectroscopy, and min- proportional to the number of Fe,0 molecules formed, eralogic techniques. and this in turn is related to the total radiation damage. As the damage is a function of the age of the ANALYTICAL CHEMTRTRY crystal, the technique promises to be useful in age Zirconium In small amounts determinations. Preliminary- measurements have yielded ages that in most cases are close to the age The properties of the dye 5-sulfonic acid-2-hydrox- as measured by isotopic methods. benzene-azo resorcinol and its use as a reagent for the determination of microgram amounts of zirconium A geochemical method for dating obsidian artifacts have been studied by Mary H. Fletcher. The four Friedman and Smith (1960) have developed a new acidic groups of this dye dissociate in solution to give dating technique that depends upon the rate of dif- equilibrium mixtures of four anionic species each hav- fusion of water from the atmosphere into freshly ing a characteristic absorption spectrum. Spectral worked obsidian artifacts. The useful range of the data were used to deduce the dissociation constants of method is from about 100 years well into the Pleis- these species, and the same approach was used to de- tocene. The age of the obsidian is related to the thick- termine the equilibrium constants of the two zir- ness of the hydrated layer, as measured with the conium complexes that this dye forms. It was found petrographic microscope, and seems to follow the dif- that zirconium in pure solution can be determined over fusion law - kVt, where w - thickness of the hy- a wide range of conditions, which gives great flexibil- drated layer, t - time, and k is a constant which de- ity in overcoming interference. The methods used in pends on the temperature of hydration and the this study should be useful in determining the com- composition of the glass, but seems to be relatively ponents of other multi-component colored systems. independent of the humidity of the environment. Niobium and tantalum Carbon-14 dates applied to the study of Pleistocene glaciation Grimaldi and Schnepfe (1959) have found that se- Carbon-14 measurements on samples from many lenous acid can be used to separate Ta and Nb from parts of the world show that glaciations were syn- relatively large amounts of the elements usually asso- chronous in both the northern and southern hemi- ciated with them in their ores, and to determine total spheres. According to Meyer Rubin, this indicates Ta and Nb or either element. The procedure has that glacial pulsations were not caused by local been used for analyses of 50 to 75 mg samples of ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A71 columbite and tantalite ores in which the Ta and Nb determine magnesium photometrically or fluorimet- are present in amounts ranging from 0.2 to 30 mg. rically (Cuttitta and White, 1959; White and Cut- Grimaldi (1960) has also designed a method for de- titta, 1959); and by using thiazole yellow, it is pos- termining the niobium content of rocks in the parts sible to determine it photometrically in rocks, without per million range. Interfering elements, such as Re, prior separations (Shapiro, 1959). W, Mo, and V, are separated from Nb by simple so- Uranium dium hydroxide fusion and leach. The determination Stevens and others (1959) have developed an auto- is completed spectrophotometrically by a modified thi- matic machine for preparing reproducible phosphors ocyanate procedure. in the fluorimetric determination of uranium. Flame photometry Analysis of chromite Two approaches were studied to overcome matrix Improved procedures were developed or adapted for effects in flame photometry. In one (Grimaldi, Art. determining Al, Ca, Si, total Fe, Cr, and ferrous iron 225) matrix effects are largely overcome by dilution in chromite. To determine total iron, for example, of the sample; those that remain are corrected for by the chromite is dissolved in a mixture of phosphoric an addition technique. In the other approach, an and sulfuric acids; the iron is then reduced with a extraneous element is added to release the normal emis- silver reductor, and finally determined by titration sion of a given element. Releasing agents and tech- with dichromate (Dinnin, Art. 215). niques were examined by J. I. Dinnin, who found that Sr, La, Nd, Sm, and Y completely release Ca Ferrous iron from quenching by Al, SQ4 s, and P04-, while Mg, Two new methods for determining ferrous iron in Be, Ba, and Sc do so to a large extent. The use of rocks and minerals have been developed. In one, the praseodymium as a releasing agent permits the deter- sample is decomposed with a mixture of hydrofluoric mination of calcium in chromite, hitherto impossible and sulfuric acids in the presence of dichromate in to do by flame photometry. excess over the ferrous iron; the excess dichromate is then titrated with standard ferrous sulfate (Reichen, Analysis of liquid inclusions L. E., and Fahey, J. J., written communication). In Methods have been devised by B. L. Ingram for 2 the other, the sample is decomposed with the same determining microgram amounts of Cl-, SO4r, and acids, but in the presence of an excess of o-phenan- Mg in liquid inclusions. Chloride is determined in- throline to complex the released ferrous iron; the de- directly through its release of thiocyanate ion from termination is then completed calorimetrically by mercuric thiocyanate, the released thiocyanate being measuring the absorbance of the orthophenanthroline- converted to a colored ferric thiocyanate complex. ferrous complex (Shapiro, Art. 226). Both methods Magnesium is directly determined spectrophotoinet- avoid errors in conventional procedures resulting from rically with Magnon. Sulfate is reduced to sulfide air oxidation of ferrous iron during decomposition of with a mixture of hydriodic, hypophosphorous, and the sample. formic acids, and determined spectrophotometrically as methylene blue. Zinc in silicate rocks A spectrophotometric method for determining small Fluorine in phosphate rock and chlorine In silicate rock amounts of zinc in silicate rocks has been devised by A rapid method for the determination of fluorine Rader and others (Art. 216); zinc is isolated by in phosphate rock has been described by Shapiro anion exchange and carbamate extraction, and then (1960). The sample is dissolved in dilute nitric acid, measured calorimetrically with zincon. the solution is passed, through a cation-exchange resin Combined gravimetric and spectrographic analysis of silicates column, and the fluorine in the effluent is determined 4' by its bleaching action on the red aluminum-alizarin A method that combines gravimetric and spectro- complex. A method for determining chlorine in sili- graphic procedures for the analysis of silicate rocks cate rock by titration with mercuric nitrate, using so- and minerals has been studied by Stevens and others dium nitroprusside as the indicator, has been devised (Art. 228). Its essential features are that major con- by Peck and Tomasi (1959). stituents are chemically separated and weighed; all precipitates and residues are then analyzed spectro- Small amounts of magnesium graphically to make corrections for gains, losses, and Investigations of new methods for determining impurities, and to determine minor constituents. Al- small amounts of magnesium have proved fruitful. though the method has promising advantages over Bissalicylidene-ethylenediamine makes it possible to conventional procedures, it is so time consuming that A72 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS it is suitable only for special analyses that require Use of gas jet in reducing cyanogen band interference unusual accuracy and precision. A relatively simple gas jet surrounding the carbon are used for spectrochemical analysis has been found Accuracy and precision of silicate analyses effective in reducing the cyanogen bands (Annell and A second report on the accuracy and precision of Helz, Art. 227). Argon flowing at a rate of 16 cu ft silicate analyses has been prepared by Stevens, Niles, hr and mixing with oxygen at 4 cu ft hr, was found Chodos, Filby, Leininger, Flanagan, Ahrens, and most suitable for suppressing the bands, stabilizing Fleischer (1960) as Bulletin 1113. It summarizes the the arc, reducing sample consumption, and intensify- results of over 30 new analyses of samples G-1 (gran- ing lines. Controlling the arc atmosphere in this man- ite) and W-1 (diabase) from laboratories throughout ner makes it possible to analyze several elements that the world, discusses the limitations of standard rock have diagnostic lines in the cyanogen region, such as analysis, and points out areas where improved meth- Ce, La, Sm, Pr, Nd, Eu, Tm, TI, W, Ru, and Ti. ods are needed. The study indicates that, of the procedures in use, those for determining silica and alu- A constant feed direct-current arc mina are least accurate; the results for SiO2 are gen- A method has also been developed by Annell and erally too low, and those for A1203 are generally too Helz for continuously vaporizing successive increments high. of powdered rock and mineral samples into a 10-am- SP:ECTROSCOPY pere d-c are. In this procedure graphite electrodes, 0.092 inch in outer diameter and containing a bore 1.5 Concentration of rhenium for analysis inches deep and 0.046 inches in diameter, are used as As a part of a study of the distribution of rhenium, sample anodes. Elements such as Ti, Al, Si, Cu, Ga, Myers and others (Art. 20) extended the limit of de- As, and Pb are concomitantly vaporized and excited tection of water-soluble rhenium from about 50 ppm by gradually moving the electrode into the arc through to about 0.1 ppm by employing a concentration. tech- a channel in a brass, water-cooled collar. A controlled nique. In this method, rhenium is leached from a 50 atmosphere, consisting of a mixture of argon, flowing gram sample with distilled water; the dried extract is at the rate of 14 cu ft hr, and oxygen, flowing 7 cu ft then added to a definite proportion of powdered quartz hr, suppresses cyanogen band interference in the spec- and analyzed spectrochemically by means of the d-c tra and stabilizes the arc. Graphite and lithium tetra- carbon are. borate are mixed with the powdered rock samples to Determination of lead in zircon obtain an optimum rate of burning in the arc, selective volatilization, enhancement of desirable lines, and A synthetic zircon-baddeleyite-glass mixture con- minimum matrix interference. taining lead has been prepared by H. Rose and T. Stern for determining lead (1 to 500 ppm) in zircon Development and use of the electron microprobe analyzer for lead-alpha age measurements by a d-c are tech- The electron microprobe analyzer, designed by Isi- nique. Fifteen milligram samples are mixed with 35 dore Adler, is now completed and in operation. This mg of sodium carbonate and arced at 15 amps for 90 device uses a focused beam of electrons to excite seconds. Analysis of 20 zircons indicates an overall X-rays from samples of the order of several cubic 5 percent average deviation, from isotope-dilution and microns in volume. The resulting X-rays may then chemical values. The new standard and procedure be analyzed either to identify the elements in the replaces the opal-glass standard previously used, which microscopic phase or to give the actual concentration.. was shown to be inadequate by comparison of analyses The sample to be analyzed is located by means of a made by independent methods. reflecting-type microscope that is coaxial with the Use of special standards in spectrochemical analysis objective magnetic lens and is in the vacuum system. This microscope has a reflecting objective, perforated Because of the large variety of materials submitted to permit the electron beam to reach the sample. The for analysis, special standards are frequently required X-rays are analyzed by means of two X-ray spectro- for quantitative measurement of various elements. For graphs mounted in vacuum chambers. example, during the analysis of some water residues, The electron microprobe is now being used for study- Mrs. N. Sheffey found that the analytical lines for ing the distribution of minor elements in galena and Fe, Al, Zn, V, and Cr were depressed by high sulfate sphalerite. A tentative procedure has been established ion concentrations. This difficulty was overcome by for mounting small grains in clear cold-setting plas- diluting the samples with the same matrix as used for tic. By using small brass rings %-inch in diameter, the standards. as many as 12 different specimens can be mounted in MINERALOGIC AND PVTROGRAPEIC TECHNIQUES A73 a one inch disk and analyzed without opening the report that dimethyl-formamide shows promise as a vacuum sample chamber. The cold-setting plastic, diluent for bromoform or methylene iodide. moreover, quickly forms a small dark spot where bom- Staining and autoradiographic methods barded by the electron beam, which makes it possible Staining techniques for the modal analysis of feld- to position the desired area readily. spars in thin sections, grain mounts, and polished sec- Techniques have been worked out for analyzing non- tions have been improved by E. H. Bailey and R. E. conducting mineral grains by vacuum-coating them Stevens; they stain potassium feldspar yellow with with optically transparent films of aluminum in order cobaltinitrite and plagioclase red with barium rhodi- to make the surface electrically and thermally con- zonate. R. F. Gantier and J. A. Thomas have exam- ducting. This is necessary in order to minimize sur- ined many dyes and reagents for staining feldspars face charging and heating. and have found that malachite green, methyl red, and X-ray fluorescence analysis of sphalerite methyl violet are the most satisfactory. In a different An X-ray fluorescence method has been developed approach to the same problem, Wayne Mountjoy and by Adler for determining minor constituents in spha- L. B. Riley have used the radioactivity of potassium lerites when gross samples are available. Results for to determine the distribution of potassium feldspar by cadmium, iron, and manganese agree with the chemi- means of photographic prints. cal figures to within about 5 percent of the amount Methods for studying liquid inclusions present. Apparatus and techniques have been developed by E. W. Roedder and Irving Friedman for vacuum INEIRALOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES crushing, extraction, and limited analysis of the solu- New techniques and tools in microscopy ble salts in solution from single selected fluid inclusions less than a millimeter in diameter. With slightly Wilcox (1959 b, c) has designed two devices for larger inclusions, H 0, CO2, H/D isotope ratio, and optical determination on single mineral grains. One is 2 a rugged spindle stage, attached to a petrographic concentration of dissolved salts can also be determined. microscope, on which crystals can be mounted and A new and improved heating and cooling microscope stage has been developed for studies of liquid-gas in- their principal indices of refraction and optical sign clusions, which permits determination of the tempera- determined by rotating the spindle. He has also de- ture of filling on heating, and depression of the freez- signed a simplified universal stage accessory for de- ing point on cooling. The freezing point may be used termining the three principal indices of refraction in to estimate the concentration of soluble salts in a sin- biaxial crystals. B. F. Leonard, III has perfected a gle fluid inclusion whose volume may be as small as a method for quantitatively measuring the reflectivity of billionth of a milliliter. opaque minerals with a Hallimond visual micropho- tometer. New immersion liquids with indices of re- Methods in experimental geochemistry fraction between 1.7 and 2.1 have been developed by E. Roseboom has achieved promising results toward R. Meyrowitz and H. Westley. solving the difficult experimental problem of measuring total pressure of very reactive sulfur- and arsenic- Mineral separation methods bearing systems; he uses low-melting alkali halides as The principle of asymmetric vibration has been manometer liquids. adapted to separate micas and to serve as an improved Brian J. Skinner has put into operation an inex- feeding device for the Frantz separator (Faul and pensive mullite stage for the X-ray diffractometer that Davis, 1959). Frost (1959) has developed a constant allows measurements to be made at temperatures up flow elutriating tube for separating high density sul- to 14000C under vacuum or controlled atmospheres. fides from light silicate gangue. Meyrowitz and oth- Gulbrandsen (Art. 230) has found that the solubil- ers (1959) have found that dimethyl sulfoxide is a ity depressant effect of ethyl alcohol on saline solu- more stable diluent for bromoform than acetone and tions is an effective means of controlling and studying F. Cuttitta, R. Meyrowitz, B. Levin, and N. Hickling the precipitation of evaporites. GEOLOGIC DIVISION OFFICES MAIN CENTERS U.S. Geological Survey, Main Office, General Services Building, F St., between 18th and 19tb Streets, N.W., Washington 25, D.C., Republic 7-1820. U.S. Geological Survey, Rocky Mountain Center, Federal Center, Denver 2, Colorado, Belmont 3-3611. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coast Center, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California, Davenport 5-6761.

FIELD OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO [Temnporsry offics not Inehidedl Locwato Amep~gi cacr anddeiOpene Aimb Addren Alaska, College Troy L. Pdwd (3263) P.O. Box 4004, Brooks Memorial Building. Arizona, Globe N. P. Peterson (964) P.O. Box 1211. California, Los Angeles John T. McGill (Granite 3-0971, ext. Geology Building, University of California. 547) Hawaii, Hawaii National Park K. J. Murata Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Hawaii, Honolulu Charles G. Johnson (81011 ext. 66-3161) District Building 96, Fort Armstrong. Kansas, Lawrence Wm. D. Johnson, Jr. (Viking 3-2700) c/o State Geological Survey, Lindley Hall, Uni- versity of Kansas. Maryland, Beltsville Allen V. Heyl (Tower 9-6430, ext. 468) U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Agriculture Research Center Building. Massachusetts, Boston L. W. Currier (Kenmore 6-1444) 270 Dartmouth Street, Room 1. Michigan, Iron Mountain K. L. Wier (1736) P.O. Box 45. Mississippi, Jackson Paul L. Applin (Fleetwood 5-3223) 1202S North State Street. New Mexico Charles B. Read (Chapel 7-0311, ext. P.O. Box 4083, Station A, Geology Building, Uni- 483) versity of New Mexico. Ohio, Columbus J. M. Schopf (Axminster 4-1810) Orton Hall, Ohio State University, 155 South Oval Drive. Ohio, New Philadelphia James F. Pepper (4-2353) P.O. Box 272, Muskingum Watershed, Conserva- tion Building, 1319 Third Street, NW. Pennsylvania, Mt. Carmel Thomas M. Kehn (1535) 56 West 2d Street. Puerto Rico, Roosevelt Watson H. Monroe (San Juan 6-5340) P.O. Box 803. Tennessee, Knoxville R. A. Laurence (2-7787) 11 Post Office Building. Utah, Salt Lake City Lowell S. Hilpert (Empire 4-2552) 506 Federal Building. Vermont, Montpelier W. M. Cady (Capitol 3-5311) 43 Liberty Street. Washington, Spokane A. E. Weissenborn (Temple 8-2084) South 157 Howard Street. Wisconsin, Madison C. E. Dutton (Alpine 5-3371, ext. 2128) 222 Science Hall, University of Wisconsin. Wyoming, Laramie W. R. Keefer (Franklin 54495) Geology Hall, University of Wyoming. A74 GEOLOGIC DIVISION OFFICES OFFICES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES (Temporary field offies not included] Locaton Geologid is charge Mailiag adr#en Brazil, Belo Horizonte J. V. N. Dorr, II Caixa Postal 17, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Braz il. Brazil, Porto Alegre A. J. Bodenlos c/o Ainerican Embassy, APO 676, New York, New York. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro C. T. Pierson U.S. CGeological Survey, c/o American Embassy, APO 676, New York, New York. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro A. J. Bodenlos U.S. CGeological Survey, c/o American Embassy, APO 676, New York, New York. Brazil, Sao Paulo A. J. Bodenlos U.S. CGeological Survey, c/o American Consulate Gen(eral S.P., APO 676, New York, New York. Chile, Santiago W. D. Carter U.S. CGeological Survey, c/o American Embassy, Santiago, Chile. India, Calcutta Lawrence Blade U.S. CGeological Survey, o/o American Consulate Geneeral, 5/1 Harrington Street, Calcutta 16, Indit1. Indonesia, Bandung David A. Andrews U.S. CGeological Survey, USOM to Indonesia, c/o Ame,rican Embassy, Djakarta, Indonesia. Libya, Tripoli Gus Goudarzi U.S. (Geological Survey, USOM, APO 231, c/o Postmaster, New York, New York. Mexico, Mexico, D. F. Ralph Miller U.S. GCeological Survey, USOM American Embassy, Mexiico, D. F., Mexico. Pakistan, Quetta John A. Reinemund U.S. Geological Survey, USOM American Embassy, APO 271, New York, New York. Philippines, Manila Joseph F. Harrington U.S. CGeological Survey, c/o American Embassy, APO*928, San Francisco, California. Taiwan, Taipei (Formosa) Samuel Rosenblum U.S. Geological Survey, ICA/MSM/China, APO 63, San']Francisco, California. Thailand, Bangkok Louis S. Gardner U.S. CGeological Survey, c/o American Embassy, APO 146, Box B, San Francisco, California. Turkey, Istanbul Quentin D. Bingewald U.S. Geological Survey/ICA, c/o American bassy, APO 380, New York, New York.

A75 INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE GEOLOGIC DIVISION DURING FISCAL YEAR 1960

Investigations in progress in the Geologic Division in progress in a given area (investigations, however, during fiscal year 1960 are listed below, together with that deal with more than four States are listed only the names and headquarters of the individuals in under the heading "Studies of large regions of the charge of each. Not all of the investigations listed United States"). Investigations concerned with min- were active during fiscal year 1960; for example, eral resources, engineering problems, methods, or geo- many are completed except for publication of final logic processes are listed under geographic headings if reports, and some have been temporarily recessed. they involve a specific area, but they are also listed Headquarters for major offices are indicated by the under topical headings. They are not repeated within initials (W) for Washington, D.C., (D) for Denver, the topical groups, however, even though they may Colo., and (M) for Menlo Park, Calif. Headquarters deal with more than one subject. The assignment of other cities are indicated by name; see list of in all investigations by subject has been determined by the offices on preceding pages for addresses. dominant activity or objective of each. Titles of these Projects that include a significant element of geologic mapping are indicated by asterisks. One aster- investigations are listed only under the topic that isk (*) indicates projects that involve geologic map- represents the dominant activity or objective of each; ping at a scale of a mile to the inch or larger; two individual titles are not repeated under other topical asterisks (**) indicate projects that involve geologic headings, even though the investigation may deal with mapping at a scale smaller than a mile to the inch. more than one subject. The reader interested in work Because many of those interested in work in in progress in, for example, mineralogy, will wish to progress are concerned with a specific political area, examine titles of investigations underway in related the investigations are classified by State or similar fields, such as experimental geochemistry, waste dis- unit, and titles are repeated as necessary to show work posal, and mineral resource investigations.

REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS

Large regions of the United States: Large regions of the United States-Continued Geologic map of the United States Ordovician stratigraphic paleontology of the Great Basin P. B. King (M) and Rocky Mountains Paleotectonie maps of the Pennsylvanian and Permian R. J. Ross, Jr. (D) E. D. McKee (D) Silurian and Devonian stratigraphic paleontology of the Synthesis of geologic data on Atlantic Coastal Plain and Great Basin and Pacific Coast Continental Shelf C. W. Merriam (W) J. E. Johnston (W) Mideontinent Devonian investigations Coal fields of the United States E. R. Landis (D) J. Trumbull (W) Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Western United Granites and related rocks of the Southeastern States, States and Alaska with emphasis on monazite and xenotime J. T. Dutro, Jr. (W) J. B. Mertle, Jr. (W) Mesozoic stratigraphlc paleontology, Pacific coast Igneous rocks of Southeastern United States D. L. Jones (M) C. Milton (W) Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Atlantic and Gulf Geology of the Piedmont region of the Southeastern States, coasts with emphasis on the origin and distribution of N. F. Sohl (W) monazite Cordilleran Triassic stratigraphy W. C. Overstreet (W) N. J. Silberling (M) Investigation of sea-level changes in New England Jurassic stratigraphic paleontology of North America M. Rubin (W) R. W. Imlay (W) Lower Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Eastern United Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleontology, western interior States United States R. B. Neuman (W) W. A. Cobban (D) A77 A78 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Large regions of the United States-Continued Alaska-Continued Middle and Late Tertiary history of parts of the Northern Mineral resources-Continued Rocky Mountains and Great Plains *Klukwan iron district N. M. Denson (D) E. C. Robertson (W) Gravity map of the United States "Southern Brooks Range (copper, precious metals) H. R. Joesting (W) W. P. Brosg` (M) Cross-country aeromagnetic profiles "*Regional geology and mineral resources, southeastern E. R. King (W) Alaska Aeromagnetle profiles over the Atlantic Continental Shelf E. H. Lathram (M) and Slope Quicksilver deposits, southwestern Alaska E. R. King (W) E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) Geophysical studies of Appalachian structure *Nome C-1 and D-1 quadrangles (gold) E. R. King (W) C. L. Hummel (3M) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Northeastern United 'Tofty placer district (gold, tin) States D. M. Hopkins (M) P. Popenoe (W) Seward Peninsula tin investigations Alabama: P. IL Killeen (W) Clinton Iron ores of the southern Appalachians **Lower Kuskokwim-Bristol Bay region (mercury, antimony, I. P. Sheldon (D) zinc) Coal resources J. M. Hoare (M) W. C. Culbertson (D) *Heceta-Tuxekan area (high-calcium limestone) *Warrior quadrangle, (coal) G. D. Eberlein (M) W. C. Culbertson (D) Uranium-thorium reconnaissance Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacent States E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) L. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya) Map of coal fields Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf coast F. F. Barnes (M) P. L. Applin (Jackson, Miss.) 'Matanuska coal field Alaska: F. F. Barnes (M) General geology: Tertiary history of the Yukon-Tanana Upland (coal) Index of literature on Alaskan geology D. M. Hopkins (M) E. IL Cobb (M) *Nenana coal investigations Tectonic map C. Wahrhaftig (M) G. Gryc (W) Matanuska stratigraphic studies (coal) Physiographic divisions A. Grants (M) C. Wahrhaftig (M) **Stratigraphic and structural studies of the Lower Yukon- Glacial map Koyukuk area (petroleum) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) Surficial deposits *Nelchina area (petroleum) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) A. Grantz (M) Compilation of geologic maps, 1:250,000 quadrangles 'Iniskin-Tuxedni region (petroleum) W. H. Condon (M) R. L. Detterman (M) Cenozoic geology of western Alaska **Buckland and Huslia Rivers area, west-central Alaska D. M. Hopkins (M) W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) *Petrology and volcanism, Katmal National Monument **Gulf of Alaska province (petroleum) G. H. Curtis (M) D. J. Miller (M) Windy-Curry area **Northern Alaska petroleum investigations .L Kachadoorian (M) G. Grye (W) 'Mount Michelson area Engineering geology and permafrost: E. G. Sable (Ann Arbor, Mich.) *Nuclear test site evaluation, Charlot *Eastern Chugach Mountains traverse a. D. Eberlein (M) D. J. Miller (M) *Nuclear test site evaluation, Katalla **"I wer Yukon-Norton Sound region G. D. Eberlein (M) J. M. Hoare (M) Arctic ice and permafrost studies 'Eastern Aleutian Islands A. H. Lachenbruch (M) 0. D. Fraser (D) Origin and stratigraphy of ground ice in central Alaska 'Western Aleutian Islands T. I Pdw6 (College, Alaska) G. D. Fraser (D) Ground ice and permafrost, Point Barrow Mineral resources: R. F. Black (Madison, Wis.) Metallogenic provinces *Lituya Bay giant-wave investigation C. L. Sainsbury (M) D. J. Miller (M) Geochemical prospecting techniques 'Anchorage and vicinity (construction-site planning) RL M. Chapman (D) R.D. Miller (D) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A79

Alaska-Continued Alaska-Continued Engineering geology and permafrost-Continued Paleontology-Continued *Mt. Hayes D-8 and D-4 quadrangles (construction-site Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Nelchina area planning) H. R. Bergquist (W) T. L Pdwd (College, Alaska) Cenozoic mollusks *Engineering geology of Taikeetna-McGrath highway F. S. MacNeil (M) T. L. Pdwd (College, Alaska) Geophysical studies: *Surficial and engineering geology studies and construction Geophysical studies, ground surveys materials sources D. F. Barnes (M) T. L. Pdwd (College, Alaska) Geophysical studies, airborne surveys Galena area (construction-site planning) G. E. Andreasen (W) T. L. Pewd (College, Alaska) Yukon Flats-Kandik aeromagnetic survey *Surflcial geology of the southwestern Copper River basin G. E. Andreasen (W) (construction-site planning) Koyukuk aeromagnetic studies J. RL Williams (W) G. E. Andreasen (W) *Surflcial geology of the southeastern Copper River basin, Copper River basin geophysical studies (construction-site planning) G. E. Andreasen (W) D. R. Nichols (W) Cook Inlet aeromagnetic survey $Surficlal geology of the northeastern Copper River basin 0. E. Andreasen (W) (construction-site planning) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chariot site 0. J. Ferrians, Jr. (Glennallen, Alaska) R. G. Bates (W) 0Surflcial geology and permafrost of the Johnson River Arizona: district General geology: G. W. Holmes (W) Arizona state geologic map **Surficial geology of the Upper Kuskokwim region (con- J. R. Cooper (D) struction-site planning) Devonian rocks and paleogeography of central Arizona A. T. Fernald (W) C. Telchert (D) **Surficial geology of the Kobuk River valley (construction- Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations site planning) E. M. Shoemaker (M) A. T. Fernald (W) Permian stratigraphy, northeastern Arizona **Surficlal geology of the Kenai lowland (construetion-site C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N.M.) History of Supal-Hermit formations planning) E. D. McKee (D) T. N. V. Karlstrom (W) Strattgraphy of the Redwall limestone *Surficial geology of the Big Delta area (construction-site E. D. McKee (D) planning) *Holy Joe Peak quadrangle G. W. Holmes (W) M. H. Krieger (M) *Surficial geology of the Barter Island-Mt. Chamberlin area *Eastern Mogollon Rim area (construction-site planning) E. J. McKay (D) G. W. Holmes (W) "Paleozoic and Cenozoic rocks in the Alpine-Nutrioso area, **Surficial geology of the Yukon Flats district (construe- Apache County tion-site planning) C. T. Wrucke (D) J. R. Williams (W) *Elgin quadrangle Surficial geology of the Valdez-Tiekel belt (construction-site R. B. Raup (M) planning) *Upper Glua River basin, Arizona, New Mexico H. W. Coulter (W) R. B. Morrison (D) *Surficial geology of the Upper Tanana River valley (con- *Geology of southern Cochlse County struction-slte planning) P. T. Hayes (D) A. T. Fernald (W) Mineral resources: Surficial geology of the Susitna-Maclaren River area (con- Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range struction-site planning) province D. R. Nichols (W) L. C. Huff (D) *Surficial geology of the Slana-Tok area (construction-site *Christmas quadrangle (copper, iron) planning) C. R. Wfllden (M) H. R. Schmoll (W) *Geology and copper deposits of the Twin Buttes areas *Surficial geology of the Seward-Portage Railroad belt (con- (copper) struction-site planning) J. R. Cooper (D) T. N. V. Xarlstrom (W) *Prescott-Paulden area (copper) Surflicial geology of the Arctic Slope region M. H. Krieger (M) H. W. Coulter (W) *Mammoth quadrangle (copper) Paleontology: S. C. Creasey (M) Upper Paleozoic stratigraphlc paleontology, Western Contact-metamorphic deposits of the Little Dragoons area United States and Alaska (copper) J. T. Dutro, Jr. (W) J. R. Cooper (D) ASO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Arizona-Continued Arkansas-Continued Mineral resources-Continued Barite deposits *Klondyke quadrangle (copper) D. A. Brobst (D) F. S. Simons (D) *Northern Arkansas oil and gas investigations *Globe-Mtami area (copper) E. E. Glick (D) N. P. Peterson (Globe, Ariz.) *Ft. Smith district, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and gas) *Bradshaw Mountains (copper) T. A Hendricks (D) C. A. Anderson (W) *Arkansas Basin coal investigations *MacFadden Peak quadrangle and adjacent areas (asbestos) B. R. Haley (D) A. F. Shride (D) California: Clay studies, Colorado Plateau General geology: L. G. Schultz (D) *Big Maria Mountains quadrangle **Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, W. B. Hamilton (D) vanadium) *Funeral Peak quadrangle D. G. Wyant (D) H. D. Drewes (D) Relative concentrations of chemical elements In rocks and Death Valley ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (uranium, C.B. Hunt (D) vanadium, copper) *Ash Meadows quadrangle, California-Nevada A. T. Miesch (D) C. S. Denny (W) Uranlum-vanadlun deposits In sandstone, with emphasis *Mt. on the Colorado Plateau Plnhot quadrangle R. P. Fischer (D) J. G. Moore (M) Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of the *Independence quadrangle Colorado Plateau and Wyoming D. C. Ross (M) K G. Bell (D) *Blanco Mountain quadrangle Colorado Plateau botanical prospecting studies C. A. Nelson (Los Angeles, Calif.) F. J Kleinhampl (M) Glaciation in the San Joaquin Basin Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with empha- F. M. Fryxell (Rock Island, I11.) sis on the Colorado Plateau *Salinas Valley I. A. Scott (D) D. L. Durham (M) Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium) *San Andreas fault D. Jobin (D) L. F. Noble (Valyermo, Calif.) Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, vana- *Merced Peak quadrangle dium) D. L. Peck (M) L. C. Craig (D) *Petrology of the Burney area San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (ura- G. A. Macdonald (Honolulu, Hawaii) nium) *Investigation of the Coast Range ultramalic rocks L. C. Wright (D) E. H. Bailey (M) Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau Glaucophane schist terrane within the Franciscan forma- (uranium, copper) tion J. H. Stewart (D) R. G. Coleman (M) Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona-New Mexico (uranium) *Weavervfle, French Gulch, and Hayfork quadrangles, J. D. Strobell (D) southern Klamath Mountains East Vermillion Cliffs area (uranium, vanadium) W. P. Irwin (M) R. G. Peterson (Boston, Mass.) Mineral resources: Uranium deposits of the Dripping Spring quartzlte of southeastern Arizona Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, Ore- H. C. Granger (D) gon-Callfornia Studies of uranium deposits P. E. Hots (M) P. B. Raup (D) *Geologic study of the Sierra Nevada batholith (tungsten, *Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona and gold, base metals) Utah P. C. Bateman (M) I. B. O'Sullivan (D) *Bishop tungsten district Engineering and geophysical studies: P. C. Bateman (M) Great Basin geophysical studies *Eastern Sierra tungsten area: Devil's Postpile, Mt. Mord D. R. Mabey (M) rison, and Casa Diablo quadrangles (tungsten, base Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies metals) H. I. Joesting (W) C. D Rinehart (M) Arkansas: Structural geology of the Sierra foothills mineral belt (cop- Magnet Cove niobium investigations per, zinc, gold, chromite) L. V. Blade (D) L. D. Clark (M) Aeromagnetic studies In the Newport, Arkansas, and Ozark *Panamint Butte quadrangle including special geochemical bauxite areas studies (lead-silver) A. Jespersen (W) W. E. Hall (W) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A81

