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Proquest Dissertations NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI mn u Ottawa L'Universite canadienne Canada's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTDOCTORALES u Ottawa POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES I.'Univeisilo c;iruulienne Canada's university Hughes Theroret AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (histoire) GRADE/DEGREE Department d'histoire FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT La campagne antisemite d'Adrien Arcand d'apres-guerre : 1945 a 1967 TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS P. Anctil DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE/THESIS EXAMINERS P. Bischoff M. Bock Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies La campagne antisemite d'Adrien Arcand d'apres-guerre : 1945 a 1967 par Hugues Theoret These presentee a la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales a titre d'exigence partielle en vue de l'obtention de la maitrise en histoire Universite d'Ottawa © Hugues Theoret, Ottawa, Canada, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your Tile Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-58223-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-58223-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada Resume La campagne antisemite d'Adrien Arcand d'apres-guerre : 1945 a 1967 Auteur : Hugues Theoret Directeur : Pierre Anctil Annee : 2009 Adrien Arcand a ete le principal porte-voix de l'antisemitisme au Canada durant l'entre-deux-guerres. Si son discours a trouve echo au Canada francais, il a eu aussi des retentissements au Canada anglais, aux Etats-Unis et en Europe. Adrien Arcand a puise son antisemitisme dans la judeophobie catholique qu'a perpetuee a travers les siecles l'aile radicale du catholicisme selon laquelle les Juifs conspiraient pour dominer le monde et detruire les bases de l'Eglise catholique romaine. Ces theories issues du Moyen Age ont ete reprises dans des ecrits antisemites, tels que les Protocoles des Sages de Sion, qui ont circule en Europe a partir de la fin du XIXe siecle, et que Arcand s'est evertue a diffuser sur tous les continents jusque dans les annees 1960. En 1945, la guerre est terminee. Aux yeux des autorites canadiennes, Adrien Arcand ne constitue plus une menace pour la securite nationale. Avec Paffaire Gouzenko et la Guerre froide, le danger du communisme retient toute l'attention. Adrien Arcand proflte de 1'occasion pour enfourcher le cheval de la lutte anticommuniste qui lui sert de vehicule pour ses diatribes antisemites. Si le Parti de l'Unite nationale du Canada a connu ses annees de gloire en 1938 et en 1939, son mouvement a connu un succes mitige dans le Canada francais de l'apres-guerre. Les echecs politiques d'Arcand sur la scene federale dans les annees 1950 en sont la plus belle illustration. Neanmoins, en eppusant la cause anticommuniste, les idees d'Arcand ont rejoint un certain nombre d'adeptes au pays dans les annees 1950 et 1960 et son influence sur la scene mondiale a I eu un impact sur la naissance de courants antisemites, tel que le negationnisme, notamment avec le Germano-Canadien Ernest Zundel qui considerait Adrien Arcand comme son mentor. Jusqu'a sa mort en 1967, Adrien Arcand a tente de prouver l'authenticite des theories d'un complot de domination mondiale des Juifs, nie la Shoah et accuse les Juifs de crimes de guerre contre les Palestiniens lors de la creation de l'Etat d'Israel en 1948. Adrien Arcand est decede en 1967 quelques mois a peine apres que le Vatican eut nie toute responsabilite au peuple juif dans la mort du Christ. Malgre cette reparation historique, le discours haineux d'Arcand a survecu a l'homme par le biais de ses heritiers de la section quebecoise du Parti de 1'Unite nationale du Canada qui ont continue a publier ses discours et ses ecrits jusqu'a l'aube du XXIe siecle. II Remerciements A mon defuntpere, Yves, quim'a