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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1987 The mpI act of the American Presence on Germans and German-American Grass Roots Relations in Germany, 1950-1960. Dewey Arthur Browder Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Browder, Dewey Arthur, "The mpI act of the American Presence on Germans and German-American Grass Roots Relations in Germany, 1950-1960." (1987). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4342. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4342 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. 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Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original ______copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides _______of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pagesJ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in_______ spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. Page(s)___________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)___________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received_________ 16. Other _____________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International THE IMPACT OF THE AMERICAN PRESENCE ON GERMANS AND GERMAN-AMERICAN GRASS-ROOTS RELATIONS IN GERMANY 1950-1960 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Dewey A. Browder B.S. Mississippi State University, 1968 M.A. University of Arkansas, 1974 May 1987 ©1987 DEWEY ARTHUR BROWDER All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..........................................................vi INTRODUCTION................................................... viii FART I: BACKGROUND Chapter 1 Nonfraternization ............................. 1 Chapter 2 Fraternization...................................17 Chapter 3 A New Political Life............................ 35 - The Resurrection of Democracy............ 35 - Detailed American Influence.............. 44 PART II: ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS Chapter 4 Economic and Population Factors ............. 56 - Economic Overview......................... 56 - The People Involved....................... 60 - Employment of Germans..................... 64 - Investments Which Benefited Germans. 74 - Total Monetary Stimulation by the U.S. Forces. ............................79 Chapter 5 Reconstruction of Education .................. 85 - The Schools................................ 85 - Other Re-educational Programs .... 101 - The America H o u s e s ...................... 105 - Re-education Through the Trade Unions. .112 - Different Views.......................... 116 - French Re-education Efforts. ..... .121 - British Re-education Efforts ........... 129 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) Chapter 6 The Rehabilitation of the Information Media ............................... 147 - Newspapers............................... 147 - Radio..................................... 157 - Books and Periodicals.................... 162 Chapter 7 Other Influences on the Cultural Milieu . .171 - Motion Pictures...........................172 - Theater................................... 176 - Music..................................... 177 - L i t e r a t u r e ............................... 179 - Art........................................181 - Museums................................... 184 - C h u r c h e s ................................. 187 - German Awareness..........................190 - Changes in Society....................... 193 PART III: POLICY, PRACTICES, AND ASSESSMENT Chapter 8 Interpersonal Relations ..........................200 - Introduction.............................200 - The Negative Side........................ 203 - The Positive Side........................ 215 Chapter 9 Summary......................................... 248 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................254 APPENDIX A ....................................................... 272 VITA ............................................................. 273 iii TABLES TABLE HO. PAGE 1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN ZWEIBRUECKEN IN 1939. xvii 2 ESTIMATES OF EXTENT OF FRATERNIZATION FROM V-E DAY TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1945.......................... 10 3 RELATIONSHIPS BARRING DUTY IN GERMANY.................. 12 4 PERCENTAGE OF GERMANS WHO HAD MET AMERICANS BY NOVEMBER 1947 ....................................... 21 5 RESIDENT POPULATION IN THE FRG AND ZWEIBRUECKEN 1950-1960................................................ 60 6 U.S. FORCES PERSONNEL IN GERMANY 1950-1960 ........... 61 7 U.S. FORCES PERSONNEL IN ZWEIBRUECKEN 1950-1960. 62 8 GERMANS EMPLOYED BY U.S. FORCES IN GERMANY 1950-1960................................................ 66 9 WEST GERMANY'S TOP TEN SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT IN 1951 . 67 10 TOP TEN SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE COMBINED STATES OF HESSEN, WUERTTEMBERG-BADEN, BAYERN, BADEN, BREMEN, AND RHEINLAND-PFALZ IN 1951................... 68 11 TOP TEN SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE COMBINED STATES OF HESSEN, BADEN-WUERTTEMBERG, BAYERN, BREMEN, AND RHEINLAND-PFALZ IN 1955............................ 69 TABLES (CONT) 12 TOP TEN SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE COMBINED STATES OF HESSEN, BADEN-WUERTTEMBERG, BAYERN, BREMEN, AND RHEINLAND-PFALZ IN 1960 .......................... 70 13 TOP FIVE SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT IN ZWEIBRUECKEN IN 1957.................................................. 71 14 GERMAN MARKS PAID TO THE U.S.A........................... 72 15 GERMANS EMPLOYED BY AMERICANS IN ZWEIBRUECKEN 1950-1960................................................ 73 16 U.S. CONSTRUCTION IN ZWEIBRUECKEN........................ 76 17 MONEY SPENT BY THE U.S. MILITARY IN GERMANY 1953-1960....................................... 80 18 PERCENTAGE OF WEST GERMAN GNP FROM US FORCES............ 81 19 LICENSED TEXTBOOKS PUBLISHED IN GERMANY UNDER U.S. MILITARY GOVERNMENT CONTROL 1945-1949 ........... 88 20 REGISTERED BORROWERS OF BOOKS BY PROFESSION............ 108 21 GERMANS ADMITTED TO THE U.S.A. BY REASON OF MARRIAGE TO CITIZENS 1950-1960 ........................ 235 22 MARRIAGES IN ZWEIBRUECKEN 1950-1960.................... 236 v ABSTRACT This study is primarily concerned with the years 1950-1960, but the period 1945—1949 is also addressed, because many of the policies and insti­ tutions introduced to democratize Germany immediately after World War II were carried forward. The official position on both sides during the 1950s was that cooperation was of the essence. In the beginning, the Americans believed that the virtues of democracy could best be cultivated in the German consciousness if the Germans themselves implemented democratic programs under broad, philosophical guidelines, while simultaneously observing Americans and American ideas in practice. This study points out that the Germans accepted the guidelines and their responsibilities for building a democracy, and by the end of the decade, Germany was

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