California-Continued Colorado-Continued Mineral resources-Continued General geology-Continued *Cerro Gordo quadrangle (lead, zinc) Significance of lead-alpha age variation in batholiths of the W. C. Smith (M) Colorado Front Range *Mt. Diablo area (quicksilver, copper, gold, silver) E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) E. H. Pampeyan (M) Petrology and geochemistry of the Laramide intrusives In *Geology and origin of the saline deposits of Searles Lake the Colorado Front Range (boron) EL S. Larsen, 3d (W) G. 1. Smith (M) Petrology and geochemistry of the Boulder Creek batholith, Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, Colorado Front Range Oregon, and Nevada (boron) E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) W. C. Smith (M) *Metamorphism and structure of Precambrian quartzite and *Western Mojave Desert (boron) associated rocks, Coal Creek area T. W. Dibblee, Jr (M) J. D. Wells (D) *Furnace Creek area (boron) 'Upper South Platte River, North Fork J. F. McAllister (M) G. R. Scott (D) *Eastern Los Angeles basin (petroleum) *Mountain Front recharge area J. B. Schoellhamer (M) G. R. Scott (D) Rocks and structures of the Los Angeles basin, and their *Glenwood Springs quadrangle gravitational effects (petroleum) N. W. Bass (D) T. H. McCulloh (Riverside, Calif.) Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area, *Southeastern Ventura basin (petroleum) Colorado and adjacent States E. L. Winterer (Los Angeles, Calif.) V. E. Swanson (D) *Northwest Sacramento Valley (petroleum) Pennsylvanian and Permian stratigraphy, Rocky Mountain B. D. Brown, Jr. (M) Front Range, Colorado and Wyoming Engineering geology: E. K. Maughan (D) *Surficial geology of the Beverly Hills, Venice, and Topanga Investigation of Jurassic stratigraphy, south-central Wyo- quadrangles, Los Angeles (urban geology) ming and northwestern Colorado J T. McGill (Los Angeles, Calif.) G. N. Pipiringos (D) *San Francisco Bay area, San Francisco South quadrangle Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, northwestern Colorado and (urban geology) northeastern Utah M. G. Bonilla (M) A. D. Zapp (D) *San Francisco Bay area, San Francisco North quadrangle Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Pierre shale, Front (urban geology) Range J. Schlocker (M) W. A. Cobban (D) *Oakland East guadrangle (urban geology) Mineral resources: D. H. Radbruch (M) Ore deposition at Creede Geophysical studies: E. W. Roedder (W) Volcanism and crustal deformation *Creede and Summitville districts (base and precious metals, L. C. Pakister (D) and fluorspar) Great Basin geophysical studies T. A. Steven (D) D. .Mabey (M) *Tenmile Range, Including the Kokomo mining district (base Geophysical study of major crustal units, Sierra Nevada and precious metals) H. W. Oliver (W) A. H. Koschmann (D) Geophysical studies of relation of ore deposits to batholithic *Central City-Georgetown area, including studies of the intrusions, Sierra Nevada area Precambrian history of the Front Range (base, H. W. Oliver (W) precious, and radioactive metals) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, San Francisco P. K. Sims (D) J. A. Pitkin (W) *San Juan mining area, including detailed study of the Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Los Angeles Silverton Caldera (lead, zinc, silver, gold, copper) R. B. Guillou (W) R. G. Luedke (W) Paleontology: *Holy Cross quadrangle and the Colorado mineral belt (lead, Cenozoic Foraminifera, Colorado Desert zinc, silver, copper gold) P. J. Smith (M) O. Tweto (D) *Geology and paleontology of San Nicolas Island *Rico district (lead, zinc, silver) J. G. Vedder (M) E. T. McKnight (W) Geology and paleontology of the Cuyama Valiey area *Minturn quadrangle (zinc, silver, copper, lead, gold) J. G. Vedder (M) T. S. Lovering (D) Foraminifera of the Lodo formation, central California *Lake George district (beryllium) M. C.Israelsky (M) C.C. Hawley (D) Colorado: *Poncha Springs and Saguache quadrangles (fluorspar) General geology: R. E. Van Alstlne (W) Age determinations: rocks In Colorado Clay studies, Colorado Plateau H. raul (W) IL G. Schultz (D) A82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Colorado-Continued Colorado-Continued Mineral resources-Continued Mineral resources-Continued Wallrock alteration and its relation to thorium deposition Subsurface geology of the Dakota sandstone, Colorado and in the Wet Mountains Nebraska (oil and gas) E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) N. W. Bass (D) *Wet Mountains (thorium, base and precious metals) 'Animas River area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oil, M. I. Brock (W) and gas) 'Powderhorn area, Gunnison County (thorium) H. Barnes (D) J. C. Olson (D) 'North Park (coal, oil, and gas) 'Maybell-Lay area, Moffat County (uranium) D. M. Kinney (W) M. J. Bergin (W) *Western North Park (coal, oil, and gas) "Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, IV. J. Hail (D) vanadium) Trinidad coal field D. G. Wyapt (D) R. B. Johnson (D) Uranium-vanadium deposits in standstone, with emphasis 'Carbondale coal field on the Colorado Plateau J. R. Donnel (D) I. P. Fischer (D) **Oil shale Investigations Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of the D. C. Duncan (W) Colorado Plateau and Wyoming Oil shale resources, northwestern Colorado K. G. Bell (D) J. R. Donnell (D) Relative concentrations of chemical elements in rocks and 'Grand-Battlement Mesa oil shale ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (uranium, J. R. Donnell (D) vanadium, copper) Engineering geology and geophysical studies: A. T. Miesch (D) *Upper Green River valley (construction-site planning) Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with emphasis W. R. Hansen (D) on the Colorado Plateau 'Denver and vicinity; Golden and Morrison quadrangles R. A. Scott (D) (urban geology) Colorado Plateau botanical prospecting studies. R. Van Horn (D) F. J. Klelnhampl (M) Black Canyon of the Gunnison River (construction-site Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium) planning) D. Jobin (D) W. R. Hansen (D) Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, vana- *Air Force Academy (construction-site planning) dium) D. J. Varnes (D) L;. . Craig (D) Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau H. R. Joesting (W) (uranium, copper) Salt anticlines, Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah (test- J. H. Stewart (D) site evaluation) San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (uranium) D. P. Elston (D) J. C. Wright (D) Salt antlellne studies, Colorado and Utah (test-site evalu- 'Ralston Buttes (uranium) ation) D. M. Sheridan (D) E. M. Shoemaker (M) *Klondike Ridge area (uranium, copper, manganese, salines) Connecticut: J. D. Vogel (D) *Ansonia, Mount Carmel, and Southington quadrangles; 'Western San Juan Mountains (uranium, vanadium, gold) bedrock geologic mapping C.S. Bromfield (D) C. E. Fritts (D) 'Baggs area, Wyoming and Colorado (uranium) *Ashaway quadrangle, Rhode Island-Connectieut; bedrock G. E. Prichard (D) geologic mapping 'La Sal area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium) G. T. Felninger (Boston, Mass.) W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile) *Avon and New Hartford quadrangles; bedrock and sur- *Lisbon Valley area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium, ficial-geologic mapping copper) Rt. W. Schnabel (D) G. W. Weir (M) *Bristol and New Britain quadrangles; bedrock and sur- Uravan district (vanadium, uranium) ficial geologic mapping R. L. Boardman (W) H. E. Simpson (D) 'Slick Rock district (uranium, vanadium) *Broadbrook, Manchester, and Windsor Locks quadrangles; D. R. Shawe (D) Exploration for uranium deposits in the Gypsum Valley surficial geologic mapping district R. B. Colton (D) C. F. Withington (W) 'Carolina, Quonochontaug, Narragansett Pier, and Wick- 'Bull Canyon district (vanadium, uranium) ford quadrangles, R.I. and Ashaway and Watch D. Elston (D) Hill quadrangles, Connecticut-Rhode Island, sur- *Ute Mountains (uranium, vanadium) ficial geologic mapping E. B. Ekren (D) J. P. Schafer (Boston, Mass.) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A83

Connecticut-Contlnued Hawaii-Continued 'Columbla, Fitchville, Norwich, Marlboro, and Willia- Geological, geochemileal and geophysical studies of Hawal- mantfe quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping Ian volcanology G. L. Snyder (D) K. J. Murata (Hawaii) *Coventry Center and Kingston quadrangles, Rhode Island Pahala Ash studies and Watch Hill quadrangle, Connecticut-Rhode K. J. Murata (Hawaii) Island; bedrock geologic mapping Idaho: G. E. Moore, Jr. (Columbus, Ohio) General geology: *Durham quadrangle; surficlal geologic mapping "South Central Idaho H. E. Simpson (D) C. P. Ross (D) *Fitchville and Norwich quadrangles; surficial geologic *Cross-section of the Idaho batholith; Yellow Pine mapping quadrangle P. M. Hanshaw (D) B. F. Leonard (D) *Hampton, Plainfield, and Scotland quadrangles; bedrock *Owyhee and Mt. City quadrangles, Nevada-Idaho geologic mapping R. R. Coats (M) H. R. Dixon (D) Petrology of volcanic rocks, Snake River valley, *Meriden quadrangle; bedrock and surficial geologic map- H. A. Powers (D) ping *Snake River valley, western region P. M. Hanshaw (D) H. A. Powers (D) *Montvulle, New London, Niantic, and Uncasville quad- *Snake River valley, American Falls region rangles; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping H. A. Powers (D) R. Goldsmith (D) "Regional geology and structure, Snake River valley *Mystic and Old Mystic quadrangles; bedrock geologic H. i Powers (D) mapping **Mackay quadrangle R. Goldsmith (D) C. P. Ross (D) 'Springfield South quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connectl- 'Leadore, Gilmore, and Patterson quadrangles cut; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping E. T. Ruppel (D) J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) *Metamorphism of the Orofino area *Tarrifville and Windsor Lake quadrangles; bedrock geo- A. Hletanen-Makela (M) logic mapping *Leesburg quadrangle R. W. Schnabel (D) W. B. Nelson (D) Delaware: *Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of the Belt series; Correlation of aeromagnetlc studies and areal geology, Elmira, Mt. Pend Oreille, Packsaddle Mountains, Fall Zone and Clark Fork quadrangles, Idaho-Montana R. W. Bromery (W) J. E. Harrison (D) Florida: Mineral resources: Phosphate deposits of northern Florida 'General geology of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead, G. H. Espenshade (W) zinc, silver) 'Land-pebble phosphate deposits A. B. Griggs (M) J. B. Cathcart (D) Ore deposits of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead, Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf Coast zinc, silver) P. L Applin (Jackson, Miss.) V. C. Fryklund, Jr. (Spokane, Wash.) Georgia: *Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana-Idaho Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacent R. L. Parker (D) States *Blackbird Mountain area (cobalt) L. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya) J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.) Mesozoic rocks of Florida and eastern Gulf Coast *Greenacres quadrangle, Wash.-Idaho (high-alumina clays) P. IL Weis (Spokane, Wash.) P. L AppUn (Jackson, Miss.) Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits Clinton Iron ores of the southern Appalachians R. A. Gulbrandsen (M) R. P. Sheldon (D) Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria formation Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennes- (phosphate, minor elements) see and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur) V. E. McKelvey (M) R. M. Hernon (D) *Soda Springs quadrangle, including studies of the Bannock Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Georgia Nuclear thrust zone (phosphate) Aircraft Laboratory F. C. Armstrong (Spokane, Wash.) J. A. MacEKallor (W) *Morrison Lake quadrangle, Idaho-Montana (phosphate) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River E. R. Cressman (M) Plant, Georgia and South Carolina **Irwin quadrangle, Caribou Mountains (phosphate, oil and R. G. Schmidt (W) gas) Hawaii: L, 8. Gardner (Bangkok, Thailand) Distribution and origin of the Kanal bauxite deposits *Aspen Range-Dry Ridge area (phosphate) S. H. Patterson (ULhue, Kauai, Hawaii) T. M. Cheney (M) A84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 19 60-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Idaho-Continued Kentucky: Mineral resourceaAontinued *Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Ken- *Radloactive placer deposits of central Idaho tucky, Tennessee, and Virginia D. L. Schmidt (Seattle, Wash.) L. D. Harris (W) Geophysical studies: Fluorspar deposits of northwestern Kentucky Pacific Northwest geophysical studies R. D. Trace (W) D. J. Stuart (M) *Salem quadrangle (fluorspar) Volcanism and crustal deformation geophysical studies IL D. Trace (W) L. a. Pakiser (D) Clay deposits of the Oive Hill bed of eastern Kentucky Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, J. W. Hosterman (W) Pend Oreille area *Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle, Ken- E. R. King (W) tucky-Indiana Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, National Reactor L. L Ray (W) Testing Station 'Petroleum geology of Duffield, Stickleyville, Keokee, Olin- R. G. Bates (W) ger, and Pennington Gap quadrangles, Virginia Illinois: and Kentucky *Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque L. D. Harris (W) J. W. Whitlow (W) *Eastern Kentucky coal investigations *Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district J. W. Huddle (W) T. E2.Mullens (D) Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area, Ten- Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago nessee-Kentucky-Virginta R B. Guilon (W) B.W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 'Geologic development of the Ohio River valley Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge Na- L. L, Ray (W) tional Laboratory Lower Pennsylvanian floras of Illinois and adjacent States B.G. Bates (W) C.B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) *Geologic development of the Ohio River valley Indiana: L. L. Ray (W) 'Geology and coal deposits, Terra Haute and Dennison quad- Stratigraphy of cavern fills, Mammoth Cave rangles W. E. Davies (W) P. Averitt (D) Vertebrate paleontology, Big Bone Lick Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W) B.B. Guillou (W) Maine: Lower Pennsylvanian floras of Illinois and adjacent States Age determinations: granites of Maine a. B. Read (Albuquerque N. Mex) H. Paul (W) *Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle, Ken- *Greenville quadrangle tucky-India G. H. Espenshade (W) I, L, Ray (W) 'Bedrock geology of the Danforth, Forest, and Vanceboro *Geologic development of the Ohio River valley quadrangles L, L Ray (W) D. M. Larrabee (W) Iowa: *Attean quadrangle *Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque A. IA Albee (Pasadena, Calif.) J. W. Whitlow (W) *Hydrogeochemical prospecting in the Forks quadrangle F. C.Canney (D) 'Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district 'Bridgewater quadrangle (manganese) T. E. Mullens (D) It Pavildes (W) *Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa *Electromagnetic and geologic mapping in Island Falls quad- (urban geology) rangle R. D. Miller (D) E. B. Ekren (D) Lower Pennsylvanian floras of Illinois and adjacent States 'Aeromagnetic and areal geology studies of the Stratton C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) quadrangle Kansas: A. Griscom (W) *Trn-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas Aeromagnetic surveys E. T. McKnight (W) J. W. Allingham (W) Trace elements In rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma, Gravity studies Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate) M. F. Kane (W) Maryland: W. Danilehik (Quetta, Pakistan) *Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West 'Wilson County (oil and gas) Virginia W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) J. T. Hack (W) Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sedgwick Basin (oil and gas) Clay deposits W. L Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) M. M. Knechtel (W) *Shawnee County (oil and gas) *Allegany County (coal) W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) W. de Witt, Jr. (W) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A85

Maryland-Continued Miehigan-Continued Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Vir- *East Marquette district (iron) ginia and Maryland J. E. Gair (D) RB. Guillou (W) *Southern Dickinson County (iron) Airborne radioactivity and environmental studies, Washing- R. W. Bayley (M) ton County Eastern Iron County (iron) R. M. Moxham (W) K. L. Wier (Iron Mountain, Mich.) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Michigan copper district Montgomery County W. S. White (W) A. Griscom (W) Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region Massachusetts: G. D. Bath (M) *Assawompsett Pond quadrangle; surficial geologic map- *Lake Algonquin drainage ping J. T. Hack (W) C. Koteff (Boston, Mass.) Minnesota: *Athol quadrangle; bedrock and surficial geologic mapping *Cuyuna North Range (iron) D. F. Eschman (Ann Arbor, Mich.) R. G. Schmidt (W) Ayer quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.) G. D. Bath (M) *Billerica, Lowell, Tyngsboro, and Westford quadrangles; Mississippi: bedrock and surflcial geologic mapping Pre-Selma Cretaceous rocks of Alabama and adjacent R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.) States *Bridgewater and Taunton quadrangles; surficial geologic L. C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya) mapping Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) F. S. MacNeil (M) Clinton and Shrewsbury quadrangles; bedrock geologic Missouri: mapping *Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas R. F. Novotny (Boston, Mass.) E. T. McKnight (W) *Concord and Georgetown quadrangles; bedrock and sur- Aeromagnetic studies in the Newport, Arkansas, and Ozark ficial geologic mapping bauxite areas N. P. Cuppels (Boston, Mass.) A. Jesperson (W) *Duxbury and Scituate quadrangles and Fresh Pond-Mystic Trace elements In rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma, Lake area; surflcial geologic mapping Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phospate) N. IL Chute (Syracuse, N. T.) W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan) *Greenfleld quadrangle, surficial geologic mapping Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, R. H. Jahns (University Park, Pa.) southeast Missouri *Lawrence, Reading, South Groveland, and Wilmington J. W. Allingham (W) quadrangles; bedrock geologic mapping Montana: R. 0. Castle (Los Angeles, Calif.) General geology: North Adams quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping Stratigraphy of the Belt series N. Herz (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) C. P. Ross (D) Norwood quadrangle; bedrock and surficial geologic map- Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology ping. W. A. Cobban (D) N. E. Chute (Syracuse, N. Y.) Northern Great Plains Pleistocene reconnaissance, Mon- *Reading and Salem quadrangles; surficial geologic mapping. tana and North Dakota R. N. Oldale (Boston, Mass.) R. B. Colton (D) *Salem quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping Carbonatite deposits P. Toulmin, III (W) W. T. Pecora (W) Springflield South quadrangle, Massachusetts and Connecti- *Petrology of the Bearpaw Mountains cut; bedrock and surflIcial geologic mapping W. T. Pecora (W) J. H. Hartshorn (Boston, Mass.) Petrology of the Wolf Creek area *Dennis and Harwich quadrangles; surficlal geologic map- R. G. Schmidt (W) ping and special seismic studies of engineering Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of the Belt series; problems Elmira, Mt. Pend Oreille, Packsaddle Mountains, L. W. Currier (W) and Clark Fork quadrangles, Idaho-Montana Research and application of geology and seismology to Pub- J. E: Harrison (D) lic Works planning Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Mon- L. W. Currier (W) tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and Sea-cliff erosion studies Nebraska C. A. Kaye (Boston, Mass.) H. A. Tourtelot (D) Vertebrate faunas, Martha's Vineyard *Allce Dome-Sumatra area F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W) H. R. Smith (D) Michigan: *Quaternary geology of the Browning area and the east Iron River-Crystal Falls district (iron) slope of Glacier National Park H. L. James (M) G. M. Richmond (D)

5573ZS 0 - 60 -7 A86 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 19g0-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Montana-Continued Montana-Continued General geology-Continued Engineering geology-Continued *Bedrock and surficial geology, Big Sandy Creek area *Wolf Point area (construction-site planning) R. 31. Lindvall (I) R. B. Colton (D) *Geology of the Livingston-Trail Creek area (coal) *Great Falls area (urban geology and construction-site A. E. Roberts (D) planning) '1Maudlow quadrangle R. W. Lemke (D) B. SkIpp (D) *Fort Peck area (construction-site planning) *Duck Creek Pass quadrangle H. D. Varnes (D) W. H. Nelson (D) Geophysical studies: *South Gallatin Range Pacific Northwest geophysical studies I. J. Witkind (D) D. J. Stuart (M) *Gravelly Range-Madison Range Aeromagnetic studies, Three Forks area J. B. Hadley (D) I. Zlets (W) *Three Forks quadrangle Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, G. 1). Robinson (D) Pend Oreille area 'Toston quadrangle E. R. King (W) G. 1). Robinson (D) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, 'Holter Lake quadrangle Bearpaw Mountains 0. 1). Robinson (D) K G. Books (W) *Willis quadrangle Magnetic studies of Montana laccoliths W. B. Myers (D) R. G. Henderson (W) Mineral resources: Nebraska: Manganese deposits of the Phillpsburg area Devonlan stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area, (manganese and base metals) Colorado and adjacent States W. C. Prinz (Spokane, Wash.) V. EL Swanson (D) Chromite resources and petrography of the Stillwater Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Mon- ultramatic complex tana, North Dakota, South Dakota6 Wyoming, and E. D. Jackson (M) Nebraska *Thunder Mountain nioblumn area, Montana-Idaho H. A. Tourtelot (D) R. L. Parker (D) *Lower South Platte River *General geology of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead, R. D. Miller (D) zinc, silver) 'Lower Republlcan River A. B. Griggs (M) I. D. Miller (D) Ore deposits of the Coeur d'Alene mining district (lead, Subsurface geology of Dakota sandstone, Colorado and zinc, silver) Nebraska (oil and gas) V. C. Frykiund, Jr. (Spokane, Wash.) N. W. Bass (D) *Boulder batholith area (base, precious, and radioactive Oil and gas investigations, central Nebraska basin metals) G. EKPrichard (D) M. R. Klepper (W) Omaha-Council. Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa *Morrison Lake quadrangle, Idaho-Montana (phosphate) (urban geology) E. I. Cressman (M) R. D. Miller (D) Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western Nevada: Montana (phosphate, minor elements) General geology: R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.) *Schell Creek Range Stratigraphv and resources of Permian rocks in southwest- H. D. Drewes (D) ern Montana (phosphate, minor elements) *Owyhee and Mt. City quadrangles, Nevada-Idaho E. R. Cressman (M) R. I. Coats (M) *Geology of the Winnett-Mosby area (oil and gas) *Jarbidge area W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) R. R. Coats (M) Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, *Geology and paleontology of Kobeh VaUey North Dakota and South Dakota T. B. Nolan (W) C. A. Sandberg (D) *Railroad District, and the Dixie Flats, Pine Valley, and Reconnaissance geology of the Burney-Broadus coalfield, Robinson Mountain quadrangles Wyoming and Montana J. F Smith, Jr. (D) W. W. Olive (W) *Horse Creek Valley quadrangle Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota H. Masursky (D) N. M. Denson (D) *Mt. Lewis and Crescent Valley quadrangles Engineering geology: J. Gilluly (D) Earthquake investigations, Hebgen Lake 'Frenchle Creek quadrangle 3. B. Hadley (D) L J. P. Muffler (D) *Sun River Canyon area Cortes quadrangle M. R. Mudge (D) H. Masursky (D) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A87

Nevada-Continued New Hampshire: General geology-Continued Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology *Fallon area R. W. Bromery (W) R. B. Morrison (D) New Jersey: *Ash Meadows quadrangle, California-Nevada *Lower Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania C. S. Denny (W) J. P. Owens (W) **Humboldt County *Middle Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania C. R. Willden (M) A. A. Drake, Jr. (W) **Mineral County *Selected iron deposits of the Northeastern States D. C Ross (M) A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N.J.) **Lincoln County Selected studies of uranium and rare-earth deposits in C. M. Tschanz (M) Pennsylvania and New Jersey *Las Vegas-Lake Mead area H. Klemic (W) 0. M. Longwell (M) Correlation of aeromagnetlc studies and areal geology, New Mineral resources: York-New Jersey Highlands (iron) Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range A. Jesperson (W) province Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, L. C. Huff (D) Delaware FaUl Zone Iron ore deposits I. W. Bromery (W) R. 0. Reeves (M) New Mexico: *Unionville and Buffalo Mountain quadrangles, Humboldt General geology: Range (Iron, tungsten, silver, quicksilver) New Mexico geologic map R. E. Wallace (M) C. H. Dane (W) *Osgood Mountains quadrangle (tungsten, quicksilver) Southeastern New Mexico stratigraphic Investigations P. E. Hotz (M) P. T. Hayes (D) *Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range, Stratigraphic significance of the genus Ternpalcya in south- Nevada-Utah (tungsten) western New Mexico D. H Whitebread (M) C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) *Lyon, Douglas, and Ormsby Counties (copper) Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations J. G. Moore (M) E. M. Shoemaker (M) *Regional geologic setting of the Ely district (copper, lead, *Petrology of the Valles Mountains zinc) R. L. Smith (W) A. L. Brokaw (D) *Upper Gila River basins, Arizona-New Mexico Ione quadrangle (lead, quicksilver, tungsten) R. B. Morrison (D) C J. Vitallano (Bloomington, Ind.) Southern Oscura, northern San Andres Mountains *Eureka area (zinc, lead, silver, gold) G. 0. Bachman (D) T. B. Nolan (W) *Southern PelonclUo Mountains and Cedar Mountain area **Eureka County (base and precious metals) C. T. Wrucke (D) M.J. Roberts (M) *Philmont Ranch quadrangle *Antler Peak quadrangle (base and precious metals) G. D. Robinson (D) R. J. Roberts (M) Mineral resources: *Geology and ore deposits of Bullfrog and Bear Mountain Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range quadrangles (fluorite, bentonlte, gold, silver) province H. R. Cornwall (M) L. C. Huff (D) Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, Central district (copper, zinc) Oregon, and Nevada (boron) W. R. Jones (D) W. C.Smith (M) Clay studies, Colorado Plateau Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits L; G. Schultz (D) R. A. Gulbrandsen (M) Potash and other saline deposits of the Carlsbad area Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park C. L. Jones (M) City formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate, **Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, minor elements) vanadium) T. M. Cheney (M) D. G. Wyant (D) Engineering geology and geophysical studies: Uranium-vanadium deposits In sandstone, with emphasis *Engineerlng geology of the Nevada Test Site area on the Colorado Plateau R. P. Fischer (D) V. R. Wilmarth (D) Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of the Geophysical studies at the Nevada Test Site Colorado Plateau and Wyoming W. H. Diment (D) K. G. Bell (D) Great Basin geophysical studies Relative concentrations of chemical elements in different D. R. Mabey (M) rocks and ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Nevada Test Site (uranium, vanadium, copper) J. L. Meuschke (W) A. T. Mlesch (D) A88 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

New Mexico-Continued New York-Continued Mineral resources-Continued 'RIchville quadrangle Colorado Plateau ground-water studies H. M. Bannerman (W) D. Jobin (D) 'Selected iron deposits of the Northeastern States Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with emphasis A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N. J.) on the Colorado Plateau Metamorphism and origin of mineral deposits, Gouverneur R. A. Scott (D) area Colorado Plateau botanical, exploration studies A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.) F. J. Kleinhampl (M) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, New Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, vana- York-New Jersey Highlands (iron) dium) A. Jespersen (W) L. C. Craig (D) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (uranium) Adirondacks area (iron) J. C. Wright (D) J. B.Balsley (W) Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau 'Gouverneur district (talc) (uranium, copper) A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.) J. H. Stewart (D) Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in the Grants area W. de Witt, Jr. (W) A. D. Weeks (W) 0Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds in the Penn Regional relationship of the uranium deposits of north- Yan and Keuka Lake quadrangles (oil and gas) western New Mexico M. J. Bergin (W) L. S. Hilpert (Salt Lake City, Utah) 'Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds, in the Bath *Laguna district (uranium) and Woodhull quadrangles (oil and gas) R. H. Moench (D) X. F. Pepper (New Philadelphia, Ohio) *Grants area (uranium) North Carolina: R. E. Thaden (D) 'Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina Ambrosia Lake district (uranium) J. B. Hadley (D) H. C. Granger (D) 'Grandfather Mountain 'Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona-New Mexico (uranium) B. H. Bryant (D) J. D. Strobell (D) 'Investigations of the Volcanic Slate series 'Tucumcari-Sabinoso area (uranium) A. A. Stromquist (W) R. L. Griggs (D) 'Central Piedmont Oil and gas fields H. Bell (W) D. a. Duncan (W) 'Hamme tungsten deposit 'Stratigraphy, northern Franklin Mountains, west Texas J. M. Park, III (Raleigh, N.C.) (petroleum) Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennes- R. L. Harbour (D) see and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur) 'Animas River area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oil R. M. Hernon (D) and gas) 'Swain County copper district H. Barnes (D) G. H. Espenshade (W) *East side San Juan Basin (coal, oil, gas) Pegmatites of the Spruce Pine and Franklin-Sylva districts C. H. Dane (W) F. G. Lesure (Knoxville, Tenn.) 'Raton Basin coking coal 'Geologic setting of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district A. A. Wanek (M) (mica, feldspar) Engineering geology and geophysical studies: D. A. Brobst (D) *Engineering geology of Gnome Test Site 'Shelby quadrangle (monazite) V. R. Wilmarth (D) W. C. Overstreet (W) *Nash Draw quadrangle (test-site evaluation) Central and western North Carolina regional aeromagnetic J. D. Vine (M) survey Seismic studies, southern Eddy County (test-site evalua- R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) tion) Airborne geophysical studies, Concord-Denton area P. E. Byerly (D) R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies North Dakota: H. R. Joesting (W) Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Mon- Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome site tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and R. B. Guillou (W) Geophysical studies in the Rowe-Mora area Nebraska G. E. Andreasen (W) H. A. Tourtelot (D) New York: Northern Great Plains Pleistocene reconnaissance, Montana 'Glacial geology of the Elmira-Williamsport area, New York, and North Dakota Pennsylvania R. B. Colton (D) C. S. Denny (W) Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota, and Cretaceous Foraminifera South Dakota N. F. Soh (W) N. M. Denson (D) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A89

North Dakota-Continued Pennsylvania: Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, *Glacial geology of the Elmira-Williamsport area, New North Dakota, and South Dakota York, Pennsylvania C. A. Sandberg (D) C. S. Denny (W) Ohio: *Middle Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania *Geology and coal resources of Belmont County A. A. Drake, Jr. (W) H. L. Berryhill, Jr. (D) *Lower Delaware River basin, New Jersey-Pennsylvania Oklahoma: J. P. Owens (W) *Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas *Investigations of the Lower Cambrian of the Philadelphia E. T. McKnight (W) district Trace elements in rocks of Pennsylvanian age Oklahoma, J. H. Wallace (W) Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate) *Lehighton quadrangle (uranium) W. Danilchik (Quetta, Pakistan) H. Klemic (W) Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas, oil and gas studies Selected studies of uranium and rare-earth deposits in W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) Pennsylvania and New Jersey *Ft. Smith district, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and gas) H. Klemic (W) T. A. Hendricks (D) *Bituminous coal resources McAlester Basin (oil and gas) E. D. Patterson (W) S. E. Frezon (D) Western middle anthracite coal field Experimental aeromagnetic survey in northeast Oklahoma H. Arndt (W) I. Zietz (W) *Southern anthracite field Oregon: G. H. Wood, Jr. (W) Oregon state geologic map Geology in the vicinity of anthracite mine drainage projects G. W. Walker (M) T. M. Kehn (Mt. Carmel, Pa.) Foraminiferal studies of the Pacific Northwest Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Tri- W. W. Rau (M) assic Miocene mollusks R. W. Bromery (W) E. J. Trumbull (M) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Fall Oligocene mollusks Zone E. J. Trumbull (M) R. W. Bromery (W) *Lower Umpqua River area Rhode Island: E. M. Baldwin (Eugene, Oreg.) Wickford quadrangle; bedrock geologic mapping *Monument quadrangle R. B. Williams (Providence, R.I.) R. E. Wilcox (D) *North Scituate quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping *Gabbroic and associated intrusive rocks in the central part 0 S. Robinson (D) of the Oregon Coast Ranges *Kingston quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping P. D. Snavely (M) C.A. Kaye (Boston, Mass.) Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, Ore- *Hope Valley quadrangle; surficial geologic mapping gon-California G. T. Feininger (Boston, Mass.) P. E. Hotz (M) *Chepachet, Crompton, and Tiverton quadrangles; bedrock *Ochoco Reservation, Lookout Mountain, Eagle Rock, and geologic mapping Post quadrangles (quicksilver) A. Quinn (Providence, R.I.) A. C. Waters (Baltimore, Md.) *Coventry Center and Kingston quadrangles; and Watch Hill *Newport embayment (oil and gas) quadrangle, Connecticut-Rhode Island, bedrock geo- P. D. Snavely, Jr. (M) logic mapping *Anlauf and Drain quadrangles (oil and gas) L. Hoover (W) G. E. Moore, Jr. (Columbus, Ohio) *John Day area (chromite) *Carolina, Quonochontaug, Narragansett Pier, and Wickford T. P. Thayer (W) quadrangles, Rhode Island, and Ashaway and Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, Watch Hill quadrangles, Connecticut-Rhode Island, Oregon, and Nevada (boron) surficial geologic mapping W. C. Smith (M) J. P. Schafer (Boston, Mass.) *Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban *Ashaway quadrangle, Rhode Island-Connecticut, bedrock geology) geologic mapping D. E. Trimble (D) G. T. Feininger (Boston, Mass.) Pacific Northwest geophysical studies South Carolina: D. J. Stuart (M) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River Correlation between geologic and geophysical data, west- central Oregon Plant, Georgia and South Carolina P. D. Snavely, Jr. (M) R. G. Schmidt (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford South Dakota: R. G. Schmidt (W) Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area, Geophysical studies, west-central Oregon Colorado and adjacent States R. W. Bromery (W) V. E. Swanson (D) A90 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1 960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

South Dakota-Continued Texgs-Continued Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Mon- Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks in Karnes and tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and Duval Counties Nebraska A. D. Weeks (W) H. A. Tourtelot (D) Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas (oil and gas) *Southern Black Hills (pegmatite minerals) W. I, Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) J.J. Norton (D) *Pennsylvanian oil and gas investigations *Regional stratigraphic study of the Inyan Kara group, D. A. Myers (D) Black Hills (uranium) *Stratigraphy, northern Franklin Mountains, west Texas W. J. Mapel (D) (petroleum) *Southern Black Hills (uranium) R. L. Harbour (D) G. B. Gott (D) *Texas coastal plain geophysical and geological studies *Harding County, South Dakota and adjacent areas (ura- D. H. Eargle (Austin, Tex.) niferous lignite) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome site G. N. Pipiringos (D) R. B. Guillon (W) Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota, Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Killeen and South Dakota J. A. Pitkin (W) N. M. Denson (D) Radon and helium studies Geophysical studies in uranium geology A. B. Tanner (Salt Lake City, Utah) R. M. Hazlewood (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Fort Worth Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, J. A. Pitkin (W) North Dakota, and South Dakota Utah: C. A. Sandberg (D) General geology: Landslide studies in the Fort Randall Reservoir area Southwestern Utah geologic map D. J. Varnes (D) P. Averitt (D) Tennessee: Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, northwestern Colorado and Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina northeastern Utah J. B. Hadley (D) A. D. Zapp (D) *Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Kentucky, *South half, Utah Valley Tennessee, and Virginia H. J. Bissell (Provo, Utah) L. D. Harris (W) *Strawberry Valley and Wasatch Mountains Clinton Iron ores of the southern Appalachians A. A. Baker (W) R. P. Sheldon (D) *Little Cottonwood area Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Tennes- 0. M. Richmond (D) see and adjacent areas (copper, irons sulfur) *Confusion Range M. M. Hernon (D) R. K. Hose (M) Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee and *Northern Bonneville Basin Virginia zinc deposits J. S. Williams (Provo, Utah) H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) Mineral resources: East Tennessee zinc studies Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range A. L. Brokaw (D) province *Ivydell, Pioneer, Jellico West, and Ketchen quadrangles L. C. Huff (D) (coal) 'Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range, K. J. Englund (W) Nevada-Utah (tungsten) *Knoxville and vicinity (urban geology) D. H. Whitebread (M) J. M. Cattermole (D) *San Francisco Mountains (tungsten, copper) Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area, Ten- D. M. Lemmon (M) nessee, Kentucky, and Virginia *Regional geologic setting of the Bingham Canyon district I. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) (copper) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge National R. J. Roberts (M) Laboratory *Alta quadrangle (lead, silver, phosphate rock) R. G. Bates (W) M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M) Central and western North Carolina regional aeromagnetlc *East Tintic lead-zinc district, including extensive geochemical studies survey H. T. Morris (M) R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) *Marysvale district (alunite) Texas: R. L. Parker (D) *Del Rio area *Thomas and Dugway Ranges (fluorspar, beryllium) V. L. Freeman (D) M. H. Staatz (D) *Sierra Blanca area Clay studies, Colorado Plateau J. F. Smith, Jr. (D) L. G. Schultz (D) Sierra Diablo region Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits P. B. King (M) R. A. Gulbrandsen (M) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A91

