DOCSLIB.ORG

K. Bilby the Explorer As Hero: Le Fidèle Apatou in the French Wilderness

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
K. Bilby the Explorer As Hero: Le Fidèle Apatou in the French Wilderness K. Bilby The explorer as hero: Le Fidèle Apatou in the French wilderness In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 78 (2004), no: 3/4, Leiden, 197-227 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl KENNETH BlLBY THE EXPLORER AS HERO: LE FIDELE APATOU IN THE FRENCH WILDERNESS For a brief spell during the closing years of the nineteenth century, a South American Maroon named Apatu became the toast of France, at least that portion of the French public that thrilled to the pages of Le Tour du Monde, a popular adventure series that inspired the likes of Jules Verne.1 Hailing from the borderlands between French and Dutch Guiana, a part of the Amazon basin that was still only nominally under the control of the two competing European powers that had laid claim to the area, Apatu had joined forces with the French explorer Jules Crevaux. In doing so, he had caused alarm among his own people, the Aluku, who continued to regard whites with great suspicion. Over a period of several months, Crevaux and Apatu had penetrated rivers and forests that had yet to appear on European maps; by the time they arrived at the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil, they had also cemented a friendship that was to bring them together for a number of other journeys over the next few years, a friendship that would last until Crevaux's death in 1882.2 By Crevaux's own account, Apatu had not only 1. An earlier version of this article was presented at the lOlst meeting of the Ameri- can Anthropological Association in New Orleans in November 2002, in a session titled "Old Colonies, New Post-Colonies: The French West Indies and the End of Postcolonial Theory." The field research on which it is partially based received support at various points from the Fulbright-Hays program, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the (U.S.) National Science Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, and the (U.S.) National Endowment for the Humanities, for which I remain grateful. I would also like to express my appreciation to Anne-Marie Bruleaux, Wim Hoogbergen, and the late Ben Scholtens for sharing archival documents that contributed insights to this paper, and to Richard Price for commenting on an earlier draft. 2. In all, Crevaux and Apatu traversed approximately 12,000 kilometers in their travels together, visiting parts of French Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Brazil, France, Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad over a period spanning roughly five years. Apatu deserves credit New West Indian Guide /Nieuwe West-Indische Gids vol. 78 no. 3 & 4 (2004): 197-227 198 KENNETH BILBY proven indispensable as his chief navigator, but had risked his life more than once on Crevaux's behalf.3 His skills as a navigator and his knowl- edge of the forest had also saved Crevaux's life on more than one occa- sion (Crevaux 1987:136; Crevaux 1989:68-69, 78-79). Through Crevaux's writings, readers in Paris came to know the courageous Maroon as Ie fidele Apatou, faithful Apatu. When Crevaux invited Apatu to join him again on his second journey into the Guianese interior, the latter agreed, but under one condition: that the explorer would take him to France once their voy- age was over. "You've seen my country," said Apatu. "I want to see yours" (Crevaux 1987:178).4 It was a promise that Crevaux kept. I have yet to find a detailed written account of Apatu's travels in France, but I have heard several oral accounts from present-day Aluku Maroons. Here's part of one, recorded in 1986, roughly a century after the fact: They were sleeping on the raft. They had already come to the sea, and they saw a ship. And Apatu took off a piece of his clothing, put it on a stick, and started waving it. He was waving it and waving it, until the sailors on the ship saw. They came over to them, and stopped the ship. They went onto the ship. [The sailors] saw Teevo [Crevaux].5 He and the other whites