6 X 10 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81113-2 - The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 5: Eastern Christianity Edited by Michael Angold Index More information

Index

‘A b b as,ˆ Shah,ˆ 435 lay piety associated with, 93, 100 Abbot, George (archbishop of Canterbury), monasticism associated with colonisation 194 of land, 41–6, 267 ‘Abd al-Masˆıh. al-H. abashˆı, 504, 505, 507 pagan festivals, persistence of, 100 ‘Abdallahˆ ibn al-T. ayyib, 394 Ah. mad ibn Ibrahim ‘Gran’,˜ 462–3, 471, 473 ‘Abdallahˆ ibn Fad.l, 393, 395 Akathistos hymn and art, 130, 148, 150, 151 Abdel-Ahad, Ignatius Peter VIII (Syrian Akathistos icon, 203 Catholic patriarch), 518 Akhijan, Andreas, 515 Abdisho, 394 Akindynos, Gregory, 101, 112 abortion, 598 Aksakov, Ivan, 357 Abovean, Xacatur,ˇ 447 Aksentejevic, Pavel, 590 Abraham (Arciwean), Armenian Uniate Aksum. See Ethiopian Christianity patriarch, 442 Aktash, Timotheos Samuel, 513 Abreham (Ethiopian bishop), 485 Alania, See of, 23–5 Abuˆ Ishaqˆ ibn al-‘Assal,ˆ 392 Alans (Germanic tribe) Abu’l-Barakˆ at,ˆ 393 asylum sought by, 25 Abu’l-Farajˆ ibn al-‘Ibrˆı (Bar Hebraeus), 391, conversion of, 4 395, 399, 401 Albakec‘i, Barsel, 437 Abu’l-Makˆ arim,ˆ 389, 398, 399 Albakec‘i, P‘ilipos, 437 Acton, Lord, 333 Alban, St. See St Alban and St Sergius, Adam as ﬁrst practitioner of hesychasm, 116 Fellowship of Addai II (patriarch of Old Calendarists), 526 Albania, modern Orthodox church in, 594 Addia and Mari, Eucharistic prayer of, 534 Aleksandr (bishop of Viatka), 320 adelphata (monastic annuity), 161, 164 Alekseev, Petr,¨ 338 administrative and organisational problems Alekseevna, Anna, 269 of modern Orthodoxy, 596–7 Aleksei Mikhailovich (tsar), 313, 314, 315, Adrian (Russian patriarch), 326, 327, 348, 319–21, 326, 348 351 Aleksii (metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia), Adrianople, treaty of (1829), 446 29–31, 43, 293 Afanas’ev, Nikolai, 557, 585 Aleksii I (Simanskii), Russian patriarch, 548, Afghan revolt of 1722, 437 569, 570, 572, 585 afterlife, concepts of, 98–9 Aleksii II (Ridiger), Russian patriarch, 572, Agallianos, Theodoros, 171, 175 574–5 Agapetos, treatise on imperial authority by, Alexander Cuza (prince of Romania), 239 48, 49 Alexander I (tsar), 329 Agathangelos (ecumenical patriarch), 233 Alexander II (tsar), 331, 345, 350, 356 Agathe, St, 93 Alexander III (tsar), 447 agriculture Alexander Nevsky monastery, 338 eastern Christianities under Islam, 401 Alexander the Clerk, 87

679

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81113-2 - The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 5: Eastern Christianity Edited by Michael Angold Index More information