Utah-Continued Utah-Continued Mineral resources-Continued Mineral resources-Continued Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park Southern Kolob Terrace coal field City formations In Utah and Nevada (phosphate, W. B. Cashion (D) minor elements) *Unita Basin oil shale T. M. Cheney (M) W. B. Cashion (D) **Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (uranium, Engineering geology and geophysical studies: vanadium) *Geologic factors related to coal mine bumps D. G. Wyant (D) F. W. Osterwald (D) Uranium-vanadium deposits In sandstone, with emphasis *Upper Green River Valley (constructiou-site planning) on the Colorado Plateau W. R. Hansen (D) R. P. Fischer (D) *Surficial geology of the Oak City area (construction-site Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of the planning) Colorado Plateau and Wyoming D. J. Varnes (D) K. G. Bell (D) Salt anticllnes, Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah (test-site Stratigraphic studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, evaluation) vanadium) D. P. Elston (D) L. C.Craig (D) Salt antiecine studies, Colorado and Utah (test-site San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau evaluation) (uranium) E. M. Shoemaker (M) J. C. Wright (D) Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Plateau H. R. Joesting (W) (uranium, copper) Great Basin geophysical studies J. H. Stewart (D) D. R. Mabey (M) Colorado Plateau botanical exploration studies Vermont: F. J. Kleinhampl (M) *Talc and asbestos deposits of north-central Vermont Relative concentrations of chemical elements in different W. M. Cady (Montpelier, Vt.) rocks and ore deposits of the Colorada Plateau Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology (uranium, vanadium, copper) R. W. Bromery (W) A. T. Miesch (D) Virginia: Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium) *Petrology of the Manassas quadrangle D. Jobin (D) C. Milton (W) Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with *Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West emphasis on the Colorado Plateau Virginia R. A. Scott (D) J. T. Hack (W) La Sal area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium) *Geology of the southern Appalachian folded belt, Ken- W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile) tucky, Tennessee and Virginia *Moab-Interriver area, east-central Utah (uranium) L. D. Harris (W) E. N. Hinrichs (D) Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee and Uranium ore controls of the San Rafael Swell Virginia zinc deposits C.C. Hawley (D) H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) *Elk Ridge area (uranium) Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Ten- R. Q. Lewis (D) nessee and adjacent areas (copper, iron, sulfur) *Deer Fiat area, White Canyon district (uranium, copper) R. M. Hernon (D) T. L. Finnell (D) *Petroleum geology of Duffield, Stickleyville, Keokee, White Canyon area (uranium, copper) Olinger, and Pennington Gap quadrangles, Vir- R. E. Thaden (D) glnia and Kentucky *Abajo Mountains (uranium, vanadium) L. D. Harris (W) I. J. Witklnd (D) Herudon quadrangle (construction-site planning) *Sage Plain area (uranium and vanadium) R. E. Eggleton (D) L. 0. Huff (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Vir- *Orange Clifrs area (uranium) ginia and Maryland F. A. McKeown (D) R. B. Guillou (W) *Lisbon Valley area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium, Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area, Ten- copper) nessee, Kentucky, and Virginia G. W. Weir (M) R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) *Pircle Cliffs area (uranium) Aeromagnetic studies of Shenandoah Valley dikes E. S. Davidson (Tucson, Ariz.) it. W. Johnson (Knoxville, Tenn.) Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona and Washington: Utah Foraminiferal studies of the Pacific Northwest R. B. O'Sullivan (D) W.W.Rau (M) *Cedar Mountain quadrangle, Iron County (coal) *Republic quadrangle P. Averitt (D) R. L. Parker (D) A92 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Washington- Continued Wisconsin-Continued *Bald Knob quadrangle Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology near M. H. Staatz (D) Wausau *Grays Harbor basin J. W. Alllngham (W) H. D. Gower (M) Wyoming: *Northern Olympic Peninsula General geology and engineering geology: R. D. Brown, Jr. (M) Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Rocky Mountain area, *Holden and Lucerne quadrangles, Northern Cascade Moun- Colorado and adjacent States tains (copper) V. E. Swanson (D) F. W. Cater (D) Pennsylvanian and Permian stratigraphy, Rocky Mountain Metaline lead-zinc district Front Range, Colorado and Wyoming M. G. Dings (D) E. K. Maughan (D) *Stevens County lead-zinc district Investigation of Jurassic stratigraphy, south-central Wy- R. G. Yates (M) oming and northwestern Colorado Greenacres quadrangle, Washington-Idaho (high-alumina G. N. Plpiringos (D) clays) Regional marine-nonmarine Upper Cretaceous fades rela- P. L. Weis (Spokane, Wash.) tionships *Hunter quadrangle (magnesite, tungsten, base metals, and J. F. Murphy (D) barite) Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Mon- A. B. Campbell (D) tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and *Chewelah area (magnesite) Nebraska Ian Campbell (San Francdsco, Calif.) H. A. Tourtelot (D) *Mt. Spokane quadrangle (uranium) *Quaternary geology of the Wind River Mountains A. E. Welssenborn (Spokane, Wash.) G. M. Richmond (D) *Turtle Lake quadrangle (uranium) Structural significance of Reef Creek and Heart Mountain 0. B. Becraft (W) detachment faults Coal resources W. G. Pierce (M) H. D. Gower (M) *Clark Fork area Maple Valley, Hobart, and Cumberland quadrangles, King W. G. Pierce (M) County (coal) *Geology of Grand Teton National Park A. A. Wanek (M) J. D. Love (Laramie, Wyo.) *Puget Sound Basin (urban geology and construction-site Cokeville quadrangle planning) W. W. Rubey (W) D. R. Crandell (D) Fossil Basin, southwest Wyoming Osceola mudflow studies J. J. Tracey, Jr. (W) D. R. Crandell (D) *Fort Hill quadrangle *Portland Industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban S. S. Oriel (D) geology) Geology and paleollmnology of the Green River formation D. B. Trimble (D) W. H. Bradley (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Green River formation R. 0. Schmidt (W) C. Milton (W) Pacific Northwest geophysical studies Storm Hill quadrangle D. J. Stuart (M) G. A. Izett (D) West Virginia: Upper Green River valley (construction-site planning) *Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West W. R. Hansen (D) Virginia Mineral resources: J. T. Hack (W) Atlantic City district (iron, gold) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, Vir- M. W. Bayley (M) ginia and Maryland Titaniferous black sands in Upper Cretaceous rocks R. B. Guillou (W) R. S. Houston (Laramie, Wyo.) Wisconsin: Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits 'Florence County (iron) IL A. Gulbrandsen (M) C. E. Dutton (Madison, Wis.) Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks In western *Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district Wyoming (phosphate, minor elements) T. B. Mullens (D) R. P. Sheldon (D) $Stratlgraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque WilUston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, J. W. Whitlow (W) North Dakota, and South Dakota Geophysical studies in the Lake Superior region C. A. Sandberg (D) 0. D. Bath (M) *Shotgun Butte (oil and gas) Correlation of aeromagnetlc studies and areal geology, Flor- W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) ence County *Crowheart Butte area (oil and gas) R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) J. F. Murphy (D) REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A93

Wyoming-Continued Western Pacific Islands-Continued Mineral resources-Continued Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods, Pacific Islands *Beaver Divide area (oil and gas) F. S. MacNeil (M) F. B. Van Houten (Princeton, N.J.) Vertebrate faunas, Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands Regional geology of the Wind River Basin (oil and gas) F. C. Whitmore, Jr., (W) W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) Ecologic studies on Onotoa Atoll Whalen-Wheatland area (oil and gas) P. E. Cloud (W) L. W. McGrew (Laramie, Wyo.) *Tinian Reconnaissance geology of the Burney-Broadus coal field, D. B. Doan (W) Wyoming and Montana *Truk W. W. Olive (W) J. T. Stark (Recife, Brazil) *Buffalo-Lake de Smet area (coal) *Yap and Caroline Islands W. J. Mapel (D) C. G. Johnson (Honolulu, Hawaii) *Green River formation, Sweetwater County (oil shale, *Palau Islands salines) G. Corwin (W) W. C. Culbertson (D) *Pagan Island Geophysical studies in uranium geology G. Corwin (W) R. M. Hazlewood (D) *Okinawa Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of the G. Corwin (W) Colorado Plateau and Wyoming lMiyako Archipelago, Ryukyu Islands K. G. Bell (D) D.B.Doan (W) *Baggs area, Wyoming and Colorado (uranium) *Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands G. E. Prichard (D) H. L. Foster (W) Uranium and phosphate in the Green River formation Guam W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) J. L Tracey, Jr. (W) Strawberry Hill quadrangle (uranium) Saipan R. E. Davis (D) P. E. Cloud (W) Shirley basin area (uranium) *Bikini and nearby atolls E. N. Harshman (D) H. S. Ladd (W) *Western Red Desert area (uranium in coal) Antarctica: G. N. Pipiringos (D) - Geology of Antarctica *Gas Hills district (uranium) E. L. Boudette (W) H. D. Zeller (D) Foreign: *Southern Powder River Basin (uranium) Argentina-development of government geological services W. N. Sharp (D) (training) *Pumpkin Buttes area, Powder River Basin (uranium) W. W. Olive (W) W. N. Sharp (D) Brazil-geological education *Crooks Gap area, Fremont County (uranium) A. J. Bodenlos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) J. G. Stephens (D) *Brazil-iron and manganese resources, Minas Gerais *Hulett Creek area (uranium) J. V. N. Dorr II (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) C. S. Robinson (D) *Brazil-base-metal resources *Hiland-Clarkson Hills area (uranium) A. J. Bodenlos (Rio de J'aneiro, Brazil) E.I. Rich (M) Brazil-uranium resources (training) *Regional stratigraphic study of the Inyan Kara group, C. T. Pierson (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Black Hills (uranium) Bolivia-mineral resources and geologic mapping (advisory W. J. Mapel (D) and training) Puerto Rico and Canal Zone: T. H. Kiilsgaard (W) Cenozoic faunas, Caribbean area **Chile-mineral resources and national geologic mapping W. P. Woodring (W) W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile) Recent Foraminifera, Central America **Surflicial geology, eastern Greenland (construction-site P. J. Smith (M) planning) Geology and mineral resources W. E. Davies (W) W. H. Monroe (San Juan, Puerto Rico) India-mineral resources (advisory) Western Pacific Islands: L. V. Blade (Calcutta, India) Thermal and seismic studies in the South Pacific Indonesia-economic and engineering geology (advisory J. H. Swartz (W) and training) Pacific Islands vegetation F. R. Fosberg (W) D. A. Andrews (Bandung, Indonesia) Cenozoic invertebrates, Pacific Islands Jordan-mineral resources development (advisory) M. R. Todd (W) V. E. McKelvey (M) Cenozoic invertebrates, mollusks, Pacific Islands **Libya-industrial minerals and national geologic map H. S. Ladd (W) G. H. Goudarzi (Tripoli, Libya) A94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Foreign-Continued Foreign-Continued Mexico-regional geologic mapping (training) Thailand-economic geology and mineral industry expan- R. L. Miller (Mexico D. F., Mex.) sion (advisory) Pakistan-mineral resources development (advisory and L. S. Gardner (Bangkok, Thailand) training) *Taiwan-economic geology (training) J. A. Relnemund (Quetta, Pakistan) S. Rosenblum (Taipei, Taiwan) Peru-economic geology, Southern provinces (advisory) Turkey-University of Istanbul (training) W. W. Olive (W) Q. D. Singewald (Istanbul, Turkey) *Phflippines--Iron, chromite and non-metallic mineral re- Extraterrestrial: sources Investigations of lunar craters J. F. Harrington (Manila, P. I.) E. M. Shoemaker (M) **Saudi Arabia-national geologic map Photogeology of the moon G. F. Brown (Jidda, Saudi Arabia) IL J. Hackman (W)

TOPICAL INVZSTIGATIONS

Heavy metals: Heavy metals-Continued District studies: District studies--Continued Ferrous and ferro-alloy metals: Ferrous and ferro-alloy metals-Continued *Selected Iron deposits of the Northeastern States *San Francisco Mountains, Utah (tungsten, copper) A. F. Buddington (Princeton, N.J.) D. M. Lemmon (M) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, *Wheeler Peak and Garrison quadrangles, Snake Range, Adirondacks area, New York (iron) Nevada-Utah (tungsten, beryllium) J. R. Balsley (W) D. H. Whitebread (M) Correlation of aeromagnetic studies and areal geology, Osgood Mountains quadrangle, Nevada (tungsten, quick- New York-New Jersey Highlands (iron) silver) A. Jespersen (W) P. E. Hotz (M) Clinton Iron ores of the Southern Appalachians *Bishop tungsten district, California I. P. Sheldon (D) P. C. Bateman (M) *Iron River-Crystal Falls district, Michigan (iron) *Eastern Sierra tungsten area, California; Devil's Post- B. L. James (M) pile, Mt. Morrison, and Casa Diablo quadrangles *Eastern Iron County, Michigan (iron) (tungsten, base metals) K. L. Wier (Iron Mountain, Mich.) C. D. Rinehart (M) *Southern Dickinson County, Michigan (iron) *Geologic study of the Sierra Nevada batholith, California IL W. Bayley (M) (tungsten, gold, base metals) *East Marquette district, Michigan (iron) P. C. Bateman (M) J. B. Gair (D) *Blackbird Mountain area, Idaho (cobalt) *Florence County, Wisconsin (iron) J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.) C E. Dutton (Madison, WIs.) *Thunder Mountain niobium area, Montana-Idaho *Cuyuna North Range, Minnesota (iron) R. L. Parker (D) R. G. Schmidt (W) Magnet Cove niobium Investigations, Arkansas Iron ore deposits of Nevada Lo V. Blade (D) RP. . Reeves (M) Base and precious metals: *Atlantic City district, Wyoming (iron, gold) *Swain County copper district, North Carolina G. HL Espenshade (W) R. W. Bayley (M) Massive sulfide deposits of the Ducktown district, Ten- *Unlonville and Buffalo Mountain quadrangles, Humbolt nessee and adjacent areas (copper, Iron, sulfur) Range, Nevada (iron, tungsten, silver, quicksilver) R. M. Hernon (D) R. E. Wallace (M) *Michigan copper district "*KukwanIron district, Alaska W. S. White (W) E. C.Robertson (W) *Central district, New Mexico (copper, zinc) *Bridgewater quadrangle, Maine (manganese) W. R. Jones (D) L. Pavlldes (W) *Klondyke quadrangle, Arizona (copper) Manganese deposits of the Philipsburg area, Montana F. S. Simons (D) (manganese and base metals) *Bradshaw Mountains, Arizona (copper) W. C. Prins (Spokane, Wash.) C. A. Anderson (W) *John Day area, Oregon (chromate) 'Christmas quadrangle, Arizona (copper, Iron) T. P. Thayer (W) C. R. Willden (M) *Globe-Miami area, Arizona (copper) Lateritic nickel deposits of the Klamath Mountains, N. P. Peterson (Globe, Ariz.) Oregon-California. *Prescott-Paulden area, Arizona (copper) P. EL Hots (M) M. H. Krleger (M) 'Hamme tungsten deposit, North Carolina *Mammoth quadrangle, Arizona (copper) J. M. Parker III (Raleigh, N.C.) S. C. Creasey (M) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A95

Heavy metals-Continued Heavy metals-Continued District studies-Continued District studies-Continued Base and precious metals-Continued Base and precious metals-Contlnued 'Twin Buttes, area, Arizona (copper) *East Tintic lead-zinc district, Utah, including extensive J. R. Cooper (D) geochemical studies *Contact-metamorphlc deposits of the Little Dragoons H. T. Morris (M) area, Arizona (copper) *Eureka area, Nevada (zinc, lead, silver, gold) J. R. Cooper (D) T. B. Nolan (W) Structural geology of the Sierra foothills mineral belt, lone quadrangle, Nevada (lead, quicksilver, tungsten) California (copper, zinc, gold, chromate) C. J. Vitallano (Bloomington, Ind.) L. D. Clark (M) *Boulder batholith area, Montana (base, precious, and *Holden and Lucerne quadrangles, Northern Cascade radioactive metals) Mountains, Washington (copper) M. R. Klepper (W) F. W. Cater (D) Ore deposits of the Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho -Regional geologic setting of the Blagham Canyon dis- (lead, zinc, silver) trict, Utah (copper) V. C. Fryklund, Jr. (Spokane, Wash.) R. J. Roberts (M1) *General geology of the Coeur d'Alene mining district, *Lyon, Douglas, and Ormsby Counties, Nevada (copper) Idaho (lead, zinc, silver) J. G. Moore (M) A. B. Griggs (M) *Regional geologic setting of the Ely district, Nevada 'Cerro Gordo quadrangle, California (lead, zinc) (copper, lead, zinc) W. C. Smith (M) A. L. Brokaw (D) *Panamint Butte quadrangle, California, including spe- "Southern Brooks Range, Alaska (copper, precious metals) cial geochemical studies (lead-silver) W. P. Brosgd (M) W. E. Hall (W) *Metaline lead-zinc district, Washington *Antler Peak quadrangle, Nevada (base and precious M. G. Dings (D) metals) *Stevens County, Washington, lead-zinc district R. J. Roberts (M) R. 0. Yates (M) *Eureka County, Nevada (base and precious metals) *Mt. Diablo area, California (quicksilver, copper, gold, R. J. Roberts (M) *Creede and Summitvllle districts, Colorado (base and silver) E. H. Pampeyan (M) precious metals, and fluorspar) 'Ochoco Reservation, Lookout Mountain, Eagle Rock, and T. A. Steven (D) Post quadrangles, Oregon (quicksilver) 'East Tennessee zinc studies A. C. Waters (Baltimore, Md.) A. L. Brokaw (D) Origin and depositional control of some Tennessee and *"Lower Kuskokwim-Bristol Bay region, Alaska (quicksilver, antimony, zinc) Virginia zinc deposits H. Wedow, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) J. M. Hoare (M) Quicksilver deposits, southwestern Alaska *Wisconsin zinc-lead mining district E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) T. E. Mullens (D) *Stratigraphy of the lead-zinc district near Dubuque, *Nome C-i and D-1 quadrangles, Alaska (gold) C. L. Humnmel (M) Iowa 'Tofty placer district, Alaska (gold, tin) J. W. Whitlow (W) *Tri-State lead-zinc district, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas D. M. Hopkins (M) **Regional geology and mineral resources, southeastern E. T. McKnight (W) *Holy Cross quadrangle, Colorado, and the Colorado min- Alaska E. H. Lathram (M) eral belt (lead, zinc, silver, copper, gold) Seward Peninsula tin Investigations, Alaska 0. Tweto (D) P. IL. Killeen (W) 'Tennulle Range, including the Kokomo mining district, Commodity and topical studies: Colorado (base and precious metals) Resource study and appraisal of ferrous and ferro-alloy A. H. Koschmann (D) metals *Central City-Georgetown area, Colorado, Including stud- T. P. Thayer (W) ies of the Precambrian history of the Front Range (base, precious, and radioactive metals) Tungsten resource studies P. E. Sims (D) 0. Tweto (D) *'Minturn quadrangle, Colorado (zine, silver, copper, lead, Cobalt resource studies gold) J. S. Vhay (Spokane, Wash.) T. S. Lovering (D) Resources and geochemistry of rare-earth elements of *Rico district, Colorado (lead, zinc, silver) the Western States E. T. McKnlght (W) J. W. Adams (D) *San Juan mining area, Colorado, including detailed Resource study and appraisal of base and precious metals study of the Silverton Caldera (lead, zinc, silver, A. R. Kinkel, Jr. (W) gold, copper) Lead-zinc-silver resource studies R. G. Luedke (W) E. T. McKnight (W) *Alta quadrangle, Utah (lead, silver, phosphate rock) Gold resource studies M. D. Crittenden, Jr. (M) A. H. Koschmann (D) A96 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Heavy metals-Continued Light metals and industrial minerals-Continued Commodity and topical studies-Continued District studies-Continued Ore deposition at Creede, Colorado *MacFadden Peak quadrangle and adjacent areas, Arisona E. W. Roedder (W) (asbestos) Origin of the Mississippi Valley type ore deposits A. F. Shride (D) A. V. Heyl (W) Barite deposits of Arkansas Western oxidized zinc deposits D. A. Brobst (D) A. V. Heyl (W) Clay deposits of Maryland Geophysical studies of relation of ore deposits to meta- M. M. Knechtel (W) morphism Clay deposits of the Olive Hill bed of eastern Kentucky A. Griscom (W) J. W. Hosterman (W) Alaskan metallogenie provinces Clay studies, Colorado Plateau C. L. Sainsbury (M) L G. Schultz (D) Light metals and industrial minerals: 'Western Mojave Desert, California (boron) District studies: T. W. Dibblee, Jr. (M) Titaniferous black sands in Upper Cretaceous rocks, *Furnace Creek area, California (boron) Wyoming J. F. McAllister (M) I. S. Houston (Laramie, Wyo.) Origin of the borate-bearing marsh deposits of California, Distribution and origin of the Kauai bauxite deposits, Oregon, and Nevada (boron) Hawaii W. C. Smith (M) S. H. Patterson (Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii) 'Geology and origin of the saline deposits of Searles Lake, Bauxite deposits of the Southeastern States California E. F. Overstreet (W) G. 1. Smith (M) Aeromagnetic studies in the Newport, Arkansas, and Potash and other saline deposits of the Carlsbad area, Ozark bauxite areas New Mexico A. Jespersen (W) C. L. Jones (M) *Marysvale district, Utah (alunite) Phosphate deposits of northern Florida ILI Parker (D) 0. H.LEspenshade (W) *Greenacres quadrangle, Washington-Idaho (high-alumina *Florida land-pebble phosphate deposits clays) J. B. Cathcart (D) P. L Weis (Spokane, Wash.) Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western *Hunter quadrangle, Washington (magnesite, tungsten, Montana (phosphate, minor elements) base metals, barite) R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.) A.B. Campbell (D) Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in south- $Chewelah area, Washington (magnesite) western Montana (phosphate, minor elements) Ian Campbell (San Francisco, Calif.) E. R. Cresaman (M.) *Lake George district, Colorado (beryllium) *Morrison Lake quadrangle, Idaho-Montana (phosphate) C. C.Hawley (D) B. IL Cressman (M1) Pegmatites of the Spruce Pine and Franklin-Sylva dis- Stratigraphy and resources of Permian rocks in western tricts, North Carolina Wyoming (phosphate, minor elements) F. G. Lesure (Knoville, Tenn.) R. P. Sheldon (D) *Geologic setting of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district, *Irwin quadrangle, Caribou Mountains, Idaho (phosphate) North Carolina (mica, feldspar) IL S. Gardner (Bangkok, Thailand) D. A. Brobst (D) *Soda Springs quadrangle, Idaho, including studies of the *Southern Black Hills, South Dakota (pegmatite minerals) Bannock thrust zone (phosphate) J J. Norton (D) F. C. Armstrong (Spokane Wash.) Fluorspar deposits of northwestern Kentucky *Aspen Range-Dry Ridge area, Idaho (phosphate) IL D. Trace (W) T. M. Cheney (M1) *Salem quadrangle, Kentucky (fluorspar) Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria formation R D. Trace (W) In Idaho (phosphate, minor elements) 'Poncha Springs and Saguache quadrangles, Colorado V. B. McKelvey (M) (luorspar) Stratigraphy and resources of the Phosphoria and Park R. B. Van Alstine (W) City formations in Utah and Nevada (phosphate, *Thomas and Dugway Ranges, Utah (fluorspar, uranium, minor elements) beryllium) T. MI. Cheney (W) M. H. Staatz (D) *Heceta-Tuxekan area, Alaska (high-calcium limestone) *Geology and ore deposits of Bullfrog, and Bear Mountain G. D. Eberlein (M) quadrangles, Nevada (fluorspar, bentonite, gold, Commodity and topical studies: silver) Resources and geochemistry of selenium in the United H. R. Cornwall (M) States *Talc and asbestos deposits of north-central Vermont D. F. Davidson (D) W. M. Cady (Montpelier, Vt.) Resource study and appraisal of igneous and metamor- *Gouverneur district, New York (talc) phic minerals and light metals A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.) T. P. Thayer (W) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A97

Light metals and industrial minerals-Continued Radioactive minerals-Continued Commodity and topical studies-Continued District studies-Continued Pegmatite-mineral resource studies Western Red Desert area, Wyoming (uranium in coal) J. J. Norton (D) G. N. PIpiringos (D) Resource study and appraisals of sedimentary nonmetallic Uranium and phosphate in the Green River formation, minerals Wyoming C. L. Rogers (W) W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) Phosphate reserves, Southeastern United States Baggs area, Wyoming and Colorado (uranium) J. B. Cathcart (D) G. E. Prichard (D) Geochemistry and petrology of western phosphate deposits *Powderhorn area, Gunnison County, Colorado (thorium) R A. Gulbrandsen (M) J. C. Olson (D) Phosphate deposits of south-central Montana *Wet Mountains, Colorado (thorium, base and precious R. W. Swanson (Spokane, Wash.) metals) Radioactive minerals: M. R. Brock (W) District studies: OMaybell-Lay area, Moffat County, Colorado (uranium) Granites and related rocks of the Southeastern States, M. J. Bergin (W) with emphasis on monazite and xenotime *Compilation of Colorado Plateau geologic maps (ura- J. B. Mertle, Jr. (W) nium, vanadium) Geology of the Piedmont region of the Southeastern D. G. Wyant (D) States; with emphasis on the origin and distribu- Stratigraphlc studies, Colorado Plateau (uranium, tion of monazite vanadium) W. C. Overstreet (W) L. C. Craig (D) *Western San Juan Mountains, Colorado (uranium, vana- San Rafael group stratigraphy, Colorado Plateau (ura- dium, gold) nium) C. S. Bromfield (D) J. C. Wright (D) Selected studies of uranium and rare-earth deposits in Triassic stratigraphy and lithology of the Colorado Pennsylvania and New Jersey Plateau (uranium, copper) H. Klemic (W) J. H. Stewart (D) *Lehghton quadrangle, Pennsylvania (uranium) Relative concentrations of chemical elements in rocks H. Klemle (W) and ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau (ura- *Shelby quadrangle, North Carolina (monazite) nium, vanadium, copper) W. C. Overstreet (W) A. T. M~esch (D) Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks In Karnes and ColoradoPlateau botanical prospecting studies Duval Counties, Texas F. J. k1einhampl (M) A. D. Weeks (W) Colorado Plateau ground-water studies (uranium) *Harding County, South Dakota, and adjacent areas D. Jobin (D) (uraniferous lignite) *La Sal area, Utah-Colorado (uranium, vanadium) G. N. Pipiringos (D) W. D. Carter (Santiago, Chile) Southern Black Hills, South Dakota (uranium) *LIsbon Valley area, Utah-Colorado, (uranium, vanadium, G. B. Gott (D) copper) Regional gravity studies in uranium geology, Black Hills G. W. Weir (M) area *Ralston Buttes, Colorado (uranium) R. M. Hazlewood (D) D. M. Sheridan (D) Regional stratigraphic study of the Inyan Kara group, *Klondike Ridge area, Colorado (uranium, copper, man- Black Hills, Wyoming (uranium) ganese, salines) W. J. Mapel (D) J. D. Vogel (D) *Hulett Creek area, Wyoming (uranium) Uravan district, Colorado (vanadium, uranium) C.S. Robinson (D) R. L. Boardman (W) HIland-Clarkson Hills area, Wyoming (uranium) Wallrock alteration and its relation to thorium deposi- E. I. Rich (M) tion in the Wet Mountains, Colorado Pumpkin Buttes area, Powder River Basin, Wyoming E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) *Slick Rock district, Colorado (uranium, vanadium) (uranium) D. R. Shawe (D) W. N. Sharp (D) Exploration for uranium deposits in the Gypsum Val- *Southern Powder River Basin, Wyoming (uranium) ley district, Colorado W. N. Sharp (D) C. F. Withington (W) Strawberry Hill quadrangle, Wyoming (uranium) *Bull Canyon district, Colorado (vanadium, uranium) R. E. Davis (D) D. Elston (D) Shirley basin area, Wyoming (uranium) $Ute Mountains, Colorado (uranium, vanadium) E. N. Harshman (D) E. B. Ekren (D) Gas Hills district, Wyoming (uranium) *Abajo Mountains, Utah (uranium, vanadium) H. D. Zeller (D) I. J. Witkind (D) *Crooks Gap area, Fremont County, Wyoming (uranium) White Canyon area, Utah (uranium, copper) J. G. Stephens (D) R. E. Thaden (D) A98 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Radioactive minerals-Continued Radioactive minerals-Continued District studies-Continued Commodity and topical studies-Continued *Deer Flat area, White Canyon district, Utah (uranium, UranIum-vanadium deposits in sandstone, with emphasis copper) on the Colorado Plateau T. L. Finnel (D) R. P. Fischer (D) *Elk Ridge area, Utah (uranium) Geology of uranium in lignites, Montana, North Dakota, R. Q. Lewis (D) and South Dakota Uranium ore controls of the San Rafael Swell, Utah N. M.Denson (D) C. C. Hawley (D) Trace elements In rocks of Pennsylvanian age, Oklahoma, *Sage Plain area, Utah (uranium and vanadium) Kansas, Missouri (uranium, phosphate) L. C. Huff (D) W. Danllchlk (Quetta, Pakistan) 'Orange Cliffs area, Utah (uranium) Uranium-thorium reconnaissance, Alaska F. A. McKeown (D) E. M. MacKevett, Jr. (M) *Moab-Interriver area, east-central Utah (uranium) Fuels: E. N. Hinrichs (D) District studies: *Circle Cliffs area, Utah (uranium) Petroleum and natural gas: E. S. Davidson (Tucson, Aris.) *Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds In the Regional relations of the uranium deposits of northwest- Penn Yan and Keuka Lake quadrangles, New ern New Mexico York (oil and gas) L. S. Hilpert (Salt Lake City, Utah) M. J. Bergin (W) Mineralogy of uranium-bearing rocks In the Grants *Stratigraphy of the Dunkirk and related beds, in the area, New Mexico Bath and Woodhull quadrangles, New York (oil A. D. Weeks (W) and gas) *Grants area, New Mexico (uranium) J. F. Pepper (New Philadelphia, Ohio) R. E. Thaden (D) *Petroleum geology of Duffield, Stickleyville,* Keokee, *Laguna district, New Mexico (uranium) Olinger, and Pennington Gap quadrangles, Vir- R. H. Moench (D) ginia and Kentucky Ambrosia Lake district, New Mexico (uranium) L. D. Harris (W) H. C. Granger (D) *Northern Arkansas oil and gas investigations, Arkansas 'Tucumcari-Sabinoso area, New Mexico (uranium) P, E. Glick (D) R. L. Grlggs (D) Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas (oil and gas) 'Carrizo Mountains area, Arizona-New Mexico (uranium) W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) J. D. Strobell (D) McAlester Basin, Oklahoma (oil and gas) Studies of uranium deposits in Arizona S. E. Frezon (D) R B. Raup (D) Central Nebraska basin (oil and gas) 'East Vermillion Cliffs area, Arizona (uranium, vana- G. E. Prichard (D) dium) Subsurface geology of Dakota sandstone, Colorado and R. G. Peterson (Boston, Mass.) Nebraska (oil and gas) Uranium deposits of the Dripping Spring quartzite of N. W. Bass (D) southeastern Arizona Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sedgwick Basin, Kansas H. C. Granger (D) (oil and gas) *Radioactive placer deposits of central Idaho W. L. Adkison (Lawrence, Kans.) D. L. Schmidt (Seattle, Wash.) *Wilson County, Kansas (oil and gas) "Mt. Spokane quadrangle, Washington (uranium) W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) A. E. Welssenborn (Spokane, Wash.) Shawnee County, Kansas (oil and gas) *Turtle Lake quadrangle, Washington (uranium) W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) G.E. Becraft (W) *Pennsylvanian oil and gas Investigation, Texas Commodity and topical studies: D. A. Myers (D) Resource studies and appraisals of uranium and thorium *Stratigraphy, Northern Franklin Mountains, west Texas deposits (petroleum) A. P. Butler (D) R. II Harbour (D) Uranium in natural waters Oil and gas fields, New Mexico P. W. Fix (W) D. C. Duncan (W) Geology of uranium in coaly rocks In the United States *Fuels potential of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona and J. D. Vine (M) Utah Distribution of metals in asphaltite and petroleum (ura- R. B. O'Sullivan (D) nium) 'Geology of the Winnett-Mosby area, Montana (oil and W.J.Hail (D) gas) Relation of fossil wood to uranium deposits, with em- W. D. Johnson, Jr. (Lawrence, Kans.) phasis on the Colorado Plateau Williston Basin oil and gas studies, Wyoming, Montana, M. A. Scott (D) North Dakota and South Dakota Formation and redistribution of uranium deposits of the C. A. Sandberg (D) Colorado Plateau and Wyoming *Beaver Divide area, Wyoming (oil and gas) K G. Beli (D) F. B. Van Houten (Princeton, N.J.) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A99

Fuels-Continued Fuels-Continued District studies-Continued District studies-Continued Petroleum and natural gas-Continued Coal-Continued *Crowheart Butte area, Wyoming (oil and gas) *Ft. Smith District, Arkansas and Oklahoma (coal and J. F. Murphy (D) gas) *Shotgun Butte, Wyoming (oil and gas) T. A. Hendricks (D) W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) *Geology of the Livingston-Trail Creek area, Montana *Whalen-Wheatland area, Wyoming (oil and gas) (coal) LW. McGrew (Laramie, Wyo.) A. E. Roberts (D) Regional geology of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming Reconnaissance geology of the Burney-Broadus coal field, (oil and gas) Wyoming and Montana W. R. Keefer (Laramie, Wyo.) W. W. Olive (W) 'Eastern Los Angeles basin, California (petroleum) Buffalo-Lake de Smet area, Wyoming (coal) J. E. Schoellhamer (M) W. J. Mapel (D) Rocks and structures of the Los Angeles basin and their *North Park, Colorado (coal, oil, and gas) gravitational effects D. M. Kinney (W) T. H. McCulloh (Riverside, Calif.) 'Western North Park, Colorado (coal, oil, and gas) Southeastern Ventura Basin, California (petroleum) W. J. Hall (D) E. L. Winterer (Los Angeles, Calif.) $Carbondale coal field, Colorado *Northwest Sacramento Valley, California (petroleum) J. R. Donnell (D) R. D. Brown, Jr. (M) *Trinidad coal field, Colorado Newport embayment, Oregon (oil and gas) R. B. Johnson (D) P. D. Snavely, Jr. (M) *Animas River area, Colorado and New Mexico (coal, oil, *Anlauf and Drain quadrangles, Oregon (oil and gas) and gas) L. Hoover (W) H. Barnes (D) **NelchIna area, Alaska (petroleum) *Raton Basin coking coal, New Mexico A. Grantz (M) A. A. Wanek (M) *Iniskin-Tuxedni region, Alaska (petroleum) *East side San Juan Basin, New Mexico (coal, oil and R. L. Detterman (M) gas) *Gulf of Alaska province, Alaska (petroleum) C. H. Dane (W) D. J. Miller (M) *Cedar Mountain quadrangle, Iron County, Utah (coal) **Buckland and Huslia Rivers area, west-central Alaska P. Averitt (D) W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) Southern Kolob Terrace coal field, Utah **Stratigraphic and structural studies of the Lower Yukon- W. B. Cashion (D) Koyukuk area, Alaska (petroleum) *Maple Valley, Hobart and Cumberland quadrangles, King W. W. Patton, Jr. (M) County, Washington (coal) **Northern Alaska petroleum investigations A. A. Wanek (M) G. Gryc (W) Matanuska stratigraphic studies, Alaska (coal) A. Grants (M) Coal: *Matanuska coal field, Alaska *Western middle anthracite coal field, Pennsylvania F. F. Barnes (M) H. H. Arndt (W) Tertiary history of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska Southern anthracite field, Pennsylvania (Coal) G. H. Wood, Jr. (W) D. M. Hopkins (MI) *Geology in the vicinity of anthracite mine drainage *Nenana coal Investigations, Alaska projects, Pennsylvania C. Wahrhaftig (M) T. M. Kehn (Mt. Carmel, Pa.) Oil shale: *Allegany County, Maryland (coal) Oil shale investigations, eastern United States W. de Witt, Jr. (W) L C. Conant (Tripoli, Libya) *Warrior quadrangle, Alabama (coal) *Green River formation, Sweetwater County, Wyoming W. C. Culbertson (D) (oil shale, salines) W. C. Culbertson (D) *Geology and coal resources of Belmont County, Ohio **Oil shale investigations in Colorado H. L. Berryhill, Jr. (D) D. C. Duncan (W) *Eastern Kentucky coal Investigations Oil shale resources, northwest Colorado J. W. Huddle (W) J. R. Donnell (D) *Ivydell, Pioneer, Jelllco West, and Ketchen quadrangles *Grand-Battlement Mesa oil-shale, Colorado Tennessee (coal) X. R, Donnell (D) K. J. Englund (W) *Uinta Basin oil shale, Utah *Geology and coal deposits, Terre Haute and Dennison W. B. Cashion (D) Resource studies: Indiana quadrangles, Fuel resource studies P. Averitt (D) D. C. Duncan (W) *Arkansas Basin (coal) Geology of the continental shelves B. R. Haley (D) J. F. Pepper (New Philadelphia, Ohio) A100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Fuels-Continued Geophysical exploration methods-Continued Resource studies-Continued Geophysical instrument shop Synthesis of geologic data on Atlantic Coastal Plain and E. Raspet (W) Continental Shelf Exploration and mapping techniques: J. El Johnston (W) Photogeology research Coal resources of the United States W. A. Fiscber (W) P. Averitt (D) Photogeology training Coal fields of the United States C. L, Pillmore (W) J. Trumbull (W) Photogeology service Bituminous coal resources of Pennsylvania IL. . Ray (W) E. D. Patterson (W) Geology applied to construction and terrain problems: Coal resources of Alabama Research and application of geology and seismology to W. C. Culbertson (D) public works planning, Massachusetts Coal resources of Washington L.W. Currier (W) H. D. Gower (M) Dennis and Harwich quadrangles, Massachusetts, sur- Map of coal fields of Alaska ficial geologic mapping and special seismic studies F. F. Barnes (M) of engineering problems. Geochemlcal and botanical exploration methods: L. W. Currier (W) Dispersion pattern of minor elements related to Igneous Sea-cliff erosion studies intrusions C. & Kaye (Boston, Mass.) W. R. Griffitts (D) *Herndon quadrangle, Virginia (construction-site plan- Hydrogeochemlcal prospecting ning) F. C. Canney (D) R. E. Eggleton (D) Geochemical halos of mineral deposits, Basin and Range Knoxville and vicinity, Tennessee (urban geology) province J. M. Cattermole (D) L. C. Huff (D) *Omaha-Council Bluffs and vicinity, Nebraska and Iowa Geochemical prospecting techniques, Alaska (urban geology) IL M. Chapman (D) R. D. Miller (D) Botanical exploration and research *Great Falls area, Montana (urban geology and construc- H. L Cannon (D) tion-site planning) Isotope geology in exploration: R. W. Lemke (D) Studies of isotope geology of lead *Fort Peck area, Montana (construction-site planning) I. S. Cannon, Jr. (D) H. D. Varnes (D) Radon and helium studies *Wolf Point area, Montana (construction-site planning) A. B. Tanner (Salt Lake City, Utah) IL B. Colton (D) Isotopic fractionation of sulfur in geochemical processes *Denver and vicinity; Golden and Morrison quadrangles, W. U. Ault (Hawaii) Colorado (urban geology) Geophysical exploration methods: R. Van Horn (D) Correlation of airborne radioactivity data and areal *Air Force Academy, Colorado (construction-site plan- geology ning) R. B. Guillou (W) D. J. Varnes (D) Development of seismic and acoustic methods *Black Canyon of the Gunnison River, Colorado (con- W. H. Jackson (D) struction-site planning) Seismic noise and model studies W. R. Hansen (D) W. H. Jackson (D) *Upper Green River VaUey, Utah (construction-site Magnetic model studies planning) I. Zlets (W) W. U. Hansen (D) Polar charts for 3-dimensional magnetic anomalies 'Surficial geology of the Oak City area, Utah (construc- R. G. Henderson (W) tion-site planning) Experimental aeromagnetic survey in northeast Oklahoma D. J. Varnes (D) 1. ZMets (W) *Surficial geology of the Beverly Hills, Venice, and To- Geophysical Interpretation aids panga quadrangles, Los Angeles, California (urban I. Roman (W) geology) Downward continuation of magnetic and gravity anom- J. T. McGill (Los Angeles, Calif.) alies San Francisco Bay area; San Francisco South quad- R. G. Henderson (W) rangle, California (urban geology) Telluric currents Investigation M. G. Bonilla (M) F. C. Frischknecht (D) *San Francisco Bay area; San Francisco North quad- Development of electromagnetic methods rangle, California (urban geology) F. C. Frischknecht (D) J. Schlocker (M) Electronics laboratory 'Oakland East quadrangle, California (urban geology) W. W. Vaughn (D) D. H. Radbruch (M) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A101

