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The Development of Sudanese Geography

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The Development of Sudanese Geography The Development of Sudanese Geography Mohamed Babiker Ibrahim Department of Geography, Hunter College-CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York NY 10021 U.S.A. Hassan Ahmed Abdel Ati Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/4/1/1/1449323/arwg_4_1_7331l7uj3343n617.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 The late Mohamed El-Hadi Abu Sin Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan This paper has four objectives: (1) high- naissante, dont le succès dépend de la matu- lighting past and current developments in ration de la géographie au niveau universi- global geographical thought and methods in taire; et (4) dévoiler les contributions order to assess their impact on Sudanese actuelles des géographes qui étudient les geographers; (2) evaluating the contribution problèmes d’environnement et de développe- of early Sudanese geographers in helping to ment dans les provinces septentrionales du bring about a sense of Sudanese unity Soudan et l’impact négatif des politiques despite high cultural diversity; (3) making a d’éducation géographique de l’université case for an emerging Sudanese school of qui limitent la capacité des géographes à applied geography whose ultimate success traiter de ces problèmes. depends upon the nurturing of geography at the university level; and (4) shedding light Mots clés : développement de la géographie, on the current contributions of geographers environnement, développement, école de in dealing with environmental and develop- géographie, Soudan ment problems within the northern provinces of Sudan and on the negative impact of university geographical educa- The development of Sudanese geography has tional policies that limit the potential of passed through different and interrelated geographers to address these problems. phases. In earlier times, the use of geograph- ic knowledge contributed significantly to the Key words: geographical development, envi- establishment of ancient Sudanese civiliza- ronment, development, school of geography, tion. The writings of Arab geographers and Sudan visitors in which they described the land, resources, people and physical environment Cet article poursuit quatre objectifs: (1) of medieval Nubia, (Sudan) laid the basis for mettre en lumière l’évolution globale passée today’s geography of the Sudan. During the et présente de la pensée et la méthode géo- 20th century British, Sudanese, and other graphique, de manière à juger de leur geographers played an active role in the impact sur les géographes soudanais; (2) nation-building project, as well as in Sudan- évaluer la contribution des géographes ization and the development of Sudanese soudanais à l’émergence d’un sentiment geography. The main objectives of this paper d’une unité soudanaise en dépit de la grande are to (1) highlight past and current develop- diversité culturelle; (3) plaider pour une ments in global geographical thought and école soudanaise de géographie appliquée methods in order to assess their impact on The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 4, no 1 (2001) 1-18 2 Mohamed Babiker Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed Abdel Ati, and Mohamed El-Hadi Abu Sin Sudanese geographers and geography; (2) also found their way into higher education. evaluate the contribution of early Sudanese Geography after the 1960s focussed geographers in helping to bring about a sense among other things, on identification of the of Sudanese unity despite high cultural diver- spatial components of social inequality in sity; (3) make a case for an emerging applied Western societies and on the exploration of Sudanese school of geography; and (4) shed discrimination against people on the basis of some light on the current contributions of location (e.g. Smith 1973), on the geography geographers in dealing with environmental of poverty (e.g. Morrill and Wohlenberg and development problems within the north- 1971), on the geography of health care (e.g. ern part of the Sudan. Shannon and Dever 1972), and on urban Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/4/1/1/1449323/arwg_4_1_7331l7uj3343n617.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 social justice (e.g. Harvey 1973). Of particu- The Field of Geography lar importance and relevance to geographers (and planners) were research findings that In its early stage of development modern demonstrated that economic growth and geography was descriptive, primarily con- technological change can lead to markedly cerned with the distribution of geographical increased spatial disparities of access at phenomena and human activities over the national, regional, and local scales of devel- earth’s surface in relation to the physical opment (Coates et. al 1977, 7). Myrdal’s environment. From the 1920s until well into (1957) theory that free market forces tend to the 1950s, the focus of Anglo-American increase regional inequalities through the geography turned to the analysis of spatial process of “cumulative causation” stimulated interrelationships, first within areas or much of this kind of geographical research. regions and later within global system frame- Such concern with social problems, however, works. This represented a major shift that was not without opponents such as Berry narrowed the gulf between geography and (1972) and Trewartha (1973), and compared other social sciences. to sociologists and political scientists, geog- The late 1950s and early 1960s wit- raphers remained ambivalent about the study nessed a major shift in the methods of geog- of inequalities. raphy towards quantification, as part of what The spatial development theories that came to be known as “the quantitative revo- emerged from this work were in turn chal- lution.” Statistics and modelling were exten- lenged by geographers and other scholars for sively used in almost all branches of their “reification” of space (Kitching 1978). geography, sometimes fruitfully, sometimes In response, a new school of geography as an end unto themselves. Nevertheless, this emerged in the 1970s. Primarily interested in wasseenasamovetowardamorescientific the structural analysis of human activities approach and reduced the gap between geog- and behaviour, this work came to be known raphy and both the natural and social sci- as “radical geography.” At this time there ences. When those models and figures, or was an explosion of social theory in geogra- more precisely their use, failed to explain or phy in the global North. Issues like Marxism, alleviate pressing problems, both economic postmodernism, feminism, and poststruc- and environmental, however, another shift turalism were of increasing importance in the was experienced, not only in geography but field, with often dramatic effects. also in the purely applied sciences, which can In the Sudan not all of these issues have be described as a more humanized or social- been equally important to the development of ized approach. Interdisciplinary fields like geography. One area where there has been ecology, environmental health, environmen- dramatic change has been feminism. tal psychology, and community development Research has addressed women’s work and took their places on the scientific map and the gender division of labor, and looked The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du monde arabe 4, no 1 (2001) The Development of Sudanese Geography 3 increasingly at women as social actors, espe- The second phase of Sudanese geogra- cially in agriculture and in the informal sec- phy extended from the period of the 9th to the tor. Other areas of theoretical development 19th centuries. In this period Arab geogra- such as Marxism and postmodernism have phers, visitors, and traders visited what is been less influential on geographic scholar- now Sudan and wrote about various aspects ship in Sudan. Given the governments that of its physical and human geography have been in power in Sudan during the peri- (O’Fahey and Spaulding 1974, 10; Adams od that most of this work has flourished in the 1977, 70; Holt and Daly 1979, 18; Levtzion global North, this may not be surprising. 2000). Many Arab geographers, such as al- Nevertheless, during this period a number of Khuwarizmi, Ibn Selim al-Aswani, al- Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/4/1/1/1449323/arwg_4_1_7331l7uj3343n617.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Sudanese geographers were studying, teach- Maqrizi, al-Umari, al-Mas’udi, and Ibn ing, or doing research in conjunction with Khaldun wrote about the geography of institutions of the global North. Thus we can medieval Nubia. Al-Khuwarizmi, in the 9th assume that some of these theoretical devel- century, for example, described the source of opments, as well as others such as political the Nile in Jebel al-Qamar and described its ecology and the environment and develop- passing through the land of Sudan, Alwa, ment, have been incorporated into the work Zaghawa, Fezzan, Nubia and its city Dongola of Sudanese geographers. In this way, these (Levtzion 2000, 71). Ibn Selim al-Aswani developments in geography are likely to have visited medieval Nubia in the 10th century a considerable impact on the development of and wrote a geographical description of the the field in Sudan. At the same time, given Nile in Nubia, its people, and the crops they the diaspora of Sudanese geographers— cultivated in the area of Dongola district. His especially to Arab nations—this work and work was retold by al-Maqrizi in the 15th cen- these
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