Index

Alexandria, Bars’kyj’s drawing of Cleopatra’s Anne (mother of Virgin Mary), St, 264 Needle in, 224 Anselm of Canterbury, St, 71 Alexandrian patriarchate. See also speciﬁc Anthimos IV (ecumenical patriarch), 236 patriarchs Anthimos VI (ecumenical patriarch), 242 abandonment of Alexandria by Coptic Anthimos (patriarch of Jerusalem), 207 patriarchs, 375 Anthimos (David Kritopoulos), metropolitan Coptic Christianity organised around, 375. of Oungrovlachia, 27, 40 See also Coptic Christianity Anthony, founder of Kievan Cave-Monastery, Ethiopian church’s reliance on theology of, 15, 36 457, 460, 481 Anthony, St, 504 History of the patriarchs of Alexandria, 389, Anthony IV (ecumenical patriarch), 31, 32, 45, 391, 395 271 under Ottoman rule, 171, 184 Anthrakitis, Methodios, 204 Alexios Axouch, 413 Antioch, patriarchate of Alexios I Komnenos (emperor), 90 Arab nationalism and, 245 Alexios III Angelos (Byzantine emperor), 15, Armenian ecclesiastical ambitions centred 16, 415 on, 406, 416 Alexios III (emperor of Trebizond), 20 Jacobite patriarchs of Antioch and Syria, ‘A lˆı ibn Dawudˆ al-Arfadˆ ˆı, 393 377, 383 Allatios, Leo, 188 Latin patriarch, refusal of Greek Christians Alp Arslan (Seljuk sultan), 155 to recognise, 383 Alpin, Prosper, 490 Ottoman rule, under, 171, 184 Alvares, Francisco, 471–3 Antonii (Khrapovitskii), Russian bishop, 341, Alypios the Stylite, St, 91 343, 553 Amadaeus of Savoy, Count, 67 Antonii (Vadkovskii), Russian metropolitan, Amalﬁtan monastery on Mount Athos, 15 336, 341, 342 AmdaS¨ .eyon (Ethiopian ruler), 468 Anzerskii Skit, 314 American Board of Commissioners for Apeiranthos, Naxos, church of the Virgin at, Foreign Missions, 444 81 amulets, 47, 92–3 Apllarip Arcruni (Armenian king), 408 Amvrosii (Grenkov), Russian monk, 338 Apocalypse of Anastasia, 47 Anania (Armenian anti-catholicos), 408 apocalyptic. See eschatology Anastasii (Gribanovskii), Russian diaspora Apokaukos, Demetrios, 172, 176 metropolitan, 548 Apokaupos, John, metropolitan of Anavarzec‘i, Grigor (Armenian ruler), 420–2, Naupaktos, 86 424 Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas Anderson, Paul, 552 Arab nationalism Andreae, Jacob, 189 Copts and, 497, 498, 501 Andrei the Holy Fool, St, 47, 364 patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem Andrew of Longjumeau, 384 and, 245–6 Andronikos I Doukas (emperor), 81 arabisation and Arab Christianity, 376, Andronikos II (emperor), 17, 18, 25, 58, 60, 62 389–92 Andronikos III (emperor), 19, 62–4 Aram (K‘esiˇ sean),ˇ Armenian catholicos, Andronikov monastery, Moscow, 289 453 Andropov, Iuri, 571 Aramaic speakers, arabisation of, 390, 391 Andrusovo, truce of (1667), 312 Archangels, monastery of, Cyprus, 225 Angarathos monastery, Crete, 193 archontes, 177–8, 180, 183 Angelos, Alexios (caesar of Thessaly), 160 Arciwean, Abraham, 442 Anglicans, Cyril I Loukaris’s contacts with, Arewelc‘i, Vardan, 418 194 Arghun (Iranian Ilkhan),ˆ 385 Anna Dalassene, 90 ‘A rˆıd.ah, Ant.un, 522 Anna Komnene, 90 Aristotle, 76, 205, 234, 309, 424, 426 Anna of Kashin, 310, 365 Arlut’eanc’, Yovsep‘,¯ 443