Geology applied to construction andi terrain problems-Con. Radioactive waste disposal investigations-Continued *Portland industrial area, Oregon and Washington (urban Rock salt deposits of the United States geology) W. G. Pierce (M) D. E. Trimble (D) Geology of the Appalachian Basin with reference to dis- Puget Sound Basin, Washington (urban geology and posal of high-level radioactive wastes construction-site planning) Gw.Colton (W) D. R. Crandell (D) Geology of the Michigan Basin with reference to disposal *Anchorage and vicinity, Alaska (construction-site plan- of high-level radioactive wastes ning) W. deWitt (W) R. D. Miller (D) Geology of the San Juan and Central Valley Basins with *Mt. Hayes D1- and D-4 quadrangles, Alaska (construc- reference to disposal of high-level radioactive tion-site planning) wastes T. L. Pdwd (College, Alaska) C.A. Repenning (M) *Surticial and engineering geology studies and construction Measurement of background radiation: materials sources, Alaska Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Northeastern T. L. Pewd (College, Alaska) United States *Engineering geology of Talkeetna-VcGrath highway, P. Popenoe (W) Alaska Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Belvoir area, T. L, Pewd (College, Alaska) Virginia and Maryland Engineering geology laboratory R. B. Guillon (W) T. C. Nichols, Jr. (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Georgia Nuclear Engineering problems related to rock failure: Aircraft Laboratory Landslide studies in the Fort Randall Reservoir area, J. A. MacKallor (W) South Dakota Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Savannah River H. D. Varnes (D) Plant, Georgia and South Carolina Earthquake Investigations, Hebgen Lake, Montana R. G. Schmidt (W) J. B. Hadley (D) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Oak Ridge Na- *Geologic factors related to coal mine bumps, Utah tional Laboratory, Tennessee F. W. Osterwald (D) R. G. Bates (W) Osceola mudflow studies, Washington Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chicago, Illinois D. R. Crandell (D) R. B. GulUou (W) *Lituya Bay giant-wave investigation, Alaska Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Fort Worth, Texas D. J. Miller (M) J. A. Pitkin (W) Literature study of geologic factors involved in sub- Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Killeen, Texas sidence J. A. Pitkin (W) A. S. AUen (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Gnome site, New Nuclear test-site studies: Mexico *Engineering geology of AEC Gnome Test Site, New R. B. Guillou (W) Mexico Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Nevada Test Site V. R. Wilmarth (D) J. L. Meuschke (W) Nash Draw quadrangle, New Mexico (test-site evalua- Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, National Reac- tion) tor Testing Station, Idaho J. D. Vine (M) R. G. Bates (W) Seismic studies, southern Eddy County, New Mexico Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Los Angeles, (test-site evaluation) California P. E. Byerly (D) R. B. Guillou (W) Salt anticline studies, Colorado and Utah (test-site evalu- Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, San Francisco, ation) California E. M. Shoemaker (M) J. A. Pitkin (W) Salt anticlines, Paradox Basin, Colorado and Utah (test- Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Hanford, Wash- site evaluation) ington D. P. Elston (D) R. G. Schmidt (W) Aerial radiological monitoring surveys, Chariot site, Geophysical studies at the Nevada Test Site Alaska W. H. Diment (D) R. 0.Bates (W) Engineering geology of the AEC Nevada Test Site area Distribution of elements as related to health: V. R. Wilmarth (D) Airborne radioactivity and environmental studies, Wash- *Nuclear test-site evaluation, Chariot, Alaska ington County, Maryland G. D. Eberlein (M) R. M. Moxham (W) Nuclear test-site evaluation, Kataila, Alaska Magnetic susceptibility studies of cancerous tissues G. D. Eberlein (M) F. E. Senftle (W) Radioactive waste disposal investigations: Geochemistry of fluorine as related to its physiological Geochemical problems of radioactive waste disposal effects H. H. Waesche (W) M. Fleischer (W) 507328 0 - 60 - 8 A102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1980-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Paleontology: Paleontology-Continued Systematic paleontology: Systematic paleontology-Continued Fossil wood and general paleobotany Upper Paleozolc gastropods R. A. Scott (D) B. L. Yochelson (W) Paleozoic paleobotany Ostracodes, Upper Paleozoic and younger S. H. Mamay (W) I. G. Sohn (W) Coal Ilthology and paleobotany Lower Paleozolc ostracodes J. M. Schopf (Columbus, Ohio) J. M. Berdan (W) Lower Pennsylvania Boras of Illinois and adjacent States Vertebrate paleontologic studies C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) G. E. Lewis (D) Palynology Vertebrate faunas, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts G. 0. W. Kremp (D) F. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W) Post-Paleozoic pollen and spores Vertebrate paleontology, Big Bone Lick, Kentucky E. B. Leopold (D) F. C.Whitmore, Jr. (W) Charophytes and nonmarine ostracodes Vertebrate faunas, Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands R. E. Peck (W) P. C. Whitmore, Jr. (W) Diatom studies Stratigraphic paleontology: K. E. Lohman (W) Lower Paleozolc stratigraphlc paleontology, Eastern Recent Foraminifera, Central America United States P. J. Smith (M) R. B. Neuman (W) Cenozoic Foraminifera, Colorado Desert Cambrian faunas and strattgraphy P. J. Smith (M) A. R. Palmer (W) Foraminiferal studies of the Pacific Northwest Ordovician stratigraphic paleontology of the Great Basin W.W.Rau (M) and Rocky Mountains Foraminifera of the Lodo formation, central California R. J. Ross, Jr. (D) M. C. Israelsky (M) Silurian and Devonian stratigraphic paleontology of the Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Nelchina area, Alaska Great Basin and Pacific Coast H. R. Bergquist (W) C. W. Merriam (W) Cretaceous Foraminifera, New York Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Western N. F. Sohi (W) United States and Alaska Upper Paleozoic fusulines J. T. Dutro, Jr. (W) L G. Henbest (W) Permian stratigraphy, northeastern Arizona Post Paleozoic larger Foraminifera C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) R. C. Douglass (W) Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Atlantic and Gulf Lower Paleozoic corals Coasts W. A. Oliver, Jr. (W) N. F. Sohl (W) Upper Paleozolc corals Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology northwestern Mon- W. J. Sando (W) tana Bryozoans and corals, Western United States and W. A. Cobban (D) Alaska Mesozoic stratigraphic paleontology, Pacific Coast H. Duncan (W) D. L. Jones (M) Cenozoic nonmarine mollusks Cordilleran Triassic stratigraphy D. W. Taylor (W) N. J. Silberling (M) Cenozoic mollusks, Atlantic coast Jurassic stratigraphic paleontology of North America D. Wilson (W) RI W. Imlay (W) Cenozoic mollusks, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleontology, western inte- D. Wilson (W) rior United States Cenozoic mollusks, Oregon, Miocene W. A. Cobban (D) E. J. Trumbuil (M) Stratigraphic significance of the genus Tempakys in Cenozoic mollusks, Oregon, Oligocene southwestern New Mexico E. J. Trumbull (M) C. B. Read (Albuquerque, N. Mex.) Cenozoic mollusks, Alaska Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Pierre shale, Front Range, Colorado F. S. MacNeil (M) W. A. Cobban (D) Cenozoic faunas, Caribbean area Geology and paleontology of the Cuyama Valley area, W. P. Woodring (W) California Cenozoic Invertebrates, Pacific Islands J. G. Vedder (M) M. R. Todd (W) Cenozoic stratigraphic paleontology Cenozoic mollusks, Pacific Islands D. Wilson (W) H. S. Ladd (W) Ecologic studies on Onotoa Atoll Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods, Mississippi P. E. Cloud (W) F. S. MacNeil (M) Geomorphology and plant ecology: Oligocene gastropods and pelecypods, Pacific Islands Sedimentation laboratory for flume experiments F. S. MacNeil (M) E. D. McKee (D) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A103

Geomorphology and plant ecology-Continued Crustal studies-Continued Pacific Islands vegetation Aeromagnetic studies, Middlesboro-Morristown area, F. R. Fosberg (W) Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia *Potomac Basin studies, Maryland, Virginia, and West R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) Virginia Aeromagnetic profiles over the Atlantic Continental Shelf J. T. Hack (W) and Slope Physical properties of rocks: E. R. King (W) Investigations of thermodynamic properties of ore and Geophysical studies in the Rowe-Mora area, New Mexico rock minerals G. E. Andreasen (W) R. A. Robie (W) Colorado Plateau regional geophysical studies Investigation of deformation, elasticity, and mineral H. R. Joesting (W) equilibria of rocks Great Basin geophysical studies E. C. Robertson (W) D. R. Mabey (M) Investigation of elastic and anelastic properties of earth Pacific Northwest geophysical studies materials D. J. Stuart (M) L. Peselnick (W) Cook Inlet aeromagnetic survey, Alaska Investigations of electrical and thermal properties of G. E. Andreasen (W) rocks Geophysical studies, airborne surveys, Alaska G. V. Keller (D) G. E. Andreasen (W) Measurement of magnetic properties of rocks Geophysical studies on Ice Island T-8 W. E. Huff (W) G. V. Keller (D) Magnetic susceptibility of minerals Mineralogy and crystal chemistry: F. E. Senftle (W) Rock-forming silicate minerals Infrared and ultraviolet radiation studies H. T. Evans (W) R. M. Moxham (W) Serpentine and related silicate minerals Permafrost studies: H. T. Evans (W) Arctic ice and permafrost studies, Alaska Rock-forming phosphate minerals A. E. Lachenbruch (M) H. T. Evans (W) Thermistor studies Uranium and vanadium minerals C.H. Sandberg (M) H. T. Evans (W) Ground Ice and permafrost, Point Barrow, Alaska Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Green River forma- R. F. Black (Madison, Wis.) tion, Wyoming *Surficial geology and permafrost of Johnson River dis- C. Milton (W) trict, Alaska Mineralogic services and research, Denver G. W. Holmes (W) T. Botinelly (D) Origin and stratigraphy of ground tee in central Alaska Mineralogic services and research, Menlo Park T. L. Pdw6 (College, Alaska) R. G. Coleman (M) Rock deformation: Mineralogic services and research, Washington, D.C. Analysis of fault patterns A. D. Weeks (W) D. J. Varnes (D) Thin and polished sections Diatremes, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations F. Reed (W) E. M. Shoemaker (M) Thin and polished sections Paleomagnetism: M. C. Cochran (D) Investigation of remanent magnetization of rocks Thin and polished sections B. R. Doell (M) R. G. Coleman (M) Crustal studies: Experimental geochemistry: Thermal studies (earth temperatures) Solution chemistry of ore-fluids transport H. C. Spicer (W) E. W. Roedder (W) Volcanism and crustal deformation Fluid Inclusions in minerals L. C.Pakiser (D) E. W. Roedder (W) Gravity map of the United States Application of phase equilibria to geologic thermometry B. J. Skinner (W) H. R. Joesting (W) Experimental studies on rock alteration Cross-country aeromagnetic profiles J. Hemley (D) E. R. King (W) Hydrothermal solublilty Maine aeromagnetic surveys G. W. Morey (W) J. W. Allingham (W) Thermophysical properties of sulfides and silicates Maine gravity studies B. J. Skinner (W) M. F. Kane (W) Thermodynamic properties of sulfides and sulfosalts Geophysical studies of Appalachian structure E. W. Roedder (W) E. R. King (W) Hydrothermal silicate and carbonate systems Central and Western North Carolina regional aeromag- B. J. Skinner (W) netic survey Metallic sulfide and arsenide systems R. W. Johnson, Jr. (Knoxville, Tenn.) B. J. Skinner (W) A10O GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Experimental geochemistry-Continued Petrology-Continued Sulfide and sulfosalt systems Chromite resources and petrology of the Stillwater ultra- EL W. Roedder (W) maflc complex, Montana The system NaCl-KSO.--MgSOc-Ca SO E. D. Jackson (M) G. W. Morey (W) Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of the Belt The system UOr-HO series; Elmira, Mt. Pend Oreille, Packsaddle G. W. Morey (W) Mountains, and Clark Fork quadrangles, Idaho- Mineral equilibria of rocks: system MgO-AIzO-SiO& Montana F. Barker (W) J. E. Harrison (D) Evaporite mineral equilibria: liquidus relations in the *Metamorphism of the Orofino area, Idaho system NaCI-CaSOc-1H.O at low temperature A. Hietanen-Makela (W) D-an Zen (W) Petrology and geochemistry of the Boulder Creek bath- Geochemistry of borate minerals olth, Colorado Front Range H. T. Evans (W) B. S. Larsen, 3d (W) Geochemical distribution of the elements: Petrology and geochemistry of the Laramide intrusives Geochemical distribution of elements In the Colorado Front Range M. Fleischer (W) E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) Geochemical compilation of rock analysis Petrology of volcanic rocks, Snake River Valley, Idaho M. Hooker (W) H. A. Powers (D) Chemical analyses of sedimentary rocks Glaucophane schist terranes within the Franciscan for- T. P. Hill (W) mation, California Trace element distribution among coexisting minerals R. G. Coleman (M) E. W. Roedder (W) *Petrology and volcanism, Katmal National Monument, Geochemistry of minor elements Alaska E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) G. H. Curtis (M) Uranium and thorium in magmatic differentiation Geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of Ha- E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) waiian volcanology Organic geochemistry: K. J. Murata (Hawaii) Geochemistry of naturally occurring carbonaceous Petrological services and research substances 0. Milton (W) F. S. Grimaldi (W) Isotope and nuclear studies: Special studies of Isotope fractionation in lilving Isotope ratios In rocks and minerals organisms I. Friedman (W) F. D. Sisler (W) Investigation of sea-level changes in New England Petrology: M. Rubin (W) Origin and characteristics of thermal and mineral waters Geochronology: carbon-14 method D. E. White (W) M. Rubin (W) Sedimentary petrology and clay mineral studies Geochronology: lead-uranium ages of mineral deposits J. C. Hathaway (D) L. R. Stieff (W) Studies of welded tuff Geochronology: lead-alpha ages of rocks R. L. Smith (W) T. W. Stern (W) Metamorphism and origin of mineral deposits, Gouver- Significance of lead-alpha age variation in batholiths neur area, New York of the Colorado Front Range A. E. J. Engel (Pasadena, Calif.) E. S. Larsen, 3d (W) Igneous rocks of southeastern United States Geochronology: potassium-argon method C. Milton (W) H. Paul (W) *Petrology of the Manassas quadrangle, Virginia Age determinations: rocks in Colorado C. Milton (W) H. Paul (W) *Petrology of the Valles Mountains, New Mexico Age determinations: granites of Maine R. L. Smith (W) H. Paul (W) Chemical and physical properties of the Pierre shale, Nuclear irradiation Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming 0. M. Bunker (D) and Nebraska Radioactive nuclides in minerals H. A. Tourtelot (D) P. E. Seaftie (W) Geology and paleolimnology of the Green River forma- Analytical chemistry: tion, Wyoming Rock and mineral chemical analysis W. H. Bradley (W) J.J.Fahey (W) *Petrology of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana General rock chemical analysis W. T. Pecora (W) L. C.Peck (D) Carbonatite deposits, Montana Research on trace analysis methods W. T. Pecora (W) P. N. Ward (D) *Petrology of the Wolf Creek area, Montana Trace analysis and research R. G. Schmidt (W) J. H. McCarthy, Jr. (D) TOPICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS A105

Analytical chemistry-Continued Spectroscopy-Continued Analytical services and research, Washington, D.C. Spectrographic services and research, Washington, D.C. F. S. Grinaldi (W) A. W. Helz (W) Analytical services and research, Denver Spectrographic services and research, Denver L. F. Rader, Jr. (D) A. T. Myers (D) Analytical services and research, Menlo Park General bibliographies and handbooks: R. E. Stevens (M) Bibliography of North American geology Rapid rock chemical analysis M. Cooper (W) W. W. Brannock (W) Geophysical abstracts Petroleum geology laboratory J. W. Clarke (W) H. A. Tourtelot (D) Geochemical exploration abstracts and information Spectroscopy: H. W. Lakin (D) X-ray spectroscopy of ore minerals Statistics handbook L Adler (W) T. G. Lovering (D) GEOLOGIC DIVISION PUBLICATIONS IN FISCAL YEAR 1960

Listed below are the citations of the Geologic Divi- included, even though they may have been actually sion's technical reports published or otherwise released released during the fiscal year. to the public during fiscal year 1960. The list does The reports are listed alphabetically by -author in not include all publications fhat bear dates between July the bibliography. In addition, a subject classification 1959 and June 1960 because publication of periodicals of the reports is given on pages A127-A136. The is sometimes delayed for several months. Neither does topics listed there are those discussed in the main sec- the list include a full year's publications for journal tion of the previous part of this report, and they are articles bearing dates prior to July 1959 have not been arranged in the same way.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Adkison, W. L;, 1960, Subsurface cross section of Paleozoic Bailey, E. H., Christ, C. L, Fahey, J. J., and Hildebrand, F. A., rocks from Barber County, Kansas, to Caddo County, Okla- 1959, Schuetteite, a new supergene mercury mineral: Am. homa: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map 0041. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. -9, p. 1026-1038. Adler, Isidore, 1959, Application of X-ray and electron probes Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, W. P., 1959, K-feldspar content of in mineralogical investigations tabs.]: Jour. Geophys. Re- Jurassic and Cretaceous graywaekes of the northern Coast search, v. 64, no. 8, p. 1096. Ranges and Sacramento Valley, California: Am. Assoc. Pet- Amos, D. H. 1959, DMEA project blossoms Into best U.S. mica roleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12, p. 2797-2809. mine: Mining World, v. 21, no. 11, p. 80-84, Oct. 1959. Bailey, E. H., and Stevens, R. E., 1960, Selective staining of Anderson, C. A., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the NWIA plagioclase and K Feldspar on rock slabs and thin sections Mayer quadrangle, Yavapal County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. labs.]: Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-228. 1960, Vancouver, B. C., program, p. 12. -1 1960, Mining geology: Mining Cong. Jour., v. 46, no. 2, Bailey, R. A., 1959, Contact fusion of argillaceous and arkosle p. 8-41. sediments by an andesite intrusion, Valles Mountains, New Anderson, D. G., 1959, Ellesmere Ice Shelf investigations in Mexico [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. Bushnell, V. C. (ed.), Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Geophys. 2, p. 1565. Research Directorate, Research Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN- Baker, A. A., 1959, Faults In the Wasatch Range near Provo, 59-861, p. 78-86. Utah: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, Guide- Archbold, N. L., 1959, Relationship of carbonate cement to lth- book 10th Ann. Field Conf., p. 153-158 ology and vanadium-uranium deposits in the Morrison Baldwin, H. I, Jr., and Hill, D. P., 1960, Gravity survey in part formation in southwestern Colorado: Econ. Geology, v. 69, of the Snake River Plain, Idaho-a preliminary report: no. 4, p. 66-82. U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 21 p., 8 figs. Arndt, H. H., Conlin, R. R., Kehn, T. M., Miller, J. T., and Balsley, J. R., Bromery, R. W., Remington, R. W., and others, Wood, G. H., Jr., 1959, Structure and stratigraphy in cen- 1960, Aeromagnetie map of the Kerby and part of the tral Pennsylvania and the anthracite region: Geol. Soc. Grants Pass quadrangles, Josephine and Curry Counties, America Guidebook series. Guidebook for field trips, Pitts- Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-197. burgh meeting, p. 1-60. Balsley, J. R., and Buddington, A. F., 1960, Magnetic suscepti- Arnold, R. G., Coleman, R. G., and Fryklund, V. C., 1959, bility, anisotropy, and fabric of some Adirondack granites Temperatures of formation of coexisting pyrrhotite-sphale- and orthogneisses: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 8-20. rite, and pyrite from Highland Surprise Mine, Idaho: Car- Balsley, J. R., Buddington, A. F., and others, 1959a, Aeromag- negie Inst. Washington Year Book, no. 58, p. 156-167. netic and geologic map of the Santa Clara quadrangle and Bachman, G. O., Vine, J. D., Read, C. B., and Moore, G. W., 1959, Uranium-bearing coal and carbonaceous shale in the part of the St. Regis quadrangle, Franklin County, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-190. La Ventana Mesa area, Sandoval County, New Mexico chap. J in Uranium in coal In the western United States: 1959b, Aeromagnetie and geologic map of the Oswegat- U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 295-307, pls. 5-9, fig. 44. chie quadrangle, St. Lawrence, Herkimer, and Lewis Coun- Bailey, E. H., 1959, Resources, in Mercury materials survey: ties, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map U.S. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7941. GP-192. - 1960, Franeiscan formation of California as an example 1959c, Aeromagnetic and geologic map of the Tupper of eugeosynelinal deposition [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America, Lake quadrangle, St. Lawrence, Hamilton, and Franklin Cordilleran Seec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B. C., Counties, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map program, pi 12. GP-193. A107 A108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Balsley, J. IL, Postel, A. W., and others, 1959, Aeromagnetic Bergqulst, H. R., 1960, Occurrence of Foraminifera and cono- and geologic map of the Loon Lake quadrangle and part donts In upper Paleozolc and Triassic rocks, northern of the Chateaugay quadrangle, Franklin County, New York: Alaska: Jour. Paleontology, v. 84, no. 3, p. 596-1, 1 text fig. U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-191. Bethke, P. M., and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1959, Trace-element dis- Baltz, E. H., 1960, Diagram showing relations of Permian rocks tribution as an Indicator of pressure and temperature of in part of Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S. GeoL Survey ore deposition [abs.]: GeoL Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. TEM-1035, open-file report, 1 chart. 12, pt. 2, p. 1569. Barnes, D. F., 1959, Preliminary report on Lake Peters, Alaska, Btrks, L. S., Brooks, E. J., Adler, Isidore, and Milton, Charles, tee studies, in Bushnell, V. C., (ed.), Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic 1959, Electron probe analysis of minute Inclusions of a Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge Research copper-Iron mineral: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. Center, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research Notes, no. 974-978. 29, AFCRC-TN-5661, p. 102-110. Bonilla, M. G., 1959, Geologic observations in the epicentral Barnes, F. F., 1960, Coal fields of Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey area of the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957: open-file report, 4 p., 1 pL Calif. Dlv. Mines Spec. Rept. 57, p. 2547. Barnes, F. F., and Cobb, E. H., 1959, Geology and coal resources 1960, Landslides in the San Francisco South quadran- of the Homer district, Kenal coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geol. gle: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 44 p., 10 figs., Survey Bull. 1058-F, p. 21T-260, pls. 17-28, fig. 48. 1 table. Barton, P. B., Jr., and Bethke, P. M., 1960, Thermodynamic properties of some synthetic zinc and copper minerals: Botjnelly, Theodore, and Fischer, R. P., 1959, Mineralogy and geology of the Rifle and Garfield mines, Garfield County, 'Am. Your. Sel., v. 258-A, p..21-34. Barton, P. B., Jr., and Toulmin, Priestley III, 1959, Electrum- Colorado, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geo- tarnish method for determining the chemical potential of chemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 213-218 sulfur In laboratory sulfide systems [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1567. Boucot, A. J. and Arndt, Robert, 1960, Fossils of the Littleton Bayley, R. W., 1959a, Geology of the Lake Mary quadrangle, formation (Lower Devonian) of New Hampshire: U.S. Geol. Iron County, Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1077, 112 Survey Prof. Paper 334-B, p. 41-51, pis. 1-3, figs. 3-4. p., 7 pls., 33 figs. Boucot, A. J., Griscom, Andrew, Allingham, J. W., and Dempsey, 1959Ob Iron-bearing rocks of the Atlantic mining dis- W. J., 1960, Geologic and aeromagnetic map of northern trict, Wyoming-a progress report [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Amer- Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. ica Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1774. Bowles, C. G., and Braddock, W. A., 1960, Solution brecclas In - 1959c, A metamorphosed differentiated sill In northern the upper part of the Minnelusa sandstone, South Dakota Michigan: Am. Jour. Set., v. 257, no. 6, p. 408-430. and Wyoming: Geol. Soc. American, Rocky Mtn. Sec., Begemann, Frederick, and Friedman, Irving, 1959, Tritium and 13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, 1900, deuterium content of atmospheric hydrogen: Zeltschr. program, p. 8. Nattirforschung, v. 14A, no. 12, p. 1024-1031. Bramkamp, R. A., and Ramirez, L. F., 1959a, Geographic map Behre, C. H., Jr., and Heyl, A. V., Jr., 1959, Ervorkommen of the Wadi al Bjitin quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: vom Typus "Mississippi-Tal" In der Verelnigten Staaten: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. GeoL Inv. Map 1-203 B. Deutche geol. Gessell. Zeltschr., v. 110, pt. 3, p. 514-558. 1959b, Geographic map of the central Persian Gulf quad- Beikman, H. M., and Gower, H. D., 1959, Coal resources of rangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. southwestern Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file re- Geol. Inv. Map 1-209 B. port, 54 p. 1959c, Geographic map of the northeastern Rubi al Khali Bell, Henry, 1959, Relations among some dikes in Cabarrus quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geol. Survey County, North Carolina: South Carolina Division of Geol- Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-214 B. ogy, Geologic Notes, v. 3, no. 2, p. 1-5. 1960, Geologic map of the Wadi al Batin quadrangle, Benninghoff, W. S., and Holmes, G. W., 1960, Preliminary Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. report on Upper Cenozoic carbonaceous deposits in the Inv. Map 1-203 A. Johnson River area, Alaska Range [abs.]: Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, Breger, I. A., and Chandler, J. C., 1959, Extractability of humic 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered]. substances from coalified logs as a guide to temperatures In Berdan, Jean M., 1960, Revision of the Ostracode family Colorado Plateau sediments (abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Beecherellidae and redescription of Ulrich's types of v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1574. Beecherella: Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 467-478, Breger, I. A., and Deul, Maurice, 1959, Association of uranium PL. 66. with carbonaceous materials, with special reference to the Berg, H. C., and MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1959, Structural con- Temple Mountain region, fn Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, trol of quicksilver ore at the Red Devil mine, Alaska [abs.]: E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1708, and 1793. Plateau uranium ores: U.S. GeoL Survey Prof. Paper Berryhill, H. L., Jr., 1959, Pattern of regional transcurrent 320, p. 139-149. faulting in Puerto Rico [abs.]: Geol. Soe. America Bull., Brobst, D. A., 1960, Barium minerals, in Glilson, J. L., Indus- v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1569. trial minerals and rocks, 3d ed.: New York, Am. Inst. Berryhill, H. L., Jr., Briggs, R. P., and Glover, Lynn III, 1960, Mining Metall. Petroleum Engineers, p. 5544. Stratigraphy, sedimentation, and structure of Late Creta- Bromery, I. W., 1959, Interpretation of aeromagnetic data ceous rocks In eastern Puerto Rico-Preliminary report: across the Reading prong, Pennsylvania [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 44, p. 137-155. America Bull, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1574. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A109

Bromery, R. W., Bennett, B. L., and others, 1959a, Aeromag- Bromery, R. W., Henderson, J. R., Jr., Zandle, G. L., and netic map of the Malvern quadrangle, Chester County, others, 19601, Aeromagnetic map of the Langhorne quad- Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP- rangle, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey 202. Geophys. Inv. Map GP-238. -1959b, Aeromagnetic map of the Phoenixville quadran- Bromery, R. W., Zandle, G. L., and others, 1959a, Aeromagnetic gle, Chester and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. map of the Valley Forge quadrangle, Chester, Montgomery, Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-209. and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey -1959c, Aeromagnetc map of the Allentown quadrangle, Geophys. Inv. Map GP-200. Northampton, Lehigh, and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania: - 1959b, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Norristown U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-213. quadrangle, Philadelphia, Chester, Delaware, and Mont- Bromery, R. W., Emery, R. O., and Balsley, J. R., Jr., 1960, gomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Reconnaissance airborne magnetometer survey off south- Inv. Map GP-201. ern California: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map 1959c, Aeromagnetic map of part of the West Chester GP-211. quadrangle, Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania: Bromery, R. W., Henderson, J. R., Jr., Bennett, B. L., and U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-203. others, 1959, Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Lambert- 1959d, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Media quad- ville and Stockton quadrangles, Bucks County, Pennsyl- rangle, Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-204. vania, and Hunterdon and Mercer Counties, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-216. 1959e, Aeromagnetic map of East Greenville quadrangle, Bromery, R. W., Henderson, J. R., Jr., Zandle, G. L., and Berks, Lehigh, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: others, 1959a, Aeromagnetic map of the Buckingham quad- U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-205. rangle, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey 1959f, Aeromagnetic map of the Milford Square quad- Geophys. Inv. Map GP-215. rangle, Bucks, Lehigh, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsyl- vania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-206. - 1959b, Aeromagnetic map of the Elverson quadrangle, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Sur- 1959g, Aeromagnetic map of the Sassamansville quad- vey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-221. rangle, Montgomery and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-207. - 1960a, Aeromagnetic map of the Wagontown quadrangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. 1959h, Aeromagnetic map of the Perkiomenville quad- Inv. Map GP-223. rangle, Montgomery and Bucks Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-208. - 1960b, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Coatesville 1959i, Aeromagnetic map of the Quakertown quadrangle, quadrangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Sur- Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. GeoL Survey Geophys. vey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-225. Inv. Map GP-214. 1960c, Aeromagnetic map of the Temple quadrangle, -- 1959j, Aeromagnetic map of the Safe Harbor quadrangle, Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Lancaster and York Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Inv. Map GP-227. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-217. - 1960d, Aeromagnetic map of the Fleetwood quadrangle, - 1959k, Aeromagnetic map of the Conestoga quadrangle, Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Inv. Map GP-228. Geophys. Inv. Map GP-215. - 19&0e, Aeromagnetlc map of the Reading quadrangle, 19591, Aeromagnetic map of the Quarryville quadrangle, Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Inv. Map GP-230. Geophys. Inv. Map GP-219. - 1960f, Aeromagnetic map of the Birdsboro quadrangle, Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. 1959m, Aeromagnetic map of the Morgantown quadrangle, Inv. Map GP-231. Berks, Lancaster, and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-220. - 1960g, Aeromagnetic map of the Honey Brook quad- 1960a, Aeromagnetic map of the Pottstown quadrangle, rangle, Chester and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania: Berks, Chester, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-233. U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-222. -91960h, Aeromagnetic map of the Parkesburg quadrangle, 1960b, Aeromagnetic map of the Dowington quadrangle, Chester and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-234. Inv. Map GP-224. -191960, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Easton quad- 1960c, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Unionville quadrangle, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, and Warren rangle, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey County, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map Geophys. Inv. Map GP-226. GP-235. 1960d, Aeromagnetic map of the Manatawny quadrangle, - 1960j, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Riegelsville Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. quadrangle, Bucks and Northampton Counties, Pennsyl- Inv. Map GP-229. vania, and Hunterdon and Warren Counties, New Jersey: - 1960e, Aeromagnetic map of the Boyertown quadrangle, U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-236. Berks and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. - 1960k, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Hatboro quad- Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP-232. rangle, Bucks, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties, Brown, R. D., Gower, H. D., and Snavely, P. D., Jr., 1900, Geol- Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Geophys. Inv. Map GP- ogy of the Port Angeles-Lake Crescent area, Washington: 237. U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM-208. AllO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Brown, R. W., 1959, Age of wood from excavations in the Carroll, Dorothy, 1959b, Petrography of Paleozolc sandstones District of Columbia: Columbia Hist. Soc. Rec., v. 53-53, and shales from borings in Florida Cabs.]: Geol. Soc. p. 35-355. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1759. Bryant, Bruce, and Reed, J. C., Jr., 1959, Structural features 1960, Ilmenite alteration under reducing conditions in of the Grandfather Mountain area, northwestern North unconsolidated sediments: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 3, P, Carolina tabs]: Geol. Soc. America BulL, v. 70, no. 12, 618-419. pt. 2, p. 1757. Carroll, Dorothy, and Pommer, A. M., 1960, Acidic properties Bunker, C. M., and Ohm, J. M., 1959, Fishing tools for retrieving of some clay minerals (abs.]: Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull., v. gamma-ray logging components: Mining Eng., v. 214, p. 39, p. 239. 1045-1046. Carroll, Dorothy, and Starkey, H. C., 1960, The effect of sea Burnside, B. J., 1959, Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll In water on clay minerals, in Natl Conf. on Clays and Clay Borden and Howard Counties, Texas: U.S. GeoL Survey Minerals Proc., 7th, Washington, D.C., 1958: Pergamon Prof. Paper 315-B, p. 21-35, pls. 10-14, figs. 6-8 Press, New York, N.Y., p. 80-101. Bush, A. L., Marsh, 0. T., and Taylor, R. B., 1959, Preliminary Cashion, W. B., Jr., 1959, Geology and oil-shale resources of geologic map of the Little Cone quadrangle, San Miguel Naval Oil Shale Reserve No. 2, Uintah and Carbon Coun- County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field ties, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-0, p. 753-793, pIs Studies Map MF-223. 54-67, figs. 34-42. Byerly, P. E., and Joesting, H. R., 1959, Regional geophysical Cass, J. T., 1959a, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Norton investigations of the Lisbon Valley area, Utah and Colo- Bay quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. rado: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 318-C, p. 39-50, ph. Inv. Map I-286. 6-9, figs. 17-21. 1959b, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Candle quad- Byerly, P. E., Stewart, S. W., and Roller, J. C., 1960, Seli- rangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map mic measurements by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1-287. the pre-Gnome high-explosive tests near Carlsbad, New 1959c, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Unalakleet Mexico-Final report: U.S. Geol. -Survey TEI-761, open-file quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. GeoL Inv. report, 40 p., 9 figs. Map 1-28& Byers, F. M., 1960,' Geology of Umnak and Bogoslof Islands, - 1959d, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Ruby quad- Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-L, rangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map p. 267-369, pl. 39-51, figs. 49-4. 1-289. Cadigan, R. A., 1959a, Characteristics of the host rock in - 1959e, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Melozitna Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. GeoL Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Map 1-290. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 13-24. 1959f, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Nulato quad- - 51959b, Stratigraphy of Triassic and associated forma- rangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mlse Geol. Inv. Map tions in part of the Colorado Plateau region: U.S. Geol. 1-291. Survey BulL 1046-Q. Castle, R. O., 1959, SurfIcIal geology of the Wilmington quad- Cady, W. M., 1959, Geotectonic relations In northern Vermont rangle, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map and southern Quebec [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. GQ-122 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1577. Cathcart, J. B, and McGreevy, L. J., 1969, Results of geologic 1960, Stratigraphic and geotectonic relationships in exploration by core drilling, 1953, land-pebble phosphate northern Vermont and southern Quebec: Geol. Soc. Amer- district, Florida: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL 1048-K, p. 221- ica Bull., v. 71, no. 5, p. 531-576. 298, pIs. 16-34, fig. 2& Calkins, J. A., Parker, R. L., and Disbrow, A. E., 1959, Geo- Cattermole, J. M., 1960, Geology of the Bearden quadrangle, loglc map of the Curlew quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-12& Geol. Survey open-file report. Chao, E.C.T., and Fleischer, Michael, 1959, Abundance of zir- Campbell, A. B., 1959, Precambrian-Cambrian unconformity In conium In Igneous rocks [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., northwestern Montana and northern Idaho [abs.]: Geol. v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1579. Soc. America BulL, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1776. Cheney, T. M., and Sheldon, RI P., 1959, Permian stratigraphy Cannon, H. L., 1959, Blogeochemical relations In the Thompson and oil potential Wyoming and Utah: Intermountain As- district, Grand County, Utah Cabs.]: Geol. Soc. America soc. Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook 10th Ann. Field Conf., Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1578. p. 90-100. Cannon, R. S., Jr., Pierce, A. P., and Autweller, J. C., 1959, Chisholm, W. A., 1959, Described sections of rocks of Chester Significance of lead isotopes to problems of ore genesis and Morrow age In Newton and Searcy Counties, Arkan- tabs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1578. sas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 67 p. Carr, M. S., and Dutton, C. E., 1959, Iron-ore resources of the Christ, C. IL, 1960, Crystal chemistry and systematic classifica- United States Including Alaska and Puerto RIco, 1955: tion of hydrated borate minerals: Am. Mineralogist, v. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1082-C, p. 61-134, pI. 2, fig. 7. 45, nos. 3-4 p. 334-340. Carr, W. J., and Alverson, D. C., 1959, Stratigraphy of middle Christ, 0. L, and Clark, J. R, 1960, X-ray crystallography and Tertiary rocks in part of west-central Florida: U.S. GeoL crystal chemistry of gowerite, CaO-3B0 3-5EHsO: Am. Min- Survey Bull. 1092, 111 p., 3 pls., 16 figs. eralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. 230-234. Carroll, Dorothy, 1959a, Mineral Indicators of environment in Christ, C.IL, and Garrels, R. M., 1959, Relations among sodium sediments of part of the Maryland coastal plain (abs.]: borate hydrates at the Kramer deposit, Boron, California: Virginia Acad. Set. Proc., v. 10, no. 4, p. 293-294. Am. Jour. Scl., v. 257 no. 7, p. 516-528. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS All1

