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Notes and References Notes and References INTRODUCTION Jeremy Black I would like to thank Tom Arnold, Brian Davies, Charles Esdaile and Richard Harding for their comments on an earlier draft of this Introduction. I. The extensive literature on this subject can be approached through J. Black, A Military Revolution? (Basingstoke, 1991), D. Parrott, 'The Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe', History Today (1992), C. Rogers (ed.), The Military Revolution Debate (Boulder, CO, 1995), D. Eltis, The Military Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Europe (London, 1995) and G. Parker, The Military Revolution. Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1996). 2. P. H. Wilson, 'Violence and the Rejection of Authority in Eight­ eenth-Century Germany: The case of the Swabian Mutinies in 1757', German History, 12 (1994), pp. 1-26. 3. H. Watanabe-O'Kelly, 'Tournaments and their Relevance for War­ fare in the Early Modern Period', European History Quarterly, 20 (1990), pp.451-63. 4. J. Black, Why Wars Happen (London, 1998), pp. 47-138. 5. M. C. Finley, 'The Most Monstrous of Wars: Suppression of Calabrian Brigandage', Consortium on Revolutionary Europe Proceedings (1989), pp. 251-61. 6. T. M. Barker, Army, Aristocracy, Monarchy: Essays on War, Society and Government in Austria, 1618-1780 (Boulder, CO, 1982). The Italian aris­ tocracy came to be less prominent: G. Hanlon, The Twilight of a Military Tradition. Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560-1800 (London, 1998). 7. W. Bracewell, The Uskoks of Sen}: Piracy, Banditry and Holy War in the Sixteenth Century Adriatic (Ithaca, NY, 1992). 8. J. Glete, Navies and Nations. Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500-1860 (Stockholm, 1993); J. R. Bruijn, The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia, SC, 1993); R. Harding, Seapower and Naval Warfare 1650-1850 (London, 1999). 9. N. A M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea. A Naval History of Britain. 1.660-1649 (London, 1997), pp. 430-4. 10. J. A. Lynn, 'The Evolution of Army Style in the Modern West, 800-2000', International History Review, 18 (1996), pp. 507-45. II. P. Longworth, The Cossacks (London, 1969); J. E. Thomson, Mer­ cenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, NJ, 1994). 12. M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976). 247 248 Noles and References 13. See, for example, M. Fissel (ed.), War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650 (Manchester, 1991); R. I. Frost, The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the "Military Revolution"', in M. B. Biskupski and J. S. Pula (eds.), Poland and Europe: Historical Dimensions (Boulder, CO, 1993). 14. Following, for example, the approach of S. Ross, From Flintlock to Rifle. Infantry Tactics, 1740-1866 (2nd edn, London, 1996). 15. See, for example, B. P. Hughes, Firepower. Weapons' Effectiveness on the Battlefield 1630-1850 (London, 1974) and open Fire: Artillery Tactics from Marlborough to Wellington (London, 1983). 16. A readily accessible example is provided by C. J. Duffy, Siege Warfare. The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660 (London, 1979) and The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660-1789 (London, 1985). 17. J. Black, Culloden and the '45 (Stroud, 1990). 18. G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567-1659 (Cambridge, 1972). 19. O. Subtelny, 'Russia and the Ukraine: The Difference that Peter I Made', Russian Review, 39 (1980), p. 10. 20. P. H. Wilson, German Armies. War and German Politics 1648-1806 (London, 1998). 21. D. Showalter, Tactics and Recruitment in Eighteenth-Century Prussia', Studies in History and Politics (1983-84); J. L. H. Keep, Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia, 1462-1872 (Oxford, 1985). 22. For command and control problems with the French army, D. Parrott, 'Richelieu, the Grands, and the French AJ'my', in J. Bergin and L. Brockliss (eds.), Richelieu and his Age (Oxford, 1992), pp. 135-73. 23. M. A. J. Palmer, The "Military Revolution" Afloat: The Era of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Transition to Modern Warfare at Sea', War in History, 4 (1997), pp. 148, 168, 174. 24. J. A. Lynn, 'Food, Funds and Fortresses: Resource Mobilization and Positional Warfare in the Campaigns of Louis XIV', in Lynn (ed.), Feeding Mars. Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present (Boulder, CO, 1993), pp. 137-60. 25. P. H. Wilson, 'War in German Thought from the Peace of Westphalia to Napoleon', European History Quarterly, 28 (1998), pp. 19- 20. 26. Parker, Military Revolution, esp. p. 24. But see criticisms by S. Adams, 'Tactics or Politics? "The Military Revolution" and the Habsburg Hegemony, 1525-1648', in J. A. Lynn (ed.), Tools of War. Instruments, Ideas, and Institutions of Warfare, 1445-1871 (Champaign, IL, 1990), pp. 28-52, and Lynn, 'The Trace Italienne and Growth of Armies: The French Case', Journal of Military History, 55 (1991), pp. 297-330. 