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UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8921662 State, agricultural policy, and rural development in a developing country: The case of post-1965 Zaire Mokoli, Mondonga M., Ph.D. The American University, 1989 Copyright ©1989 by Mokoli, Mondonga M. All rights reserved. U-M' 300N.ZecbRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 STATE, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: THE CASE OF POST-1965 ZAIRE by - Mondonga M. Mokoli submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Signatures of Committee: Chairman: >Q #<4XJ M<^ j^y, 'jk&=^ Dean ofl the College 23 May 1989 Date 1989 .q The American University \p\^^> Washington, D.C. 20016 THE AMEBICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Q COPYRIGHT BY MONDONGA M. MOKOLI 1989 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED STATE, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: THE CASE OF POST-1965 ZAIRE by Mondonga M. Mokoli ABSTRACT This study evaluates the overt and underlying relevancy of the priority which the state in post-1965 Zaire has accorded to the agricultural and rural sector for socio economic development. The study examines the indicators provided by the conventional agricultural and rural development theories. These indicators show over time that that sector has not received a necessary and a sufficient financial support, and lacked political will and commitment, to materialize its assigned and intended goals. The study indicates that the basic objective of the agricultural and rural policy in Zaire has been political, not socio-economic. It has been a political mechanism of mobilization and control of the rural people who have been attempting to overthrow the state because of its inability to carry out national and rural socio-economic development. The study demonstrates that the failure of the agricultural policy to carry out rural socio-economic development in Zaire is rooted in the nature and the role of ii the state in this country. The state in post-1965 Zaire is a socialistic superstructure, which stands on a capitalistic economic infrastructure set up by the Belgian colonial administration during the expansion of capitalism on a world scale. This incompatible juxtaposition of a socialistic superstructure with a capitalistic infrastructure, in the same social formation has engendered the structural conflicts and blockage of the Zairean system in favor of the few who hold the key state offices and have utilized them to establish their economic bases and expand their ideologico- political influence. The study calls for the mastery of the state in post-1965 as the sine qua non and a minimum achievement without which there is considerable doubt as to whether post-1965 Zaire can proceed beyond its present stage of national and rural socio-economic underdevelopment. It encourages the development of microstrategies, which have been productive and have been providing the rural people with some income. The rural people must be very cautious with whatever development initiatives and policies which the state in post-1965 Zaire would undertake on their behalf. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In many social circumstances, words are powerless to express the entire feelings a person has after going through an important step of his life such as the formal education. At this point, my memory goes especially to my loved parents Mokoli Mondonga and Eyanga Ibesoa, you who were the first ones to take me to school, and insisted that I go through the whole schooling process, in spite of the sufferings. While, today I am through this process, you are not with me to harvest the results of your labor. I also think of my loved brothers Ebonda Mokoli and Issongho Mokoli, and my cousin Mwazaka Molema, you who left me alone so early. While I miss all of you in this visible world, I also feel that you are with me and communicate with me. You are my facilitators. I always do with you what I am unable to accomplish by myself. You are not dead. You still exist, although in the immaterial and invisible form. To my daughters, and all the children who count on me for survival, I would like to thank you for your part of sacrifices. I did not mean to give up my responsibility as a father. I would have been with you while schooling had we a responsible socio-political system which can, at least, take care of its employees while they are abroad for iv training. To you, Dr. Bonita M. Bundy for your attention, affection and love to me, I am very grateful... Similarly, I think of the Mokoli's, Ibesoa's, Makombo's, Mwazaka's, Sukakumu's, Mbila's, and the Mwakobila's for your supports. To United States government, especially the Fulbright Foundation, for giving me this opportunity to come to pursue my education in the United States. I thank you very much. I have learned a lot from my programme, not only at school, but out of school as well. I think that I have accomplished what you were expecting from me. However, I am not sure whether you have learned from me, and if so, how much? My grant terminated, and without any financial support, I have reached my initial goals. This is to say that money is a necessary but not a sufficient factor for someone to materialize his or her plans. This is also eloquent enough to argue that underdevelopment, the situation which characterizes my country, is not only a social negativity, but it is also a social positivity which trains people to cope with their existential conditions. An important part of my thanks go to my professors in the sociology and anthropology department at the University of Lubumbashi, Zaire, as well as to those in the sociology department at The American University for their insightful teachings, which have placed me at the intersection of several theoretical perspectives and practical experiences. I also think of Dr. Barbara H. v Kaplan, you who, regardless of your health problems, have been very supportive of me. My special thanks go to you Dr. Jurg K. Siegenthaler, Dr. Kenneth Kusterer, and Dr. David Hirschmann for having accepted to be my dissertation advisors. Your guidance and advice have been productive. Overall, I remain particularly grateful to you, Dr. Siegenthaler. You have been not only my professor, but also my academic advisor, and my dissertation chairman as well. Besides your outstanding and scholarly competence, your ability in understanding and assisting students from different cultures and educational backgrounds in their particular problems and ways of expressing them is a rare and a dear quality in this environment. To me you are a real sociologist, i.e, you transcend the simple sociological rhetoric, and thus remain a model which I will follow in my academic career. God bless all of us and help us build a free, a peaceful and a prosperous world. A world where each of us will enjoy the fact of being born. Such a world becomes a reality only if, altogether, we work toward the identification and the mastery of all social obstacles which block the development of mankind. vi MAPS vii viii ZAIRE AND ITS REGIONS yf^f ix ZONES IN ZAIRE X- ETHNIC GROUPS IN ZAIRE xi aBAIORC O I Iw. I li«ara S 8ata>a*4« -<••.! S la*a*aa o '11 BiKi'D^sia I Ban** •22 lata.)* '11 Ea:j>»t«« •-V a*ta ill Mlt.ia 114 I t,-:,. 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