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East and West German Sex Education in Films, 1945-70

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East and West German Sex Education in Films, 1945-70 Durham E-Theses Biology, Morality and Gender: East and West German Sex Education in Films, 1945-70 WINKLER, ANITA How to cite: WINKLER, ANITA (2014) Biology, Morality and Gender: East and West German Sex Education in Films, 1945-70, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10836/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Biology, Morality and Gender: East and West German Sex Education in Films, 1945-70 Submitted for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Anita Winkler Durham University School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health April 2014 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Abstract This thesis explores East and West German sex education films between 1945 and 1970. Sex education films are rich historical sources that allow insights into cultural, social and political understandings of sexualised bodies, sexual moral norms and gender roles of the time. Sex education films mediate sexual knowledge as well as social norms. They sought to transform the sexual realities and behaviour of young people and thus reflect contemporary notions of what was perceived as sexual problems. Moreover, sex education films bring to the surface ideological projections of what was imagined to be an ideal society at that time. Sex education films are therefore firmly linked to contemporary sexual politics. This study explores the biopolitical agendas of such films. A biopolitical approach takes into account concurrent and reverse dynamics that unfold in sex education films, revealing the many normative layers with which these films responded to social issues. This approach allows analysing questions related to the effects of the self-governance of the body the individual has to take responsibility for. From this perspective, my thesis will investigate the similarities and differences between East and West German sexual politics. This comparative approach introduces a new perspective to the historiography of German sexuality after 1945. By strengthening the comparative aspect and focusing on the biopolitical dimensions of sex education films, my thesis challenges current understandings of a so-called sexual liberalisation in West Germany. Instead, my study claims that in both German states sex education films were part of biopolitical strategies that increasingly relied on the self-management of the body as core value for the personal well-being. Thus, my thesis offers a different and more nuanced understanding of the apparent changes in sexual morality and behaviour in both German states that does not rely on a value loaded concept of ‘liberalisation’ to explain such changes. i Acknowledgements My PhD was funded by the Wellcome Trust; I also want to thank the Centre for the History of Medicine and Disease for its support to make it possible for me to undertake my PhD research at Durham University. I would like to thank my primary supervisor Lutz Sauerteig for his vital interest in my research and his extensive knowledge on the topic he shared with me in the many discussions we had during my supervised period. I also appreciate the freedom he has given me and the patience he endured when I explored the topic. Thank you to my second supervisor, Jo Fox, who supported me with her critical, and most constructive, remarks. She was of great assistance particularly in the final stages of my PhD. To both my supervisors I am grateful for their openness towards my research. My interest into the history of sexuality goes back to my undergraduate degree when I attended a seminar, entitled ‘History of Sexuality in the Twentieth Century’ with Franz X. Eder. His enthusiasm for the topic, since then, inspired my ensuing studies. I also want to thank my department the School for Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, especially Sharyn Maxwell, for making me feel so welcome. Especially, in my role as a student representative I experienced openness and much support towards the raised concerns. I am also grateful for the financial support of my department to finalise my thesis. I would like to thank the German History Society which provided me with a travel bursary for the attendance of the German History Society conference in 2010. I also want to thank Gudrun Löhrer and Christian Bonah for their interest in my research; and who invited me to workshops in Berlin and Strasbourg respectively. The search for films and related materials led me to a number of archives and special libraries; the German Bundesarchiv in Berlin (Lichterfelde and ii Fehrbellinger Platz) and Koblenz, the Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (Saxony public record office) and the hygiene museum in Dresden, the Bibliothek für bildungsgeschichtliche Forschung (Library for the Research of the History of Education), which maintains a pertinent archive of literary material; the Staatsbibliothek (Berlin national library) providing rich collections of historical journals and newspapers; the Deutsche Kinemathek holding comprehensive materials related to film and film history, and the Senatsverwaltung that has adopted a huge collection of East German teaching material and related sources only recently; all of which are in Berlin. Many thanks to the staff of these institutions that was very supportive and without them some of the material I would not have been able to detect. On this occasion, I would like to personally thank Uta Schwarz (BZgA), Marion Schneider (Hygiene Museum Dresden), Elke Hauschildt (Bundesarchiv Koblenz) and Ursula von Keitz. A big thank you to my colleagues and friends of the CHMD: Sebastian Pranghofer, Daniel Becker, Eduardo Díaz-Amado and Cheryl Lancaster, with whom I could share the joys and troubles in the life of a PhD student and sit over a beer together. I also thank Gabór Szegedi for sharing ideas during his visiting fellowship at the CHMD. Thanks to my flatmate who was forbearing with me when I neglected my household duties in the last couples of weeks of finishing up my thesis. I am most grateful to my family and friends for their moral support. Finally, I would like to give my very special thanks to my partner, to whom this work is dedicated. iii List of Abbreviations BA Bundesarchiv (Federal Archive) BZgA Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (Federal Centre for Health Education, West Germany) CDU/CSU Christlich-Demokratische Union/Christlich Soziale Union (Christian conservative party) DEFA Deutsche Filmaktien-Gesellschaft DIPF Deutsches Institut für Pädagogische Forschung, Berlin (German Institute for Pedagogical Research) DPZI Deutsches Pädagogisches Zentralinstitut (East German Pedagogic Institute) DZL Deutsches Zentralinstitut für Lehrmittel (East German Institute for Teaching Aids) ERP European Recovery Programme FA Filmarchive FDJ Freie Deutsche Jugend (Free German Youth) FWU Institut für Film in Wissenschaft und Unterricht (Institute for Film in Science and Education) FRG Federal Republic of Germany FSK Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle (Voluntary Self-Control) GDR German Democratic Republic HV Film Hauptverwaltung Film HV Lehrmittel Hauptverwaltung Lehrmittel IMDb International Movie Database IWF Institut für den wissenschaftlichen Film, Göttingen (Institute for the Scientific Film) LAGG Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft zur Bekämpfung der Geschlechtskrankheiten und für Geschlechtserziehung (Federal State Association for Combating Venereal Diseases and Sex Education) NÖS Neues Ökonomisches System der Planung und Leitung (New Economic System) RfdU Reichsstelle für den Unterrichtsfilm RWU Reichstanstalt für Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterricht SAPMO Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv SED Sozialistische Einheitspartei (Socialist Unity Party) iv SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democrat Party) SPIO Spitzenorganisation UFA Universum Film AG VEB Volkseigener Betrieb VD Venereal Diseases v Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of Abbreviations iv Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................... 1 1.1. History of Sexuality in East and West Germany ............................ 9 1.2. The Framework of Biopolitics ......................................................... 17 1.3. Sex Education Films in Context ...................................................... 20 1.4. Film Analysis ................................................................................... 25 1.5. Outline ............................................................................................. 28 1.6. Sources, Gaps and Methodological Challenges ............................. 30 Chapter 2: Historical Context: Sexuality, Sex Education and Films in East and West Germany, 1945-70 ......................................
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