The Ethics of Language Development
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America's Languages
AMERICA’S LANGUAGES Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century COMMISSION ON LANGUAGE LEARNING COMMISSION ON LANGUAGE LEARNING AMERICA’S LANGUAGES Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century american academy of arts & sciences Cambridge, Massachusetts © 2017 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences All rights reserved. isbn: 0-87724-112-0 This publication is available online at https://www.amacad.org/language. The views expressed in this publication are those held by the contributors and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts & Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, ma 02138-1996 Telephone: 617-576-5002 Fax: 617-576-5050 Email: [email protected] Web: www.amacad.org Contents Acknowledgments v Preface vii Executive Summary viii Key Findings of this Report Key Recommendations of the Commission Introduction 1 Section 1: Building Educational Capacity 8 Section 2: Involving Local Communities, Businesses, and Philanthropies 20 Section 3: Developing Heritage Languages and Revitalizing Native American Languages 22 Section 4: Encouraging International Study and Cultural Immersion 27 Conclusion 30 Endnotes 32 Congressional Letters 39 Commissioner Biographies 43 Acknowledgments America’s Languages: Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century is the American Academy’s response to a bipartisan request from four members of the United States Senate and four members of the House of Representatives to examine the -
Sunspec Plant Information Exchange
Document #: 12042 Status: DRAFT Version D6 SunSpec Plant Information Exchange SunSpec Alliance Interoperability Specification SunSpec Alliance Plant Extract Document Workgroup Brett Francis, Bob Fox, Ferdy Nagy, Paul Cobb, Michael Palmquist, Jose Gomez, Stephen Lapointe, John Nunneley, Terry Terasammal, Francisco Ancin, Beth McCanlies Draft 6 ABSTRACT The SunSpec Specification suite consists of the following documentation: - SunSpec Technology Overview - SunSpec Information Model Specifications - SunSpec Model Data Exchange - SunSpec Plant Information Exchange This is the Plant Information Exchange document. A Plant Information Exchange standard enables these functions: • A common monitoring extract format for asset analysis tools • A means to extract and send historic plant data between different monitoring systems • A way to report asset performance to financial partners, for plants managed by different monitoring systems Change History D-1: Initial (A) Draft – Brett Francis : 2012-May-23 D-1: B Draft – workgroup 2012-May-31 and 2012-June-7, Brett Francis : 2012-Jun-12 D-1: C Draft – Additional elements and grammar improvements – Brett Francis : 2012-Jun-13 D-1: D Draft – workgroup 2012-June-28 – plant, sunSpecMetadata and strings blocks D-1: E Draft – workgroup 2012-July-05 – intro update, participant block, enumerated types – Brett Francis : 2012-Jul-18 D-1: F Draft – John Nunneley input 2012-Aug-09 T-1: A – Promoted to TEST level 1.0 – John Nunneley 2012-Aug-09 T-1: B – General formatting, layout and grammar improvements – Brett Francis 2012-Sept-05 T-2:A – Incorporating feedback – 2012-MMM-dd V2-D1: Flesh out financial oversight use case and NREL requirements. 2013-Feb-14 V2-D2: Incorporate feedback. -
OASIS AMQP Version 1.0
OASIS AMQP Version 1.0 Committee Specification Draft 01 / Public Review Draft 01 21 February 2012 Specification URIs This version: http://docs.oasis-open.org/amqp/core/v1.0/csprd01/amqp-core-overview-v1.0-csprd01.xml (Authoritative) http://docs.oasis-open.org/amqp/core/v1.0/csprd01/amqp-core-overview-v1.0-csprd01.html http://docs.oasis-open.org/amqp/core/v1.0/csprd01/amqp-core-complete-v1.0-csprd01.pdf Previous version: N/A Latest version: http://docs.oasis-open.org/amqp/core/v1.0/amqp-core-overview-v1.0.xml (Authoritative) http://docs.oasis-open.org/amqp/core/v1.0/amqp-core-overview-v1.0.html http://docs.oasis-open.org/amqp/core/v1.0/amqp-core-complete-v1.0.pdf Technical Committee: OASIS AMQP Technical Committee Chairs: Ram Jeyaraman ([email protected]), Microsoft Angus Telfer ([email protected]), INETCO Systems Editors: Robert Godfrey ([email protected]), JPMorgan Chase & Co. David Ingham ([email protected]), Microsoft Rafael Schloming ([email protected]), Red Hat Additional artifacts: This specification consists of the following documents: • Part 0: Overview - Overview of the AMQP specification [xml] [html] • Part 1: Types - AMQP type system and encoding [xml] [html] • Part 2: Transport - AMQP transport layer [xml] [html] • Part 3: Messaging - AMQP Messaging Layer [xml] [html] • Part 4: Transactions - AMQP Transactions Layer [xml] [html] • Part 5: Security - AMQP Security Layers [xml] [html] • XML Document Type Definition (DTD) Related work: This specification replaces or supersedes: • http://www.amqp.org/specification/1.0/amqp-org-download Abstract: The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open internet protocol for business messaging. -
Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities
Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities Edited by Maria Kuteeva Kathrin Kaufhold Niina Hynninen Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities Maria Kuteeva Kathrin Kaufhold • Niina Hynninen Editors Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities Editors Maria Kuteeva Kathrin Kaufhold Department of English Department of English Stockholm University Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm, Sweden Niina Hynninen Department of Languages University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ISBN 978-3-030-38754-9 ISBN 978-3-030-38755-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38755-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
English and Translation in the European Union
English and Translation in the European Union This book explores the growing tension between multilingualism and mono- lingualism in the European Union in the wake of Brexit, underpinned by the interplay between the rise of English as a lingua franca and the effacement of translations in EU institutions, bodies and agencies. English and Translation in the European Union draws on an interdisciplinary approach, highlighting insights from applied linguistics and sociolinguistics, translation studies, philosophy of language and political theory, while also look- ing at official documents and online resources, most of which are increasingly produced in English and not translated at all – and the ones which are translated into other languages are not labelled as translations. In analysing this data, Alice Leal explores issues around language hierarchy and the growing difficulty in reconciling the EU’s approach to promoting multilingualism while fostering monolingualism in practice through the diffusion of English as a lingua franca, as well as questions around authenticity in the translation process and the bound- aries between source and target texts. The volume also looks ahead to the impli- cations of Brexit for this tension, while proposing potential ways forward, encapsulated in the language turn, the translation turn and the transcultural turn for the EU. Offering unique insights into contemporary debates in the humanities, this book will be of interest to scholars in translation studies, applied linguistics and sociolinguistics, philosophy and political theory. Alice Leal is Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Translation Studies of the Uni- versity of Vienna, Austria. Routledge Advances in Translation and Interpreting Studies Titles in this series include: 63 English and Translation in the European Union Unity and Multiplicity in the Wake of Brexit Alice Leal 64 The (Un)Translatability of Qur’anic Idiomatic Phrasal Verbs A Contrastive Linguistic Study Ali Yunis Aldahesh 65 The Qur’an, Translation and the Media A Narrative Account Ahmed S. -
Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students
TTHE LLANGUAGES OF NNEW YYORK SSTATE:: A CUNY-NYSIEB GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS LUISANGELYN MOLINA, GRADE 9 ALEXANDER FFUNK This guide was developed by CUNY-NYSIEB, a collaborative project of the Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS) and the Ph.D. Program in Urban Education at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, and funded by the New York State Education Department. The guide was written under the direction of CUNY-NYSIEB's Project Director, Nelson Flores, and the Principal Investigators of the project: Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García and Kate Menken. For more information about CUNY-NYSIEB, visit www.cuny-nysieb.org. Published in 2012 by CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10016. [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alexander Funk has a Bachelor of Arts in music and English from Yale University, and is a doctoral student in linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center, where his theoretical research focuses on the semantics and syntax of a phenomenon known as ‘non-intersective modification.’ He has taught for several years in the Department of English at Hunter College and the Department of Linguistics and Communications Disorders at Queens College, and has served on the research staff for the Long-Term English Language Learner Project headed by Kate Menken, as well as on the development team for CUNY’s nascent Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. Prior to his graduate studies, Mr. Funk worked for nearly a decade in education: as an ESL instructor and teacher trainer in New York City, and as a gym, math and English teacher in Barcelona. -
Languages and GRIN-Global
