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HARRY POTTER in TURKEY the SOCIOCULTURAL FRAMEWORK of TRANSLATION in a GLOBAL CONTEXT Thesis Submitted to the Institute For

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HARRY POTTER in TURKEY the SOCIOCULTURAL FRAMEWORK of TRANSLATION in a GLOBAL CONTEXT Thesis Submitted to the Institute For HARRY POTTER IN TURKEY THE SOCIOCULTURAL FRAMEWORK OF TRANSLATION IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT Thesis submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Translation by Merlin Özkan Boğaziçi University 2009 Thesis Abstract Merlin Özkan, “Harry Potter in Turkey: The Sociocultural Framework of Translation in a Global Context” This study focuses on the sociocultural framework of translational phenomena which governs the selection, production and reception processes. In this light, the external forces effective in the creation of a translated text, how these forces influence the adoption of translation strategies and the impact of translation as a cultural product are analyzed. The implications of cultural exchange through translation in a globalized background are studied in line with the analysis of the interactional character between broader social structures with all its agencies and their effect on the functional mechanisms of translation markets, the publishing industry and the procedural stages of translation. Itamar Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory, Pierre Bourdieu’s relevant concepts of cultural production and circulation model, Gideon Toury’s concept of norms and Lawrence Venuti’s discourse on a cultural and political agenda are explored and questioned in terms of their sociological implications. The applicable aspects of these theoretical approaches are put into test to analyze the implications of the Harry Potter translations in the Turkish target culture and the intercultural relations of translations across various cultural settings. The analysis of the case study has shown that the translations are initially conditioned by the macro clusters of social structures, such as the workings of the publishing industry, the politics of media concerns and specific social, cultural and economic concerns of the decision- makers particular to the target culture. In this light, translation strategies gain sense and significance against the backdrop of a sociocultural framework in which the translation is processed. As a result, this study has shown that the social implications of translation theories need to be more refined in order to account for all the processes of crosscultural translational change so as to develop more meticulous methodologies to formulate a sociology of translation and study the translations in their broader social context. iii Tez Özeti Merlin Özkan, “Harry Potter Türkiye’de: Küresel Bağlamda Çevirinin Sosyokültürel Çerçevesi” Bu çalışma, çeviri olgusunu seçim, üretim ve alımlama süreçlerini kapsayan sosyokültürel bir çerçevede incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, sözkonusu çalışmada çeviri metnin yaratım sürecinde rol oynayan dış etkenler, bu etkenlerin çeviri stratejileri üzerindeki etkisi ve kültürel bir ürün olarak çevirinin sosyal etkileri incelenmiştir. Küresel arka planda, çeviri yoluyla gerçekleştirilen kültürel değişimin beraberinde getirdiği sonuçlar, geniş sosyal bağlamında bu süreçte rol alan tüm elemanların birbiriyle etkileşiminin yanı sıra yayıncılık sektörü ve çeviri sürecinin aşamalarını kapsayan çeviri pazarlarının işlevsel mekanizması dahilinde incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Itamar Even-Zohar’ın çoğuldizge kuramı, Pierre Bourdieau’nun kültürel üretim ve bu ürünlerin dolaşımını kapsayan modeli, Gideon Toury’in norm kavramı ve Lawrence Venuti’nin çeviri üzerine görüşlerine yer verilmiş ve bu yaklaşımlar toplumsal çıkarımları açısından sorgulanmıştır. Bu kuramsal yaklaşımların konuyla ilintili yönleri, Harry Potter çevirilerinin Türk erek kültüründeki etkisi ve farklı bağlamlardaki çevirilerin kültürlerarası ilişkileri çerçevesinde araştırılmıştır. Örnek olay incelemesi, çevirilerin medyanın yanı sıra erek kültürdeki karar vericilerin sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ihtiyaçları ve yayıncılık sektörünün işlevsel mekanizması gibi makro sosyal yapılar zemininde şekillendiğini göstermiştir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, çeviri stratejileri, çeviri sürecinin yer aldığı sosyokültürel bağlamda nitelik ve anlam kazanmaktadır. Çevirilerin kültürlerarası dolaşımının tüm süreçlerinin daha ayrıntılı incelenebilmesi açısından çeviri kuramlarının sosyal bağlamının ve buna yönelik araştırma yöntemlerinin bir çeviri sosyolojisi oluşturması ve çevirilerin daha geniş sosyal bağlamlarında incelenebilmesi için geliştirilebileceği ortaya çıkmaktadır. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Nilgün Fırat, for her invaluable ideas, help, encouragement and patience during the entire course of this study. I also would like to extend my thanks to Asst. Prof. İsmail Kaplan and Asst. Prof. Ayşe Banu Karadağ for kindly accepting to be in the Examining Committee and for contributing to this thesis with their invaluable feedback and guidance. I would like to thank my editor, Sema Göksel for her meticulous reading and revision of the thesis. I would like to thank my dear friends from the MA program in Translation, Ebru Şahin, Müge Işlak, Seçil Sönmez and Selin Siral for their boundless support and sympathy not only in the course of this study but for throughout all the years of the program. Special thanks to Ebru Şahin for opening her house, listening to all my problems with endless patience, calling me, checking me out in all the stages of this study and for her much appreciated technological support which enabled me to finish this study. Thanks go as well to my mother, all my family and all my dear friends for their love and unwavering support. Finally, I would like to extend my most special thanks to Emre Salabaş who encouraged and cheered me up in the most difficult, stressful and sleepless days. v CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………...........1 The Aim of the Present Study……………………………………………………............2 The Content and Scope of the Study……………………………………………………..3 Theoretical Approach…………………………………………………………………….4 The Material to be Examined and its Significance……………………………………....6 The Thesis Statement…………………………………………………………………….8 CHAPTER II: Theoretical Aspects of the Translational Cultural Exchange………………..10 Sociological Implications of Cultural Exchange in Translation Theories………………10 The International System of Translation and Flow of Cultural Goods………….............12 The Concept of Norms……………………………………………………………..........18 The Stance of Translation in a Cultural and Political Agenda……………………..........21 CHAPTER III: Dynamics of Translation in a Crosscultural Setting…………………..........29 The Publishing Industry and the Turkish Book Market………………………………...29 Target Audience………………………………………………………………………...41 Genre……………………………………………………………………………………44 Summary and Conclusion………………………………………………………………58 CHAPTER IV: A Comparative Study of Harry Potter Translations Book Covers and Peritextual Material…………………………………………………60 Proper Names, Dialect and Social Status………………………………………………69 Rhymes, Anagrams, Puns and Acronyms……………………………………………...90 Neologisms……………………………………………………………………………..96 Summary and Conclusion………………………………………………………..........122 CHAPTER V: Harry Potter and Beyond- Social and Cultural Impact…………………...124 A Comparative Analysis of Book Reviews……………………………………..........124 Unauthorized Translations…………………………………………………………....133 Fake Translations………………………………………………………………..........136 Parodies……………………………………………………………………………....138 Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………….........142 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………..146 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………..153 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….165 vi TABLES 1. Frankfurter Buchmesse 2008 figures for the Turkish Publishing Industry…………..31 2. Top 8 source languages most widely translated in Europe………………………......34 FIGURES 1. The cover pages of Harry Potter designed for children………………………………61 2. The cover pages of the target texts in various target cultures………………………...62 3. The cover pages of the source texts designed for adults by Bloomsbury…………….63 4. The cover pages of German target texts designed for adults…………………………64 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Since the publication of the first Harry Potter book in 1997, it has captivated not only the attention of the public but also of the scholarly gaze. The series of seven children‘s fantasy novels written by the British author J. K. Rowling narrate the adventures and struggles of Harry Potter and his friends, Ron and Hermione, against the evil wizard Lord Voldemort who killed Harry‘s parents in his quest for power and immortality. After the publication of the first book Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005) and the last book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows (2007) followed. Huge media hype worldwide accompanied the release of the books, the first four of which were published successively without allowing the excitement and interest of fans to dim. Being translated into 65 languages and selling more than 350 million copies worldwide, the Harry Potter books became a publishing and popular phenomenon on a global scale. It is clear that Harry Potter cast a spell and millions of people were under the influence. Unbeknown to herself, the author J. K. Rowling had written the fortune of Harry Potter from the mouth of her fictional character Professor McGonagall: ―He‘ll be famous- a legend- I wouldn‘t be surprised if today was
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