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Theoretical Foundations of Lithuanian Phonology Ⱥleksas Girdenis

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Theoretical Foundations of Lithuanian Phonology Ⱥleksas Girdenis Ⱥleksas Girdenis Theoretical Foundations of Lithuanian Phonology Ⱥleksas Girdenis Teoriniai lietuviǐ fonologijos pagrindai Antrasis pataisytas ir papildytas knygos „Teoriniai fonologijos pagrindai“ leidimas Vilnius 2003 Ⱥleksas Girdenis Theoretical Foundations of Lithuanian Phonology Second, revised and expanded edition of Theoretical Foundations of Phonology English translation by Steven Young Vilnius 2014 UDC 811.172‘342 Gi309 Translated from the second Lithuanian edition: A. Girdenis. Teoriniai lietuviǐ fonologijos pagrindai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijǐ leidybos institutas, 2003 Funding for the preparation and publication of this book provided by the European Union project Lithuania Here and Abroad: Language, Science, Culture, Society (Lietuva þia ir ten: kalba, mokslas, kultnjra, visuomenơ) (VP1-2.2-ŠMM-08-V-02-005) © Aleksas Girdenis, 2003 © Vilnius University, 2014 ISBN 978-609-437-259-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ....................................................................................................viii List of Tables......................................................................................................viii Notes on the Translation ....................................................................................... x Abbreviations of Languages and Dialects...........................................................xii Abbreviations Used in Glosses ...........................................................................xii Foreword ............................................................................................................xiii Foreword to the 1995 Edition.............................................................................xiv I. THE PLACE OF PHONOLOGY IN LINGUISTICS....................................... 1 1. Basic Concepts .............................................................................................. 1 2. The Relationship between Phonology and Phonetics .................................13 3. The Functions of Speech Sounds and Their Features.................................18 4. Types of Phonological Units.......................................................................28 II. METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING PHONEMES........................................40 1. Introductory Remarks..................................................................................40 2. Paradigmatic Identification of Phonemes ...................................................43 a) Substitution and Commutation ...............................................................43 b) Experimental Commutation....................................................................49 c) Distribution .............................................................................................53 d) Phonemes and Allophones......................................................................56 e) Concrete Examples .................................................................................62 f) Summary Remarks ..................................................................................68 3. The Role of Phonemes and Their Variants .................................................68 4. Syntagmatic Identification of Phonemes ....................................................77 a) General Remarks.....................................................................................77 b) Typological Preliminaries.......................................................................78 c) Phonetic Preliminaries ............................................................................80 d) Phonological Principles ..........................................................................84 e) Summary Remarks................................................................................101 III. PHONEME RELATIONS ..........................................................................103 1. General Remarks.......................................................................................103 2. Syntagmatic (Functional) Classification of Phonemes .............................109 a) Introductory Remarks ...........................................................................109 v Table of Contents b) Basic Syntagmatic Classes of Phonemes: Vowels and Consonants.....113 c) Isomorphism..........................................................................................116 d) Syntagmatic Classes of Consonants .....................................................117 e) Syllable Structure..................................................................................130 f) Syllable Boundaries...............................................................................132 g) Typological Remarks............................................................................141 h) Summary Remarks................................................................................147 3. Neutralization............................................................................................148 a) Gaps in the System................................................................................148 b) Regular Constraints on Distribution .....................................................150 c) Interpretations .......................................................................................156 d) The Archiphoneme. Marked and Unmarked Members of an Opposition .............................................................................................158 e) Correlations and Correlative Series ......................................................164 f) Correlation Bundles...............................................................................169 g) Neutralization and Phoneme Classes....................................................173 h) Neutralization of Units of Content and Correlations............................178 i) Summary Remarks.................................................................................180 4. Paradigmatic Relations..............................................................................182 a) General Remarks...................................................................................182 b) Oppositions and Syntagmatic Classes ..................................................184 Į) Paradigmatic Relations and Distinctive Features of Lithuanian Consonants ........................................................................................185 ȕ) Distinctive Features of Vowels in Standard Lithuanian...................201 c) Other Criteria and Considerations in Establishing and Grouping Distinctive Features...............................................................................215 d) Models and Types of Paradigmatic Relations ......................................222 e) The Binary Distinctive Feature System and Principles of Dichotomous Phonology.......................................................................230 Į) Origin and Assumptions ...................................................................230 ȕ) Some Remarks Concerning Research on the Acoustic Properties of Sounds...........................................................................................235 Ȗ) Binary Distinctive Features...............................................................240 į) Three Examples and Some General Considerations.........................245 f) Distinctive Features and Semantic Componential Analysis .................251 g) Summary Remarks................................................................................252 IV. SUPRASEGMENTAL UNITS...................................................................254 1. Introductory Remarks................................................................................254 2. Non-prosodic Suprasegmental Units ........................................................256 a) Types of Suprasegmental Units ............................................................256 b) Four Interpretations of Lithuanian Consonant Softness.......................257 c) Other Examples and Some Remarks on “Prosodic” Phonology ..........262 vi Table of Contents 3. Prosodic Units ...........................................................................................265 a) Stress .....................................................................................................265 Į) Concept and Features........................................................................265 ȕ) Types and Functions of Stress..........................................................272 Ȗ) Secondary Stress ...............................................................................279 į) Summary Remarks............................................................................286 b) Pitch Accent and Tone..........................................................................287 Į) The Concept of Pitch Accent and Tone. The Pitch Accent System of Lithuanian. .......................................................................287 ȕ) Functions and Paradigmatic Relations of Pitch Accents..................298 Ȗ) Typological Remarks ........................................................................302 į) Moras ................................................................................................309 4. Summary Remarks ....................................................................................312 APPENDICES...................................................................................................315 1. Random numbers.......................................................................................315
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