A Military Revolution? War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800

SCHOOL OF DIVINITY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

ACADEMIC SESSION 2013-2014

HI 355F: A Military Revolution? War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800

30 Credits : 12 Weeks

PLEASE NOTE CAREFULLY:

The full set of school regulations and procedures is contained in the Undergraduate Student Handbook which is available online at your MyAberdeen page. Students are expected to familiarise themselves not only with the contents of this leaflet but also with the contents of the Handbook. Therefore, ignorance of the contents of the Handbook will not excuse the breach of any school regulation or procedure.

You must familiarise yourself with this important information at the earliest opportunity.

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR/COURSE TEAM Professor Robert Frost. Room CA 112 [email protected]

Office hours by appointment. Please send an e-mail to the above address.

DISCIPLINE ADMINISTRATION: Mrs Barbara McGillivray/Mrs Gillian Brown 50-52 College Bounds Room CBLG01 01224 272199/272454 [email protected]

TIMETABLE Please refer to the online timetable on MyAberdeen

Students can view the University Calendar at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/students/13027.php

COURSE DESCRIPTION This course looks at the development of warfare in early modern Europe in the light of the theory, first proposed by Micheal Roberts, that Europe in this period saw a military revolution that had profound effects not just on the way wars were fought, but on European state formation and social development. It analyses the views of supporters and opponents of the theory, the technological changes seen in warfare in this period, and examines the conduct of war at the tactical and strategic levels, before going on to consider the changing culture of war and its impact on state and society. The course will cover a range of military conflicts across the whole continent of Europe, and will also consider the impact of European warfare outside Europe in the first great age of European imperial expansion.

INTENDED AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

Course Aims: • To secure a firm understanding of the nature and significance of war in the development of early modern Europe • To give students detailed and critical insight into the central problems and issues of the Military Revolution theory • To enhance and develop presentational skills through a fornal presentation.

Learning Outcomes • To provide an understanding of the main developments in warfare in the early modern period. • To encourage the development of a critical understanding of the major scholarly debates about military change and its impact in early modern Europe, and of the impact of European military change on the wider world. • To equip students with the means to analyse critically the connections between military developments and social, cultural and political change in the period. • To use the example of military history to develop an understanding of the problem of continuity versus change in historical processes.

LECTURE/SEMINAR PROGRAMME Week 1: S1: Introduction to the Course; Organisation of Presentations. S2: Michael Roberts and the Military Revolution Week 2: S3: Military Technology: the coming of gunpowder (1) the battlefield S4: Military Technology: the coming of gunpowder (2) siege warfare Week 3: S5: Military Technology: (3) warfare at sea. S6: Military Organisation (1) Raising an army. Week 4: S7: Military Organisation (2) Supplying an army S8: Military Society & Military Institutions. Week 5: S9: The Laws of War: controlling the military (Documents; groupwork). S10: .War and the State (1):Spain Week 6: S11: War and the State (2): France S12: War and the State (3): the military state: Sweden & Denmark Week 7: S13: War and the State (4): the military state: Brandenburg-Prussia S14: Russia and the Military Revolution Week 8: READING WEEK, NO CLASSES Essays to be handed in BY NOON ON THURSDAY 27 MARCH 12 Week 9: S15: War and the State: consensual systems (1) The Dutch Republic S16: War and the State: consensual systems (2) Poland-Lithuania Week 10: S17: The British State and the Military Revolution S18: Celtic Warfare (the Scottish Highlands & Ireland) Week 11: S19: Non-State Military Organisations: Cossacks, Uzkoks, Bandits & Privateers. S20: The Military Revolution and the Wider World Week 12: S21: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars; another Military Revolution? S22 Was there a Military Revolution? (Class Debate).