Christman, R. A., Brock, M. R., Pearson, R. C., and Singewald, Coleman, R. G., 1959a, New occurrences of ferroselite (FeSe 2): Q. D., 1960, Geology and thorium deposits of the Wet Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 16, p. 296-3. Mountains, Colorado; a progress report: U.S. Geol. Sur- - 1959b, Genesis of jadeite from San Benito County, Cali- vey Bull. 1072-H, p. 491-53, pls. 15-16, figs. 18-20. fornia [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, Clark, J. R., 1960, X-ray study of alteration In the uranium p. 1583. mineral wyartite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. Colton, R. B., 1959, Additional evidence of glacial Lake Mussel- 200-208. shell, Montana [abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, Clark, J. R., and Christ, C. L., 1959a, Studies of borate min- pt. 2, p. 1778. erals (5); Reinvestigation of the X-ray crystallography of Colton, G. W., and de Witt, Wallace, Jr., 1959, Current-oriented ulexite and probertite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 7-8, structures In some Upper Devonian rocks in western New p. 712-719. York (abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70. no. 12, pt. 2, -1959b, Studies of borate minerals (7); X-ray studies of p. 1759. ammonioborite, larderellite, and the potassium and am- Cooke, C. W., 1959, Cenozoic echinoids of eastern United States: monlum pentaborate tetrahydrates: Am. Mineralogist, v. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 321, 106 p., 43 pls. 44, nos. 11-12, p. 1180-1158. Cooper, J. R., 1959a, Some geologic features of the Dragoon - 1959c, Studies of borate minerals (8); The crystal struc- quadrangle: Arizona Geol. Soc., southern Arizona Guide- ture of CaB*O,(OH).-2HO: Zeitschr. Kristallographie, book II, p. 139-145. v. 112, p. 218-233. - 1959b, Reconnaisance geologic map Of southeastern Clark, J. R., Mrose, M. E., Perloff, Alvin, and Burley, Gordon, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. 1959, Studies of borate minerals (6); Investigation of Field Studies Map MF-213. veatchite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, no. 11-12, p. 1141-1149. 1960, Some geologic features of the Pima mining district, Clark, L. D., 1960, Foothills fault system, western Sierra Ne- Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1112-C, vada, California: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, p. 483-496. p. 63-103, pls. 1-5, figs. 15, 16. Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., and others, 1959, Ground water in the Oak Cornwall, H. R., and Kleinhampl, F. J., 1959, Stratigraphy and Spring formation and hydrologic effects of underground structure of Bare Mountain, Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soc. nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site [abs.]: Geol. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1714. Soc. America Bull., v. 7TOno. 12, pt. 2, p. 1581. Cox, Allan, 1900, Variations in the direction of the dipole Cloud, P. E., Jr., 1959, Paleoecology-retrospect and prospect: component of the earth's magnetic field [abs] : Am. Geophys. Jour. Paleontology, v. 83, no. 5, p. 926-962, figs. 1-16. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-40, 1960, Program, p. 47. 91900, Gas as a sedimentary and diagenetic agent: Am. Cox, Allan, and Doell, R. R., 1960, Review of paleomagnetism: Jour. Bci., v. 258-A, p. 85-45. Geol. Soc. America Bull, v. 71, no. 6, p. 643-768. Cloud, P. E., Jr., and Palmer, A. R., 1959, Paleontologic data and Craig, L. C., and others, 1959, Measured sections of the Morrison age evaluation for individual wells, Pre-Simpson Paleozolc and adjacent formations: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file re- rocks, in Barnes, V. E., Stratigraphy of the Pre-Simpson port, 700 p. Paleozoic subsurface rocks of Texas and southeast New Crandell, D. R., and Gard, L. M., Jr, 1959, Geology of the Mexico: Texas Univ. Pub. no. 5924, v. 1, pt. 2, p. 7-85. Buckley quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Coats, R. R., 1959, Geologic reconnaissance of Semisopochnoi Quad. Map GQ-125. Island, western Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Sur- Crittenden, M. D., 1958, MississippIan stratigraphy of the vey Bull. 1028-0, p. 477-519, pls. 89-8, figs. 73-76. central Wasatch and western Uinta Mountains, Utah, in - 1900, Stereoscopic-pair projection of aerial photographs Guidebook to the geology of the Wasatch and Uinta Moun- In map compilation: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 5, tains, transition area: Intermountain Assoc. Petroleum P. 829-88. Geologists, 10th Ann. Field Conf. Guidebook, p 63-74. Cobb, E. H., 1959a, Antimony, bismuth, and mercury occur- Crowder, D. F., 1959, Granitization, migmatization, and fusion rences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource in the northern Entiat Mountains, Washington: Geol. Soc. Map MR-11. America Bull., v. 70, no. 7, p. 827-878. - 1959b, Chromite, cobalt, nickel, and platinum occur- Currier, L. W., 1960, Geologic appraisal of dimension-stone rences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource deposits: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1109, 78 p., 7 pls., 2 figs. Map MR-8. Cuttitta, Frank, and White, C. E., 1959, Spectrophotometric -_1959c, Copper, lead, and zinc occurrences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map MR-9. study of the magnesium-bisalicylidene-ethylenediamine system: Anal. Chemistry, v. 81, no. 12, p. 2087-2000. - 1959d, Molybdenum, tin, and tungsten occurrences in Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Resource Map Dane, C. H., 1959, Historical background of the type locality of MR-10. the Tres Hermanos sandstone, in Guidebook, 10th Ann. Cobban, W. A., Erdmann, C. B., Lemke, R. W., and Maughan, Field Couf.: New Mexico Geol. Soc., p. 85-91. E. K., 1959a, Colorado group on Sweetgrass Arch, Montana, 1900, The boundary between rocks of Carlile and Niobrara in Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook 10th Ann. Field Co0f.: age in San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: Am. p. 89-92. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 46-6. - 1959b, Revision of Colorado group on Sweetgrass Arch, Danllchik, Walter, and Tahirkhell, R. A. K., 1960, Contents of Montana: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull, v. 43, uranium and other elements In sand, Indus, Gilgit, and no. 12, p. 2786-2798. Hunza Rivers, Gilgit Agency, West Pakistan: Pakistan Cole, W. S., Todd, Ruth, and Johnson, C. G., 1960, Conflicting Geol. Survey Inf. Release No. 11, 7 p., 2 tables, I fig. age determinations suggested by Foraminifera on Yap, Davidson, D. F., 1960, Selenium in some epithermal deposits of Caroline Islands: BulL Am. Paleontology, v. 41, no. 186, antimony, mercury, and silver and gold: U.S. Geol. Survey p. 73-112, pls. 11-13. Bull. 1112-A, p. 1-15, figs. 1-2. A112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1980-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Davidson, D. F., and Powers, H. A., 1959, Selenium content of Diment, W. H., Healey, D. L., and Roller, J. C., 1959, Gravity some volcanic rocks from western United States and and seismic exploration in Yncca Valley, Nevada Test Hawaiian Islands: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-C, p. 6981, Site: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-545, open-file report, 41 p. figs. 9-11. Diment, W. H., and others, 1959a, Geological Survey investi- Davies, W. E., 1959a, Origin of eaves in folded limestone gations in the U12b.08 and U12b.04 tunnels, Nevada Test (abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70. no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1802. Site: U.S. GeoL Survey TEM-99K, open-file report, 75 p. 1959b, Geologic investigations, in Bushnell, V. C. (ed.), 1959b, Geological Survey investigations in the U12e.05 Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force tunnel, Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-997, Cambridge Research Center, Geophys. Research Directorate, open-file report, 55 p. Research Notes, no. 29, AFCR-TN-59-W1, p. 51-54. 1959c, Geological Survey investigations in the U12b.01 1960a, Surface features of permafrost in arid areas Tunnel, Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geol. Survey, TEM-998, [abs.]: Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, open-file report, 39 p. Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered]. 1959d, Maximum accelerations caused by underground - 81960b, Origin of caves in folded limestone: NatL Speleo- nuclear explosions in the Oak Spring formation at the logical Soc. Bull., v. 22, pt. 1, p. 3-16. Nevada Test Site [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull, v. 70, Dean, B. G., 1960, Selected annotated bibliography of the geol- no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1589. ogy of uranium-bearing veins in the United States: U.S. Dinnin, J. L, Massoni, C. J., Curtis, B. L., and Brannock, Geol. Survey Bull. 1059-G, p. 327-440, pl. 4. W. W., 1959, Holder for four, 5-cm rectangular spectro- Denson, N. M., 1959, Introduction, chap. A i% Uranium In coal protometer cells: Chemist-Analyst, v. 48, p. 79. in the western United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1960, Parque Central, Santa Barbara, Villa 1055, p. 1-10, figs. 1-2. Pabon landslide area, La Paz, Bolivia: Geol. Soc. Amer- Denson, N. M., Bachman, G. O., and Zeller, H. D., 1959, iean, Rocky Mtn. See., 13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Uranium-bearing lignite in northwestern South Dakota and Apr. 28-30,1960, program, p. 7. adjacent states, chap. B in Uranium In coal in the western United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 11-57, pls. Doell, R. R., and Cox, Allan, 1959, Analysis of paleomagnetic 1-18, figs. 3-8. data [absl: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. Departamento Nacional de Produco Mineral and U.S. Geo- 2, p. 1590. logical Survey, 1959, Geologic map of Quadrilitero Ferri- Donnell, J. R., 1959, Mesaverde stratigraphy in the Carbondale fero, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. area, northwestern Colorado, in Rocky Mountain Assoc. of de Witt, Wallace, Jr., and Colton, G. W., 1959a, Revised cor- Geologists, Guidebook, 11th Ann. Field Conf.; Sympostum relations of lower Upper Devonian rocks in western and on Cretaceous rocks of Colorado and adjacent areas: p. central New York: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., 78-77. v. 43, no. 12, p. 2810-2828. Dorr, J. V. N. II, 1959, A talk on geological research: Revista - 1959b, Correlation of lower Upper Devonian rocks in Mineira de Engenharia (cociedad Minlera de Engenherios), central New York Cabs.]: GeoL Soc. America Bull., v. Ano 21, no. 79, p. 25-29. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1761. Dorr, J. V. N. II, Simmons, G. C., and Barbosa, A. L. M., 1959, Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 1959a, Geologic map of the Inyokern Estratigrafia do Quadrilatero Ferrifero de Minas Gerais: quadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Engenharia, Mineraglo e Metalurgia, v. 29, no. 170, p. - 1959b, Geologic map of the Alpine Butte quadrangle, 75-79. California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Douglass, R. C., 1900, The foraminiferal genus Orbitolina in Map MF-222. North America: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 333, p. 1959c, Preliminary geologic map of the Mojave quad- 1-52, pls. 1-17, figs. 1-32 rangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Drewes, Harald, 1959, Turtleback faults of Death Valley, Cal- Studies Map MF-219. ifornia; A reinterpretation: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. - 1960a, Geologic map of the Hawes quadrangle, San 70, no. 12, pt. 1, p. 1497-1508. Bernardino C0ounty, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Droste, J. B., Rubin, Meyer, and White, 0. W., 1959, Age of Inv. Field Studies Map MF-226. marginal Wisconsin drift at Corry, northwestern Penn- 1960b, Preliminary geologic map of the Shadow Moun- sylvania: Science, v. 130, no. 3391, p. 1700. tains quadrangle, Los Angeles and San Bernardino Coun- Durham, J. W., and Jones, D. L., 1959, Fossil occurrences ties, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field bearing on the Franciscan problem in central California Studies Map MF-227. Cabs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1716. - 19i0c, Preliminary geologic map of the Victorville Dutro, J. T., Jr., 1960a, Correlation of Paleozoic rocks in quadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Alaska [abs.]: Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Field Studies Map MF-229. Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1900, Abstracts of Papers [unnum- - i190d, Preliminary geologic map of the Apple Valley bered]. quadrangle, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. 1960b, Correlation chart of Paleozoic rocks in Alaska: Field Studies Map MF-232. U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Dickey, D. D., and McKeown, F. A., 1960, Geology of Dolomite Eargle, D. H., 1959a, Geology of the Karnes County uranium Hill, Nevada Test Site, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI- area, south-central Texas: Engineering-Science News (Bal- 755, open-file report, 64 p. cones Research Center), v. 7, no. 4, p. 1-4 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A113

Eargle, D. H., 1959b, Stratigraphy of Jackson group (Eocene), Eugster, H. P., and McIver, N. L., 1959, Boron analogues of south-central Texas: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists alkali feldspars and related silicates [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Bull., 43, no. 11, p. 2623-2635. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 159& 1959c, Sedimentation and structure, Jackson group, south- Evans, H. T., Jr., 1959, The crystal chemistry and mineralogy central Texas: Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Societies Trans., of vanadium, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, v. 9, p. 31-39. Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau -91960a, Uranium find heralds Texas wildcat action: Oil uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 91-102. and Gas Jour., v. 58, no. 10, p. 148-158. Evans, E. T., Jr., and Lonsdale, Kathleen, 1959, Diffraction 1960b, Stratigraphy of Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian geometry, in International Union of Crystallography, Inter- rocks in Brown and Coleman Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. national Tables for X-ray crystallography: The Kynoch Survey Prof. Paper 315-D, p. 55-77, pis. 27-30, figs. 11, Press, Birmingham, England, v. 2, p. 159-215. 12. Evans, H. T., Jr., and McKnight, E. T., 1959a, New wurtzite Eaton, J. P., 1959, A portable water-tub tiltmeter: Seismol. polytypes from Joplin, Missouri [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Soc. America Bull., v. 49, no. 4, p. 301-816. Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1599. Eaton, J. P., and Richter, D. H., 1960, The 1959 eruption of 1959b, New wurtzite polytypes from Joplin, Missouri: Kilauea: GeoTimes, v. 4, no. 5, p. 24-27,45. Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 11-12, p. 1210-1218. Eaton, J. P., and Takasaki, K. J., 1959, Seismological inter- Fahey, J. J., Ross, Malcolm, and Axelrod, J. M., 1960, Lough- pretation of earthquake induced water-level fluctuations linite, a new hydrous sodium magnesium silicate: Am. in wells: Seismol. Soc. America Bull., v. 49, no. 3, p. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 3-4, p. 270-281. 227-245. Paul, Henry, 1959, Doubts of the Paleozoic time scale: Jour Eckel, E. B., and others, 1959, Geology applied to underground Geophys. Research, v. 64, no. 8, p. 1102. nuclear tests [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 1960, Geologic time scale: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 12, pt. 2, p. 1595. 71, no. 5, p. 637-644. Eckhart, R. A., and Plafker, George, 1959, Haydite raw material Faul, Henry, and Davis, G. L., 1959, Mineral separation with in the Kings River, Sutton, and Lawing areas, Alaska: asymmetric vibrators: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1039-C, p. 33-65, pls. 7-10, figs. p. 1076-1082. 9-12. Faul, Henry, Elmore, P. L, D., and Brannock, W. W., 1959, Ekren, E. B., and Houser, F. N., 1959a, Preliminary geologic Age of the Fen carbonatite (Norway) and its relation to map of the Cortez SW quadrangle, Montezuma County, the intrusives of the Oslo region: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Acta, v. 17, nos. 1-2, p. 153-156. Map MF-217. Faul, Henry, and Thomas, Herman, 1959, Argon ages of the - 1959b, Preliminary geologic map of the Moqul SE Great Ash bed from the Ordovician of Alabama and of quadrangle, Montezuma County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Sur- the Bentonite Marker in the Chattanooga shale from vey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-221. Tennessee [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, -1959c, Preliminary geologic map of the Sentinel Peak pt. 2, p. 1600. NE quadrangle, Montezuma County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Fellows, R. E., and others, 1959, Mineral resources of Alaska: Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-224. U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 141 p., 13 figs. Elston, D. P., and Botinelly, Theodore, 1959, Geology and min- Fernald, A. T., 1959, Geomorphology of the Upper Kuskokwim eralogy of the J. J. mine, Montrose County, Colorado, in region, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1071-G [1960]. Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and Finch, W. I., 1959a, Peneconeordant uranium deposit-a pro- mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. posed term: Econ. Geol., v. 54, no. 5, p. 944-948. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 203-211. 1959b, Geology of uranium deposits in Triassic rocks of the Colorado Plateau region: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. Engel, A. E. J., 1959, Review and evaluation of studies of the 1074-D, p. 125-164, pls. 6-10, figs. 6-7. OI/OU ratio in mineral deposits [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Ameri- Finch, W. I., Parrish, I. 8., and Walker, G. W., 1959, Epigenetdc ca Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1597. uranium deposits in the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1960, Progressive metamor- Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-299, [1900]. phism and granitization of the major paragneiss, north- Fischer, R. P., 1959, Vanadium and uranium in rocks and ore western Adirondack Mountains, New York: Geol. Soc. deposits, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemis- America Bull., v. 71, no. 1, p. 1-58. try and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: Engel, C. G., 1959, Igneous rocks and constituent hornblendes U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 2 19-2 30 . of the Henry Mountains, Utah: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Fischer, W. A., and Ray, R. G, 1960, Quantitative photography- v. 70, no. 8, p. 951-980. a research tool: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 26, no. 1, Epprecht, W. Th., Schaller, W. T., and Vlisidis, A. C., 1959, p. 143-160. U2ber Wiserit, Sussexit und ein weiteres Mineral aus den Fisher, D. J., Erdmann, C. E., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., 1960, Manganerzen vom Ganzen (bet Sargans): Scheizerische Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Book Cliffs, Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitt., v. 39, nos. 1-2 Carbon, Emery, and Grand Counties, Utah, and Garfield p. 85-104. and Mesa Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Erd, R. C., McAllister, J. F., and Almond, Hy, 1959, Gowerite, Paper 332, 80 p., 12 pls., 1 fig. a new hydrous calcium borate from the Death Valley region, Fleischer, Michael, 1959, The geochemistry of rhenium, with California: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 911-919. special reference to its occurrence in molybdenlte: Econ. Ergun, Sa~bri, Donaldson, W. F., and Breger, I. A., 1960, Some Geology, v. 54, no. 8, p. 1406-1413. physical and chemical properties of vitrains associated 1900a, The geochemistry of rhenium-addendum: Econ. with uranium: Fuel, v. 39, p. 71-77. Geology, v. 55, no. 3, p. 607-609. A114 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Fleischer, Michael, 1960b, Studies of the manganese oxide min- Frischknecht, F. C, 1959, Scandinavian electromagnetic pros- erals. III Psiomelane: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, pecttng: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 9, p. 932-937. p. 178-187. Frost, I. C., 1959, An elutriating tube for the specific gravity Fleischer, Michael, and Chao, E. C. T., 1959, Problems in the separation of minerals: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 7-8, estimation of abundances of elements in the earth's crust p. 886-80. [abs.]: GeoL Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 180t. Gardner, L B., 1959, Geologic map of the Lewistown area, Fergus Flint, D. E., Saplis, R. A., and Corwin, Gilbert, 1959, Military County, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. geology of Okinawa-jima, Ryukyu-retto-vol. V., Geology: Map OM-199. U.S. Army, Chief Engineers, Intelligence Div., Office Engi- Garrels, R. M., and Christ, C. L., 1959, Behavior of uranium neers, U.S. Army Pacific, 88 p., geol. map. minerals during oxidation, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, Flower, R. H., and Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., 1959, More Missis- E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado sippian belemnites: Jour. Paleontology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 800- Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, 842. p. 81-89. - Fosberg, F. R., 1959a, Vegetation and the geologist [abs.]: Garrels, IL M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, 1959, Geochemistry and Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th, Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, Ab- mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. stracts, p. 118-119. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, 236 p., 8 pls., 89 figs. - 1959b, Structural-functional classificatiob of vegetation for small-scale mapping tabs.]: Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th, Garrels, R. M., Larsen, E. S, 3d, Pommer, A. M., and Coleman, Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, Abstracts, p. 118. R. G., 1959, Detailed chemical and mineralogical relations 1960a, Introgression in Artocarpua moracae in Micro- in two vanadium-uranuim ores, in Garrels, R. M., and Lar- nesia: Brittonla, v. 12, p. 101-113. sen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, - 1980b, Vegetation of Micronesia-1. General descriptions, vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and detailed considera- p. 185-184. tion of the vegetation of Guam: Am. Mus. Nat. History Garrels, R. M., and Pommer, A. M., 1959, Some quantitative Bull., v. 119, p. 1-78. aspects of the oxidation and reduction of the ores, in Foster, M. D., 1959a, Chemical study of the mineralized clays, Garrels, IL M, and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranuim ores: U.S. mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 157-164. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 121-132. Gates, G. O., 1959, U.S. Geological Survey aids development: 1959b, Green mica from the iron ore series of the Kurst Fairbanks News-Miner, Progress Edition, Nov. 11, 1959, p. magnetic anomaly: Zapiski Vses. Mineral. Obshch., v. 88, 122. no. 6, p. 727-730. Gates, R. M., 1960, Bedrock geology of the Roxbury quadrangle, 1900, Layer charge relations in the dloctahedral and Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey GeoL Quad. Map GQ-121. trioctahedral micas: Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 3-4, p. Gibbons, A. B., 1960, Geologic effects of the Ranier underground 383-398 test-Preliminary report: U.S. GeoL Survey TEI-718, open- Fraser, G. D., 1960, Geologic Interpretation of the Hebgen Lake file report, 35 p. earthquake, Montana: GeoL Soc. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec, 13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, 1960, Gibbons, A. B., Hinrichs, E. N., Hansen, W. R., and Lemke, program, p. 8 IL W, 1900, Preliminary geologic map of the Tippipah Spring NW quadrangle, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Fraser, G. D., and Snyder, G. L., 1960, Geology of southern Adak TEI-754, open-file report, 1 map. Island and Kagalaska Island, Alaska: U.S. GeoL Survey Survey Bull. 1028-M, p. 371-408, pls. 52-53, figs. 55-41. Gill, J. R., 1959, Reconnaissance for uranium in the Ekalaka Frezon, S. E., and Glick, E. E., 1959, Pre-Atoka rocks of north- lignite field, Carter County, Montana, chap. F in Uranium ern Arkansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 314-H, p. 171- In coal in the western United States: U.S. GeoL Survey 189, pis. 20-31, fig. 37. Bull. 1055, p. 167-179, plh. 33-35, figs. 28-29. Friedel, R. A, and Breger, I. A., 1959, Free-radical concentra- Gill, J. R., Schultz, L. G., and Tourtelot, H. A., 1980, Correla- tions and other properties of pile-irradiated coals: Science. tion of units In the lower part of the Pierre shale, Great v. 130, no. 3391, p. 1762-1763. Plains region: Geol. Soc. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec, 13th Friedman, Irving, and Smith, R. L., 1960, A possible new dating mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-0, 1960, program, method using obsidian. I. Development of the method: p. 8. American Antiquity (in press) Gill, J. I., Zeller, H. D., and Schopf, J. M., 1959, Core drilling Friedman, Irving, Thorpe, A. N., and Senftle, Frank, 1960, for uranium-bearing lignite, Mendenhall area, Harding Tektites and glasses from melted terrestrial rocks [abs.]: County, South Dakota, chap. D in Uranium in coal in the Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30, 1960, western United States: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL 1055, p. Program, p. 80. 97-148, phs. 22-29, figs. 13-18. Friedman, J. D., 1959a, SP/Sr isotople-abundance ratios and Gilluly, James, 1960, A folded thrust in Nevada-inferences as genesis of sulfide ore bodies at Summitville and Ellenville, to time relations between folding and faulting: Am. Jour. New York [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, ScL, v. 258-A, p. 8-79. pt. 2, p. 1806. Glover, Lynn, 1959, Stratigraphy and uranium content of the - 1959b, Development of geologic thought concerning Chattanooga shale in northeastern Alabama, northwestern Ulster County, New York: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., Georgia, and eastern Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL v. 49, no.7, p. 252-2555. 1087-E, p. 133-168, p1s. 14-18, figs. 16-20. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A115

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., 1960, Some American midcontinent Hall, W. B., 1959, Geochemical study of lead-sllver-zinec ore Carboniferous cephalopods: Jour. Paleontology, v. 84, no. from the Darwin mine, Inyo County, California: Mining 1, p. 183-151. Eng. v. 11, no.9, p. 940. Gott, G. B., Braddock, W. A., and Post, E. V., 1960, Uranium Hallgarth, W. E., 1900, Stratigraphy of Paleozoic rocks in deposits of the southwestern Black Hills: Geol. Soc. Amer- northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas ica, Rocky Mtn. Sec., 18th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Inv. Map OC-59. Apr. 28-30, program, p. 9. Hamilton, Warren, 1959, Chemistry of granophyres from Gottfried, David, Jaffee. H. W., and Senftle, F. E., 1959, Eval- Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma: Geol. Soc. America Bull., uation of the lead-alpha (Larsen) method for determining v. 70, no. 8, p. 1119-1126. ages of igneous rocks: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1097-A, p. 1900n, Origin of the Gulf of Callfornia [abs.]: Am. 1-63, pI. 1, figs. 1-6. Geophys Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-0, 1960, Pro- Goudarzi, Gus, 1959, A summary of the geologic history of gram, p. 75. Libya: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report [On file in the 1960b, Antarctic tectonics and continental drift: Am. Office of the Petroleum Committee, Ministry of the Natl. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists Economy, Tripoli, Libya, and U.S. Geol. Survey Library, and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, Washington, D.C., 61 p., 1 pI.] April 25-28,1900, program, p. 72. Grantz, Arthur, 1960a, Geologic map of Talkeetna Mountains 1960c, Motion pictures of geologic field work in the (A-2) quadrangle,. Alaska, and the contiguous area to the Antarctic [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., north and northwest: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Apr. 274S0,1960, Program, p. 76. Map 1-313. Hamilton, Warren, and Hayes, P. T., 1959a, U.S. Geological - 19l0b, Geologic map of Talkeetna Mountains (A-1) Survey work in south Victoria Land in 1958-1959: Polar- quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Record, v. 9, no. 63, p. 575. Map 1-814. - 1959b, Cover picture showing the Taylor glacier, south 1960c, Generalized geologic map of the Nelchina area, Victoria Land with a short description of movement in the Alaska, showing igneous rocks and larger faults: U.S. glacier: GeoTimes, v. 4, no. 1. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-812. Hansen, W. R., 1960, An improved Jacob staff for measuring Griffitts, W. R., 1959, Non-pegmatitic deposits of beryllium in inclined stratigraphlc intervals: Am. Assoc. Petroleum the United States, tabs.]: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 12, p. Geologists Bull., v. 44, no. 2, p. 252-254. 1227. Harbour, R. L., and Dixon, G. H., 1959, Coal resources of Grimaldi, F. B., 1960, Determination of niobium in the parts Trinidad-Aguilar area, Las Animas and Huerfano Counties, per million range In rocks: Anal. Chemistry, v. S2, no. 1. Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-G, p. 445-489, pls. p. 119-121. 10-14, fig. 17. Grimaldi, F. S., and Sdhnepfe, N. M., 1959, Semlmicro determin- Hartshorn, J. H., 1959, Groundhog 1959-East Greenland, in ation of combined tantalum and niobium with selenous acid: Bushnell, V. C., ed., Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Anal. Chemistry, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1270-1272. Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Geophys. Griscom, Andrew, 1959, Martic line in Pennsylvania-an aero- Research Directorate, Research Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN- magnetic interpretation [abe.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., 59-661, p. 61-67. v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1612. Hass, W. H., 1959, Conodont faunas from the Devonian of New Grye, George, 1959, Alaska's possible future petroleum re- York and Pennsylvania [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., sources: Fairbanks News-Miner, Sec. 11, p. 122, 124, Nov. v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1615. 11, 1959. Hathaway, J. C., 1959, Mixed-layered structures in vanadium clays, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry 1960, Progress report-A study of of tectonics of Alaska and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: [abs.]: Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Cal- gary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered]. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 820, p. 133-138. Hawkins, D. B., Canney, F. C., and Ward, F. N., 1959, Plastic Hack, J. T., 1960, Interpretation of erosional topography in standards for geochemical prospecting: Econ. Geology, v. humid temperate regions: Am. Jour. S&., v. 258-A, p. 54, no. 4, p. 738-744. 80-97. Hayes, P. T., 1959, San Andres limestone and related Permian Hack, J. T., and Young, R. B., 1959, Intrenched meanders of rocks in Last Chance Canyon and vicinity, southeastern the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, Virginia: U.S. New Mexico: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 354-A, p. 1-10, pI. 1, figs. 1-5. 43, no. 9, p. 2197-2213. Hadley, J. B., 1959a, The Madison Canyon landslide: Geo- Hemphill, W. R., 1959, Photogeologic map of the Notom-1 Times, v. 4, no. 3,p. 14-17. quadrangle, Wayne County, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. - 1959b, Structure of the north part of the Gravelly Geol. Inv. Map I-294. Range, Madison County, Montana [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Henbest, L. G., 1960, Reclassification, living habits, and shell American Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1778. mineralogy of certain Late Paleozolc sedentary foramini- Hale, W. E., and Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., 1959, Preliminary ap- fera: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. praisal of ground-water conditions in southeastern Eddy Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic County and southwestern Lea County, New Mexico: U.S. City, New Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program, p. 82. Geol. Survey TEM-1045, open-file report, 29 p. Henderson, R. G., 1900, A comprehensive system of automatic Hall, C. A., Jones, D. L., and Brooks, S. A., 1959, Pigeon Point computation in magnetic and gravity interpretation: Geo- formation of Late Cretaceous age in San Mateo County, physics, v. 25, no. , p. 569-585. California: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, Hewett, D. F., and Flelscher, Michael, 1960, Deposits of the no. 12, p. 2855-2859. manganese oxides: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 1-55. A116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Heyl, A. V., Jr., Agnew, A. F., Lyons, E. J., and Behre, C. H., Jr., Houser, F. N., and Ekren, E. B., 19509b, Cretaceous strata of the 1960, The geology of the upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead Ute Mountains area of southwestern Coloradof in Rocky district: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 309, 310 P., 24 Mountain Assoc. of Geologists, Guidebook, 11th Ann. Field pls., 101 figs. Conf., Symposium on Cretaceous rocks of Colorado and ad- Heyl, A. V., Jr., Milton, Charles, and Axelrod, J. M., 1959, jacent areas, p. 145-152. Nickel minerals from near Linden, Iowa County, Wiscon- Houser, F. N., and Poole, F. G., 1959a, Granite exploration hole, sin: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 995-1009. area 15 Nevada Test Slte, Nye County, Nevada-Interim Hildebrand, F. A., 1959, Zones of hydrothermally altered rocks report, Part A, Structural, petrographic and chemical data: in eastern Puerto Rico: San Juan, P.R., Dept. Indus. U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-836, open-file report, 58 p. Inv., Adm. Govt. Econ., Informes Teenicos, p. 82-96 [in 1959b, Llthologic log and drill information for the Mar- Spanish]. ble exploration hole 3, U15 area, Nevada Test Site, Nye Hilpert, L. S., and Moench, R. H., 1900, Uranium deposits of County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-1031, open-file the southern part of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico: report, 22 p. Econ. Geology, v. 55, no, 3, 429-464. 1960, Primary structures in pyroclastie rocks of the Hoare, J. M., and Coonrad, W. L., 1960a, Geology of the Rus- Oak Spring formation (Tertiary), northeastern. Nevada sian Mission quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Test Site, Nye County, Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soe. America, Geol. Inv. Map 1-292. Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B.C. 1960b, Geology of the Bethel quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. program, p. 28. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-285. Holmes, C. D., and Colton, R. B., 1960, Patterned ground near Hubbert, M. M, and Rubey, W. W., 1960, Role of fluid pres- Dundas (Thule Air Force Base), Greenland: Meddelelser sure in mechanics of overthrust faulting; a reply: Geol. Om Gronland, v. 158, no. 6, 15 p. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 5, p. 617-628. Holmes, G. W., 1959a, The Mt. Cbamberlin-Barter Island Huddle, J. W., and Patterson, S H., 1959, Recent ideas on the project, 1959, program and operations, in Bushnell, V. C., origin of underplay seat earths [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Amer- ed., Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Oct 1959, Air lca Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1621. Force Cambridge Research Center, Geophys. Research Hummel, C. L., 1960, Structural geology and structural con- Directorate, Research Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-661, trol of mineral deposits In an area near Nome, Alaska p. 94. [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May - 1959b, Glacial geology of the Mt. Michelson B-2 quadran- 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B.C., program, p. 29. gle, Alaska, in U.S. Geol Survey, Military Geology Branch, Hunt, C. B., 1960, Geologic mapping by helicopter: GeoTimes, Preliminary report of the Mt. Chamberlin-Barter Island v. 4, no. 7, p. 12-14,40-41. project, Alaska: prepared for Air Force Cambridge Re- Hurley, P. M., Boucot, A. J., Albee, A. L,, Paul, Henry, Pinson, search Center, USAF, under Contract C 50-58-38, AFCRC- W. H., and Falrbairn, H. W., 1959, Minimum age of the TN-59-650, p. 47-60. Lower Devonian slate near Jackson, Maine: Geol. Soc. 1959c, Introduction, in U.S. Geol. Survey, Military Geol- America Bull., v. 70, no. 7, p. 947-950. ogy Branch, Preliminary report of the Mt. Chamberlin- Imlay, R. W., Dole, H. M., Wells, F. G., and Peck, D. L., 1959, Barter Island project, Alaska: prepared for AMr Force Relations of certain Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Cambridge Research Center, USAF, under Contract C 50- formations In southwestern Oregon: Am. Assoc. Petroleum 58-38, AFCRC-TN-59-650, p. 1-5. Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12, p. 2770-2785. - 51959d, Glaciation In the Johnson River-Tok area, Alas- Izett, G. A., Mapel, W. J., and Pilmore, C. L, 1960, Early ka Range [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, Cretaceous folding on the west flank of the Black Hills, pt. 2, p. 1620. Wyoming: GeoL Som. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th mtg., Holmes, G. W., and Lewis, C. B., 1900, Glacial geology of the Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, program, p. 10. Mt. Chamberlin area, Brooks Range, Alaska (abs.]: Inter- Jackson, W. H., and Warrick, R. EL, 1959, Acoustic velocities nat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, and elastic parameters of salt and potash ore from measure- 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered]. ments in the United States Potash Company mine, in Roller, Hopkins, D. M., 1959a, Some characteristics of the climate in J. C, and others, Seismic measurements by the U.S. Geo- forest and tundra regions of Alaska: Arctic, v. 12, no. logical Survey during the pre-Gnome high-explosive tests; 4, p. 215-220. a preliminary summary: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-774, open- - 1959b, History of Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula, file report, p. 26-32. Alaska: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 8, p. 1033-1046. Jaffe, H. W., Gottfrled, David, Waring, C. 1., and Worthing, Hopkins, D. M., and Benninghoff, W. S., 1960, Upper Tertiary H. W., 1959, Lead-alpha age determinations of accessory sediments In Alaska and northwestern Canada [abs.]: In- minerals of igneous rocks (1953-1957): U.S. Geol. Survey ternat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. Bull. 1097-B, p. 65-14& 11-13, 1900, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered]. Jiger, Emilie, and Faul, Henry, 1959, Age measurements on Hose, RFLK., and Repenning, C. A., 1959, Stratigraphy of some granites and gneisses from the Alps: Geol. Soc. Amer- Pennsylvanian, Permlan and Lower Triassic rocks of Con- iea Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 1, p. 1553-1558. fusion Range, west-central Utah: Amer. Assoc. Petroleum James, H. L., 1959, General features of stable-isotope research, Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 9, p. 2167-2196. as applied to problems of ore deposits: Introduction [abs.]: Houser, F. N., and Ekren, E. B., 1959a, Preliminary geologic Geol. Soc. America BulL, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1623. map of the Moqul SW quadrangle, Montezuma County, 1960, Problems of stratigraphy and correlation of Pre- Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies cambrian rocks, with particular reference to the Lake Map MF-21& Superior region: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 104-114. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A117

