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Aspects of Supernatural Belie?, Memorate and Lend

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Aspects of Supernatural Belie?, Memorate and Lend ASPECTS OF SUPERNATURAL BELIE?, MEMORATE AND LEND IN A CONTEMPORARY UBBAN ENVIRONMENT by GILLIAN BENNETT Submitted for the degree of Ph.D. Department of English Language University of Sheffield April 1985 ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to move away from the antiquarian bias of previous work on the folklore of the supernatural in order to shed light on present day attitudes and concepts. In the past, folkiorists have done very little to collect their own culture, or even to recognise its forms. This has been particularly true of British work on ghost tracii- tions - the tendency of all but a very few scholars has 'been to retire to the library and compile collections of legends. The present study eschews this approach in favour of fieldwork. There are three main aspects of the work. The early chapters provide a resume of texts on the supernatural, from 1572 to the present day, seeking (i) to construct a cultural history of the concept of the ghost, and (ii) to evaluate the usefulness of these texts to the folklorist or historian of ideas. The central part of the thesis concentrates on presenting a picture of contemporary supernatural beliefs, drawing on data collected in informal interviews with 120 mainly elderly people resident in Gatley, a suburb of Manchester. Two central concepts are analysed - that is, ideas about ghosts, and about knowledge of the future. A third chapter describes miscellaneous beliefs (telepathy, UFOs, 'Luck', and mediumistic powers). In the later chapters attention is drawn to the manner of the storytelling through which these beliefs are expressed. The structure of inemorate is discussed. with particular reference to the Labovian model of personal experience stories. Finally the performative style of the storyteller is analysed in detail to show the basic lin- guistic resources a storyteller may call upon when structuring private experience into public narrative. ACKNOWLDGEvIENTS There are many people to whom I owe a debt of gratitude for their help in producing this work. First, and most obviously, there are my parents, who allowed me to make their workplace my research base. Next there are all those people in Gatley who thought that they were simply going to get their corns removed and instead were asked imper- tinent questions by their chiropodist's daughter. Thirdly, of course, I owe much to Professor John Widd.owson, my supervisor, mentor and thorn-in--the-flesh. To all these my gratitude and affection. lastly, but by no means least, I would like to thank my excellent typist, Mrs. Eileen Grimes, without whom all my work would have been in vain, and my husband, Andrew, who has had a lot to put up with these last five years. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF FIGURES Ii LIST OF TABLES Iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 1 2. The literature of the supernatural 3 Library work versus fieldwork 3. 18 4. The relevance of memorates in folklore study 22 5. Oral styles of folk narrators 26 CHAPTER 2: MEEiODOLOGY 1. Fieldwork 32 2. Interim evaluation 47 3. The data and the selection of a reference group 49 4. Analysis of degree of belief 54 5.1 Final evaluation of methodology 59 5.2 Summary of chapter arrangement 62 CHAPTER 3: ThE LITERATURE 1570-1710 1. Introduction 63 2. Folkloristic literature 64 3. Investigative literature 69 CHAPTER 4: ThE LITERATURE 1710-1840 Introduction 1. 111 Investigative literature 2. 111 Popular literature 3. 121 4. Folkioristic literature 128 CHAPTER 5: ThE LITERATURE 1840 TO ThE PRESENT DAY Introduction 1. 146 2. Investigative literature 150 3. Popular literature 162 4. Folkioristic literature 181 CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO ThE DATA: PATTERNS OF BELIEF AND ThEIR NARRATIVE EXPRESSION The scope of supernatural belief among the 1/2 women of the study group 208 3 . Metaphysical, moral and social factors in belief 229 Patterns of belief in the supernatural 4. 242 5. Belief and narrative 246 II CHAPTER 7: ThE DEAD 1. Introduction 259 2. Poltergeists 266 3. Revenants 277 Li. 'Witnesses' and historical tradition 313 5. Narratives about revenants and the experience of bereavement 317 6. Summary 322 CHAPTER 8: FOREKNOWLEDGE 2.. Introduction 328 2. The narrative corpus 330 3. The subtypes of experiences of foreknowledge 349 4. Non-narrative discourse about foreknowledge 374 5. Summary 392. CHAPTER 9: MIS CELLANEDUS BELIEFS 1. UFOs and telepathy 396 2. Warning voices, luck, bags 406 3. Mediums and seances 409 CHAPTER 10: ThE NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF M0RATES 1. Definition 420 2. Presentation of analyses 423 3. The Ia1ovian model 425 4. Time and sequence in the Labovian model 429 5. Time and sequence in the present corpus 439 6. Action and event 456 7. Reportability 463 8. Structure and function 475 CHAPTER 11: TELLING A STORY: PATTERN, SHAPE AND PERFORMATIVE STYLE 1. Four typical memorates 483 2. But and And. 494 3. Tense, mood and aspect in storytelling 507 4. Dialogue 526 5. Summary and worked analysis 554 CHAPTER 12: CONCLUSION 1. General remarks 562 2. The literature and history of the concept of the ghost 565 3. Nemorate 572 4. Assessment 581 APPENDIX 1: NARRATIVE DATA 584 APPENDIX 2: LIST OF INFORMANTS 586 APPENDIX 3: NARRATIVES AND NARRATORS 589 BIBLIOGRAPHY 592 ii' TABLE OF FIGURES Figure Page Plan of surgery and. seating arrangements ........................ Li1 To show five point scale of belief .............................. 57 Informant's index card .......................................... 58 Grose and. Glanvil compared ...................................... 134 The intuitive —p objective axis ................................. 236 The interpersonal —i individual axis ............................ 236 The safety—danger axis ....................................... 236 The structure of foreknowledge stories .......................... 336 Differences in classes of foreknowledge ......................... 353 Further differences in classes of foreknowledge stories ........ 356 Differences between stories of omens/premonitions and stories of fortunetelling ....................................... 358 Organisational structures found in the corpus of 111 memorates ....................................................... L5Lj iv LIST OF TABLES Chapter Table Heading Page 2 1 Age and domestic circunistances of 81 women in the study group of 87 elderly women ....... 51 2 2 Narratives and narrators of supernatural experiences ................................... 53 3 1 Comparing and contrasting ghost behaviour as seen in five texts 1570-1710 ..................92 3 2 Ghostly phenomena mentioned in reviewed texts 1570-171 0 ...............................103 3 3 The main types of literature 1570-1710 ........104 3 4 To show which aspects of belief are to be found in thich text ........................... 105 3 5 Patterns of belief as shown in section 4.4 .... 106 5 1 Sources of narratives about ghosts and hauntings in the Folklore of the British Isles series .................................. 198 6 1 To show relative frecuency of occurrence of five degrees of belief, dth relationship to ten topics, expressed as a percentage ........ 216 6 2 Comparison of percentage belief in astrology and fortunetelling in 5 studies ............... 219 6 3 Comparison of percentage belief in life- after-death, telepathy and clairvoyance in Leeds study and present work .................. 220 6 4 Comparison of percentage belief in ghosts, in 4 studies .................................. 221 6 5 Women over 60 years and women 40-60 years compared for degrees of belief ................ 226 6 6 Women 60 years and men 65 years and over compared for degrees of belief accorded each of 7 topics ................................... 227 6 7 To compare frequency of belief among men of 65 years and over, women of 60 years and over, and women of 40-60 years, over 7 topics ........................................228 6 8 Ratios and correspondences - axes and belief .. 237 V Chapter Table Heading 6 9 To show correlations of belief in revenants dth three social factors - age, sex and domestic circumstances ........................239 6 10 To show incidence of revenant belief among 'familywomen' ................................242 7 1 Nouns of place and time used in descriptions of scene and setting ..........................281 7 2 Adjectives used in descriptions of percipient's state of mind/body ...............282 7 3 Predicate and complement in clauses describing perception of revenant .............283 7 4 Predicate and adjunct in descriptions of revenant's behaviour .......................... 284-5 7 5 Predicate in descriptions of outcome of revenant' s visitation .........................285 7 6 Adjectives used in metagloss ..................286 8 1 Belief in premonitions, omens, fortunetelling and astrology compared ........................ 329 8 2 Scene and setting, receiver and subject, in stories of foreknowledge ...................... 338 8 3 Nature and content of foreknowledge ........... 339 8 4 Prepositions, modifiers and qualifiers in adjunct, to show interval between fore- knowledge and subsequent event ................340 8 5 Predicate and complement in clauses recording the outcome of foreknowledge experiences ......341 8 6 Lexical items in 3rd structural slot ......... 347 8 7 Frequency of lexical groups in the first structural slot ............................... 352 8 8 Frequency of lexical groups in second structural slot ............................... 354 8 9 Frequency of lexical groups in the fourth structural slot ............................... 357 8 10 The order of the structural elements 1-4
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