already knew each other - you know how white people are with other white people. Then they brought them to France. The white man traveled with Apatu until they came to the part of the country where he lived, and he brought Apatu to his house. They were there until the other white men started coming to take a look at Apatu. They hadn't known any black people before - the black people from here. They came to look Apatu up and down, all the way up to his head. They were scraping him to see if [the black would come off and] he would turn white. That's the story we've been given. Well, they kept on coming there. Then [Crevaux] said to them, "well, the way Apatu and I traveled, we didn't have guns, but with that bow that he has, he would kill tapirs, he'd kill jaguars, he'd kill anything that was dangerous with that bow." Then the whites said they were going to make a bet. They would put a buil on a field for Apatu, to see if he could kill it with a bow. Because they along with Crevaux for being one of the first visitors from outside to explore major por- tions of both the Amazon and Orinoco basins (Crevaux 1987, 1989). 3. In Crevaux's own words: "The Aluku Negro Apatu, led by the desire to see the great Amazon River, driven by the pride of making a voyage that none of his companions had dared to undertake, risked his life more than once to ensure the success of my mission" (Crevaux 1879:709). 4. Translations of Crevaux, and Anonymous 1993, Bellardie, Benoit, Brunetti, Coudreau, Hurault, Scholtens, Simon, and Vaillant are mine, as are translations of Aluku oral narratives. 5. In Aluku oral accounts, Crevaux is sometimes referred to as "Dokute Teevo" or "Data Teevo" (meaning "Dr. Crevaux"), which accurately reflects the French explorer's cre- dentials: Crevaux bore the official title of Médecin de lère classe de la marine (Crevaux 1879:726). THE EXPLORER AS HERO: LE FIDELE APATOU 199 didn't believe that he could kill a tapir or stop a buil [with just a bow and arrow]. The white man [Crevaux] said that Apatu would kill it. The others said, "no way." This one said, "he can't," the other one said, "he can't." They talked about it for a while, until [Crevaux] said, "well, I' 11 go over to him. I'll let you know what he says to me." His white man went over to him and said, "well, Apatu, those men are challenging you. They say they'11 put a buil on a field for you tomorrow at twelve o'clock. If you're able to shoot and kill it, it'11 mean millions. Because the people who are betting have put down a lot of money." Then he said, "okay, well I'll kill the buil." He [Crevaux] said, "Apatu, will you be able to kill it?" He said, "ha!... that silly thing? I'll kill it." He said, "okay." They were there until it was time. [Crevaux] came to piek him up in a vehicle, and they left. They tethered the buil in the field. The white people were sitting down "bolou"! They say that when he looked, there were white people as far as he could see, all the way into the city. They arrived. Apatu took his bow and goot it ready. He stood up with it until he was nice and ready. He walked over, "tya, tya, tya." The buil was still there. He shot it "tyou"! The buil feil down "brou!" It was dead. [Then all the white people applauded]: "Oui, Apatou! Oui, Apatou! Oui, Apatou! Oui, Apatou!" Even the whites said so. They clapped their hands, "wala wala wala wala." They came and shook his hand, put him in a vehicle, and brought him home. He'd already won. And when it was time, he said he wanted to go back to his country. Then the white man brought him back to Cayenne, and from Cayenne to Saint-Laurent. At that time there were no airplanes, only ships. He got off at Saint-Laurent, and took a boat to where they'd made a village for him called Apatu, below the Hermina Falls. He was there, and the whites said that if he wanted to make his camp, his village, then he could make his village there. Then he made his village there. The whites were help- ing him, paying people to establish the place. And so you see he made a village there. He was there for a while, until he went upriver to the Aluku Maroon country, to talk with his family, telling them that he was making a village down there. And one by one, his sisters went downriver [to visit him], planning to go back and forth. But they stayed, until the village of Apatu grew big, like how you see it today. That's how the story goes.6 A shorter version of the same story was told to me by another Aluku oral historian a few years later, in 1991: When they went over there [to France], his white man [Crevaux] said, "I have a man here, and he's as good as a [white] officer. The man is here 6. Narrated by Kapiten Tobu (Charles Cazal), Komontibo, French Guiana, January 11, 1986.