James, H. L., Dutton, C. E., Pettijohn, F. J., and Wier, K. LL, Kachadoorian, Reuben, Sainsbury, C. L., and Campbell, R. H., 1940, Geologic map of the Iron River-Crystal Falls dis- 1959, Geologic factors affecting proposed nuclear test near trict, Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Cape Thompson, northwest Alaska [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Studies Map MF-225. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1795. Jones, C. L, 1959, Potash deposits in the Carlsbad district, Karlstrom, T. N. V., 1959, Reassessment of radiocarbon dating southeastern New Mexico [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., and correlations of standard late Pleistocene chronologies v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1625. [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1627. 1960, Thickness, character, and structure of upper Per- - B1960, Pleistocene physical and biologic environments of mian evaporites in part of Eddy County, New Mexico: Pacific Coastal southcentral and southwestern Alaski U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-1033, open-file report, 19 p. [abs.]: Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Cal- gary, Jan. 11-13, 1900, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered]. Jones, C. L, and Madsen, B. M., 1959, Observations on igneous Karlstrom, T. N. V., and others, 1959, Surficlal deposits map of intrusions in late Permian evaporites, southeastern New Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file map. Mexico [abs.]: Geol. Sac. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. l625. Kaye, C. A., 1959a, Geology of the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap~er 317-A, p. 1-48, Jones, D. L, 1959, Stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous rocks in pls. 1-9, figs. 1-5. Yreka-Hornbrook area, northern California [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1726. - 1959b, Shoreline features and Quaternary shoreline changes, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 317-B, - 1960a, Lower Cretaceous (Albian) fossils from south- p. 49-140, pls. 1, 10-11, figs. 6-43. western Oregon and their paleogeographic significance: Jour. Paleontology, v. 84, no. 1, p. 152-160. 1959c, Geology of Isla Mona, Puerto Rico, and notes on age of Mona Passage, with a section on The petrography of - 1960b, Pelecypods of the genus Pterotrigoniafrom the the phosphorites, by Z. S. Altschuler: U.S. Geol. Survey west coast of North America: Jour. Paleontology, v. 84, Prof. Paper 317-C, p. 141-178, pis. 12-18, figs. 1, 64-69. no. 8, p. 433439 [pl. 59,60; 2 text figs.]. Keller, A. S., and Reiser, H. N., 1959, Geology of the Mount Jones, W. R., Peoples, J. W., and Howland, A. L., 1960, Igneous Katmai area, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1058-G, p. and tectonic structures of the Stiliwater complex, Mon- 261-298, pls. 29-32, figs. 44-46. tana: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1071-H, p. 281-340, pls. 28-25, figs. 88-45. Keller, G. V., 1959a, Electrical properties of sandstones of the Morrison formation: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1052-X, p. Johnson, H. S., Jr., 1959a, Uranium resources of the Cedar 307-344, pls. 12-13, figs. 95-108. Mountain area, Emery County, Utah, a regional synthesis: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1087-B, p. 23-58, figs. 8S.. - 1959b, Directional resistivity measurements in exploration for uranium deposits on the Colorado Plateau: U.S. - 1959b, Uranium resources of the Green River and Henry Geol. Survey Bull. 1083-B, p. 37-72, figs. 9-28. Mountains districts, Utah, a regional synthesis: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1087-C, p. 59-104, pls. 6-9, fig. 9. Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, F. C., 1960, Electrical resistivity studies on the Athabasca glacier, Alberta, Canada [abs.]: Johnson, R. B., 1960, Geology of the Huerfano Park area, Huer- Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. fano and Custer Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers [unnumbered]. Bull. 1071-D, p. 87-119, pls. 4-9, fig. 11. Keller, G. V, and Licastro, P. H., 1959, Dielectric constant and Johnson, R. W., Jr., 1959, Aeromagnette survey of a mica peri- electrical resistivity of natural-state cores: U.S. Geol. dotite body in Union County, Tennessee [abs.]; Geol. Soc. Survey Bull. 1052-H, p. 257-285, figs. 68-88. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1764. Keller, G. V., and others, 1959, Character of the Oak Spring Johnson, W. D., Jr., and Kunkel, R. P., 1959, The Square But- formation (Tertiary) [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. tes coal field, Oliver and Mercer Counties, North Dakota: 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1628. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1076,91 p., 7 pls., 4 figs. Keller, G. V., and Plouff, Donald, 1959, Geophysical Investiga- Johnston, J. E., Trumbull, James, and Eaton, G. P., 1959, Will tions at Fletcher's Iee Island, in Bushnell, V. C., ed., Proc. we find natural gas near northeast markets?: Gas Age, 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cam- v. 124, no. 4, p. 25-31; and The petroleum potential of the bridge Research Center, Geophya. Research Directorate, emerged and submerged Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Research Notes, no. 29, AFORC-TN-59-661, p. 102-110. United States: World Petroleum Cong., 5th, New York, Keller, W. D., 1959, Clay minerals in the mudstones of the ore- 1959, Proc., v. 1, p. 435-445 [1960]. bearing formations, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1960, Engineering geology bearing on 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau harbor site selection along the Gulf of Alaska from Point uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 113- 119. Whitshed to Cape Yakataga, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-642, open-file report, 82 p. Kepferle, R. C., 1959, Uranium In Sharon Springs member of Pierre shale, South Dakota and northeastern Nebraska: Kachadoorian, Reuben, Campbell, R. H., Sainsbury, C. L., and U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1046-R, p. 577-604, pls. 50-53, figs. Scholl, D. W., 1959, Geology of the Ogotoruk Creek area, 85-92. northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-976, open-file Ketner, K. B., and McGreevy, L. T., 1959, Stratigraphy of the report, 43 p., 8 pls., 3 figs., 7 tables. area between Hernando and Hardee Counties, Florida: Kachadoorian, Reuben, and others, 1960, Geologic investiga- U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1074-C, p. 49-124, pls. 3-5, figs. 38-. tions in support of Project Chariot in vicinity of Cape King, E. R., 1959a, Regional magnetic map of Florida: Am.. Thompson, northwestern Alaska-preliminary report: U.S. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12, p. 2844- Geol. Survey TEI-753, open-file report, 94 p. 2854. 557328 0 - 60 -9 AilS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

King, E. R., 1959b, Two aeromagnetic profiles across western Lachenbruch, A. H., 1959a, The contraction theory of Ice-wedge Kansas, in Symposlum, on geophysics in Kansas: Kansas polygons, in Bushnell, V. C., ed;, Proc. 2d Ann. Arctic GeoL Survey Bull, 137, p. 135141. Planning Con!., Oct 1959, Air Force Cambridge Research King, E. R., and Zletz, Isidore, 1960, Thickness of the sedimen- Center, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research Notes, tary section In the Appalachian basin: Am. Assoc. Petro- no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-B61, p. 163. leum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and - 1959b, Effects of the ocean on earth temperature, in Pdwd Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, T. L, Hopkins, D. M., and Lachenbruch, A. H., Engineering April 25-28,1960, program, p. 6& geology bearing on harbor site selection along northwest King, E. R., Zietz, Isidore, and Dempsey, W. J., 1960, Aeromag- coast of Alaska from Nome to Point Barrow: U.S. Geol. netlc profiles over the Atlantic continental shelf and slope: Survey TEI-678, open-file report, p. 45-SO. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontolo- 1959c, Periodic heat Blow in a stratified medium with gists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New application to permafrost problems: U.S. Geol. Survey BuLl Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program, p. 36. 1083-A, p. 1-36, pls. 1-3, figs. 1-8 King, P. B., 1960, The anatomy and habitat of low-angle thrust - 1959d, Contraction theory of Ice-wedge polygons [abs.]: faults: Am. Jour. Sge., v. 258-A, p. 115-125. GeoL Soc. America BulL, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1796. King, R. R., Jussen, V. M., Loud, E. S., and Conant, G. D., 1960, 1960, Mechanical aspects of the contraction theory of Ice Bibliography of North Amerloan geology, 1957: U.S. Geol. wedge polygons [abs.]: Internat, Symposium on Arctic Survey Bull. 1095, 531 p. Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13,1960, Abstracts of Papers King, R. R., and others, 1959, Bibliography of North American [unnumbered].. geology, 1956: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1075, 554 p. Lachenbruch, A. H., and Brewer, M. C., 1959, Dissipation of Kinney, D. M., and Hail, W. J., Jr., 1959, Upper Cretaceous the temperature effect of drilling a well In Arctic Alaska: rocks In North Park, Jackson County, Colorado, in Rocky U.S. GeoL Survey Bull. 1083-C, p. 73-109, figs. 29-35. Mtn. Assoc. Geologists Guidebook 11th Ann. Field Conf.: Lachenbruch, A. H., and Greene, G. W., 1960, Pre~lminary report p. 105-109. of geothermal studies at the Ogotoruk Creek Chariot site, Kinney, D. M., Hansen, W. R., and Good, J. M., 1959, Distribu- northwestern Alaska, in Kachadoorian, Reuben, and others, tion of Browns Park formation in eastern Ulnta Mountains, Geologic Investigations in support of Project Chariot In the northeastern Utah and' northwestern Colorado [abs.]: vicinity of Cape Thompson, northwestern Alaska-Prelim- GeoL Soc. America Bull, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1630. inary Report: U.S. Geol. Survey TI0I-753, 94 p., open-file Kinoshita, W. T., and Kent, B. H., 1900, Photogrammetric report determination of elevations for gravity surveys: Geophys- Ladd, H. S., 1959, Re-examination of Palaeocreuai devonica les, v. 25, no. 2, p. 445-450. Clarke: Jour. Paleontology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 963-96 Kinser, C. A., 1959, Modified fiexaframe connector: Chemist- 1900, Origin of the Pacific island molluscan fauna: Am. Analyst, v. 48, no. 3, p. 80. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 137-150. Klepper, M. R., and Smedes, H. W., 1959, Elkhorn Mountains Landis, B. R., 1959, Coal resources of Colorado: U.S. Geol. volcanic field, western Montana [abs]: Geol. Soc. America Survey Bull. 1072-C, p. 131-232, pls. 2-3, figs. 5-8.' Bull., v. 70, no. 12 pt. 2, p. 1631. 1900, Uranium content of ground and surface waters In Knechtel, M. M., Hosterman, J. W., and Hamlin, H. P., 1959, a part of the central Great Plains: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL Bloating clay deposits in southern Maryland: U.S. Geol. 1087-G, p. 223-250, pl. 20, fg. 25. Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines, open-file report. Larsen, E. S. 3d, and Gottfried, David, 1960, Uranium and Kottlowski, F. E., 1960a, Geology and coal deposits of the Switz City quadrangle, Greene County, Indiana: U.S. Geol. Survey thorium in selected suites of igneous rocks: Am. Jour. Scd., Coal Inv. Map C-41. v. 258-A, p. 151-169. - 196Db, Geology and coal deposits of the Coal City quad- Lathram, E. H., 1960, Patterns of structural geology in the rangle, Greene, Clay, and Owen Counties, Indiana: U.S. northern part of southeastern Alaska [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Geol. Survey Coal Inv. Map C-28. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, Kremp, G. 0. W., Ames, H. T., and Frederiksen, N. O., 1959, B.C., program, p. 30. The organspecles concept and the International Code of Lathram, E. H., Loney, R. A., Condon, W. H., and Berg, H. C., Botanical Nomenclature: Taxon, v. 8, no. 3, p. 91-95. 1959, Progress map of the geology of the Juneau quad- KrempA G. 0. W., Kovar, A. J., and Riegel, W. L., 1959, Pollen rangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol Inv. Map and spore content of modern organic sediments from Florida I-303. compared to the microfioral assemblages characterizing Laurence, R. A., 1960, Geologic problems in the Sweetwater lithotypes of Tertiary coal seams from Germany and South barite district, Tennessee: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. Dakota [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America BulL, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 170-179. 2, p. 1632. Leo, G. W., 1960, Autunite from Mt Spokane, Washington: Krieger, Medora H., 1959, Cambrian age of some of the basal Am. Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. 99-128. Paleozoic sandstone in central Arizona [abs.] Geol. Soc. Leonard, B. F., and VYlsidis, A. C., 1960, Vonsenite from St. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1729. Lawrence County, northwest Adirondacksi New York: Krinsley, D. B., 1960, Late Pleistocene glaciation in northeast Am. Mineralogist, v.45, nos. 3-4, p. 439-442. Greenland [abs.]: Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, Lesure, F. G., 1959, Deformation In pegmatites of the Spruce 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers Pine district, North Carolina [abs.]: GeoL Soc. America [unnumbered]. Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1766. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A119

Lewis, C. R., 1959a, Geology of Barter Island and the Arctic McGill, J.. T., 1959, Preliminary map of landslides in the Coast, Alaska, in U.S. Geol. Survey, 'Military Geology Pacific Palisades area, City of Los Angeles, California: Branch, Preliminary report of the Mt. Chamberlin-Barter U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Field Studies Map 1-284. Island project, Alaska: prepared for Air Force Cambridge McKee, E. D., 1959, Storm sediments on a Pacific atoll: Jour. Research Center, USAF, under Contract C 50-88, SWd. Petrology, v. 29, no. 3, p. 354-364. AFCRC-TN---50, p. 61-3. 1960a, Cycles in carbonate rocks: Am. Jour. Mci., v. - 1959b, Preliminary progress report, Arctic Coast geolog- 258-A, p. 230-233. ical investigations 1959, in Bushnell, V. C., ed., Proc. 2d 1960b, Laboratory experiments on the form and structure Ann. Artic Planning Conf., Oct. 1959, Air Force Cambridge of offshore bars and beaches (abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Research Center, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research Geologists Tech. Program, Atlantic City, N.J., April, 1960, Notes, no. 29, AFCRC-TN-59-61, p. 111-114. p. 26. Lewis, R. Q., Sr., Nelson, W. H., and Powers, H. A., 1960, Geol- McKee, E. D., and others, 1960, Paleotectonic maps-Triassic ogy of Rat Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U.S. Geol. system: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-800. Survey Bull. 1028-Q, p. 555-2, pl. 70, fig. 79. McKelvey, V. E., 1959, Relation of upwelling marine waters Lewis, R. Q., Sr., and Trimble, D. E., 1900, Geology and to phosphorite and oil [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., uranium deposits of Monument Valley, San Juan County, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1783. Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1087-D, p. 105-181, pis. -- 1900, Relation of reserves of the elements to their crustal 10-13, figs. 10-15. abundance: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 234-241. Lindberg, M. L., and Christ, C. L;, 1959a, Crystal structures McKelvey, V. E., and others, 1959, The Phosphoria, Park City, of the isostructural minerals lazuUte, scorzalite, and barbo- and Shedhorn formations in the western phosphate field: salite [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 818-A, p. 1-47, pls. 1-3, 2, p. 1639. figs. 1-6. - 1959b, Crystal structures of the Isostructural minerals McKeown, F. A., and others, 1959, PrellmInwry report on the lazulite, scorzalite, and barbosalite: Acta Crystallographica, geologic effects of Logan underground test, U12e.02 tunnel, v. 12, pt. 9, p. 695-97. Rainier Mesa, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Lohman, K. E., 1900a, The ubiquitous diatom-a brief survey TEM-986, open-file report, 80 p. of the present state of knowledge: Am. Jour. SBl., v. 258-A, McKeown, F. A., and Wilmarth, V. R., 1959, Geology of the p. 180-191. Marble exploration hole 4, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, - 1960b, Stratigraphic correlation by diatoms: Am. Assoc. Nevada: U.S. GeoL Survey TEM-1080, open-file report, 26 p. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and MacKevett, E. M., Jr., 1959a, Geology of the Ross-Adams ura- Mineralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, nium-thorium deposit, Alaska: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 9, April 25-28,1960, program, p. 84. p. 915-919. Longwell, C. R., 1960, Possible explanation of diverse structural 1959b, Types of uranium-thorium deposits near Bokan patterns In southern Nevada: Am. Jour. SBl., v. 258-A, p. Mountain, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska [abs.]: Geol. 192-203. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12,-pt. 2, p. 1796. Love, J. D., 1959, Postglacial movement along normal faults Malde, H. E., 1959a, Geology of the Charleston phosphate area, in and adjacent to Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming South Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1079, 105 p., 10 (abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. TO, no. 12, pt. 2, p. pls., 18 figs. 1782. 1959b, Fault zone along northern boundary of western - 1960, Cenozoic sedimentation and crustal movement In Snake River Plain, Idaho: Science, v. 130, no. 8370, p. m. Wyoming: Am. Jour. Sge., v. 258-A, p. 204-214. Mallory, V. S., 1959, Review of Lower Tertiary biostratigraphy Love, J. D., and Milton, Charles, 1959, Uranium and phosphate of the California Coast Ranges: Jour. Paleontology, v. 83, In the Green River formation of Wyoming [abs.]: Geol. no. 6, p. 1120-1122. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1640. Mamay, S. H., 1959, A new Bowmanitean fructification from Lovering, T. B., and others, 1960, Geologic and alteration maps the Pennsylvanian of Kansas: Am. Jour. Botany, v. 46, of the East Tintic mining district, Utah: U.S. Geol. Sur- no. 7, p. 530-536. vey Mineral Inv. Fieid Studies Map Mr-230. Mapel, W. J., and Gott, G. B., 1959, Diagrammatic restored Lovering, T. B., and Shepard, A. 0., 1960, Hydrothermal altera- section of the Inyan Kara group, Morrison formation, and tion zones caused by halogen acid solutions, East Tintic Unkpapa sandstone on the western side of the Black Hills, district, Utah: Am. Jour. Sge., v. 258-A, p. 215-229. Wyoming and South Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Luedke, E. M., Wrucke, C. T., and Graham, J. A., 1959, Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-218. occurrences of New York State with selected references to Mapel, W. J., and Hall, W. J., Jr., 1959, Tertiary geology of each locality: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL 1072-F, p. 385-444, the Goose Creek district, Cassla County, Idaho, Box Elder pI. 9. County, Utah, and Elko County, Nevada, chap. H. in Mabey, D. R., 1900, Gravity survey of the western Mojave Uranium in coal in the we*rn United States: U.S. Geol. Desert, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 816-D. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 217-254, pIl. 46-0, figs. 8&-88. Mabey, D. R., and others, 1959, Geophysical exploration for Marcher, M. V., 1959, Mississippian stratigraphy of the north- salines in the western Mojave Desert, California: Geo- western Highland Rim in Tennessee (abs.]: Geol. Soc. physics, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1148. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1767. McClymonds, N. E., 1959, Stratigraphy and structure of the Marshall, C. H., 1959, Photogeologlc map of the Desert Lake-4 central Waterman Mountains, Pima County, Arizona quadrangle, Emery and Carbon Countles, Utah: U.S. Geol. tabs]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1785. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-295. A120 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1980-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Marshall, C. H., 1960a, Photogeologic map of the Crooks Creek Milton, Charles, Mrose, M. B., Chao, E. C. T., and Fahey, J. J., SE quadrangle, Fremont and Sweetwater Counties, Wyo- 1959, Norsethite, BaMg(CO.),, a new mineral from the ming: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I-WC Green River formation, Wyoming tabs.]: Geol. Soc. America - 1960b, Photogeologic map of the Crooks Creek SW quad- Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1646. rangle, Fremont and Sweetwater Counties, Wyoming: Minard, J. P., 1960, Color aerial photographs facilitate geologic U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-305. mapping on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey: - 1960c, Photogeologic map of the Split Rock SW quad- Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 2A, no. 1, p. 112-116. rangle, Freemont and Sweetwater Counties, Wyoming: Moore, G. W., 1959a, description of core from AEC drill hole U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I-SW. no. 1, Project Gnome, Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S. Martinez, Prudenclo, and Senftle, F. E., 1960, Effect of crystal Geol. Survey TEM-927, open-Ale report, 27 p. thickness and geometry on the alpha particle resolution 1959b, Alteration of gypsum to form the Capitan lime- of CsI (Ti): Review of Scientific Instruments (in press). stone of New Mexico and Texas tabs.]: Geol. Soc. America Marvin, Richard, and Magin, G. B., Jr., 1959, Synthesis of cal- Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1646. cium vanadate minerals and related compounds, in Garrels, Moore, G. W., Melin, R. B., and Kepferle, R. C., 1969, Uranium- R. M., and Larsen, R. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy bearing lignite in southwestern North Dakota, chap. B in of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Uranium In coal In the western United States: U.S. Geol. Prof. Paper 320, p. 103-111. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 147-166, pls. 30-32, figs. 19-27. Mason, A. C., Elias, M. M., Hackman, R. J., and Olson, A. B., Motts, W. S., 1959, Age of the Carlsbad caverns and related 1959, Terrain study and map of the surface of the moon caves in rocks of Guadalupe age west of the Pecos River [abs.]: GeoL Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1644. in southeastern New Mexico [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America - 91960, Terrain study and map of the surface of the moon Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1737. labs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-30, Moxham, R. M., 1960, Airborne radioactivity surveys in geologic 1960, Program, p. 23 exploration: Geophysics, v. 25, no. 2, p. 408-432, 11 figs. Masursky, Harold, and Pipiringos, G. N., 1959, Uranium-bearing Moxham, M. M., Eckhart, R. A., and Cobb, E. H., 1960, Geology coal in the Red Desert area, Sweetwater County, Wyoming, and cement raw materials of the Windy Creek area, Alaska: chap. G in Uranium in coal in the western United States: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL 1039-1D, p. 67-100, pl. 11, figs. 13-17. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 181-215, pls. 36-45, figs. Mrose, M. E., and von Knorring, Oleg, 1959, The mineralogy of 30-35. vaiyrynenite (Mn, Fe) Be(PO) (OH): Zeitschr. Kristal- Mertie, J. B, Jr., 1960, Monazite and related minerals, in lographie, v. 112, p. 275-288 Industrial minerals and rocks: Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Mrose, M. E., and Wappner, Blanca, 1959, New data on the and Petroleum Engineers, 3d ed., p. 623-829. hydrated scandium phosphate minerals: sterrettite, "eg- Meyrowitz, Robert, Cuttitta, Frank, and Hickling, Nelson, 1959, gonite," and kolbeckite [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., A new diluent for bromoform in heavy liquid separation of minerals: Am. Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 7-8, p. 884-885. v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1648. Miller, D. J, 1960a, Giant waves In Lltuya Bay, Alaska: U.S. Mudge, M. R., 1959, A brief summary of the geology of the Sun Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 354-C, p. 51-8, pls. 2-10, figs. River Canyon area, Montana, in Billings Geol. Soc. Guide- 14-20, 1 table. book 10th Ann. Field Conf.: p. 18-22. - 1960b, The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958; Giant Mudge, M. R., and Burton, R. H., 1959, Geology of Wabaunsee wave In Lituya Bay: Seismol. Soc. America Bull., v. 50, County, Kansas: U.S. GeoL Survey Bull. 1068, 210 p., 19 no. 2, p. 253-268. pis., 3 figs. Miller, D. J., MacNeil, F. S., and Wahrhaftig, Clyde, 1960, Mudge, M. M., and Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1959, Road Log-Au- Correlation of the Tertiary rocks of Alaska: U.S. Geol. gusta to Gibson Reservoirs, in Billings Geol. Soc. Guide- Survey open-file report. book, 10th Ann. Field Conf.: p. 154-158, 4 figs., 1 map. Miller, D. J., Payne, T. G., and Gryc, George, 1959, Geology of Mudge, M. R., Walters, C. P., and Skoog, R. B., 1959, Geology possible petroleum provinces In Alaska (with an annotated and construction-material resources of Nemaha County, bibliography by E. H. Cobb): U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1094, Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1000-1D, p. 179-256, pls. 131 p., 6 pis., 3 figs. 6-7, figs. 9-10. Miller, Robert D., and Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1960, SurficIal Muessig, S. J., and Quinlan, J. J., 1959, Geologic map of the geology of Anchorage and vicinity, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Sur- Republic and part of the Wauconda quadrangles, Wash- vey Bull. 1093, 128 p., 10 pls., 7 figs. ington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file map. Milton, Charles, Chao, E. C. T., Axelrod, J. M., and Grimaldi, Murata, K. J., 1900, A new method of plotting chemical analyses F. S., 1960, Reedmergnerite, NaBSi.Os, the boron analogue of basaltic rocks: Am. Jour. Sci. v. 258-A, p. 247-252. of albite, from the Green River formation, Utah: Am. Murphy, T. D., 1960, Distribution of silica resources in eastern Mineralogist, v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. 188-199. United States: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL 1072-Lb p. 657-665, Milton, Charles, and Eugater, Hans, 1959, Mineral assemblages pls. 30-38. in the Green River formation, in Abelson, P. H., ed., Re- Myers, W. B., 1960, Structural deformation accompanying the searches in Geochemistry: New York, John Wiley and Sons. earthquake of August 17, 1959 In southwest Montana Milton, Charles, and Fahey, J. J., 1960, Classification and [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg. Apr. 27-30, association of the carbonate minerals of the Green River 1960, Program, p. 65. formation: Am. Jour. Sge., v. 258-A, p. 242-24& Nakagawa, H. M., and Ward, F. N., 1960, Determination of Milton, Charles, and Ingram, B. L,, 1959, Note on "revoredite" molybdenum In water after collection on Ion-exchange and related lead-sulfur-arsenic glasses: Ain. Mineralogist, resin tabs.]: Pittsburgh Conf. on AnaL Chemistry and v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 1070-1076. Appl. Spectroscopy, Abstracts p. 36. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A121

Nelson, W. H., 1959, Stratigraphy of the Newland limestone and Patterson, S. H., 1960, Progress report on the Investigations the Missoula group of the Belt series: Geol. Soc. America of bauxite deposits In the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii: Rocky Mountain Section Guidebook, 12th Ann. Mtg., May 14- U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. 17, p. 47-57. Patterson, S. H., and Hosterman, J. W, 1960, Geology of the Neuerburg, X. J., and Granger, H. C., 1960, A geochemical test clay deposits in the Olive Hill district, Kentucky, in Clays of diabase as an ore source for the uranium deposits of and clay minerals: Natl. Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals, the Dripping Spring district, Arizona: Neues Jahrb. Min- 7th, Proc., Pergamon Press, p. 178-194. eralogie, Abh., v. 94, Festband Ramdohr, p. 759-797. Patton, W. W., Jr., 1959, Geology of the upper Killik-Itkillik Neuman, R. B., 1960, The St. Paul group of Maryland, in Gates, region, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 142 p. Olcott, ed., Lower Paleozonic carbonate rocks in Maryland Patton, W. W., Jr., and Matzko, J. J., 1959, Phosphate deposits and Pennsylvania: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in in northern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 302-A, Geology, no. 18 [Guidebook 3], p. 16-18, 24-26. p. 1-17, pls. 1-6, figs. 14. Newman, W. I., and Elston, D. P., 1959, Distribution of chemi- Pearson, R. C., 1959, Metamorphosed lamprophyre and related cal elements In the Salt Wash member of the Morrison dikes, northern Sawatch Range, central Colorado [abs.]: formation, Jo Dandy area, Montrose County, Colorado: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1784. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-E, p. 117-150, figs. 19-21. Peck, D. L., 1900, Geologic reconnaissance of the western Nichols, D. R., and Yehle, L A., 1900, Mud volcanoes in the Cascades in Oregon north of latitude 43' N.: U.S. GeoL Copper River basin, Alaska [abs.]: Internat. Symposium Survey open-file report, 232 p. on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-18, 1900, Abstracts Peck, L. C., and Tomasi, E. J., 1959, Determination of chlorine of Papers [unnumbered]. in sillcate rocks: Anal. Chemistry, v. 31, no. 12, p. 2024- Oliver, W. A., Jr., 1900, Rugose corals from reef limestones 2026. in the lower Devonian of New York: Jour. Paleontology, Petersen, R. G., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the Emmett v. 34, p. 59-100. Wash NE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-215. Olson, A. B., 1900, Photogeologic map of the Flat Top Mountain - 91960, Detrital-appearing uraninite grains in the Shinn- NE quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Sur- rump member of the Chinle formation in northern Arizona: vey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I401. Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 1, pt. 1, p. 138-149. Olson, Jerry C., and Hinrichs, E. Neal, 19W0, Beryl-bearing peg- Petersen, R. G, Hamilton, J. C., and Myers,/A. T., 1959, An matites in the Ruby Mountains and other areas in Nevada occurrence of rhenium associated with uraninite in Coco- and northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1082-D, nino County, Arizona: Econ. Geology, v. 54, p. 254-267. p. 135-200, pls. 3-7, figs. -11. Petersen, R. G., and Phoenix, D. A., 1959, 'Preliminary geo- Outerbridge, W. F., Staatz, M. H., Meyrowltz, Robert, and Pom- logic map of the Paria Plateau NE quadrangle, Coconino mer, A. IL, 1960, Weeksite, a new uranium silicate from County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field the Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah: Am. Mineralogist, Studies Map MF-214. v. 45, nos. 1-2, p. 89-52 Peterson, D. W., 1959, Origin of the dacite near Superior and Overstreet, W. C., Theobald, P. K., Jr., and Whitlow, J. W., Globe, Arizona (abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, 1959, Resources of thorium and uranium In monazite no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1740. placers in the western Piedmont, North Carolina and South Pkw6, T. L., 1959a, Multiple glaciation in the McMurdo Sound Carolina: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 7, p. 709-714 region, Antarctica [abs]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, Owens, J. P., and Minard, J. P., 1960, The geology of the north- no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1655. central part of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Am. Assoc. 1959b, Sand-wedge polygons (tessellations) in the Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook 1, p. 1-45. McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica: Am. Jour. Sci., v. Pakiser, 1. C., 1980a, Transcurrent faulting and volcanism in 257, no. 8, p. 545-552. Owens Valley, California: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, 1959c, Basalt near Fairbanks, Alaska [abs.], in Science no. 2, p. 153-160. in Alaska, 1955 and 1956: Am. Assoc. Adv. SBe., Alaska - igUWb, Gravity in volcanic areas, California and Idaho Div., Sdl. Confs., 6th and 7th, p. 94-95. [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 2740, Pew6, T. L., Hopkins, D. M., and Lachenbruch, A. H., 1959, 1960, Program, p. 65. Engineering geology bearing on harbor site selection along the northwest coast of Alaska from Nome to Point Barrow: Pakiser, L, C., Press, Frank and Kane, M. F., 1960, Geophysical U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-678, open-file report, 59 p. investigation of Mono Basin, California: Geol. Soc. America Pdwe, T. L., and Paige, R. A., 1960, Frost heaving of piles with Bull., v. 71, no. 4, p. 415-448. an example from Fairbanks, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Palmer, A. B., 1960a, Trilobites of the Upper Cambrian Dun- open-file report, 138 p. derberg shale, Eureka district, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Pew6, T. L., Rivard, N. R., and Llano, G. A., 1959a, Prelimi- Prof. Paper 334-C, p. 53-109, pis. 4-11, figs. 522. nary report on mummified seal carcasses in the McMurdo - 1960b, Subsurface stratigraphic potential of some Cam- Sound region, Antarctica: Science, v. 130, no. 8337, p. 716. brian fossils: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and Soc. 1959b, Mummified seal carcasses In the McMurdo Sound Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, At- region, Antarctica [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. lantic City, New Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program, p. 94. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1797. - 1900c, Miocene copepods from the Mojave Desert, Cali- Phoenix, D. A, 1959, Occurrence and chemical character of fornia: Jour. Paleontology, v. 84, no. 8, p. 447-452. ground water in the Morrison formation, in Garrels, R. M., Pankey, Titus, and Senftle, F. E., 1959, Magnetic susceptibility and Larsen, E. S. 8d, Geoehemistry and mineralogy of the of natural rutile, anatase, and brookite: Am. Mineralogist, Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. v. 44, nos. 11-12, p. 1307-1809. Paper 320, p. 55-84.