Languages and GRIN-Global Revision Date June 11, 2015 This guide explains how to modify GRIN-Global to include languages other than English in the Curator Tool. These directions can also be used to edit the default English headings and descriptions. Change notes pertaining to this document are summarized in the appendix. Review the Table of Contents which contains links to the document’s topics. gg_language_guide_2015jun03.doc Page | 1 Contents GRIN-Global and Languages ................................................................................................................. 3 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Language-related Database Items in GRIN-Global ............................................................................ 3 Adding a Language to GRIN-Global ...................................................................................................... 5 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Language-Friendly Column Headings ................................................................................................... 6 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Storing Language-Friendly Column Heading Names at Two Levels .................................................... 6 Using the -
Aethiopica 7 (2004) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies
Aethiopica 7 (2004) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies ________________________________________________________________ GROVER HUDSON, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Article Languages of Ethiopia and Languages of the 1994 Ethiopian Census Aethiopica 7 (2004), 160߃172 ISSN: 1430߃1938 ________________________________________________________________ Published by UniversitÃt Hamburg Asien Afrika Institut, Abteilung Afrikanistik und £thiopistik Hiob Ludolf Zentrum fÛr £thiopistik Languages of Ethiopia and Languages of the 1994 Ethiopian Census GROVER HUDSON, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Table 1 below lists alphabetically the 77 Ethiopian speech varieties reported by the 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia with their num- bers of native speakers and ethnic group members, derived from Tables 2.15 and 2.17 of the Census (Office of Population and Housing Census Com- mission 1998a). Names and spellings are those common in the Ethiopian linguistics literature rather than those of the Census. In another paper, Hudson 2003, I have presented this table and other in- formation of linguistic significance derived from the 1994 Census. There I made the following seven points: 1. Despite expected difficulties for the Census arising from the political sensitivities associatied with linguistic and ethnolinguistic questions, an unsystematic and ambiguous linguistic nomenclature, and the practical problem of reaching and sampling in all corners of Ethiopia, linguistic findings of the Census seem reasonably consistent with the typically un- quantified and often intuitive knowledge of Ethiopianist linguists. 2. With its quantifications the Census confirms the special roles of Amharic and Oromo as Ethiopian lingua francae, languages of broad national use. Findings of the Census highlight the importance of Amharic as the lin- gua franca of urban Ethiopia, and of Oromo, less dominantly, as the lin- gua franca of rural Ethiopia. -
Working-With-Mediawiki-Yaron-Koren.Pdf
Working with MediaWiki Yaron Koren 2 Working with MediaWiki by Yaron Koren Published by WikiWorks Press. Copyright ©2012 by Yaron Koren, except where otherwise noted. Chapter 17, “Semantic Forms”, includes significant content from the Semantic Forms homepage (https://www. mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Semantic_Forms), available under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952489 ISBN: 978-0615720302 First edition, second printing: 2014 Ordering information for this book can be found at: http://workingwithmediawiki.com All printing of this book is handled by CreateSpace (https://createspace.com), a subsidiary of Amazon.com. Cover design by Grace Cheong (http://gracecheong.com). Contents 1 About MediaWiki 1 History of MediaWiki . 1 Community and support . 3 Available hosts . 4 2 Setting up MediaWiki 7 The MediaWiki environment . 7 Download . 7 Installing . 8 Setting the logo . 8 Changing the URL structure . 9 Updating MediaWiki . 9 3 Editing in MediaWiki 11 Tabs........................................................... 11 Creating and editing pages . 12 Page history . 14 Page diffs . 15 Undoing . 16 Blocking and rollbacks . 17 Deleting revisions . 17 Moving pages . 18 Deleting pages . 19 Edit conflicts . 20 4 MediaWiki syntax 21 Wikitext . 21 Interwiki links . 26 Including HTML . 26 Templates . 27 3 4 Contents Parser and tag functions . 30 Variables . 33 Behavior switches . 33 5 Content organization 35 Categories . 35 Namespaces . 38 Redirects . 41 Subpages and super-pages . 42 Special pages . 43 6 Communication 45 Talk pages . 45 LiquidThreads . 47 Echo & Flow . 48 Handling reader comments . 48 Chat........................................................... 49 Emailing users . 49 7 Images and files 51 Uploading . 51 Displaying images . 55 Image galleries . -
Prismtoken Thrift API 2019-01-16