READING LIST General Texts These three books provide introductions to the themes to be explored in the course, and should acquaint themselves with their main arguments. Copies can be bought at Waterstones. Parker, Geoffrey, The Military Revolution, Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500-1800 (2nd edition, Cambridge, 1996) Rogers, Clifford, ed., The Military Revolution Debate. Readings in the Transformation of Early Modern Europe (1995) Frost, Robert I. The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721 (2000). All students should prepare for the week’s class by reading texts designated as essential. Some suggestions for further reading are also provided as an introduction to each theme for those writing essays and giving presentations. A fuller bibliography is posted on MyAberdeen. Week One: Essential Roberts, M.: ‘The Military Revolution, 1550-1660’ in: Rogers, , ed., The Military Revolution Debate. (also in Roberts’s Essays in Swedish History). Read also the essays by Parrott & Parker. Additional Reading Read also the essays by Parker and Parrott in Rogers, The Military Revolution Debate. Knox, M. & Williamson, M. (eds): The Dynamics of Military Revolution (2001) Introduction Eltis, D.: The Military Revolution of the Sixteenth Century (1995). Downing, B.M.: The Military Revolution and political change in early modern Europe. Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe (1990) Introduction and conclusion. Arnold, T.F.: ‘War in sixteenth-century Europe: revolution and renaissance’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Week Two: Read at least ONE of the following Hall, B. & De Vries, K.: ‘The “Military Revolution” revisited’ Technology and Culture (1990) Parker, G.: The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659.(1972) Introduction Showalter, D.E.: ‘Caste, skill and training. The evolution of cohesion in European armies from the Middle Ages to the sixteenth century’ The Journal of Military History 57 (1993) Lynn, J.A.: ‘The trace italienne and the growth of armies: the French case’ in Rogers, C. (ed.) The Military Revolution Debate Arnold, T.F.: ‘Fortifications and the Military Revolution: the Gonzaga experience 1530-1630’ in Rogers, C. (ed.) The Military Revolution Debate

Parrott, D.: ‘The utility of fortifications in early modern Europe: Italian princes and the citadels, 1540-1640’ War in History 7 (2000) Week Three S5: Warfare at Sea Essential Reading Parker, Military Revolution, chapter three. Additional Reading Rogers, N. Essays in Naval History, from Medieval to Modern (2009) Harding, R.: ‘Naval warfare 1453-1815’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Glete, J.: Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (2001) Glete, J.: Navies and Nations. Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500-1860 2 vols (1993) S6: Military Organisation: Raising an Army Essential Reading Wilson, P.H., ‘The German “soldier trade” of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a reassessment’ International History Review 18 (1996) Additional Reading Kiernan, V.G.: ‘Foreign mercenaries and absolute monarchy’ in Aston, T. (ed) Crisis in Europe (1965) Redlich, F.: The German Military Enterpriser and his Workforce, 13th to 17th Centuries 2 vols.(1964-5) Dow, J.: Ruthven’s Army in Sweden and Esthonia (1965) Worthington, D.: Scots in Habsburg Service, 1618-1648 (2004) Ingrao, C.W.: The Hessian Mercenary State Ideas, Instiutions and Reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785 (1987) Wilson, P.H.: ‘Social militarization in eighteenth-century Germany’ German History 18 (2000) Wilson, P.H.: War, State and Society in Württemberg, 1677-1793 (1995) Week Four S7: Supplying an Army & S8: Military Institutions Essential Readng Lynn, J.A.: ‘How war fed war: the tax of violence and Contributions during the Grand Siècle’ Journal of Modern History 65 (1993) Additional Reading Parrott, David, The Business of War. Military Enterprise and Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe (2012). Christianson, P.: ‘Arguments on billeting and Martial Law in the Parliament of 1628’ Historical Journal 37 (1994) Redlich, F.: ‘Contributions in the Thirty Years War’ Economic History Review 12 (1959-60) Stradling, R.A.: ‘Spain’s military failure and the supply of horses 1600-1660’ History 69 (1984)