680

Index

Armenian Christianity, 430. See also Greater Armenia Latin-Armenian relations 1050–1350, 14th-century Roman mission to, 424–7 404–6 in 17th century, 424–7 Antiochene patriarchate, 406, 416 independent Republic of Armenia, 454–5 art and religion, 409, 412 in India, 442–3, 455 Byzantine empire and hierarchy, Islam and. See under Islam relationship with, 406–7, 413–15 L’viv community, 434–5 complexity of Armenian religion, 427–9 military prowess, Armenians noted for, 409 conversion to Islam, 410 as millet in Ottoman empire, 440, 441, 442 crusades, effect of, 383, 406, 410 in Moldavia, 434 interiority, spirituality based on, 412 monasticism of. See monasteries and Islam, conﬂicts with. See Islam monasticism large-scale movements of peoples Mxit‘arists, Uniate order of, 441, 443, 447, during, 405 455 Latins, relationship with. See nationalism Latin-Armenian relations constitution of 1863, 445–6 liturgy, 409 education, secularism and cultural Mamluk sultanate, resistance to, 408, revival, 446, 447–9 420–3 independent Republic of Armenia, 454–5 monasteries and monasticism, 409, in India, 442–3 411–12, 426 revolutionary movements, 449–50 Mongol invasions, effects of, 417, 419–20, Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453, 454 423 Tanzimat era, 444–5 trading activities and religious New Julfa community, 435–7, 442–3 interchange, 408, 419–20, 428 one-nature Christology of, 404 16th century, 430–1 in Ottoman Empire, 430–1, 439–1, 444, 17th century and Counter-Reformation, 449–50. See also subhead ‘nationalism’, contacts with west during, 431–3 this entry. 18th–20th centuries resettlement of Armenians in Cappadocia, constitution of 1863, 445–6 406 education, secularism, and cultural in Russia, 438–9, 446–9, 453 revival, 446, 447–9 Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453, 454 genocide (1915–1923), 450–1 under Stalin, 451, 452 modern ecumenical movement, 453–5 Syrian Orthodox Christians and, 512 political parties, formation of, 449–50 Tanzimat era, 444–5 Russia, entry of South Caucasus into, in Wallachia, 434 446–7 Zart‘onk‘ (Awakening), 445 Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453, 454 Arnor the Earl’s Poet, 3 Tanzimat era, 444–5 Arsenije (Serbian bishop), 577 art and religion in Arsenios the Greek, 315 1050–1350, 409, 412 art and religion. See also books, art and 19th and 20th centuries, 448 religion; church architecture; in New Julfa, 437 embroidery; icons; vestments autocephaly of, 407, 413, 447 art and religion in Armenian Christianity conversion of Armenians to Christianity, 4 1050–1350, 409, 412 crusades, effect of, 383, 406, 410 19th and 20th centuries, 448 evangelical Protestants, 444, 454, 455 in New Julfa, 437 fragmentation and dispersion of Armenian art and religion in later Byzantine empire, nation and peoples, 407–8, 428, 430, 127–9 450–1, 453, 455–6 Bars’kyj’s use of drawings in journal, 215, French missions, 432 222–4 genocide (1915–1923), 450–1, 512 communication of church dogma and in Georgia, 414, 446–7 saints’ Lives via, 91