27. Parker, Military RevoLution, pp. 120-5. 28. R. Frost, War in History, 4 (1997), pp. 485-6. For an emphasis on the period 1642-60 in England, M. J. Braddick, 'An English Military Revolution?', HistoricalJournal, 36 (1993), pp. 965-75. 29. D. Parrott, War in History, 4 (1997), p. 479. Notes and References 249 30. B. Nosworthy, The Anatomy of Victory. Battle Tactics 1689-1763 (New York, 1990). 31. C. Storrs, 'The Army of Lombardy and the Resilience of Spanish Power in Italy in the Reign of Carlos II', War in History, 4 (1997), p. 376. 32. B. Steele, 'Muskets and Pendulums: Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler and the Ballistics Revolution', Technology and Culture, 34 (1994), pp.348-82. 33. Hanlon, Italian Aristocrats, p. 346. 34. ]. Pritchard, 'From Shipwright to Naval Constructor', Technology and Culture (1987), pp. 7,9, 19-20. 1. WAR IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE: REVOLUTION AND RENAISSANCE TIwmas F. Arnold 1. Michael Roberts, 'The Military Revolution, 1560-1660' (1956), most recently reprinted in Clifford]. Rogers (ed.), The Military Revolution Debate (Boulder, CO, 1995), pp. 13-35. 2. Ibid., p. 29. 3. Ibid. 4. Geoffrey Parker, 'The "Military Revolution, 1560-1660" -A Myth' (1976), reprinted in Rogers, Military RevoLution, pp. 37-54 and Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1988 and 1996). 5. Geoffrey Parker, in Rogers, Military RevoLution, p. 38. 6. Gunther E. Rothenberg, 'Maurice of Nassau, Gustavus Adolphus, Raimondo Montecuccoli, and the "Military Revolution" of the Seven­ teenth Century', in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, NJ, 1986), p. 32. 7. Jeremy Black, A Military Revolution? MiLitary Change and European Society, 1550-1800 (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1991), p. 94. 8. Ibid., p. 93. Black's emphasis on a post-1660 chronology is sus­ tained in his article 'A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective', in Rogers, Military Revolution, pp. 95-116. 9. Clifford]. Rogers, 'The Military Revolutions ofthe Hundred Years War' (1993), now reprinted in Rogers, Military RevoLution, pp. 55-94. 10. Ibid., pp. 58, 64, 75. 11. Bert S. Hall, Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore, MD, 1996), p. 210. 12. Giovan Mattheo Cicogna, Il primo libro del trattato militare (Venice, 1567), pp. 66-67v. 13. Franc;ois La Noue, The Politicke and Militarie Discourses (London, 1587), pp. 203-10. 14. Charles Oman, The Art of War in the Middle Ages [1924J (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 356. 15. Alessandro Benedetti, Diario de bello carolino, ed. Dorothy M. Schullian (New York, 1967), p. 148. 250 Notes and References 16. Sanuto, quoted in 1. R. Hale, War and Society in Renaissance Europe. 1450-1620 (Baltimore, MD, 1985), p. 70. 17. Frederique Verrier, Les annes de Minerve, L'Humanisme militaire dans l'Italie du XVle siecle (Paris, 1997). 18. Francesco Patrizi, Parallelli Militari, book two (Rome, 1595), title page. 2. WARFARE IN THE AGE OF THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1598-1648 Ronald G. Asch 1. For the war against the Turks see J. P. Niederkorn, Die europiiischen Machte und der 'Lange Tilrkenkrieg' Kaiser Rudolfs ll. (1593-1606) (Vienna, 1993). 2. On the situation in Europe before 1618 see G. Parker et aI., The Thirty Years War (2nd edn, London, 1997), pp. 35-9. 3. H. Schmidt, 'Pfalz-Neuburgs Sprung zum Niederrhein. Wolfgang Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg und der 1iilisch-Klevische Erbfolgestreit', in H. Glaser (ed.), Wittelsbach und Bayern, vol. ii, I: Um Glauben und Reich. Beitriige zur bayerischen Geschichte und Kunst 1573-1657 (Munich, 1980), pp. 77-89; for French policy cf. M. Greengrass, France in the Age of Henry IV (2nd edn, London, 1995), pp. 241-50, andJ. M. Hayden, 'Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII, French Foreign Policy 1598- 1615',joumal of Modern History, 45 (1973), pp. 1-23. 4. S. P. Oakley, War and Peace in the Baltic 1560-1790 (London, 1992), pp. 42-66; P. D. Lockhart, Denmark in the Thirty Years War 1618-1648 (Selinsgrove and London, 1996), pp. 71-3. 5. 1. Burkhardt, Der DreijJigjiihrige Krieg (Frankfurt/M., 1992), pp. 10- 30,63-128. Cf. Burkhardt, 'Der DreiBigjahrige Krieg als friihmoderner Staatsbildungskrieg', Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, 45 (1994), pp.487-99. 6. For the notion of the composite monarchy see H. G. Koenigsberger, 'Dominium Regale or Dominium Politicum et Regale? Monarchies and Parliaments in Early Modern Europe', in Koenigsberger, Politicians and Virtuosi (London, 1986), pp. 1-26; J. H. Elliott, 'A Europe of Composite Monarchies', Past and Present, 137 (1992), pp. 48-71. See further M. Greengrass (ed.), Conquest and Coales­ cence. The Shaping of the State in Early Modern Europe (London, 1991). 7. R. G. Asch, The Thirty Years War. The Holy Roman Empire and Europe 1618-1648 (Basingstoke, 1997), pp.
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