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OSO. Tijdschrift Voor Surinaamse Taalkunde, Letterkunde En Geschiedenis
    OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16 bron OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16. Stichting Instituut ter Bevordering van de Surinamistiek, [Nijmegen] 1997 Zie voor verantwoording: https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_oso001199701_01/colofon.php Let op: werken die korter dan 140 jaar geleden verschenen zijn, kunnen auteursrechtelijk beschermd zijn. [Nummer 1] Afbeeldingen omslag De afbeelding op de voorzijde van de omslag is van G.W.C. Voorduin, Een plantage-slavenkamp, 1860-2. Kleurenlitho, 27 × 42,5. Leiden: Foto- en prentencollectie van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Op de achterzijde van de omslag is een reproductie A. Borret, ‘Creoolse met kist en bundel op het hoofd’, KITLV, cat. nr. 1.33.5 OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16 4 N. Box 1825 (collectie Surinaams Museum, foto Roy Tjin). OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 16 5 Elmer Kolfin De muze met een missie Verbeeldingen van slavernij in de West c. 1650-1860 Twee eeuwen verbeelding van Surinaamse slavernij, van pakweg 1680 tot 1860, heeft welgeteld één fraai olieverfschilderij opgeleverd, flink wat gravures op landkaarten en in boeken, een behoorlijk aantal steendrukken en ook nogal wat tekeningen en aquarellen. Dat bracht Kalff ertoe in 1923 te schrijven dat in Suriname de slavenzweep de muze op de vlucht joeg (Kalff, 1923: 370). Maar hij reserveerde de muze alleen voor de schone kunsten, meer in het bijzonder voor mooie schilderijen. Het onderscheid van Kalff tussen esthetische en praktische afbeeldingen is echter niet zo eenvoudig te trekken. In dit artikel zou ik de muze daarom een ruimer terrein willen toebedelen en nagaan welke vormen ze aanneemt als het om verbeelding van slaven gaat en wat haar daarbij bezielt.
    [Show full text]
  • Into the Breach Video Series Study Guide
    Into the Breach Video Series Study Guide Faith in Action Faith Into the Breach Video Series Study Guide Copyright © Knights of Columbus, 2021. All rights reserved. Quotations from Into the Breach, An Apostolic Exhortation to Catholic Men, Copyright © 2015, are used with permission of Diocese of Phoenix. Quotations from New American Bible, Revised Edition, Copyright © 2010, are used with permission of Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., Washington, DC. Quotations from Catholic Word Book #371, Copyright © 2007, are used with permission of Knights of Columbus Supreme Council and Our Sunday Visitor, Huntington, IN 46750. Cover photograph credit: Shutterstock. Russo, Alex. Saint Michael Archangel statue on the top of Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, Italy, used with permission. Getty Images. Trood, David. Trekking in the Austrian Alps, used with permission. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS Introduction. 1 A Man Who Can Stand in the Breach. 2 How to Use This Study Guide . 3 How to Lead a Small Group Session . 8 INTO THE BREACH EPISODES Masculinity . 12 Brotherhood. 19 Leadership . 27 Fatherhood. 35 Family . 42 Life . 49 Prayer . 56 Suffering . 64 Sacramental Life . 72 Spiritual Warfare . 80 Evangelization . 87 The Cornerstone . 95 APPENDIX Definitions . 103 Catholic Information Service. 107 Faith in Action . 108 INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS Introduction “And I sought for a man among them who should build up the wall and stand in the breach before me for the land…” (Ezekiel 22:30) In 2015, Bishop Thomas J.