681

Index

art and religion in later Byzantine autocephalous Orthodox churches empire (cont.) Armenians, 407, 413, 447 earthly and heavenly time in, 152–3 Bulgarian exarchate, 240–4, 542 funeral and burial rites, 145–6 ecumenical patriarchate’s resistance to, in funeral chapels, 98 237, 541 liturgical year Ethiopians, 484, 486, 487 divine ofﬁce and, 147 Greek church gospel lectionaries, 137–9 ecumenical patriarchate’s rejection and hagiographic collections, 141–3 resolution of autocephaly of, 236 homilies, collections of, 139 as model for autocephaly of other naos decoration and, 143–5 nationalist churches, 236, 238 praxapostolos and prophetologion, 138 Malankar Syriac church in India, 514 Mount Athos renovations of mid-sixteenth in modern world, 591–4 century, 166 OCA (Orthodox Church of America), 592 non-cyclical ecclesiastical rites, 144, 145–6 Romania, 238–40 polyvalent nature of, 152–3 Russia, 253, 272, 275, 305 art and religion in Russia Russian diaspora church, 557 diaspora, 555–6 Serbs, 237–8 iconostasis, 283–7 state control of church and, 248 under Ivan IV, 290, 295–301 Yugoslavia and patriarchate of the Serbs, Kremlin, 265, 282, 286, 288, 292–5 238 Moscow, 281–3 Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 428 Novgorod, 278–81 Avvakum, 313, 320, 321 symbolists, 366 Awanik‘, Matt‘eos,¯ 433 Tatar conquest, effect of, 276–8 Awetik‘ (Ewdokac‘i), Armenian patriarch, 440 women’s devotional art, 264 Aygekc‘i, Vardan, 414 Artazec‘i, Zak‘aria, 424 Aynt‘apc‘i, Eliazar, 438 asceticism vs. hesychasm, 102, 109 Ayvalik Academy, 208 Asegean,ˇ Xoren,¯ 449 Asen brothers, Bulgarian uprising of, Babic,´ Gordana, 128 15–16 Babik, Arak‘el,˙ 432 Asotˇ IV (Armenian king), 406 Bachkovo monastery, 37 Assemani, Joseph Simon, 520 Badr al-Jamalˆ ˆı, 375 Assemani, Stephen Evodius, 520 Ba’ed¨ a¨ Maryam (Ethiopian ruler), 471 associationism, 394 al-Bakrˆı, 401 Assyrian Church. See Church of the East; Balaban, Dmitrii, 312 Nestorians Baldwin of Boulogne, 410 Athanasios (ethnomartyr of Greek Balisec’i,ˇ Vardan, 440 Revolution), 230 Balitza, 27 Athanasios I (patriarch of Constantinople), Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 247 83, 89, 91, 100 Balramian, Movses,¯ 442 Athanasios (Mount Athos monk), Balsamon, Theodore, 84 158 Banate of Severin, 26 Athanasios of Nikomedeia, 230 banks of deposit, Mount Athos monasteries Athanasios, St, 44, 505 functioning as, 162–4 liturgy of, 409 Banu‘Assˆ al,ˆ 392, 400 Athonite Academy, 202, 205 baptism Audo, Joseph, 528 lay piety in Russia and, 355 Augsburg Confession naming of children, 94 presentation of copies to Orthodox, 188, triple immersion, Orthodox insistence on, 189 307 refutation by Orthodox, 190 Bar Hebraeus (Abuˆ al-Faraj Ibn al-‘Ibrˆı), 391, Augustine of Hippo, St, 57, 428 395, 399, 401

682

Index

Bar Ma’danˆ ˆı (Jacobite patriarchal candidate), BaS¨ .alot¨ a¨ Mika’el,´ 468–9 380 Basel, Council of, 73 Baranovych, Lazar, 312, 320 Baselyos (Gabr¨ a¨ Giyorgis), Ethiopian bishop Bari, shrine of St Nicholas at, 211, 212 and patriarch, 484–7 Barjrberdc‘i, Kostandin, 418 Bashˆır II al-Shehabˆ ˆı(Amˆır), 521 Barlaam of Calabria Basil I (emperor), 406 on hesychasm, 101, 102, 110–13, 120, 124 Basil II (emperor), Menologion of, 141, 144, 145–6 Palamas’s opposition to, 63–6, 101–2, 110–13, Basil, St, liturgy of, 84, 127, 129–30, 134 121–6 Basil the Blessed, St, 258, 300 on Thomas Aquinas, 63 Basil and Nikolai of Pskov, 48 thought of, 62–5, 110–13 Baybars (Mamluk sultan), 388, 402, 420 Barsaum, Ephrem, 512 Bayezid II (sultan), 166, 186 Bars.auma,ˆ Jacobite monastery of, 377, 380, Belarus 384, 399 re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy in, Barsawma˜ (Nestorian monk), 385 306, 324 Barsel (Armenian catholicos), 408 Russia, effect of separation from, 255 Bars’kyj, Vasyl Hryhovyc, pilgrimages of, Russian occupation of, 312 210–12 Beliaev, Innokentii, 343 1723–25 (first part of journal), 212–13 Belinskii, Vissarion, 357 1725–29 (second part of journal), 213–19 Bellavin, Tikhon (American Orthodox 1730–44 (third part of journal), 219–26, 227 bishop), 592 1744–47 (letters, drawings and Bellavin, Tikhon (Russian patriarch), 325, 347, miscellaneous documents), 219, 227–8 558, 559 analytical approach to sites visited, Belting, H., 151 development of, 216 Benedict XII (pope), 427 biographical information, 210–12 Benedict XV (pope), 517, 518, 521 death of, 219, 228 Benjamin (ecumenical patriarch), 242 drawings, use of, 215, 222–4 Berdi-Beg, khan, assassination of, 29 education, effect of, 224 Berdyaev, Nikolai, 587 foreign peoples, shift in attitudes towards, Bessarion, cardinal, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 213, 225 betrothal rites in medieval Byzantium, 94–6 languages Bible. See scripture growing fluency in, 218 Bidawid, Raphael, 529 initial difficulties with, 212–13 birth control, 598 literary vs. oral sources, reliance on, 217, bishops 219, 222, 225 Coptic Christianity, episcopate of, 492, 507 manuscript and editions of journal, 210, 228 Ethiopian Christianity, episcopate of. See method of composition of journal Ethiopian Christianity final collection of materials for later sanctuary space, portrayal in, 134–6 organisation and presentation, 219–22 Black Death, 19, 277 initial on-the-spot recording of events Blakhernai, church of Virgin at, 87, 88 and observations, 212 Blakhernai, council of, 159 later composition of diary-like entries Blastares, Matthew, 8 intended for further revision, 219 Blemmydes, Nikephoros, 56 Orthodox liturgy, interest in, 213, 219, 226 Blok, Alexander, 253 purpose and emphasis of journal, 210–12, Bloody Sunday (9 January 1905), 342 226 Bloom, Anthony, 583 on Roman Catholic persecution of Blue Dormition, 281 Orthodox, 211, 226, 227 Boca, Arsenie, 566 on Turkish rule, 226 Bogdanov, Sila, 318 Bartholomaios I (ecumenical patriarch), 576, Bogdanovich, Aleksandra, 344 597 Bogoiavlenskii, Elevferii, 553 Bartolomeo da Poggio, 424, 426 Bogoiavlenskii, Vladimir, 343