Lynn, J.A. (ed.): Tools of War. Ideas and Institutions of Warfare (1990) Lynn, J.A. (ed.): Feeding Mars: Logistics in western warfare from the Middle Ages to the present (1993) Week 5 S9: The Laws of War: controlling the military (Document work) I will place documents for this session on myAberdeen. Essential Reading Parker, G. ‘The etiquette of atrocity: the laws of war in early modern Europe’, in Parker, Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe, (2002), chapter 6. Additional Reading Tuck, R.: The Rights of War and Peace. Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (1999) Piirmäe, P.: ‘Just war in theory and practice: the legitimation of Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years War’ Historical Journal 45 (2002) Parker, G., ‘The etiquette of atrocity: the laws of war in early modern Europe’ in Parker, G. Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe (2002) Asch, R.: ‘ ‘Wo der soldat hinkömbt, da ist alles sein’: military violence and atrocities in the Thirty Years War re-examined’ German History 18 (2000) Donagan, B.: ‘Codes and conduct in the English Civil War’ Past and Present 118 (1988) Mortimer, G., ‘A ‘Myth’ of the All-destructive Fury’?’ in Mortimer, G. Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War 1618-48 (2002) Bussman and Schilling (eds.) 1648: War and Peace in Europe (1998), vol. I, sect. iv; catalogue sect. i Theibault, J.C.: ‘The rhetoric of death and destruction in the Thirty Years War’ Journal of Social History 27 nr. 2 (1993) S10: War and the State (1): Spain: Imperial Overstretch? Essential Reading Stradling, R.A.: ‘Catastrophe and recovery: the defeat of Spain 1639-1643’ History 64 (1979) Additional Reading Parker, G.: The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road (1973) Parker, G.: The Grand Strategy of Philip II (1998) Stradling, R.A.: Europe and the Decline of Spain (1981) Thompson, I.A.A.: War and Government in Habsburg Spain 1560-1620 (1976) Week Six S11: War and the State (2) France Essential Reading

Parrott, D.: ‘French military organisation in the 1630s: the failure of Richelieu’s ministry’ Seventeenth-Century French Studies 9 (1987). Parrott, D. Richelieu’s Army. War, Government and Society in France, 1624- 1642 (2001) (see review on http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/277 ) Rowlands, G.: The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV (2002) Lynn, J.A.: ‘Forging the western army in seventeenth-century France’ in: Knox, M. & Williamson, M. (eds): The Dynamics of Military Revolution (2001) Jones, C.: ‘The Military Revolution and the professionalisation of the French army under the Ancien Régime’ in Duffy, M. (ed.): The Military Revolution and the State (1981); reprinted in Rogers, C.J. (ed): The Military Revolution Debate (1995) S 13: War and the State (3) the military state: Sweden & Denmark Essential Reading Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Warfare and society in the Baltic 1500-1800’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Additional Reading Frost, R.I. The Northern Wars (2000). Chapters 5, 8 & Conclusion Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Absolute monarchy in Denmark, change and continuity’ Scandinavian Journal of History 12 (1987) Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Social change and military revolution in early modern Europe’ Historical Journal (1983) Jespersen, L.: ‘The Machtstaat in seventeenth-century Denmark’ Scandinavian Journal of History 10 (1985) Lind, G.: ‘Military and absolutism: the army officers of Denmark-Norway as a social group and political factor, 1660-1848’ Scandinavian Journal of History 12 (1987) Lindegren, J.: ‘The Swedish military state, 1560-1720’ Scandinavian Journal of History 10 (1985) Ladewig-Petersen, E. & Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Two revolutions in early modern Denmark’ in Kouri, E.I. & Scott, T. (eds) Politics and Society in Reformation Europe (1987) Roberts, M. (ed.) Sweden’s Age of Greatness 1632–1718 (1973) Week Seven S13: War and the State (4): the military state: Brandenburg-Prussia Essential Reading Frost, R.I. The Northern Wars. (Chapter on Brandenburg-Prussia). Schulze, H., ‘The Prussian military state, 1763–1806’ in Dwyer, P. ed. The Rise of Prussia 1700 –1830 (2000),. 201–19.