    [Show full text]
  • Panorama # 3 Propriété Foncière Atlas Cartographique 2017
    Réalisé dans le cadre de l'observatoire des sols et cartes communales). Ces A qui appartient la Guyane ? De quels foncier de l'AUDeG, cet atlas cartogra- croisements fournissent une lecture types de terrains l’Etat est-il proprié- phique se propose de faire un tour dynamique du foncier, mettant en taire ? Quels sont ceux qui appartien- d'horizon de la situation de la proprié- regard propriété des terrains et desti- nent aux collectivités ? Qu’en est-il à té foncière dans le temps et dans l'es- nation des sols. l’échelle des communes ? Quelle est la pace afin d’apporter des éléments L'atlas s'intéresse également à la pro- destination des terrains privés dans les permettant d'alimenter une réflexion priété au sein des 24 secteurs définis documents d’urbanisme ? Comment la globale sur ce sujet. dans le cadre de l’OIN (opération propriété a-t-elle évolué entre 2007 et Mettant en perspective propriété et d’intérêt national). 2017 ? planification, il explore les questions La comparaison des millésimes sur la Ce sont là autant d’interrogations de l’organisation de l’espace, à travers dernière décennie (2007-2017) permet auxquelles l’atlas cartographique de la le SAR (schéma d’aménagement régio- quant à elle de suivre les évolutions propriété foncière entend fournir des nal), mais aussi à travers les docu- temporelles du cadastre et de la pro- éléments de réponse. ments d’urbanisme communaux (plan priété sur les dix dernières années. locaux d’urbanisme, plan d’occupation OBSFONCIER > Panorama #2 - Septembre 2018 - Page 1 Observatoire foncier de la Guyane | AUDeG Page 2 - OBSFONCIER > Panorama #2 - Septembre 2018 Observatoire foncier de la Guyane | AUDeG Une connaissance de la propriété limitée ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoles Et Collèges Sur Les Fleuves De Guyane
    ECOLES ET COLLEGES SUR LES FLEUVES DE GUYANE Des collègues du SE-UNSA au service de la profession N’HESITEZ PAS A LES CONTACTER La Guyane, c’est aussi des sites isolés dont le seul moyen de communication est la voie navigable par les fleuves ou les airs par l’avion. Ce dossier doit vous permettre de voir les conditions de vie dans ces zones isolées. Des améliorations sensibles ont eu lieu sur les conditions de vie sur les fleuves et les conditions de travail qui demeurent tout de même difficiles. Voici dans le détail la liste des responsables du SE-UNSA sur les sites isolés du Maroni et de l’Oyapock NOM PRENOM TELEPHONE PORTABLE MEL ETAB NOM DE L’ETAB COMMUNE CABIROL VINCENT 0594349801 0694238252 [email protected] COLLEGE APATOU SASSY ERIC 0594349923 0694262402 [email protected] COLLEGE APATOU MANNETIER ALAIN 0594278414 [email protected] COLLEGE APATOU LORENCYL ROSE-LAURE 0594349144 0694222216 [email protected] ECOLE ELEM LAMBERT AMAYOTA APATOU CHOCHO CHRISTELLE 0594349087 0694415584 [email protected] ECOLE ELEM LAMBERT AMAYOTA APATOU SEBELOUE SANDRA 0594349147 0694225212 [email protected] ECOLE ELEM LAMBERT AMAYOTA APATOU DORLIPO STEDDY 0594251762 0694422629 [email protected] ECOLE MAT ALBERTINE SIDA APATOU SAVARIN THIERRY 0594349907 0594349036 [email protected] ECOLE MAT ALBERTINE SIDA APATOU VIVERET PIERRE-ALEXIS 0594349094 [email protected] ECOLE MAT ALBERTINE SIDA APATOU TIOUKA STEPHANE 0594304523 0694222870 [email protected] ECOLE PRIM MAIMAN APATOU MARIE-ANAIS PHILIPPE 0694242109
    [Show full text]
  • STATEMENT by GAANMAN GAZON MATODJA, PARAMOUNT CHIEF of the NDJUKA {AUKANER) PEOPLE Transcribed and Translated from Ndjuka by Kenneth Bilby
    STATEMENT BY GAANMAN GAZON MATODJA, PARAMOUNT CHIEF OF THE NDJUKA {AUKANER) PEOPLE Transcribed and Translated from Ndjuka by Kenneth Bilby So. The person speaking here today, on the words, things in my territory no longer work as well 26th of March, is Gaanman Gazon Matodja of as I would like. Diitabiki. Today he will speak to the people of the In the past, when someone had a disagreement United States. Well, I can declare to the people of with someone else in the Ndjuka area -let's say the United States that the person who occupied they fought- then they would fight with their fists. this post before me was Gaanman Akoontu Velanti They would fight with their fists. There were cer­ of Diitabiki. It was his office, and now I am sitting tain matters that I as Gaanman (Paramount Chief) in his place to carry on the work. By my count, this would concern myself with directly. But if I sent elder, Gaanman Akoontu Velanti, occupied this the Kabiteni and the Basia, then they would go and office for 14 years before he passed away. When debate the case [in the context of a kuutu, a council Gaanman Akoontu Velanti died, I took over his meeting]. Whoever was in the right, they would office to keep his place for him. I have been in this decide in his favor; whoever was in the wrong, they office, I believe, for 26 years. So I state. would decide against him. Well, I oversee the area from the Cottica River And if someone went too far, fighting another all the way to Gaan Boli.