683

Index

Bogoliubov, D. I., 345 Byzantine commonwealth, participation Bogomils, 47, 124, 254 in, 7, 8, 52 Bohemond VI, prince of Antioch, 387 communism and socialism in, 561–2, 575–6 Bolkhovitinov, Evgenii, 329 conversion of, 4 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 206, 441 diaspora, ecclesiastical authority over, 542 Bondarchuk, Sergei, 574 ecclesiastical emancipation of, 240–4, 542 books, art and religion. See also printing and Ivan Alexander of, 11 publishing modern schism in church of, 575–6 eastern monasteries under Islam, 397–401 Mount Athos patronage and political Glajor Gospel, 425 aspirations of, 16 under Ivan IV, 295 political independence following in late Byzantine empire, 137–9, 141–3 ecclesiastical emancipation, 241 in Novgorod, 281 Russia, sense of brotherhood with, 562 translations of scripture. See scripture Slavonic textual community and, 7, 36–9 Boretsky, Iov, 306 Veliko T’movo hailed as ‘new Tsargrad’ by, Boris, St, 279, 295 10 Boris (king of Bulgaria), 561 Buondelmonti, Cristoforo, 162 Borisov, Innokentii, 331 burial. See death Borovskii Gospels, 295 Burnet, Gilbert, 327 Boucher de la Richardiere,` Fr., 491 ‘Burning Bush’ movement, 566 Brachamios, Philaretos (Armenian prince), Byzantine Commonwealth. See also art and 408 religion in later Byzantine empire; lay brainwashing or re-education, 563–5 piety and religious experience in Brancoveanuˆ monastery, Romania, 566 Byzantium Brankovic,´ George, 162, 163 Armenian Christianity and, 406–7, 413–15 Brankovic,´ Maria (Mara), 164, 175, 177 beliefs, behaviours and assumptions, Brest-Litovsk, pseudo-union of (1595), 193 horizontal ‘force field’ of, 46–9 Brezhnev, Leonid, 571 decline of Byzantium as power, continued Brianchaninov, Ignatii, 332 and increasing importance bridges, chapels as part of, 82 despite/because of, 12, 14, 45 Britain ecumenical patriarchate, imperial role of, Church of the East and, 515 21–8, 50 Coptic Christianity and British in Egypt, independent legitimacy of satellite 497, 498, 503 kingdoms asserted by association Cyril I Loukaris’s contacts with, 194 with, 5–6, 35 Orkneys poet Arnor, 3 monastic authority and concept of, 41–6 Peter I influenced by Bishop Gilbert moral and religious role of emperor, 31 Burnet, 327 Mount Athos Russian metropolitan received by political implications of patronage of, George VI, 547 14–21 Siberia, British missions in, 329 Slavonic textual community created by, British and Foreign Bible Society, 360 36–41 Briusova, G. E., 288 Obolensky’s institutional theory of, 6–7, 12, Brock, Sebastian, 531 51 Brotherhood of Theologians (Zoe¨ overarching imperial order, sense of, 33–6 movement), 589 persistence of Roman Empire in The Brothers Karamazov (Dostoevsky), 339 Constantinople, commitment to Broumalia, 99 concept of, 10–11 Bruni, Leonardo, 76 as pole of Orthodox Church, removal of, Bukharev, Fedor, 336 169 Bulgakov, Sergii, 551, 552–4, 587 reality of, 50–2 Bulgaria Rus participation in, 8–11, 28–33 Asen brothers, uprising of, 15–16 significance and influence of, 3–14