Additional Reading Friedrich, K. Brandenburg-Prussia 1466–1815: the Rise of a Composite State (2011) Chapters by Scott & Showalter in Dwyer, Rise of Prussia

Melton, E.: ‘The Prussian Junkers, 1600-1786’ in Scott, H.M. (ed.) The European Nobilities in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries vol. 2 (1995) MacKay, D.: The Great Elector (2000) Duffy, C.: The Army of Frederick the Great (2nd edition, 1996) Showalter, D.E.: The Wars of Frederick the Great (1996) S 14: Russia and the Military Revolution Essential Reading Poe, M.: ‘The consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy: a comparative perspective’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 38 (1996) Additional Reading Frost, R.I.: The Northern Wars Davies, B.L.: ‘The development of Russian military power 1453-1815’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Dunning, C., Smith, N.S. ‘Was early modern Russia a fiscal-military state?’ Russian History 33 (2006), 19–44. Hellie, R. ‘Warfare, changing military technology and the evolution of Muscovite society’ in Lynn, J.A. (ed.) Tools of War. Ideas and Institutions of Warfare (1990) Dixon, S.: The Modernisation of Russia 1676-1815 (1999) Fuller, W.C.: Strategy and Power in Russia 1600-1914 (1992) Hellie, R.: Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (1971) Smith, D.L.: ‘Muscovite logistics, 1492-1598’ Slavonic and East European Review 71 (1993) Week Eight: Reading Week Week Nine: S15: War and consensual systems (1) The Dutch Republic Essential Reading Price, J.L.: ‘A state dedicated to war? The Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century’ in: Ayton, A. & Price, J.L. (eds): The Medieval Military Revolution (1995) Additional Reading Glete, J.: War and the State in Early Modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal Military States, 1500-1660 (2002) Hoeven, M. van der (ed.): Exercise of Arms. Warfare in the Netherlands (1568-1648) (1997) Tracy, J.D.: A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands. Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland 1515-1565 (1985) S 16: War and consensual systems (2): Poland-Lithuania Essential Reading Frost, R.I.: The Northern Wars chapters 3 & 9. Week Ten:

S17: The British State and the Military Revolution Essential Reading Braddick, M.J.: ‘An English military revolution?’ Historical Journal, 36, (1993) Additional Reading Eltis, D.: The Military Revolution in sixteenth-century Europe (1998) Chapter 5 Fissel, M.C. (ed.): War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650 (1991) Furgol, E.: ‘Scotland turned Sweden: the Scottish Covenanters and the Military Revolution’ in Morrill, J. (ed.) The The Scottish National Covenant in its British Context 1638-1651 (1990) Gentles, I.: ‘The choosing of the officers for the New Model Army’ Historical Research 67 (1994) Kishlansky, M.: ‘The case of the army truly stated: the creation of the New Model Army’ Past and Present 81 (1978) Kishlansky, M.: ‘The Army and the Levellers: the roads to Putney’ Historical Journal 22 (1979). S 18: Celtic Warfare (the Scottish Highlands & Ireland) Essential Reading Hill, J.M.: ‘Gaelic Warfare 1453-1815’ in Black, J. (ed.) European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Hill, J.M.: ‘The distinctiveness of Gaelic Warfare, 1400-1750’, European History Quarterly, 22, (1992), pp.323-4 Additional Reading Lenihan, P. (ed.): Conquest and Resistance: War in seventeenth-century Ireland (2001) O’Domnhaill, S. ‘Warfare in sixteenth-century Ireland’ Irish Historical Studies 5 (1946-7) Hayes-McCoy, G.A.: ‘Strategy and tactics in Irish warfare, 1593-1601’ Irish Historical Studies 2 (1940-1) Loeber, R. & Parker, G. ‘The Military Revolution in seventeenth-century Ireland’ in Ohlmeyer, J.H. (ed.): Independence to Occupation: Ireland 1641-1660 (1994); Parker, G. Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe (2002) Henry, G.: The Irish Military Community in Spanish Flanders, 1568-1621 (1992) Bartlett, T. & Jeffrey, K. (eds): A Military History of Ireland (1996) Macinnes, A.I.: ‘Repression and conciliation: the Highland dimension, 1660- 1688’ Scottish Historical Review 65 (1986) Stevenson, D.: Alasdair MacColla and the Highland Problem in the seventeenth century (1980) Wormald, J.: ‘Bloodfeud, kindred and government in early modern Scotland’ Past and Present 87 (1980) Week 12 S19:Hybrid War and Non-State Military Organisations: Cossacks, Uzkoks, Bandits & Privateers Essential Reading