    [Show full text]
  • Pugilistic Death and the Intricacies of Fighting Identity
    Copyright By Omar Gonzalez 2019 A History of Violence, Masculinity, and Nationalism: Pugilistic Death and the Intricacies of Fighting Identity By Omar Gonzalez, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of History California State University Bakersfield In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Arts in History 2019 A Historyof Violence, Masculinity, and Nationalism: Pugilistic Death and the Intricacies of Fighting Identity By Omar Gonzalez This thesishas beenacce ted on behalf of theDepartment of History by their supervisory CommitteeChair 6 Kate Mulry, PhD Cliona Murphy, PhD DEDICATION To my wife Berenice Luna Gonzalez, for her love and patience. To my family, my mother Belen and father Jose who have given me the love and support I needed during my academic career. Their efforts to raise a good man motivates me every day. To my sister Diana, who has grown to be a smart and incredible young woman. To my brother Mario, whose kindness reaches the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada and who has been an inspiration in my life. And to my twin brother Miguel, his incredible support, his wisdom, and his kindness have not only guided my life but have inspired my journey as a historian. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is a result of over two years of research during my time at CSU Bakersfield. First and foremost, I owe my appreciation to Dr. Stephen D. Allen, who has guided me through my challenging years as a graduate student. Since our first encounter in the fall of 2016, his knowledge of history, including Mexican boxing, has enhanced my understanding of Latin American History, especially Modern Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Abroad and the Environmental Imagination Michael D
    Macalester International Volume 5 Landscape, Culture, and Globalization: Article 18 Views from Brazil Fall 12-31-1997 The Amazon: Study Abroad and the Environmental Imagination Michael D. Monahan Macalester College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl Recommended Citation Monahan, Michael D. (1997) "The Amazon: Study Abroad and the Environmental Imagination," Macalester International: Vol. 5, Article 18. Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol5/iss1/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for Global Citizenship at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Macalester International by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE AMAZON: Study Abroad and the Environmental Imagination Michael D. Monahan In wildness lies the preservation of the world. —Henry David Thoreau It is said that Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (1746 – 1828), the masterful Spanish painter, believed that el tiempo también pinta (time also paints). He was concerned, no doubt, with how the changing sensibilities of society and of observers of art might influence how his paintings were interpreted. But he was also, perhaps, suggesting something of much larger import: the great impact that the passage of time can have on intellectual currents and on the evolution of thinking, including human conceptions of being, perceptions of nature, and the dynamic interplay between reason and the creative imagination. One might also imagine that “space paints” so that, for example, while our nat- ural surroundings are interpreted, understood, and expressed in a particular way here, they may well hold a very different mean- ing there.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Volatility Steadies the Climb