684

Index

and Slavonic textual community, 36–41 Casimir the Great (Polish ruler), 434 spirituality of Orthodoxy informed by, Catherine II the Great (Russian empress), 327, 581 328, 338, 339, 349, 360, 368 superordinate centres, Helms’s theory of, Catholic Church, Orthodox contacts with. 12 See Roman Catholic Church, Byzantium and the west, relationship Orthodox contacts with, and entries between, 53. See also union of at Latin, Uniate and union Orthodox and Latin churches Caucasians, metropolitanate of, 24 Andronikos III’s reopening of negotiations, Caves-monastery. See Kievan cave-monastery 62–4 Ceaus¸escu, Nicolae, 563, 576 Barlaam’s on Latin and Greek theology, Çelebi, Evliya, 184 62–5 Çelebi, Mehmed, 157 friars’ delegation to Byzantium (1234), 54–6 Çelebi, Musa, 157 Gregory Palamas’s reaction to Barlaam, Celestial (or Divine or Heavenly) Liturgy, 63–6 iconography of, 137 Italy and Latin Levantine, Greek–Latin Cellini, Livius, 185 relationships in, 69–73 cenobitic monasticism, 154, 163, 167 John V Palaiologos’s attempts at reunion, Cesi,´ comte de, 196 67–8 Chaadaev, Petr,¨ 357 Kydones brothers’ translations of Thomas Chalcedonian eastern Christianities under Aquinas, 66–9 Islam, 375. See also Melkites Latin conquest, effect of, 54–6. See also Chaldean Church, 526–31, 534 Latin conquest of Constantinople Chancellor, Richard, 258 Michael VIII Palaiologos, overtures of, 56 change and development, Orthodox obedience of Constantinople to Roman problems of, 334, 596 mother-church, papal insistence on, chapels, 79–83, 98 59 Chariton (abbot of Ottoman conquest, on eve of, 77–8 Koutloumousiou/metropolitan of Ottoman vs. Latin conquest, Byzantine Oungrovlachia), 27, 39 views of, 69, 159, 170, 171, 185 Charles I (king of England), 197 prior to Latin conquest of Constantinople, Charles of Anjou (king of Sicily), 57 54 Charouda, church of St Michael at, 94 union of Florence (1439), negotiations Cheikho, Paul, 529–30 leading up to, 73–6. See also under Cheremis, 328 union of Orthodox and Latin Chernenko, Konstantin, 571 churches Chernobyl, 573 union of Lyons (1274), Greek opposition to, Chernyi, Daniil, 288, 289, 291 58–61 Chertkov, Vladimir Grigor’evich, 360 Bzommar, Armenian monastery of, Chilandar, Serbian house on Mount Athos, Lebanon, 451 15–20, 36, 37, 150 children Cadalvene,` Fr, 493 baptising and naming of, 94 Caffa, Armenian monastery of St Nicholas in, education of. See education 426 Chirikov, G. O., 291 Cairo ‘Christendom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy, Bars’kyj’s visits to, 216 581 purported dwelling of Holy Family in, 216 Christodoulos, 155 Calends, 99 Christodoulos (Coptic patriarch), 375 Ç‘amç’ean, Mik‘ayel,¯ 441 Christology Capuchins Armenian Christianity, one-nature Armenian missions of, 432, 436, 441 Christology of, 404 Orthodox conflicts with, 197 Chalcedonian eastern Christianities under Carmelites, Armenian missions of, 441 Islam, 375