Tel: +27 11 343 2000 | Fax: +27 11 442 5908 | Email: [email protected] Address: President Place, Johannesburg, South Africa PrismToken Thrift API 2019-01-16 Document number: PR-D2-1009 Rev 1.0.1 Release date: 2019-01-16 Prepared by: TrevorD Copyright: © 2019 Prism Payment Technologies Synopsis: Specifies the Application Programming Interface (API) for PrismToken. Company Confidential The information in this document is intended only for the person or the entity to which it is addressed and may contain confidential and/or privileged material. Any views, recreation, dissemination or other use of or taking of any action in reliance upon this information by persons or entities other than the intended recipient, is prohibited. Disclaimer Prism Payment Technologies makes no representations or warranties whether expressed or implied by or with respect to anything in this document, and shall not be liable for any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or for any indirect, special or consequential damages. Prism Payment Technologies (Pty) Ltd | Reg No. 1990/005062/07 Directors: H.G. Kotzé, N. Pillay, A.M.R. Smith (British)| Company Secretary: C.W. van Straaten www.prism.co.za PrismToken Thrift API (PR-D2-1009 Rev 1.0.1)| Page 2 Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................... 4 1.1 PrismToken overview ............................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Thrift overview ......................................................................................................................... -
Language and Language-In-Education Planning in Multilingual India: a Minoritized Language Perspective
Lang Policy (2017) 16:135–164 DOI 10.1007/s10993-015-9397-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Language and language-in-education planning in multilingual India: a minoritized language perspective Cynthia Groff1 Received: 10 March 2015 / Accepted: 14 December 2015 / Published online: 10 March 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract This article explores India’s linguistic diversity from a language policy perspective, emphasizing policies relevant to linguistic minorities. The Kumaun region of Utterakhand provides a local, minority-language perspective on national- level language planning. A look at the complexity of counting India’s languages reveals language planning implicit in the Indian census. The more explicit status planning involved in the naming of official languages is explored in the Indian Constitution. An overview of India’s language-in-education policies for languages to be taught and languages to be used as media of instruction further illustrates status and acquisitions planning affecting India’s linguistic minorities. The Indian example informs and stretches the language planning frameworks used to analyze it, adding status-planning goals of legitimization, minimization, and protection. Finally, the question of what actually happens in education for linguistic minorities opens up a conversation about the pluralistic language practices common in mul- tilingual contexts beyond the implementation of official language and education policies. Keywords Language policy and planning Á Linguistic minorities Á Medium of instruction Á Minority education Á Indian census Á Indian Constitution Á Legitimate language Introduction: Languages and linguistic minorities in India Known to be a diverse country of multiple cultures and multiple languages, India has faced the challenge of dealing with this resource called diversity. -
April/May 2006 U.S
Language | Technology | Business Industry Focus: Mobile Applications Embedded multilingual mobile applications Mobile applications for the Arabic market Chinese input on mobile devices Multilingual handwriting recognition technology Search engine marketing in multiple languages Open source: a model for innovation April/May 2006 U.S. $7.95 Canada $9.95 Getting Started Guide: Content Management 01 Cover #79 LW331-7.indd 1 4/10/06 8:02:59 AM 02-03 ads.indd 2 4/10/06 7:38:35 AM 0ODFVQPOBUJNFy -BOHVBHFTPGUXBSFXBTTMPXBOEEJTDPOOFDUFE 1FPQMFIBEUPQBZZFBSBGUFSZFBSGPSPMEUFDIOPMPHZ 5IFO-JPOCSJEHFPQFOFE'SFFXBZ /PX5.T HMPTTBSJFT BOESFQPSUTBSFBDDFTTFE UISPVHIUIF8FC"OEDMJFOUT 1.T BOEUSBOTMBUPST DPMMBCPSBUFJOTUBOUMZ 8IFSFXJMM'SFFXBZUBLFZPV 'BTU $POOFDUFE 'SFF XXX(FU0O5IF'SFFXBZDPN LB ad MLC free 31306 indd 1 3/17/06 1:19 PM 02-03 ads.indd 3 4/10/06 7:38:49 AM MultiLingual #79 Volume 17 Issue 3 April/May 2006 Editor-in-Chief, Publisher: Donna Parrish Managing Editor: Laurel Wagers IN THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE, Translation Dept. Editor: Jim Healey Copy Editor: Cecilia Spence News: Kendra Gray, Becky Bennett Illustrator: Doug Jones Production: Sandy Compton Webmaster: Aric Spence Assistant: Shannon Abromeit Advertising Director: Jennifer Del Carlo Advertising: Kevin Watson, Bonnie Merrell Editorial Board Jeff Allen, Henri Broekmate, Bill Hall, Andres Heuberger, Chris Langewis, Ken Lunde, John O’Conner, Mandy Pet, Reinhard Schäler Advertising [email protected] www.multilingual.com/advertising 208-263-8178 Subscriptions, back issues, customer service [email protected] www.multilingual.com/subscribe With business moving at lightning speed, you need Submissions, letters the expertise of a partner experienced at navigating the [email protected] evolving global landscape. Our three decades of quality- Editorial guidelines are available at focused, advanced solutions have resulted in long-standing www.multilingual.com/editorialWriter client relationships.