Lee, W. E., ‘Keeping the Irish Down and the Spanish Out: English Strategies of Submission in Ireland, 1594–1603,’ in Murray, W. and Mansoor, P. Hybrid Warfare. Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present (2012), Additional Reading James D. Kiras, ’Terrorism and Irregular Warfare,’ in John Baylis, James Wirtz, Eliot Cohen and Colin S. Gray, eds. Strategy in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002),. Simon Pepper, ’Aspects of operational art: communications, cannon, and small war,’ in Frank Tallett and D. J. B. Trim, eds., European Warfare 1350–1750 (2010), 181–202 Longworth, P.: The Cossacks (1969) Fisher, A.W.: The Russian Annexation of the Ukraine, 1772-1783 (1970) Subtelny, O.: Mazepists. Ukrainian Separatism in the early eighteenth century (1981) Witzenrath, C. Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598-1725 (2007) Rothenberg, G.E.: The Austrian Military Border in Croatia 1522-1747 (1960) Murdoch, Steve, The Terror of the Seas? Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513– 1713. (2010), chapter 3. S20:The Military Revolution and the Wider World Essential Reading Parker, The Military Revolution, chapter 4 Additional Reading Ágostan, G.: ‘Ottoman warfare in Europe, 1453-1826’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Ágoston, G.: Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire (2005) Murphey, R.: Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700 (1999) Kunt, M.I.: The Sultan’s Servants: the Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550-1650 (1983) Parry, V.J. & Yapp, M.E. : War, Technology and Society in the Middle East (1975) Ralston, D.B.: Importing the European Army. The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the extra-European World, 1600-1914 (1990) S 21: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Essential Reading Knox, M.: ‘Mass politics and nationalism as military revolution. The French Revolution and after.’ in Knox, M. & Williamson, M. (eds): The Dynamics of Military Revolution (2001) Additional Reading Black, J. ‘Revolutionary and Napoleonic warfare’ in Black, J. (ed.) European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Black, J.: European Warfare 1660-1815 (1994) Blanning, T.C.W.: The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787-1802 (1996)

Esdaile, C.: The French Wars, 1792-1815 (2001) Esdaile, C.: The Wars of Napoleon (1995) Cobb, R.: The People’s Armies (1987) Rothenberg, G.E.: Napoleon’s Great Adversaries: the Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792-1814 (1982) Scott, S.F.: The Response of the Royal Army to the French Revolution (1978)

ASSESSMENT • One written examination: three questions (60%); • One 3,000-word essay (30%) • One presentation (10%) (5% mark of course coordinator, 5% marked by peer assessment)

Resit: One three-question examination (100%)

Feedback on all assessment should be timely and normally provided within a maximum of three working weeks (excluding vacation periods) following the deadline for submission of the assessment.

Please find the discipline specific Common Assessment Scale (CAS) descriptors in MyAberdeen.

ESSAYS All written work should adhere to the stipulated word limit. It should include quotations and footnotes. Students should note that they will be penalised for work which is either too long or too short.

PRESENTATIONS Presentations should be 10–12 minutes in length. They are intended as an introduction to the problems to be discussed, not a descriptive account of the topic. Students may—but do not have to—use PowerPoint.

ASSESSMENT DEADLINE All essays must be handed in BY NOON ON THURSDAY 27 MARCH 2014

SUBMISSION ARRANGEMENTS The Department requires ONE hard and ONE electronic copy of all assignments, as follows:

COPY 1: One hard copy together with an Assessment cover sheet, typed and double spaced – this copy should have your ID number CLEARLY written on the cover sheet, with NO name and NO signature but EVERYTHING ELSE filled in – and should be delivered to the History Department [Drop-off boxes located in CB008, 50-52 College Bounds].

COPY 2: One copy submitted through Turnitin via MyAberdeen.

EXAMINATION

A mock examination paper will be posted on MyAberdeen.

Past exam papers can be viewed at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/learning- and-teaching/for-students/exam-papers/.