557328 0 - 60 - 10 A122 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Pierce, W. G., and Rich, E. I., 1959, Summary of rock salt Repenning, C. A., 1959, Geologic summary of the San Juan deposits In the United States as possible disposal sites for Basin, New Mexico, with reference to disposal of liquid radioactive waste: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-725, open-ile radioactive waste: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-M08, open-file report, 175 p., 37 figs., 2 tables. report, 57 p., 18 figs. Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1959, V. Rezak, Richard, 1959, Permian algae from Saudi Arabia: Jour. 2. PS/A/5. Los recursos minerales; PS/A/6. Los re- Paleontology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 531-539. cursos de carbon y petroleo: Lima, Peru. Richter, D. H., and Eaton, J. P., 1900, The 1959-60 eruption of Plouff, Donald, Keller, G. V., Frischknecht, F. C., and Wahl, Kilauea Volcano: New Scientist, v. 7, no. 179, p. 994-997. R. R., 1960, Geophysical studies on I.G.Y. drifting station Rinehart, C. D., 1959, The geologic story, in Schumacher, Genny, Bravo (T3), 1958 to 1959 [abs.]: Internat. Symposium on The Mammoth Lakes Sierra-a handbook for roadside and Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of trail: Sierra Club, California, p. 73-87. Papers [unnumbered]. Rinehart, C. D., Ross, D. C., and Huber, N. K., 1959, Paleozoic Pomerene, J. B., 1959, Preliminary geologic maps of the Belo and Mesozoic fossils in a thick stratigraphic section in the Horizonte, Ibirite, and Macacos, Minas Gerais, Brazil: eastern Sierra Nevada, California: Geol. Soc. America U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. [On file in the libraries Bull., v. 70, no. 7, p. 941-946. of the Departmento Nacional de Producao Mineral, Rio Roach, C. H., and Thompson, M. E., 1959, Sedimentary struc- de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, Brazil, ,and U.S. Geo- tures and localization and oxidation of ore at the Peanut logical Survey library, Washington, D.C.] mine, Montrose County, Colorado, in Garrels, RI M., and Pomeroy, J. S., 1959, Photogeologic map of the Hurricane Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colo- Cliffs-2 NW quadrangle, Mohave County, Arizona: U.S. rado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-293. 320, p. 197-202. Pommer, A. M., 1959, Synthesis of hllggite: Geochim. et Cosmo- Robertson, E. C., 1959, Physical properties of limestone and chim. Acta., v. 17, nos. 1-2, p. 148. dolomite cores from the Sandhill Well, Wood County, West Virginia, in Woodward, H. P., ed., A symposium on the Pommer, A. M., and Abell, J. F., 1959, Electrode holder for Sandhill Deep Well, Wood County, W. Va.: West Virginia work in controlled atmosphere: Anal. Chemistry, v. 31, Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. no. 18, p. 111-144. no. 8, p. 1443. - 91960, Creep of Solenhofen limestone under moderate Pommer, A. M., and Carroll, Dorthy, 1960, Interpretation of hydrostatic pressure, in Rock Deformation: Geol. Soc. potentlometric titration of H-montmorillonite: Nature, v. America Mem. 79, p. 227-244. 185, no. 4713, p. 595-596. Robinson, C. B., 1960, Origin of Devils Tower, Wyoming: Geol. Poole, F. G., and Roller, J. C., 1960, Summary of some physica) Soc. America Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th mtg., Rapid City, South data from four vertical drill holes over the Ul2b.04 (Evans) Dakota, Apr. 28-30, program, p. 14. explosion chamber, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: Robinson, G. D., 1959a, The disturbed belt in the Sixteenmile U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-1004, open-file report, 32 p. area, Montana: Billings Geol. Soc. Guidebook 10th Ann. Post, E. V., 1959, Silica-cemenied sandstone as a guide to Field Conf., p. 34-40. unoxidized uranium deposits In the southern Black Hills 1959b, Road log-Townsend to Lombard and up Lower [abs]: Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1657. Sixteenmile Creek (Montana): Billings GeoL Soc. Guide- Postel, A. W., Nelson, A. E., and Wiesnet, D. R., 1959, Geology book 10th Ann. Field Conf., p. 183-185. of the Nicholville quadrangle, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Roedder, Edwin, 1959, Fluid inclusions as samples of the ore- Geol. Quad. Map GQ-12. forming fluids [absj: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. Powers, H. A., Coats, R. R., and Nelson, W. H., 1960, Geology 12, pt. 2, p. 1663. and submarine physiography of Amchitka Island, Alaska: Roller, J. C., Stewart, S. W., Jackson, W. H., Warrick, IL E. U.S. GeoL Survey Bull. 1028-P, p. 521-554, pl. 69, figs. 77-78. and Byerly, P. E., 1959, Seismic measurements by the U.S. Pratt, W. P., 1959, Local Pleistocene deformation of basin sedi- Geological Survey during the pre-Gnome high-explosives ments in the Argentine Andes [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America tests; a preliminary summary: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-774, Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1658. open-file report, 34 p. Roman, Irwin, 1959, An image analysis of multiple-layer re- Price, C. E., 1960, Granite exploration hole, Area 15, Nevada sistivity problems: Geophysics, v. 24, no. 3, p. 45509. Test Site, Nye County, Nevada-interim report, Part B, Rose, H. J., Jr., and Stern, T. W., 1960, Spectrochemical deter- Hydrologic data: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-836B, open-file mination of lead in zircon for lead-alpha age measurements report, 20 p. [abs.]: Am. Geophys. Union, 41st Ann. Mtg., Apr. 27-0, Radbruch, D. H., 1959, Former shoreline features along the 1960, Program, p. 58. east side of San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geol. Rosenblum, Sam, 1960, Mineral exploration in Taiwan, 1959: Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I-298. Taiwan Mining Industry, v. 12, no. 1, p. 1-8. Ratth, J. C., and Steven, T. A., 1959, Distribution and character- Ross, C. P., 1960, Bibliography of Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and istics of ash flows, associated with the Creede caldera, San Geology Pamphlet 119, 219 p. Juan Mountains, Colorado [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Ross, C. P., and Rezak, Richard, 1959, The rocks and fossils of v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1785. Glacier National Park-The story of their origin and his- Ray, IL G., and Fischer, Wv. A., 1960, Quantitative photogra- tory: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 294-K, p. 401-439, pls. phy- a geologic research tool: Photogrammetric Engineer- 51-58, figs. 122-144. ing, v. 2M no. 1, p. 143-150. Ross, C. S., 1960, Review of the relationships in the montmoril- Redden, J. A., 1959, Beryl deposits of the Beecher No. 3- lonite group of clay minerals, in Clays and clay minerals: Black Diamond pegmatite, Custer County, South Dakota: Natl. Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals, 7th, Washington, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-I, p. 587-559, pls. 17-18, fig. 21. D.C., 1958, Proc.: Pergamon Press, p. 225-229. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A123

Ross, Malcolm, and Evans, H. T., Jr., 1959, Crystal structure Scholl, D. W., and Sainsbury, C. L., 1960a, Marine geology and of abernathylte Cabs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, bathymetry of nearshore shelf of the Chukchi Sea, Ogotoruk no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1666. Creek area, northwest Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-C - 1960, The crystal structure of cesium bluranyl trlsul- open-file report, 68 p., 4 tbls., 24 figs. fate: Jour. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, in press. 1960b, Marine geology and bathymetry of the Chukchi Ross, R. J., Jr., 1959, Brachiopod fauna of Saturday Mountain Shelf off Ogotoruk Creek area, northwest Alaska [abs.]: formation, southern Lemhi Range, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Sur- Internat. Symposium on Arctic Geology, 1st, Calgary, Jan. vey Prof. Paper 294-I, p. 441-461, pis. 54-5, figs. 145-154. 11-13, 1960, Abstracts of Papers (unnumbered]. Rossman, D. IL, 1960, Geology and ore deposits of northwestern Schopf, J. M., 1959a, Classification of fossil plants [abs.]: Chichagof Island, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1058-E, Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th, Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, p. p. 139-216, pls. 12-16, figs. 39-42. 348-349. Rossman, D. L, Fernandez, N. S., Fontanos, C. A., and Zepeda, - 1959b, Sargassoid microfossil assemblage from black Z. C., 1959, Chromite deposits on Insular Chromite Reserva- shale of Early Paleozoic age in Florida and Georgia [abs.]: tion No. 1, Zambales, Philippines: Philippines Bureau of Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1671. Mines, Special Projects Series Pub. No. 19, 12 p., 3 pls., 3 1960, Emphasis on holotype( S):Science, v. 131, no. 3406, tables. p. 1043. Rubin, Meyer, and Alexander, Corrinne, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Schultz, L. G., Tourtelot, H. A., and Gill, J. R., 1960, Mineralogy radiocarbon dates, V: Am. Jour. Sci.-Radiocarbon supple- of the Pierre shale (upper Cretaceous) in South Dakota ment, v. 2, p. 129-185. and adjacent areas: GeoL Soc. America, Rocky Mtn. Sec., Sable, E. G., 1959, Preliminary report on sedimentary and meta- 13th mtg., Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, Program, morphic rocks in part of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks p. 15. Range, northeastern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file Scott, G. R., and Cobban, W. A., 1959, So-called Hygiene group report, 84 p. of northeastern Colorado: Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geologists Sachet, M. H., 1959, Vegetation of Clipperton Island [abs.]: Guidebook 11th Ann. Field Conf., p. 124-131. Internat. Bot. Cong., 9th, Montreal 1959, Proc., v. 2, Ab- Scott, R. A., Barghoorn, and Leopold, E. B., 1960, How old are stracts, p. 337-38 the anglosperms?: Am. Jour. Sel., v. 258-A, p. 284-299. Sainsbury, C. a, and Campbell, R. H., 1959, Geologic strip Segerstrom, Kenneth, 1959a, Geologia de cuadrangulo Los Loros, map of part of Kukpuk River, northwestern Alaska: U.S. Provincia de Atacama: Chile Inst. de Inv. Geol., Carta Geol. Survey open-fle report, 7 p. Geologica de Chile, v. 1, no. 1, 33 p., 1 map, 2 structure Sakakura, A. Y., Lindberg, Carolyn, and Faul, Henry, 1959, sections [in Spanish.]. Equation of continuity in geology with applications to the * 1959b, Geologfa de cuadrangulo Quebrada Paipote, Pro- transport of radioactive gas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1052-I, vincia de Atacama: Chile Inst. de Inv. Geol., Carta Geolo- p. 287-805, figs. 89-94. gica de Chile, v. 1, no. 3, 30 p., 1 map, 4 structure sections Sandberg, C. A., 1960, Thickness and distribution of Devonian [in Spanish]. formations In relation to buried pre-Madison structural Segerstrom, Kenneth, and Parker, R. L., 1959, Geologfa de features in the Williston Basin [abs.]: Am. Assoc. Petro- cuadrangulo CerriUos, Provincia de Atacama: Chile Inst. leum Geologists, Rocky Mtn. Sec., 10th Ann. Mtg., Program, de Inv. Geol., Carta Geologica de Chile, v. 1, no. 2, 33 p., p. 12-13. 1 map, 2 structure section (in Spanish]. Sandberg, D. T., 1959, Structure contour map on top of the Senfitle, F. E., and Thorpe, Arthur, 1959a, Magnetic susceptibility middle member of the Piper formation of Middle Jurassic of tektites and some other glasses: Geochim. et Cosmochim. age in the Williston Basin and adjacent areas in Montana, Acta, v. 17, nos. 3 and 4, p. 234-247. North Dakota, and South Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Oil - 1959b, Magnetic susceptibility of tektites and some and Gas Inv. Map OM-179. terrestrial glasses [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 64, Sando, W. J., 1960, Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician sedi- no. 8, p. 1123. mentation in Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies Senftle, F. E., Stern, T. W., and Alekna, V. P., 1959, Alpha- in Geology, No. 18 [Guidebook 3], p. 6-15, 20-24, 26. radioactivity of cerium-142: Nature, v. 184, no. 4686, p. 630. Sando, W. J., Dutro, J. T., Jr., and Gere, W. C., 1959, Brazer Shapiro, Leonard, 1959, Rapid photometric determination of dolomite (Mississippian), Randolph quadrangle, northeast low-level magnesium in rocks: Chemist-Analyst, v. 48, Utah: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 12, p. 73-74. p. 2741-2769. 1960, Rapid determination of fluorine in phosphate rocks: Schlee, J. B., 1959, Sandstone pipes of the Laguna area, New Anal. Chemistry, v. 32, p. 569. Mexico [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, Shapiro, Leonard, and Brannock, W. W., 1959, A multiple p. 1669. pipetting device: Chemist-Analyst, v. 48, no. 4, p. 1000. Schlee, J. B., and Moench, R. H., 1960, The Jackpile sandstone: Sheldon, R. P., 1959a, Geochemistry of uranium in phosphorites a structurally localized fluvial deposit: Am Assoc. Petro- and black shales of the Phosphoria formation (Permian) leum Geologists and Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Min- [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1675. eralogists, joint meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 1959b, Geochemistry of uranium in phosphorites and 25-28,1900, program, p. 2& black shales of the Phosphoria formation: U.S. Geol. Sur- Schmidt, R. G., 1959, Geologic significance of an aeroradioactiv- vey Bull. 1084-D, p. 83-115, figs. 12-18. ity map of part of South Carolina and Georgia [abs.}: Shoemaker, E. M., 1959a, Structure and Quaternary stratigraphy Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1670. of Meteor Crater, Arizona, in the light of shock wave Schnepfe, M. M., 1960, A study of cation exchange with vermic- mechanics [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, ulite: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 40 p., 8 figs. pt. 2, p. 1748. A124 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Shoemaker, E. M., 1959b, Impact mechanics at Meteor Crater, Spencer, F. D., and Vergara, J. F., 1959, Coal resources of the Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. Philippines (a progress report), 1957: Philippines Bureau Shoemaker, B. M., Miesch, A. T., Newman, W. L., and Riley, Mines, Special Projects Series Pub. No. 20, 52 p., 2 pls., L. B., 1969, Elemental composition of the sandstone-type 5 tables. deposits, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochem- Staatz, M. H., and Osterwald, F. W., 1959, Geology of the istry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium Thomas Range fluorspar district, Juab County, Utah: U.S. ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 25-54. Geol. Survey Bull. 1069,97 p., 12 pls., 11 figs. Shoemaker, E. M.; and Newman, W. Li., 1959, Moenkopi forma- Stafford, P. T., 1959, Geology of part of the Horseshoe atoll In tion In Salt Anticline region, Colorado and Utah: Am. Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull, v. 43, p. 1835-185L Paper 315-A, p. 1-20, pl. 1-9, figs. 1-5. Sigafoos, R. S, 1959, Vegetation of northwestern North America, Stern, T. W., and Stieff, L. R., 1959, Radium-uranium equilib- as an aid in interpretation of geologic data: U.S. Geol. rium and radium-uranium ages of some secondary minerals, Survey Bull. 1061-E, p. 165-185, pls. 9-13, figs. 31-32. in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and Silberling, N. J., 1960, Pre-Tertiary stratigraphy and Upper mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Triassic paleontology of the Union district, Shoshone Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 151-158. Mountains, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Prot Paper 322, 67 Stern, T. W., Stieff, L. R., Klemlc, H., and Delevaux, N. H., p., 11 pl., 3 figs. 1959, Lead-isotope age studies in Carbon County, Pennsylva- Sims, P. K., Moench, R. H.,, and Harrison, J. BR,1959, Relation nia [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. of Front Range mineral belt to ancient Precambrian struc- 1680. tures labs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, Steven, T. A., and Rattd, J. C., 1959, Cadera subsidence In the p. 1749. Creede area, San Juan Mountains, Colorado [abs.]: GeoL Sisler, F. D., 1959, Blogeoehemical concentration of deuterium Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1788. In the marine environment: Science, v. 129, no. 3358, p. 1288. Stevens, R. B., Neil, S. T., and Roberson, C. E., 1960, Gravi- Skinner, B. J., 1959, Effect of manganese on the sphalerite metric conversion factors, and other data used in Inter- geothermometer [abs.]: Geol. Soe. America Bull., v. 70, no. preting analyses of rocks, minerals and waters: GeoTimes, 12, pt. 2, p. 1676. v. 4, no. 7, p. 41. Skinner, B. J., Barton, P. B., Jr., and Kullerud, Gunnar, 1959, Stevens, R. E., and others, 1960, Second report on a cooperative Effect of FeS on the unit cell edge of sphalerite-A revision: investigation of the composition of two silicate rocks: U.S. Econ. Geology, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1040-1044. Geol. Survey Bull. 1113, 126 p., 8 figs. Skinner, B. J., and Evans, H. T., Jr., 1960, Crystal chemistry Stevens, R. E., Wood, W. H., Goets, K. G., and Horr, C. A., of p-spodumene solid solutions on the join Li.O AIOSiO: 1959, Machine for preparing phosphors for the fluorimetric Am. Jour. Sci., v. 25-A, p. 312-324. determination of urainum: Anal. Chemistry, v. 31, p. 962. Smith, G. I., 1959, Searles Lake evaporites as an indicator of Stewart, J. H., 1959, Stratigraphic relations of Hoskinnini the temperature-precipitation balance in late Quaternary member (Triassic?) of Moenkopi formation on Colorado climates [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. Plateau: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, no. 2 p. 1750. 8, p. 1835-1851. Smith, J. F., Jr., Witkind, I. J., and Trimble, D. E., 1960, Stewart, J. H., Williams, G. A., Albee, H. F., and Raup, 0. B., Geology of the lower Marias River area, Chouteau, Hill, 1959, Stratigraphy of Triassic and associated formations in and Liberty Counties, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. part of the Colorado Plateau region with a section on Sedi- 1071-B, p. 121-155, pls. 10-12, figs. 12-15. mentary petrology by B. A. Cadigan: U.S. GeoL Survey Bull. 1046-Q, p. 487-576, pl. 49, figs. 70-84. Smith, P. B., 1960, Foraminifera of the Monterey shale and Puente formation, Santa Ana Mountains and San Juan Stieff, L. R., and Stern, T. W., 1959, New graphical and alge- Capistrano area, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper braic methods for the evaluation of discordant lead- 294-M, p. 463-495, pls. 57-59, figs. 155-157. uranium ages [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. Smith, W. C., 1960, Borax and borates, in Industrial minerals 12, pt. 2, p. 1681. and rocks: Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Petroleum Engineers, Stoertz, G. E., 1959, Investigations in the Storely area, East 3d ed., p. 103-116. Greenland, in Bushnell, V. C., ed, Proceedings: 2d Ann. Arctic Planning Cont, Oct 1959, Air Force Cambridge Smith, W. L., Stone, Jerome, Ross, D. R., and Levine, Harry, Research Center, Geophys. Research Directorate, Research 1960, Doverite, a possible new yttrium fluocarbonate from Notes, no. 29, AICRC-TN-59-61, p. 68-76. Dover, Morris County, New Jersey: Am. Mineralogist, v. Stolber, R. E., and Davidson, E. S., 1959, Amygdule mineral 45, nos. 1-2, p. 92-98. zoning in the Portage Lake lava series, Michigan copper Smysor, Bettie, 1959a, Geologic map index of Maine: U.S. Geol. district: Econ. Geology, v. 54, no. 7, p. 1250-1277; no. 8, Survey, Index to geologic mapping in the United States. p. 1444-1460. - 1959b, Geologic map index of Virginia: U.S. Geol. Survey, Stromquist, A. A., and Conley, J. F., Geology of the Albemarle Index to geologic mapping in the United States. and Denton quadrangles, North Carolina: Carolina GeoL Bohn, I. G., and Berdan, J. M., 1960, The ostracode family Soc. Field Trip Guidebook, Oct. 24,1959. Berounellidae, new: Jour. Paleontology, v. 34, no. 3, p. Swanson, V. E., 1960, Ol yield and uranium content of black 479-482, pl 67. shales: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof; Paper 358-A, p. 1-44, figs. Soister, P. F1, and Conklin, D. R., 1959, Bibliography of U.S. 1-21. Geological Survey reports on uranium and thorium, 1942 Tanner, A. B., 1959, Meteorological Influence on radon concen- through May 1958: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1107-A, 167 p. tration In drill holes: Mining Eng., v. 11, no. 7, p. 706-708. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A125

Tappan, Helen, 1960, Cretaceous biostratigraphy of northern Tschanz, C. M., 1959, Thrust faults in southeastern Lincoln Alaska: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 44, County, Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 3, pt. 1, p. 278-297. no. 12, pt. Z p. 1753. Tatlock, D. B., Wallace, R. E., and Silberling, N. J., 1960, Tschanz, C. M., and Pampeyan, E. H., 1960, Geologic map of Alkali metasomatism, Humboldt range, Nevada [abs.]: Lincoln County, Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America, Cor- Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, dilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Vancouver, B. C., pro- Vancouver, B. C., program, p. 45. gram, p. 48. Taylor, A. R., 1960, Victoria Land traverse, Antarctica: U.S. Tweto, Ogden, 1959, Differences in the Pliocene-Pleistocene Antarctic Projects Office Bull., v. 1, no. 6, p. 15-18. histories of the Upper Arkansas and the Eagle River Taylor, D. W., 1960, Distribution of the freshwater clam Pisid- valleys, Colorado [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, ium uItramrontanum; a paleozoogeographie inquiry: Aw. no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1789. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. 325-334. U.S. Geological Survey, 1959a, Non-renewable natural resources Teichert, Curt, 1959, Evaluation of bathymetric evidence fur- in Africa south of the Sahara, Appendix 4 of Recommenda- nished by marine fossils-labs.], in Preprints, International tions for strengthening science and technology in selected Oceanographic Congress, [1st] New York 1959: Washing- areas of Africa south of the Sahara: Washington, D.C. ton, D.C., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 291-292. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. Terriere, R. T., 1960, Geology of Grosvenor quadrangle, Texas, 1959b, Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits- and petrology of some of its Pennsylvanian limestones: Semiannual progress report, Dec. 1, 1958, to May 31, 1959: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 171 p., 88 illus. U.S. Geol. Survey TISE version of TEI-751. Thompson, C. E. and Nakagawa, H. M., 1960, Spectrophoto- 1960a, Staff report on mineral fuels, in Mineral and metric determination of traces of lead in igneous rocks: water resources of Wyoming: U.S. 86th Cong., 2d sess., U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-F, p. 151-164, figs. 22-27. Senate Document 76. Thorpe, A. N., and Senftle, F. E., 1959, Absolute method of - 1900b, Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits- measuring magnetic susceptibility: Rev. SBe. Instruments, Semiannual progress report, June 1 to Nov. 80, 1959: U.S. v. 30, no. 11, p. 1006-1008. Geol. Survey TISE version of TEI-752. Toulmin, Priestley, 8d, 1959, Compsition of feldspars and Varnes, D. J., Finnell, T. I., and Post, E. V., 1959 Graphic- crystallization history of the granite-synenite complex near locator method in geologic mapping, U.S. Geol, Survey Salem, Essex County, Massachusetts [abs.]: Geol. Soc. Bull. 1081-A, p. 1-10. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2 p. 1689. Vaughn, W. W., Wilson, E. E., and Ohm, J. M., 1960, A field Toulmin, Priestley 3d, and Barton, P. B., Jr., 1960, Formation instrument for quantitative determination of beryllium by of tarnish on gold-silver solid solutions as a measure of activation analysis: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 427, 9 p., 8 figs. chemical potential of sulfur [abs.]: Am. Chem. Soc., Ab- Vergara, J. F., and Spencer, F. D., 1959, Geology and coal resources of Bislig-Lingig region, Surigao, 1957: Philip- stracts of papers presented at 187th meeting, Cleveland, p. pines Bureau of Mines, Special Projects Series Pub. No. 83M-34M. 14, 62 p., 5 pls. Tourtelot, H. A., 1960, Origin and use of the word "shale": Vhay, J. B., 1960, Preliminary report on the copper-cobalt de- Am. Jour. Sdi., v. 258-A, p. 835-343. posits of the Quartzburg district, Grant County, Oregon: Tracey, J. I., Jr., and Oriel, S. S., 1959, Uppermost Cretaceous U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 20 p., 8 pl. and lower Tertiary rocks of the Fossil Basin, in Inter- Vine, J. D., 1959a, Dopplerite from Cretaceous rocks In Wyo- mountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, Guidebook ming [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, to the geology of the Wasatch and Ulnta Mts.: Inter- p. 1691. mountain Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 10th Ann. Field Conf., 1959b, Geology and uranium deposits in carbonaceous p. 126-130. rocks of the Fall Creek area, Bonneville County, Idaho, Tracey, J. I., Jr., and others, 1959, Military geology of Guam, chap. I in Uranium in coal in the western United States: Mariana Islands-Part I, Description of terrain and envi- U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1055, p. 255-294, pls. 51-52, figs. ronment; Part II, engineering aspects of geology and soils: 89-43. U.S. Army, Chief Engineers, Intelligence Div., Office Engi- 1960, Geologic map of the Nash Draw quadrangle, Eddy neers, U.S. Army Pacific, 282 p. (includes maps]. County, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey TEM-30, open- Trites, A. F., Jr., Chew, R. T. 3d, and Lovering, T. G., 1959, file report. Mineralogy of the uranium deposit at the Happy Jack Vine, J. D., and Prichard, G. B., 1960, Geology and uranium occurrences in the Miller Hill area, Carbon County, Wyo- mine, San Juan County, Utah, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen ming: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1074-F, p. 201-239, pls. 14-20, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado figs. 10-14. Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, Vitaliano, D. B., 1959, Foreign languages for geologists: Jour. p. 185-195. Geol. Education, v. 7, no. 2, p. 49 Truesdell, A. H., and Weeks, A. D., 1959, Relation of the Vitaliano, D. B., and others, 1959, Index to geophysical ab- Todilto limestone uranium deposits to Colorado Plateau stracts 172-175, 1958: U.S. Geol. Survey BulL 1086-E, p. uranium deposits in sandstone [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America 467-651. Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2 p. 1689. 1960, Index to geophysical abstracts 176-179, 1959: U.S. Trumbull, James, and Johnston, J. E., 1960, The continental Geol. Survey Bull. 1106-E, p. 533-421. shelf of the east coast as a possible future petroleum Vitaliano, D. B., Vesselowsky, S. T., and others, 1959a, Geo- producing province: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists and physical abstracts 177, Aprilune 1959: U.S. Geol. Survey Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, joint meeting, Bull. 1106-B, p. 129-259. Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 25-28, 1960, program 1959b, Geophysical abstracts 178, July-September 1959: p. 81. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1106-C, p. 261-406. A126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Vitaliano, D. B., Vesselowsky, S. T., and others, 1960, Geo- Weld, B. A., Asselstine, E. S., and Johnson, Arthur, 1960, Re- physical abstracts 179, October-December 1959: U.S. Geol. ports and maps of the Geological Survey released only in Survey BulL 1106-D, p. 407-31. the open files, 1959: U.S. Geol. Survey Cire. 428, 10 p. Waage, K. M., 1959a, Stratigraphy of the Inyan Kara group in Wells, J. D., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the House the Black Hills: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1081-B, p. 11-90, Rock Spring SE quadrangle, Coconino County, Arizona: pl. 2, figs. -9. U.S. GeoL Survey Mineral Inv. Field Studies Map MF-189. - 1959b, Dakota stratigraphy along the Colorado Front White, C. B., and Cuttitta, Frank, 1959, Fluorometric study of Range: Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geologists, Guidebook 11th Ann. magnesium-bissalicylidene-ethylenediamine system: Anal. Field Conf., p. 115-123. Chemistry, v. 31, p. no. 12, p. 2083-2087. Waesche, H. H., 1960, Quartz crystals and optical calcite, in White, D. E., and Craig, Harmon, 1959, Isotope geology of the Industrial minerals and rocks: Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Steamboat Springs area, Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Petroleum Engineers, New York, 3d ed., p. 687-698 Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1696. Wahrhaftig, Clyde, 1960, The physiographic provinces of Alas- White, W. S., 1960a, The White Pine copper deposit-Discus- ka: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report. sion: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no. 2, p. 402-409. 196Wb, The Keweenawan lavas of Lake Superior, an Wallace, R. E., 1959, Graphic solution of some earth satellite example of flood basalts: Am. Jour. Sel., v. 258-A, p. problems by use of the stereographic net: British Inter- 367-374. planetary Soc. Jour., v. 17, p. 120-123. Whitmore, F. C., Jr., 1960, Terrain intelligence and current Wallace, R. E., Silberling, N. J., Irwin, W. P., and Tatlock, D. military concepts: Am. Jour. SeL, v. 258-A, p. 375-387. B., 1959, Preliminary geologic map of the Buffalo Mountain Wilcox, R. E., 1959a, Some effects of recent volcanic ash falls, quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Inv. Field with especial reference to Alaska: U.S. GeoL Survey Bull. Studies Map MF-220. 1028-N, p. 409-476, pis. 54-58, figs. 62-72. Wallace, R. B., Silberling, N. J., and Tatlock, D. B., 1960, - 1959b, Use of the spindle stage for determination of Structural features of the Humboldt range, Nevada [abs.]: principal indices of refraction of crystal fragments: Am. Geol. Soc. America, Cordilleran Sec. mtg., May 5-9, 1960, Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 11-12, p. 1272-1293. Vancouver, B. C., program, p. 46. 1959c, Universal stage accessory for direct determina- Wallace, R. M., de Mellon N. M. P., Sallantien, B., and Pares, tions of the three principal indices of refraction: Am. M. B., 1959, Geology of a part of the Serra de Moeda, Mineralogist, v. 44, nos. 9-10, p. 1064-1070. Marinho de Serra quadrangle, Minas Gerals, Brazil: Geol. Williams, J. R., 1959, Geology of the western part of the Big Soc. Brazil Bull., v. 8, no. 2, p. 41-96. Delta (D-6) quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Wanek, A. A., 1959, Geology and fuel resources of the Mesa GeoL Inv. Map I-297. Verde area, Montezuma and La Plata Counties, Colorado: Williams, J. R., Pew4, T. L., and Paige, R. A., 1959, Geology U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-M, p. 667-721, pls. 39-51, of the Fairbanks (D-1) quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geol. fig. 31. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-124. Warner, L, A., Holser, W. T., Wilmarth, V. T., and Cameron, Williams, P. L., 1960, A stained slice method for rapid determi- E. N., 1959, Occurrence of nonpegmatite beryllium in the nation of phenocryst composition of volcanic rocks: Am. United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 318, 198 p., Jour. Sel., v. 258, p. 148-152. 5 pIn, 60 figs. Wilmarth, V. R., 1959, Geology of the Garo uranium-vanadium- Warrick, R. E., and Winslow, J. D., 1960, Application of seismic copper deposit, Park County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey methods to a ground-water problem In northeastern Ohio: Bull. 1087-A, p. 1-21, pls. 1-5, figs. 1-2. Geophysics, v. 25, no. 2, p. 505-519. 1960, Some effects of underground nuclear explosions Weeks, A. D., Coleman, R. G., and Thompson, M. E., 1959, on tuft: U.S. Geol. Survey TEI-756, pub. 'by U.S. Atomic Summary of the ore mineralogy, in Garrels, R. M., and Energy Comm., Tech. Inf. Service, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 34 Larsen, E. S. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the p., 19 figs. Colorado Plateau uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Surrey Prof. Wilmarth, V. R., and others, 1959, Effects of underground Paper 320, p. 65-79. nuclear explosions on tuff at Nevada Test Site [abs.]: Weeks, A. D., and Eargle, D. H., 1959, Deposition of uranium Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1700. at Palangana Salt Dome, Duval County, Texas [abs.]: Wilpolt, R. H., and Marden, D. W., 1960, Geology and oil and Geol. Soc. America BulL, v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1695. gas possibilities of Upper Mississippian rocks of south- Weeks, A. D., and Garrels, R. M., 1959, Geologic setting of the western Virginia, southern West Virginia, and eastern Colorado Plateau ores, in Garrels, R. M., and Larsen, E. S. Kentucky: U.S. GeoL Survey Bull. 1072-K, p. 587-55, pis. 3d, Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Colorado Plateau 27-29, figs. 24-30. uranium ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 320, p. 3-11. Wilson, Druid, Keroher, G. C., and Hansen, B. E., 1959, Index Weis, P. L., 1959, Lower Cambrian and Precambrian rocks in to the geologic names of North America: U.S. GeoL Survey northeastern Washington [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Bull. 1056-B, p. 407-6 v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1790. Wilson, R. F., and Stewart, J. H., 1959, Correlation of Upper Velch, S. W., 1960, Mississippian rocks of the northern part Triassic and Lower Jurassic formations between pouth- of the Black Warrior basin, Alabama and Mississippi: U. western Utah and southern Nevada [abs.]: Geol. Soc. S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OC-62. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1755. Weld, B. A., Asselstine, R. S., and Johnson, Arthur, 1959, Withington, C. F., and Jaster, M.C., 1960, Selected annotated Reports and maps of the Geological Survey released only bibliography of gypsum and anhydrite in the United States in the open files, 1958: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 412, 10 p. and Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1105, 126 p. SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS A127

Witkind, I. J., 1959, The Hebgen Lake earthquake: GeoTlmes, Wright, F. G., and Wright, C. W., 1960, The Glacier Bay v. 4, no. 3, p. 13-14. National Monument in southwestern Alaska-its glaciers Wolcott, D. B., and Gott, 0. B., 1960, Stratigraphy of the Inyan and geology: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 224 p., Kara group In the southern Black Hills, South Dakota and 99 pls. Wyoming: Geol. Soc. America Rocky Mtn. Sec., 13th mtg., Yates, Robert G. and Thompson, George A., 1960, Geology and Rapid City, South Dakota, Apr. 28-30, program, p. 17. quicksilver deposits of the Terlingua district, Texas: U.S. Wood, G. H., Jr., Arndt, H. H., and Kehn, T. M., 1959, Struc- Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 312, 114 p., 22 pls, 25 figs. tural features of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania Yochelson, E. L., and Dutro, J. T., Jr., 1960, Late Paleozoic [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1770. Gastropoda from northern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 334-D, p. 111-147, pls. 12-14, figs. 23-29. Woodland, M. V., 1959, Data of rock analyses; Part VI; Bibli- Zeller, H. D., and Schopf, J. M., 1959, Core drilling for uranium- ography and index of rock analyses in the periodical and bearing lignite in Harding and Perkins Counties, South serial literature of Scotland: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, Dakota, and Bowman County, North Dakota, chap. C in v. 17, nos. 1-2, p. 136-147. Uranium in coal In the western United States: U.S. Geol. Woodring, W. P., 1959a, Geology and paleontology of Canal Survey Bull. 1065, p. 5995, pis. 17-21, figs. 9-12. Zone and adjoining parts of Panama. Description of Zietz, Isidore, and Gray, Carlyle, 1959, Geophysical and geo- Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididae): logical interpretation of a Triassic structure in eastern U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 306-B, p. 147-239, pls. 24-37. Pennsylvania [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, no. 12, - 1959b, Tertiary Caribbean molluscan faunal province pt. 2, p. 1705. fabs.], in Preprints, International Oceanographic Congress, Ziets, Isidore, and others, 1959, Regional geologic Interpretation of aeromagnetic profiles in the Yukon-Kandik and Koyukuk [1st] New York 1959: Am. Assoc. Adv. SBe., Washington, areas, Alaska [abs.]: Geophysics, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1136-37. D.C., p. 299-300. Zietz, Isidore, Patton, W. W., Jr., and Dempsey, W. J., 1959, 1960, Paleoecologic dissonance; Astarte and Nipa in the Preliminary interpretation of total-intensity aeromagnetic early Eocene -London clay: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 258-A, p. profiles of the Koyukuk area, Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey 418-419. open-file report, 6 p.

SUB=ECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS (The publications listed on p. A107-A127 are classified below In the same categories and In the same order as the subjects discussed on p. Al-AT3.]