inculque le gout de I'histoire. A Pierre Anctil, mon directeur de these, qui m 'a toujours soutenu dans cette aventure. Ill TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION : pp. 1-18 CHAPITRE I: LE CONTEXTE DE L' APRES-GUERRE AU QUEBEC .pp. 19-38 1.1. Le Quebec sous le regime Duplessis en 1945 1.2 L'anticommunisme au Quebec 1.3 La liberation d'Arcand .1.4 Politique et corporatisme 1.5 Conclusion de chapitre CHAPITRE II LES ORIGINES DE LA CAMPAGNE ANTISEMITE D'ADRIEN ARCAND. pp. 39-80 2.1 Les Goglus 2.2 Immigration j uive au Quebec 2.3 La loi David sur les ecoles juives 2.4 La loi Bercovitch sur la propagande haineuse 2.5 La campagne « d'Achat chez-nous » 2.6 La religion et Pantisemitisme d'Arcand 2.7 L'influenced'Adolf Hitler 2.8 Le Parti national social chretien 2.9 L'union des fascistes du Canada 2.10 Arrestations et internement 2.11 Conclusion de chapitre IV CHAPITRE III: ARCAND ET L'INTERNATIONAL ANTISEMITE pp. 81 -122 * 3.1 Les Protocoles des Sages de Sion * 3.2 La Cle du Mystere * 3.3 La correspondance antisemite d'Adrien Arcand * 3.4 Conclusion du chapitre CHAPITRE IV : LES ECRITS ANTISEMITES D'APRES-GUERRE D'ADRIEN ARCAND pp. 123-166 * 4.1 « La Republique Universelle» ° * 4.2 « L'inevitabilite d'une reconstruction sociale » * 4.3 L 'Unite nationale renatt * 4.4 Arcand et la question nationale * 4.5 « Le malaise qui angoisse le monde actuel est-il voulu ? » * 4.6 A bas la haine ! * 4.7 Arcand nie la Shoah * 4.8 Arcand et l'Etat d'Israel * 4.9 Juifs et communistes * 4.10 Arcand et le Concile de Vatican II * 4.11 « La Revoke du Materialisme » * 4.12 Ottawa se penche sur la propagande haineuse * 4.13 Les heritiers d'Arcand * 4.14 « Adrien Arcand devant le tribunal de l'histoire » * 4.15 Conclusion du chapitre v CONCLUSION pp. 167-173 SOURCES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIE pp. 174-180 VI INTRODUCTION L'antisemitisme a profondement marque la vie politique des societes europeennes au cours de la premiere moitie du XXe siecle. Ce theme a fait l'objet d'une multitude d'ecrits depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En Europe, plus particulierement, cette epineuse question a ete scrutee a la loupe et abordee sous tous ses angles par les historiens qui ont cherche a comprendre les origines de ce phenomene qui, pour le siecle qui nous occupe, ne peut etre dissocie de revolution des ideologies fasciste et communiste. Au Canada par contre, 1'antisemitisme a fait l'objet de peu d'etudes a ce jour1. Pourtant, les ecrits d'antisemites canadiens, tels qu'Adrien Arcand, demontrent que le Canada de Pentre-deux-guerres n'a pas ete epargne par cette vague de haine qui a deferle sur les rives de 1'Occident. En cette periode trouble marquee par la crise economique de 1929 et le bouillonnement ideologique provoque par la revolution russe et la montee des fascismes europeens, une faction de la population canadienne attribua aux Juifs une lourde part de responsabilite de tous les malheurs qui frappaient leur societe et l'Oceident en general. Au Quebec, ces manifestations antisemites prirent une dimension particuliere en raison du caractere religieux de la province, du profil socio-economique des Canadiens francais et d'une forte immigration juive qui convergea vers Montreal durant les premieres decennies du XXe siecle. Si ce mouvement n'engendra que de rares actes de violence au Quebec, il se traduisit tout de meme au cours des annees 1930 par une vive opposition a 1 Deux etudes ont aborde la question. II s'agit de l'ouvrage de Lita-Rose Betcherman intitule The Swastika and the Maple Leaf: Fascist Movements in Canada in the Thirties, Toronto, Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1975. 167 p., et celui, plus recent, de Martin Robin quia pour titre, Le spectre de la droite : Histoire des politiques nativistes elfascistes au Canada eritre 1920 et 1940, Montreal, (trad, franfaise) Balzac - Le Griot editeur, 1998.
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