    WORLD AIRLINER CENSUS Global volatility steadies the climb Cirium Fleet Forecast’s latest outlook sees heady growth settling down to trend levels, with economic slowdown, rising oil prices and production rate challenges as factors Narrowbodies including A321neo will dominate deliveries over 2019-2038 Airbus DAN THISDELL & CHRIS SEYMOUR LONDON commercial jets and turboprops across most spiking above $100/barrel in mid-2014, the sectors has come down from a run of heady Brent Crude benchmark declined rapidly to a nybody who has been watching growth years, slowdown in this context should January 2016 low in the mid-$30s; the subse- the news for the past year cannot be read as a return to longer-term averages. In quent upturn peaked in the $80s a year ago. have missed some recurring head- other words, in commercial aviation, slow- Following a long dip during the second half Alines. In no particular order: US- down is still a long way from downturn. of 2018, oil has this year recovered to the China trade war, potential US-Iran hot war, And, Cirium observes, “a slowdown in high-$60s prevailing in July. US-Mexico trade tension, US-Europe trade growth rates should not be a surprise”. Eco- tension, interest rates rising, Chinese growth nomic indicators are showing “consistent de- RECESSION WORRIES stumbling, Europe facing populist backlash, cline” in all major regions, and the World What comes next is anybody’s guess, but it is longest economic recovery in history, US- Trade Organization’s global trade outlook is at worth noting that the sharp drop in prices that Canada commerce friction, bond and equity its weakest since 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Légendes Et Crédits De L'iconographie Et Des Objets Exposés
    Légendes et crédits de l’iconographie et des objets exposés 1 Salle 1 : entrée et accueil - Salle 2 Panneau Histoire d’une zone administrative autonome « Mission 1951 : Monpera, le chef des Indiens Emerillons qui a retrouvé les carnets de et la carabine de Raymond Maufrais salue le gendarme Chauveau » ; photographie parue dans la revue Gendarmerie nationale, n° 17, 3e trimestre, 1983, p. 14. © Droits réservés ; cliché repris par Gérard Thabouillot, Territoire de l’Inini (1930-1969), Matoury, Ibis Rouge Editions, 2016, p. 711. Panneau Des débuts sous le sceau du volontarisme [Le gouverneur Veber visite le village boni d’Apatou, lors d’une tournée sur le Maroni (1936)]. © Collection privée ; cliché publié par Gérard Thabouillot, Le Territoire de l’Inini (1930-1969), Matoury, Ibis Rouge Editions, 2016, p. 317. Panneau Une anomalie républicaine [Amérindien wayana conduisant à la pagaie une pirogue sur le Maroni ou l’un de ses affluents] ; photographie (1958-1960). © Collection privée. Panneau Le débat politique sur le statut de la Guyane Guyane française et territoire de l’Inini ; échelle 1/3 000 000. Carte extraite de La géologie et les mines de la France d’outre-mer, Paris, Société d’éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales (1932). © Collectivité Territoriale de Guyane-Bibliothèque Alexandre-Franconie. Numérisé par Manioc : permalien http://www.manioc.org/images/FRA120070020i1. 2 Salle 3 Boîtes - Echantillons de bois (vers 1938). Musée territorial Alexandre-Franconie, collection René Grébert, chef du service Eaux et Forêts de la Guyane française et du Territoire de l’Inini. - Céramique wayana avec décor de motifs géométriques sur la panse (fabrication contemporaine).