Bibliographies: Heavy metals-Continued King, R. R., Jussen, Loud, and Conant, 1960 Hall, W. E., 1959 King, R. R., and others, 1959 Hathaway, 1959 Soister and Conklin, 1959 Hewett and Fleischer, 1960 Vitaliano and others, 1960 Heyl, Milton, and Axelrod, 1959 Weld, Asselstine, and Johnson, 1959,1960 Heyl, Agnew, Lyons, and Behre, 1960 Wilson, Druid, 1959 Hummel, 1960 Heavy metals: James, 1959 Anderson, C. A., 1959, 1960 James, Dutton, Pettijohn, and Wier, 1960 Arnold, Coleman and Frykiand, 1959 Lovering and others, 1960 Bailey, E. H., 1959 Lovering and Shepard, 1960 Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, 1959 Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959 Barton and Bethke, 1960 McKelvey, 1960 Bayley, 1959 a, b Marvin and Magin, 1959 Behre and Heyl, 1959 Muessig and Quinlan, 1959 Berg and MacKevett, 1959 Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959 Bethke and Barton, 1969 Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1959 Birks, Brooks, Adler, and Milton, 1959 Roedder, 1959 Calkins, Parker, and Disbrow, 1959 Rossman, 1960 Cannon, R. S., Pierce, and Antweiler, 1959 Sims, Moench, and Harrison, 1959 Carr, M. S., and Dutton, 1959 Skinner, 1959 Cobb, 1959a-d Skinner, Barton, and Kullerud, 1959 Cooper, 1959a, b, 1960 Stoiber and Davidson, 1959 Departamiento Nacional de Produclo Mineral and U.S. U.S. Geological Survey, 1959b Geological Survey, 1959 Vhay, 196O Epprecht, Schaller, and Vllsidis, 1959 White, D. E., and Craig, 1959 Evans, 1959 White, W. S., 1960a Evans and McKnight, 1959a, b Wilmarth, 1959 Fellows and others, 1959 Yates and Thompson, 1960 Fischer, R. P., 1959 Light metals and industrial minerals: Fleischer, 1959; 1960a, b Amos, 1959 Friedman, J. D., 1959a Brobst, 1960 Gates, G. 0., 1969 Carroll and Pommer, 1960 A128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Light metals and industrial minerals-Continued Radioactive minerals-Continued Cathcart and McGreevy, 1959 Bush, Marsh, and Taylor, 1959 Christ, 1960 Byerly and Joesting, 1959 Christ and Clark, J. R., 1960 Cadigan, 1959a, b Christ and Garrels, 1959 Cannon, H. L., 1959 Clark, 1. R., and Christ, 1959a-c Christman, Brock, Pearson, and Singewald, 1960 Clark, J. R., Mrose, Perloff, and Burley, 1959 Clarke, J. R., 1960 Coleman, 1959a Craig, Holmes, Freeman, Mullens, and others, 1959 Currier, 1960 Danilehik and Tahirkhell, 1960 Davidson, 1960 Dean, 1960 Davidson and Powers, 1959 Denson, 1959 Dibblee, 1959a;-c 1960a-d Denson, Bachman, and Zeller, 1959 Uekhart and Plafker, 1959 Eargle, 1959a, 1960a Erd, McAllister, and Almond, 1959 Ekren and Houser, 1959a-c Eugster and McIver, 1959 Elston and Botinelly, 1959 Fellows and others, 1959 Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960 Gates, G. 0., 1959 Evans, 1959 Gildersleeve, 1959 Fellows and others, 1959 Griffitts, 1959 Finch, 1959a, b Huddle and Patterson, 1959 Finch and others, 1959 Jones, C.L;, 1959,1960 Fischer, R. P., 1959 Jones, C.L., and Madsen, 1959 Foster, 1959a Kaye, 1959a-c Garrels and Christ, 1959 Knechtel, Hosterman, and Hamlin, 1959 Garrels and Larsen, 1959 Laurence, 1960 Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959 Lesure, 1959 Garrels and Pommer, 1959 Love and Milton, 1959 Gates, G. 0., 1959 Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959 Gill, 1959 Mabey and others, 1959 Gill, Zeller, and Schopf, 1959 McKelvey, 1959 Glover, 1959 MeKelvey and others, 1959 Gott, Braddock, and Post, 1960 Malde, 1959a Hathaway, 1959 Mertle, 1960 Hilpert and Moench, 1960 Milton and Llugster, 1959 Houser and Ekren, 1959a Milton and Fahey, 1960 Johnson, H. S., Jr., 1959a, b Moxham, Eckhart, and Cobb, 1960 Keller, G. V., 1959a, b Mudge, Walters, and Skoog, 1959 Keller, W. D., 1959 Murphy, 1960 Kepferle, 1959 Olson and Hinrichs, 1960 Landis, 1960 Overstreet, Theobald, and Whitlow, 19%9 Larsen and Gottfried, 1960 Owens and Minard, 1960 Leo, 1960 Patterson, 1960 Lewis, R. Q., and Trimble, 1960 Patterson and Hosterman, 1960 Love and Milton, 1959 Patton and Matzko, 1959 MacKevett, 1959a, b Pierce and Rich, 1959 Mapel and Gott, 1959 Redden, 1959 Mapel and Hail, 1959 Sheldon, 1959a, b Marvin and Magin, 1959 Skinner and Evans, 1960 Masursky and Piplringos, 1959 Smith, G. I., 1959 Mertie, 1960 Smith, W. C, 1900 Moore, Melin, and Kepferle, 1959 Smith, W. L., Stone, Ross, and Levine, 1960 Neuerburg and Granger, 1960 Staats and Osterwald, 1959 Newman and Elston, 1959 U.S. Geological Survey, 1959a Outerbridge, Staats, Meyrowits, and Pommer, 1960 Vaughn, Wilson, and Ohm, 1960 Overstreet, Theobald, and Whitlow, 1959 Waesche, 1960 Petersen, 1959, 1960 Warner, Holser, Wilmarth, and Cameron, 1959 Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959 Withington and Jaster, 1960 Petersen and Phoenix, 1959 Radioactive minerals: Phoenix, 1959 Archbold, 1959 Post, 1959 Bachman, Vine, Read, and Moore, 1959 Roach and Thompson, 1959 Bell, 1959 Schlee, 1959 Botineily and FIscher, 1959 Schlee and Moench, 1960 Breger and Chandler, 1959 Sheldon, 1959a, b Brege and Deul, 1959 Shoemaker, Miesech, Newman, and Riley, 1959 SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS A129

Radioactive minerals-Continued Fuels-Continued Shoemaker and Newman, 1959 Plan Regional Para el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1969 Sims, Moench, and Harrison, 1959 Sandberg, C. A., 1960 Solster and Conklin, 1959 Sandberg, D. T., 1959 Staatz and Osterwald, 1959 Stafford, 1959 Stern and Stleff, 1959 Swanson, 1960 Stern, Stieff, Klemlc, and Delevaux, 1959 Trumbull and Johnston, 1960 Stewart, 1959 U.S. Geological Survey, 1960a Stewart, Williams, Albee, and Raup, 1959 Vine, 1959b Swanson, 1960 Wanek, 1959 Tanner, 1959 Wilpolt and Marden, 1960 Trites, Chew, and Lovering, 1959 Wood, Arndt, and Kelm, 1959 Truesdell and Weeks, 1959 Zeller and Schopf, 1959 U.S. Geological Survey, 1959b, 196Ob Geochemical and botanical exploration methods: Vine, 1959b Anderson, C. A., 1960 Vine and Prichard, 1960 Bell, 1959 Waage, 1959a Cannon, H. L., 1959 Weeks, Coleman, and Thompson, 1959 Davies, 1959b Weeks and Eargle, 1959 Hawkins, Canney, and Ward, 1959 Weeks and Garrels, 1959 Lovering and others, 1960 Wells, 1959 Nakagawa and Ward, 1960 Wilmarth, 1959 Slgafoos, 1959 Wolcott and Gott, 1960 Isotope geology in exploration: Zeller and Schopf, 1959 Cannon, R. S., Pierce, and Antweller, 1959 Fuels: Friedman, J. D., 1959a Adklson, 1960 James, 1959 Arndt, Conlin, Kehn, Miller, and Wood, 1959 Tanner, 1959 Bachman, Vine, Read, and Moore, 1959 White, D. E., and Craig, 1959 Barnes, F. F., 1960 Geophysical exploration methods: Barnes, P. F., and Cobb, 1959 Anderson, C. A., 1960 Belkman and Gower, 1959 Bunker and Ohm, 1959 Brown, Gower, and Snavely, 1960 Frischknecht, 1959 Buruside, 1959 Henderson, 1960 Cashion, 1959 Johnson, R. W., Jr., 1959 Cheney and Sheldon, 1959 Keller, G. V., 1959a, b Cloud, 1960 King, E. R., and Zietz, 1960 Cloud and Palmer, 1959 Kinoshlta and Kent, 1900 Denson, 1959 Mabey and others, 1959 Denson, Bachman, and Zeller, 1959 Moxham, 1960 Donnell, 1959 Roman, 1959 Dutro, 1960a, b Warrick and Winslow, 1960 Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960 Geologic mapping and field methods: Anderson, C. A., 1959,1960 Friedel and Breger, 1959 Coats, 1960 Gardner, 1959 Fischer, W. A, and Ray, 1960 Gates, G.0., 1959 Hansen, 1900 Gill, 1959 Hunt, 1960 Gill, Zeller, and Schopf, 1959 Mlnard, 1960 Glover, 1959 Ray and Fischer, 19B0 Gryc, 1959 Stoertz, 1959 Hallgrath, 1960 Varnes, FInnell, and Poet, 1959 Harbour and Dixon, 1959 Geology applied to construction problems: Johnson, W. D., Jr., and Kunkel, 1959 Bonilla, 1960 Johnston, Trumbull, and Eaton, 1959 Cattermole, 1960 Kottlowski, 1960a, b Crandell and Gard, 1959 Flint, Saplis, and Corwin, 1959 Kremp, Kovar, and Riegel, 1959 Hartshorn, 1959 LAndis, 1959 Holmes, G. W, 1959a, c McKelvey, 1959 Kaye, 1959a Mapel and Hall, 1959 Lachenbruch, 1959b, c Masursky and Piplringos, 1959 Lachenbruch and Greene, 19,60 Miller, D. J., MacNell, and Wahrhaftig, 1960 Lewis, C. R., 1959a, b Miller, D. J., Payne, and Gryc, 1959 McGill, 1959 Moore, Melln, and Kepterle, 1959 Miller, R. D., and Dobrovolny, 1960 A130 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Geology applied to construction problems-Continued Synthesis of geologic dtta on large regions-Continued Pdwd and Paige, 1959 Finch and others, 1959 Tracey and others, 1959 Griffitts, 1959 Whitmore% 1960 King, IL R., Jussen, Loud, and Conant, 1960 Engineering problems related to rock failure: King, IL R., and others, 1959 Bonilla, 1959, 1960 McKee and others, 1960 Byerly, Stewart, and Roller, 1960 Pierce and Rich, 1959 Dobrovolny, 1960 Soister and Conklin, 1959 Hadley, 1959a Warner, Holser, Wilmarth, and Cameron, 1959 McGill, 1959 Weld, Asselstlne, and Johnson, 1959,1960 Miller, D. J., 1960a, b Wilson, Druid, 1959 Myers, 1960 Withington and Jaster, 1960 Witkind, 1959 Eastern New York and New England: Nuclear test-site studies: Balsley and Buddington, 1960 Baltz, 1960 Balsley, Buddington, and others, 1959a-c Byerly, Stewart, and Roller, 1960 Balsley, Postel, and others, 1959 Clebsch and others, 1959 Boucot and Arndt, 1960 Dickey and McKeown, 1960 Boucot, Griscom, Allingham, and Dempsey, 1960 Diment, Healey, and Roller, 1959 Cady, 1959, 1960 Diment and others, 1959a-d Castle, 1959 Eckel and others, 1959 Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1960 Gibbons, 1960 Gates, M. M., 1960 Gibbons, Hinrichs, Hansen, and Lemke, 1960 Hurley, Boucot, Albee, Faul, Pinson, and Fairbairn, 1959 Hale and Clebsch, 1959 Leonard and Vlisidis, 1960 Houser and Poole, 1959a, b; 1960 Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959 Jackson and Warrick, 1959 Postel, Nelson, and Wiesnet, 1959 Jones, C. L., 1960 Smysor, 1959a Kachadoorian, 1960 Toulmin, 1959 Kachadoorian, Campbell, Salnsbury, and Scholl, 1959 Appalachians: Kachadoorian and others, 1960 Amos, 1959 Kachadoorian, Sainsbury, and Campbell, 1959 Arndt, Conlin, Kuhn, Miller, and Wood, 1959 Keller, G. V., and others, 1959 Bell, 1959 Lachenbruch, 1959b Bromery, 1959 Lachenbruch and Green, 1960 Bromery, Bennett, and others, 1959a-c McKeown and others, 1959 Bromery, Henderson, and Bennett, 1959 McKeown and Wilmarth, 1959 Bromery, Henderson, Zandle, and others, 1959a, b; 1960a-1 Moore, 1959a Bromery, Zandle, and others, 1959a-m, 1960a-e Pfwe, Hopkins, and Lachenbruch, 1959 Bryant and Reed, 1959 Poole and Roller, 1960 Cattermole, 1960 Price, 1960 Friedman, J. D., 1959b Roller, Stewart, Jackson, Warrick, and Byerly, 1959 Glover, 1959 Scholl and Sainsbury, 1960a Griscom, 1959 Vine, 1960 Hack, 1960 Wilmarth, 1960 Hack and Young, 1959 Wilmarth and others, 1959 Johnson, R, W., Jr., 1959 Radioactive waste disposal investigations: King, E. R., and Zietz, 1960 Carroll and Pommer, 1960 Laurence, 1960 Carroll and Starkey, 1960 Lesure, 1959 Pierce and Rich, 1959 Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959 Pommer and Carroll, 1960 Murphy, 1960 Repenning, 1959 Neuman, 1960 Ross, C. S., 1960 Overstreet, Theobald, and Whitlow, 1959 Schnepfe, 1960 Sando, 1960 Measurement of background radiation: Smith, IV. L., Stone, Ross, and Levine, 1960 Moxham, 1960 Smysor, 1959b Schmidt, 1959 Stern, Stieff, Klemic, and Delevaux, 1959 Distribution of elements as related to health: Stromqulst and Conley, 1959 Moxham, 1960 Wilpolt and Marden, 1960 Synthesis of geologic data on large regions: Wood, Arndt, and Kehn, 1959 Bailey, E. H., 1959a Zietz and Gray, 1959 Brobst, 1960 Atlantic Coastal Plain: Carr, M. S., and Dutton, 1959 Brown, 1959 Dean, 1960 Carr, W. J., and Alverson, 1959 Denson, 1959 Carroll, 1959a, b SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS A131

Atlantic Coastal Plain-Continued Ozark region and eastern plalns-Continued Cathcart and MeGreevy, 1959 Jones, C. L., and Madsen, 1959 Cooke, 1959 Landis, 1960 Johnston, Trumbull, and Eaton, 1959 Mamay, 1959 Ketner, 1959 Moore, 1959a, b King, E. R., 1959a Motts, 1959 King, E. R., Zietz, and Dempsey, 1900 Mudge and Burton, 1959 Knechtel, Hosterman, and Hamlin, 1959 Roller, Stewart, Jackson, Warrick, and Byerly, 1959 Malde, 1959a Staford, 1959 Minard, 1960 Terriere, 1960 Murphy, 1960 Vine, 1960 Owens and Minard, 1900 Yates and Thompson, 1960 Schmidt, 1959 Northern Rockies and plains: Schopf, 1959b Arnold, Coleman, and Fryklund, 1959 Smysor, 1959b Baker, 1959 Trumbull and Johnston, 1960 Bayley, 1959b Eastern Plateaus: Bowles and Braddock, 1960 Colton, G. W., and de Witt, 1959 Calkins, Parker, and Disbrow, 1959 de Witt and Colton, G. W., 1959a, b Campbell, 1959 Droste, Rubin, and White, G. W., 1959 Cheney and Sheldon, 1959 Paul and Thomas, 1959 Cobban, Erdmann, Lemke, and Maughan, 1959a, b Friedman, J. D., 1959b Colton, R. B., 1959 Glover, 1959 Crittenden, 1959 Hass, 1959 Denson, Bachman, and Zeller, 1959 King, E. R., and Zietz, 19G0 Fraser, 1960 Luedke, Wrucke, and Graham, 1959 Gardner, 1959 Marcher, 1959 Glldersleeve, 1959 Oliver, 19G0 Gill, 1959 Patterson and Hosterman, 1960 Gill, Schultz, and Tourtelot, 1960 Wilpolt and Marden, 1960 Gill, Zeller, and Schopf, 1959 Shield area and upper Mississippi Valley: Gott, Braddock, and Post, 1960 Bayley, 1959a, c Hadley, 1959a, b Behre and Heyl, 1959 Hallgarth, 1960 Gill, Schultz, and Tourtelot, 1960 Izett, Mapel, and Pillmore, 1960 Heyl, Agnew, Lyons, and Behre, 1960 Johnson, W. D., Jr., and Kunkel, 1959 Heyl, Milton, and Axelrod, 1959 Jones, W. R., Peoples, and Howland, 1960 James, 1960 Kinoshita and Keent, 1960 James, Dutton, Pettijohn, and Wier, 1960 Klepper and Smedes, 1959 Kepferle, 1959 Landis, 1960 Kottlowski, 1960a, b Leo, 19G0 Mudge, Walters, and Skoog, 1959 Love, 1959, 1960 Stolber, and Davidson, 1959 Love and Milton, 1959 Warrick and Winslow, 1960 McKelvey and others, 1959 White, W. S., 1960a, b Mapel and Gott, 1959 Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi Embayment: Marshall, 1960a-c 1argle, 1959a-c; 1960a Masursky and Pipiringos, 1959 Evans and McKnight, 1959a, b Milton, Chao, Axelrod, and Grimaldi, 1960 Weeks and Eargle, 1959 Milton and Eugster, 1959 Welch, 1900 Milton and Fahey, 1960 Ozark region and eastern plains: Milton, Mrose, Chao, and Fahey, 1959 Adkison, 1960 Moore, Melin, and Kepferle, 1959 Baltz, 1960 Mudge, 1959 Burnside, 1959 Mudge and Dobrovolny, 1959 Byerly, Stewart, and Roller, 1960 Muessig and Quinlan, 1959 Chisholm, 1959 Myers, 1960 Cloud and Palmer, 1959 Nelson, 1959 Dane, 1959 Olson, 19f0 Eargle, 1960b Post, 1959 Frezon and Glick, 1959 Redden, 1959 Hale and Clebsch, 1959 Robinson, C. B., 1960 Hamilton, 1959 Robinson, G. D., 1959a, b Hayes, 1959 Ross, C. P., 1960 Jackson and Warrick, 1959 Ross, C. P., and Rezak, 1959 Jones, C. L., 1959, 1960 Ross, R. J., Jr., 1959 A132 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Northern Rockies and plains-Continued Colorado Plateau-Continued Sandberg, C. A., 1960 Kinney, Hansen, and Good, 1959 Sandberg, D. T., 1959 Krieger, 1959 Sando, Dutro, and Gere, 1959 Landis, 1959 Schultz, Tourtelot, and Gill, 1960 Lewis, R. Q., and Trimble, 1900 Sheldon, 1959a, b Marshall, 1959 Smith, J. F., Jr., Witkind, and Trimble, 1960 Newman and Elston, 1959 Tracey and Oriel, 1959 Petersen, 1959,1960 U.S. Geological Survey, 1960a Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959 Vine, 1959a, 1959b Petersen and Phoenix, 1959 Vine and Prichard, 1960 Phoenix, 1959 Waage, 1959a Repenning, 1959 Wets, 1959 Roach and Thompson, 1959 Witkind, 1959 Schlee, 1959 Wolcott and Gott, 1960 Schlee and Moench, 1960 Zeller and Schopf, 1959 Shoemaker, 1959a, b Southern Rockies and plains: Shoemaker, Mlesch, Newman, and Riley, 1959 Bailey, R. A., 1959 Shoemaker and Newman, 1959 Christman, Brock, Pearson, and Singewald, 1960 Stern and Stleff, 1959 Dane, 1959 Stewart, 1959 DonneD, 1959 Stewart, Williams, Albee, and Raup, 1959 Gildersleeve, 1959 Trites, Chew, and Lovering, 1959 Gill, Schultz, and Tourtelot, 1960 Truesdell and Weeks, 1959 Harbour and Dixon, 1959 Wanek, 1959 Johnson, R. B., 1960 Weeks, Coleman, and Thompson, 1959 King, E. R., 1959b Weeks and Garrels, 1959 Kinney and Hail, 1959 Wells, 1959 Landis, 1959, 1960 Basin and Range province: Pearson, 1959 Anderson, C. A., 1959 Rattd and Steven, 1959 Christ and Garrels, 1959 Scott, G. R., and Cobban, 1959 Clebsch and others, 1959 Sims, Moench, and Harrison, 1959 Cooper, 1959a, b; 1960 Steven and Ratt6, 1959 Cornwall and Kleinhampl, 1959 Tweto, 1959 Dane, 1959 U.S. Geological Survey, 1960a Dibblee, 1959a-c; 1960a-d Waage, 1959b Dickey and McKeown, 1960 Wilmarth, 1959 Diment, Healey, and Roller, 1959 Colorado Plateau: Diment and others, 1959a-d Archbold, 1959 Drewes, 1959 Bachman, Vine, Read, and Moore, 1959 Erd, McAllister, and Almond, 1959 Botinelly and Fischer, 1959 Gibbons, 1960 Bush, Marsh, and Taylor, 1959 Gibbons, Hinrichs, Hansen, and Lemke, 1960 Byerly and Joesting, 1959 Gilluly, 1960 Cadigan, 1959a, b Hall, W. B., 1959 Cannon, H. L., 1959 Hose and Repenning, 1959 Cashion, 1959 Houser and Poole, 1959a, b; 1960 Craig, Holmes, Freeman, Multens, and others, 1959 Keller, G. V., and others, 1959 Dane, 1959, 1900 Longwell, 1900 Ekren and Houser, 1959a-c Lovering and others, 1960 Elston and Botinelly, 1959 Lovering and Shepard, 1960 Engel, C. G., 1959 Mabey, 1960 Finch, 1959b Mabey and others, 1959 Fischer, R. P., 1959 McClymonds, 1959 Fisher, Erdmann, and Reeside, 1960 McKelvey and others, 1959 Foster, 1959a McKeown and others, 1959 Garrels and Christ, 1959 McKeown and Wilmarth, 1959 Garrels and Larsen, 1959 Mapel and Hall, 1959 Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959 Neuerburg and Granger, 1960 Hemphill, 1959 Olson and Hinrichs, 1960 Hilpert and Moench, 1960 Outerbridge, Staatz, Meyrowitz, and Pommer, 1960 Houser and Ekren, 1959a, b Palmer, 1960a, c Johnson, H. S., Jr., 1959a, b Peterson, 1959 Keller, G. V., 1959a, b Pomeroy, 1959 Keller, W. D., 1959 Poole and Roller, 1960 SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS A133

Basin and Range province-Continued Alaska-Continued Price, 1900 Eckhart and Plafker, 1959 Ross, C. P., 19U0 Fellows and others, 1959 Silberling, 1960 Fernald, 1959 Smith, G. I., 1959 Fraser and Snyder, 1960 Staatz and Osterwald, 1959 Gates, 0. o., 1959 Tatlock, Wallace, and Silberling, 19G0 Grantz, 1960a-c Tschanz, 1959 Gryc, 1959, 1980 Tschanz and Pampeyan, 1980 Hoare and Coonrad, 1900a, b Wallace, Silberling, Irwin, and Tatlock, 1959 Holmes, G. W., 1959a-d Wallace, Sllberling, and Tatlock, 1900 Holmes, G. W., and Lewis, C. R., 1960 White, D. E., and Craig, 1959 Hopkins, 1959a, b Wilmarth, 1900 Hopkins and Benninghoff, 1960 Wilmarth and others, 1959 Hummel, 1960 Wilson, R. F., and Stewart, 1959 Kachadoorian, 1960 Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plains: Kachadoorian, Campbell, Sainsbury, and Scholl, 1959 Baldwin and Hill, 1980 Kachadoorian and others, 1900 Kinoshita and Kent, 1960 Kachadoorian, Sainsbury, and Campbell, 1959 McKelvey and others, 1959 Karlstrom, 19f0 Malde, 1959b Karlstrom and others, 1959 Mapel and Hail, 1959 Keller, A. S., and Reiser, 1959 Pakiser, 1960b Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, 1960 Ross, C. P., 1900 Keller, G. V., and Plouff, 1959a, b Vhay, 1900 Lachenbruch, 1959b Pacific Coast: Lachenbruch and Brewer, 1959 Bailey, E. H., 1960 Lachenbruch and Greene, 1900 Bailey, E. H., Christ, Fahey, and Hildebrand, 1959 Lathram, 1960 Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, 1959 Lathram, Loney, Condon, and Berg, 1959 Balsley, Bromery, Remington, and others, 1900 Lewis, C. R., 1959a, b Beikman and Gower, 1959 Lewis, R. Q., Nelson, and Powers, 1960 Bonilla, 1959, 1900 MacKevett, 1959a, b Bromery, Emery, and Balsley, 19f0 Miller, D. J., 1960a, b Brown, Gower, and Snavely, 1960 Miller, D. J., MacNeil, and Wahrhaftig, 1960 Clark, L D., 1900 Miller, D. J., Payne, and Gryc, 1959 Coleman, 1959b Miller, R. D., and Dobrovolny, 1960 Crandell and Gard, 1959 Moxham, Eckhart, and Cobb, 1960 Crowder, 1959 Nichols and Yehle, 1900 Durham and Jones, 1959 Patton, 1959 Hall, C. A., Jones, D. L., and Brooks, 1959 Patton and Matzko, 1959 Imlay, Dole, Wells, and Peck, 1959 Pewe, 1959c Jones, D. L., 1959a, 1900a, b Pewe, Hopkins, and Lachenbruch, 1959 Kinoshita and Kent, 1900 P6wd and Paige, 1959 McGill, 1959 Powers, Coats, and Nelson, 1900 Mallory, 1959 Rossman, 19S0 Pakiser, 1960a, b Sable, 1959 Pakiser, Press, and Kane, 1980 Sainsbury and Campbell, 1959 Peck, D. L., 1980 Scholl and Sainsbury, 1960a, b Radbruch, 1959 Tappan, 1900 Rinehart, 1959 Wahrhaftig, 19S0 Rinehart, Ross, and Hubier, 1959 Wilcox, 1959a Smith, P. B., 1900 Williams, J, R., 1959 Alaska: Williams, J. R., Pewe, and Paige, 1959 Barnes, D. F., 1969 Wright and Wright, 1960 Barnes, F. F., and Cobb, 1959 Yochelson and Dutro, 1900 Benninghoff and Holmes, 1900 Zletz and others, 1959 Zietz, Patton, and Dempsey, 1959 Berg and MacKevett, 1959 Hawaii: Berquist, 19f0 Davidson and Powers, 1959 Byers, 1900 Eaton and Richter, 1900 Carr, M. S., and Dutton, 1959 Patterson, 1960 Cass, 1959a-f Richter and Eaton, 1960 Coats, 1959 Robertson, 1959 Cobb, 1959a-d Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone: Dutro, 1900a, b Berryhill, 1959 A134 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1960-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Puerto Rico andt the Canal Zone-Continued Paleontology-Continued Berryhill, Briggs, and Glover, 1960 Flower and Gordon, 1959 Carr, M. S., and Dutton, 1959 Gordon, 1960 Hildebrand, 1959 Hass, 1959 Kaye, 1959a, b, c Henbest, 1960 Withington and Jaster, 1960 Jones, D. L., 1960a, b Woodring, 1959a Kremp, Ames, and Frederlksen, 1959 Western Pacific Islands: Kremp, Kovar, and Riegel, 1959 Cole, Todd, and Johnson, C. G., 1960 Ladd, 1959, 1960 Flint, Saplis, and Corwin, 1959 Lohman, 1900a, b Fosberg, 1960a, b Mallory, 1959 Ladd, 1960 Mamay, 1959 McKee, 1959 Oliver, 1900 Taylor, A. R., 1960 Palmer, 1960a, b, c Tracey and others, 1959 Pewe, Rivard, and Llano, 1959a, b Antarctica: Rezak, 1959 Hamilton, 1960fb, c Rinehart, Ross, and Huber, 1969 Hamilton and Hayes, 1969a, b Ross, M.J., Jr., 1959 Pewe, 1959a, b Schopf, 1959a, b; 1960 Pewe, Rivard, and Llano, 1959a, b Scott, R. A., Barghoorn, and Leopold, 1960 Extraterrestrial studies: Silberling, 1960 Friedman, Irving, Thorpe, and Senttle, 1960 Smith, P. B., 1960 Mason, Elias, Hackman, and Olson, 1959,1960 Sohn and Berdan, 1960 Senftle and Thorpe, 1959a, b Tappan, 1960 Wallace, 1959 Taylor, D. W., 1960 Geologic investigations in foreign areas: Teichert, 1959 Anderson, D. G., 1959 Woodring, 1959a, b; 1960 Bramkamp, 1960 Yochelson and Dutro, 1960 Bramkamp and Ramirez, 1959a-c Geomorphology and plant ecology: Danilchik and Tahirkhell, 1960 Davies, 1959a, 1960b Departamento Nacional de Produeio Mineral and U.S. Geo- Droste, Rubin, and White, G. W., 1959 logical Survey, 1959 Fernald, 1959 Dobrovolny, 1960 Fosberg, 1959a, b; 1960a, b Dorr, 1959 Hack, 1960 Dorr, Simmons, and Barbosa, 1959 Hack and Young, 1959 Goudarzi, 1959 Hopkins, 1959a Hamilton, 1960a Karlstrom, 1960 Holmes, C. D., and Colton, R. B., 1960 Karlstrom and others, 1969 Krinsley, 1960 Kaye, 1959b Plan Regional el Desarrollo del Sur del Peru, 1959 Krinsley, 1960 Pomerene, 1959 McKee, 1960fb Pratt, 1959 Motts, 1959 Rezak, 1959 Pewv, 1959a Rosenblum, 1960 Sachet, 1959 Rossman, Fernadez, Fontanos, and 7epeda, 1959 Sigafoos, 1959 Sachet, 1959 Tweto, 1959 Segerstrom, 1959a, b Wahrhaftig, 1960 Segerstrom and Parker, 1959 Physical properties of rocks: Spencer and Vergara, 1959 Anderson, D. G., 1959 U.S. Geological Survey, 1959a Baldwin, 1960 Stoertz, 1959 Barnes, D. F., 1959 lergara and Spencer, 1969 Barton and Bethke, 1960 Vitaliano, 1959 Keller, G. V., 1959a Wallace, de Mello, Sallantien, and Pares, 1959 Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, 1960 Paleontology: Keller, G. V., and Licastro, 1959 Berdan, 1960 Pankey and Senftle, 1959 Boucot and Arndt, 1960 Plouff, Keller, Frischknecht, and Wahl, 1960 Cloud, 1959 Robertson, 1959, 1960 Cloud and Palmer, 1969 Senftle and Thorpe, 1959a, b Cole, Todd, and Johnson, C. G., 1960 Thorpe and Senftle, 1959 Cooke, 1959 Vitaliano, and others, 1959, 1960 Dean, 1960 Vitaliano, Vesselowsky, and others, 1959a, b; 1960 Douglas, 1960 Permafrost studies: Durham and Jones, D. L., 1969 Davies, 199b, 19f0a SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF PUB1LICATIONS A135

Permafrost studies-Continued Mineralogy and crystal chemistry-Continued Garrels, 1959a Fleischer, 1900b Hartshorn, 1959 Foster, 1959a, b; 1960 Holmes, C. D., and Colton, R. B., 1960 Garrels and Christ, 1959 Lachenbruch, 1959a-d; 1960 Garrels and Larsen, 1959 Lachenbruch and Brewer, 1959 Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959 Lachenbruch and Greene, 1960 Garrels and Pommer, 1959 PNwd and Paige, 1959 Hall, W. E., 1959 Williams, T. R., 1959 Hathaway, 1959 Williams, J. R., Pdw4, and Paige, 1959 Hewett and Fleischer, 1960 Rock deformation: Heyl, Milton, and Axelrod, 1959 Eaton, 1959 Keller, W. D., 1959 Eaton and Takasaki, 1959 Leo, 1960 Fraser, 1960 Leonard and Vlisidis, 1960 Gilluly, 1960 Lindberg and Christ, 1959a, b Gryc, 1960 Marvin and Magin, 1959 Hamilton, 19W0a, b Milton, Chao, Axelrod, and Grimaldi, 1960 Hubbert and Rubey, 1960 Milton and Eugster, 1959 King, P. B., 1960 Milton and Fahey, 1960 Lachenbruch, 1959a, d; 1960 Milton and Ingram, 1959 Lesure, 1959 Milton, Mrose, Chao, and Fahey, 1959 Myers, 1960 Mrose and von Knorring, 1959 Pakiser, 1960a Mrose and Wappner, 1959 Pft6, 1959b Outerbridge, Staatz, Meyrowitz, and Pommer, 1960 Robertson, 1960 Pankey and Senftle, 1959 Shoemaker, 1959a, b Petersen, Hamilton, and Myers, 1959 Steven and Rattk, 1959 Pommer, 1959 Paleomagnetism: Pommer and Carroll, 1960 Balsley and Buddington, 1960a Redden, 1959 Cox, 1960 Ross, C. B., 1960 Cox and Doell, 1960 Ross and Evans, 1959,1960 Doell and Cox, 1959 ,Schnepfe, 1960 Crustal studies: Skinner, Barton, and Kullerud, 1959 Baldwin and Hill, 1960 Skinner and Evans, 1960 Smith, W. L., Stone, Ross, and Levine, Byerly and Joesting, 1959 1960 Eaton and Takasaki, 1959 Trites, Chew, and Lovering, 1959 Keller, G. V., and Plouff, 1959a, b Vine, 1959a King, E. R., 1959a Weeks, Coleman, and Thompson, 1969 King, E. R., and Zietz, 1960 Experimental geochemistry: M1abey, 1960 Arnold, Coleman, and Fryklund, 1959 Pakiser, 1960b Barton and Bethke, 1960 Mineralogy and crystal chemistry: Barton and Toulmin, 1959 Bailey, E. H., Christ, Fahey, and Hildebrand, 1959 Bethke and Barton, 1959 Birks, Brooks, Adler, and Milton, 1959 Breger and Chandler, 1959 Botinelly and Fischer, 1959 Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960 Carroll, 1960 Marvin and Magin, 1959 Carroll and Pommer, 1960 Pommer and Carroll 1960 Carroll and Starkey, 1960 Roedder, 1959 Christ, 1960 Schnepfe, 1960 Christ and Clark, J. R., 1960 Skinner, 1959 Christ end Garrels, 1959 Skinner, Barton, and Kullerud, 1959 Clark, J. R., 1960 Toulmin and Barton, 1960 Clark, J. R., and Christ, 1959a-c Geochemical distribution of the elements: Clark, J. R., Mrose, Perloff, and Burley, 1959 Begemann and Friedman, 1959 Coleman, 1959a Chao and Fleischer, 1959 Elston and Botinelly, 1959 Davidson, 1960 Epprecht, Schaller, and Vilsidis, 1959 Davidson and Powers, 1959 Erd, McAllister, and Almond, 1959 Fleischer, 1959, 1900a Eugster and McIver, 1959 Fleischer and Chao, 1959 Evans, 1959 Larsen and Gottfried, 1960 Evans and Lonsdale, 1959 McKelvey, 1960 Evans and McKnight, 1959a, b Neuerburg and Granger, 1960 Fahey, Ross, and Axelrod, 1960 Shoemaker, Miesch, Newman, and Riley, 1959 A136 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 19860-SYNOPSIS OF GEOLOGIC RESULTS

Geochemical distribution of the elements-Continued Isotope and nuclear studies: Shoemaker and Newman, 1959 Begemann and Friedman, 1959 Woodland, 1959 Cannon, R. S., Plerce, and Antweller, 1959 Organic geochemistry: Droste, Rubin, and White, G. W., 1959 Breger and Chandler, 1959 Engel, A. E. J., 1959 Breger and Deul, 1959 Paul, 1959, 1960 Cannon, H. L., 1959 Paul and Thomas, 1959 Ergun, Donaldson, and Breger, 1960 Paul, Elmore, and Brannock, 1959 Friedel and Breger, 1959 Friedman, J. D., 1959a Sisler, 1959 Friedman and Smith, 1960 Petrology: Gottfried, Jaffee, and Seattle, 1959 Bailey, B. H., 1960 Hurley, Boucot, Albee, Faul, Pinson, and Fairbairn, 1959 Bailey, E. H., and Irwin, 1959 Jager and Faul, 1959 Bailey, R. A., 1959 James, 1959 Balsley and Buddington, 1960a Karlstrom, 1959 Bayley, 1959c Martinez and Senftle, 1960 Bowles, 1960 Rubin and Alexander, 1960 Cadigan, 1959a, b Sakakura, Lindberg, and Faul, 1959 Carroll, 1959a Senftle, Stern, and Alekna, 1959 Cloud, 1960 Sisler, 1959 Coats, 1959 Stern and Stleff, 1959 Coleman, 1959b Stern, Stieff, Klemic, and Delevaux, 1959 Crowder, 1959 Stieff and Stern, 1959 Davidson and Powers, 1959 Vaughn, Wilson, and Ohm, 1960 Eaton and Richter, 1960 White, D. E., and Craig, 1959 Engel, C. G., 1959 Analytical chemistry: Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1960 Breger and Deul, 1959 Faul, Elmore, and Brannock, 1959 Garrels, Larsen, Pommer, and Coleman, 1959 Fraser and Snyder, 1960 Garrels and Pommer, 1959 Hamilton, 1959 Grimaldi, 1960 Huddle and Patterson, 1959 Grimaldi and Schnepfe, 1959 Jaffe, Gottfried, Waring, and Worthing, 1959 Hawkins, Canney, and Ward, 1959 Jones, W. R., Peoples, and Howland, 1960 Kinser, 1959 Keller, A. S., and Reiser, 1959 Milton and Ingram, 1959 Klepper and Smedes, 1959 Nakagawa and Ward, 1900 Larsen and Gottfried, 1960 Peck, L C., and Tomasi, 1959 Lewis, R. Q., Nelson, and Powers, 1960 Pommer and Abell, 1959 Lovering and Shepard, 1960 Shapiro, 1959, 1960 McKee, 1959, 1960a Shapiro and Brannock, 1959 McKelvey, 1959 Stevens and others, 1960 McKelvey and others, 1959 Stevens, Wood, Goetz, and Horr, 1959 White, C. E., and Cuttitta, 1959 Moore, 1959b Spectroscopy: Murata, 1960 Adler, 1959 Nichols and Yehle, 1960 Birks, Brooks, Adler, and Milton, 1959 Pakiser, 1960a, b Cuttitta, and White, 1959 Pakiser, Press, and Kane, 1960 Dinnin, Massoni, Curtis, and Brannock, 1959 Pearson, 1959 Rose and Stern, 1960 Peterson, 1959 Thompson and Nakagawa, 1960 Powers, Coats, and Nelson, 1960 Mineralogic and petrographic methods: Rattd and Steven, 1959 Adler, 1959 Rose and Stern, 1960 Bailey, E. H., and Stevens, 1960 Smith, G. I., 1959 Evans and Lonsdale, 1959 Stewart, Williams, Albee, and Raup, 1959 Paul and Davis, 1959 Tatlock, Wallace, and Sliberling, 1960 Frost, 1959 Martinez and Seattle, 1960 Terriere, 1960 Meyrowlts, Cuttitta, and Hickling, 1959 Toulmln, 1959 Murata, 1900 Tourtelot, 1960 Pommer and Carroll, 1960 White, W. S., 1960b Stevens, Nell, and Robertson, 1960 Wilcox, 1959a Wilcox, 1959b, c Woodland, 1959 Williams, P. L., 1960

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