685

Index

Christology (cont.) icon of heaven and earth, church building eastern Christianities under Islam, origins itself as, 285 in christological controversies of 5th iconostasis, organisation of, 283–7 century, 375 under Ivan IV, 297, 299–300 ecumenical dialogue on, 531–5, 595 Kremlin, 292–5 Ethiopian Christology, 476–82 modern restorations, 575 Alexandria, reliance on, 457, 460, 481 Mohyla’s restoration of Kiev churches, Confessio Claudii, 477 309 Jesuit missions affecting, 476–8 Moscow, 281–3, 292–5 Karra doctrine, 464, 466, 479, 481 Novgorod, 278 Qebat controversy (Ewost’atians), 464–5, church architecture of Ethiopian royal 466, 478–82 churches, 471–6 Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot and Saga¨ doctrine, 464, Church Fathers. See patristics 465, 466, 478–82 Church of the East tawahedo¨ (union) concept, 459 Chaldean Church and, 526–31 of modern Syriac Christianities, 511 ecumenical dialogue, 531–5 Monophysites, 375, 459 Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church of the Vienna formula, 531, 533 East and Old Calendarists, split Christopher of Mitylene, 86, 93 between, 526 Chrysoloras, Manuel, 70, 71–2, 76 modern church, 523–6 Chrysomallos, Constantine, 103 pre-modern church. See Nestorians Chrysostom of Drama (and then of Smyrna), Churikov, Ivan, 345 246 Chuvash, 328 Chudov (Miracles) monastery, Moscow, 282, Cicek, Julius, 514 338 Cilicia. See Armenian Christianity church and state, relationship of. See also cinema in Russia, 361–2 communism and socialism; Ciriaco of Ancona, 76, 162 nationalism and Orthodoxy civil control of church. See church and state, ecclesiology affected by, 584 relationship of nationalism and Orthodoxy, 232, 248 Clement V (pope), 422 Nazis, 546–7, 554 Clement IX (pope), 433 in Russia Clement X (pope), 435 during Counter-Reformation, 314, Clement XII (pope), 520 319–21, 324 Cleopa, Ilie, 566 lay piety and religious experience Clot bey, 493 affected by, 351 Codex Alexandrinus, 197 Nikonite reforms, 319–21, 348 Collegium Urbanum, 431, 433, 434 Peter the Great’s concept of, 326 colonisation Russian diaspora church and, 546–51 joint Orthodox and Muslim experience of, church architecture in Coptic Christianity, 596 509 monasticism in Middle Ages associated church architecture in late Byzantine empire with, 41–6, 267 decoration of naos and liturgical year, 143–5 Coluccio Salutati, 71 decoration of sanctuary area, 134–6 commemorative services for the dead, 96, division of church into naos and sanctuary 145 paralleling liturgical division of communion. See Eucharist people and celebrants, 128 communism and socialism hymnography and monumental paintings Armenians, 446, 447–50, 453, 454 in, 150–1 in Bulgaria, 561–2, 575–6 lay piety and religious experience, 79–83, 98 Greek Orthodox Church and, 561 templon or iconostasis, 85, 133–4 ‘martyrdom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy church architecture in Russia under, 582–3 1380–1589, 265–6 re-education or brainwashing, 563–5