    [Show full text]
  • Heroic Youth Leaders Are Treated to an Early Thanksgiving In
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MEDIA ALERT Heroic Youth Leaders are Treated to an Early Thanksgiving in Recognition of Their Environmental Stewardship Young Heroes at the Helm of Cleaning and Greening Los Angeles County are Celebrated Los Angeles, CA-----November 2019-----Los Angeles young adult “Corpsmembers” from the LA Conservation Corps (LA Corps) are being celebrated with an early Thanksgiving meal in appreciation for their daily commitment and leadership in caring for the environment and revitalizing neighborhoods across Los Angeles County with beautification and conservation projects. As Corpsmembers, they participate in hands-on job skills training and work experiences at the Corps with an emphasis on conservation; they earn a paycheck while they learn. They develop a solid work ethic, patience, effective communication skills, teamwork, self-confidence, leadership, and green workforce skills as a result of the program, becoming environmental stewards. Many Corpsmembers are at-risk young adults who join the Corps for a second chance. In addition to recycling, cleaning alleys, removing graffiti, planting trees, building trails and clearing fire fuel, these young leaders participate in and/or lead service projects, connecting people to nature and revitalizing urban green spaces across L.A. County. For example, at the top of the Culver City Stairs at the Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook, Corpsmembers have been working for more than a year in collaboration with California State Parks and the Audubon Society to enhance the safety of trails for hikers, build uniform step heights, conduct trail maintenance, and protect native plants. They hosted a day of service there for community volunteers to plant trees recently on National Public Lands Day.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Paternalistic Objections to Hate Speech Regulation
    ESSAY II Pressure Valves and Bloodied Chickens: An Analysis of Paternalistic Objections to Hate Speech Regulation Richard Delgadot David H. YunT INTRODUCTION The dominant free speech paradigm's resistance to change is not the only obstacle that hate speech rule advocates confront: what we call pater- nalistic objections are deployed as well to discourage reform, ostensibly in minorities' best interest.1 These paternalistic arguments all urge that hate speech rules would harm their intended beneficiaries, and thus, if blacks and other minorities knew their own self-interest, they would oppose such rules. Often the objections take the form of arguing that there is no conflict between equality and liberty, since by protecting speech one is also protect- ing minorities.2 This Essay details and answers these arguments before suggesting potential avenues for reform in the near future. Copyright © 1994 California Law Review, Inc. t Charles Inglis Thomson Professor of Law, University of Colorado. J.D. 1974, University of California, Berkeley. * Member of the Colorado Bar. J.D. 1993, University of Colorado. 1. By paternalism, we mean a justification for curtailing someone's liberty that invokes the well- being of the person concerned, that is,that requires him or her to do or refrain from doing something for his or her own good. Could it be argued that the opposite position, namely advocacy of hate speech regulation, is also paternalistic, in that it implies that minorities need or want protection, when many may not? No. The impetus for such regulation comes mainly from minority attorneys and scholars. See, e.g., Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • Aviation Regulatory Update Digest
    January 2018 AVIATION REGULATORY UPDATE DELTA PREVAILS OVER DOT ENFORCEMENT OFFICE IN DISPUTED CONSENT ORDER CASE A DOT Administrative Law Judge recently issued an order in favor of Delta’s challenge of a DOT Notice of Enforcement Proceeding and Proposed Assessment of Civil Penalties for the carrier’s alleged violation of DOT’s codeshare disclosure rule (14 C.F.R. 257.5(b)), the prohibition against unfair and deceptive trade practices (49 U.S.C. § 41712(c)), and the violation of a prior cease and desist order that prohibited Delta from failing to comply with the Department’s codeshare disclosure requirements. The proposed civil penalty was for $660,000. Delta refused to pay the penalty, and DOT filed a formal enforcement complaint under 14 C.F.R. Part 302. This is quite unusual as most carriers choose to follow the consent order process rather than risk formal litigation with DOT. The penalty resulted from a lengthy investigation by DOT’s enforcement office, during which DOT analysts called the Delta reservations line, pretending to be passengers interested in booking one‐way flights on a codeshare partner. If the DL reservation agent failed to disclose that the flight was operated by a codeshare partner, DOT noted a violation even though no tickets were purchased. Delta argued, and the ALJ agreed, that the applicable statute and regulation specify ticket purchase or booking as the triggering event for codeshare disclosure. Because there were no tickets purchased during DOT’s investigation, the ALJ determined that Delta’s actions could not have violated the codeshare disclosure rule and thus the penalty was improper.
    [Show full text]