686

Index

Romanian Orthodox Church and, 562–7, crusades, effect of, 384, 386 576–7 decline and eventual stabilisation, 488 Russia and Russian Church, 340–7 diaspora of, 493, 494, 508 false portrayal of church as outmoded, distribution across Egypt, 490 558, 582 episcopate, 492, 507 Gorbachev era, 571–5 Ethiopian bishops and, 482–7 lay piety and culture, 358, 370 Fatimids, 376 perestroika, 573 French Expedition (1798–1801), 489, 492 revolutions of 1917 to World War II, government of Egypt, Coptic participation 558–60 in, 490, 500 spirituality, survival of, 567–71, 598 Islam, relations with, 489–90, 497–8, 500, World War II, effects of, 560–1 509 Serbian Orthodox church, 543, 544, 577–9 lay revival and reform, 495–501 spirituality surviving under literary culture and learning of, 392, 395, 396 in Romania, 565, 566, 574–5 Majilis al-Millˆı (community council), 495, in Russia, 567–71, 598 498–500, 504 World War II, effects of, 560–1 missionary impetus of, 509 compulsory resettlement (surg¨ un¨ ), Ottoman in modern Egypt, 488–94, 510 practice of, 171, 174 lay reform and revival, 495–501 Confessio Claudii, 477 monastic revival, 501–6 confraternities, 303, 337, 367 reform and revival generally, 495, 583–7 Congress of Vienna (1815), 369 Shenudaˆ III, patriarchate of, 506–10, 583 Conrad of Wittelsbach, 415 monasteries and monasticism, 400, 491, Constance, Council of, 72 501–06, 508 Constantine I the Great (emperor), 416 Mongol conquests and subsequent Constantine IX Monomachos/Palaiologos Mamluk sultanate, 388–9 (emperor), 9, 52, 53 Muslim Brotherhood, 498 Constantine X Doukas (emperor), 406 nationalism, 497, 498, 501, 503 Constantine of Kostenets, 36 origins of, 488 Constantine Stilbes, bishop of Kyzikos, 54 patriarchate conﬂicts within, 379 Constantinople. See also Byzantine population estimates, 488, 490–4 Commonwealth; ecumenical spiritual revival in, 583–7 patriarchate; Latin conquest of Sunday School Movement, 495, 501, 504, Constantinople 505, 583, 590 Bars’kyj’s stay in, 219, 221, 227 Syriac churches, authority over, 532–3 forced resettlement (surg¨ un¨ ), Ottoman Wafd movement, 497, 498 practice of, 171, 174 western inﬂuence, acceptance and later Ottoman conquest of (1453), 78, 170, 272 rejection of, 503–4 patriarchal academy in, 192, 202, 204, 208 Corcorec‘i, Yovhannes,¯ 424 purpose-built nature of, 3 Corekˇ cyan,ˇ Gevorg, 452 return of refugees to, consequences of, 174 Cossacks Virgin Mary as patron of, 3 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, revolt of, 311–2, Contra errores Graecorum, 55–60 323 contraception, 598 Zaporozhian Cossacks in Ukraine, 305 conversions to Islam, 181–2, 373, 410, 489 Counter-Reformation and Armenian Coptic Christianity. See also Alexandrian Christianity, 431–3 patriarchate Counter-Reformation in Russia and Ukraine, 11th–14th centuries, 375–6. See also Islam, 302–6 eastern Christianities under ecumenical councils of 1666–1667, 320, 321, arabisation of, 376, 389 322 British in Egypt and, 497, 498, 503 eschatology in, 311, 321 church building issues, 509 eventual domination of Orthodox Ukraine conversions to Islam, 489 Church by Russia, 312, 322–3, 324

687

Index

Counter-Reformation in Russia and declaration of independence and Ukraine (cont.) subsequent fall to crusaders, 406 Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav ethnomartyrs of Greek Revolution (1821), Agreement (1648–1654), 311–2, 323 230 liturgical reforms in Russia, 310–11 Lusignan dynasty Mohyla, Peter, 308–10 Armenian intermarriages with, 420 Nikonite reforms Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, background to and implementation of, 70 313–18 Maronites in, 519–23 opposition to, 317–21 Cyril, St, 505 Old Believers, 321–2, 324 Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch), 186, printing and publishing in, 307–8, 309–10, 191, 192, 193–202 311, 315–18, 321 Cyril II Kontaris (ecumenical patriarch), 197, re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy in 198, 199 Ukraine, 305–6 Cyril V (ecumenical patriarch), 202, 203, 204, Romanovs in Russia, 306–8 208 Uniate church. See Uniate Church in Cyril VI (ecumenical patriarch), 230 Ukraine Cyril II (Coptic patriarch), 375 Cranach, Lucas, the Elder, 189 Cyril III (Da‘ˆ ud)ˆ (Coptic patriarch), 379, 396 Crete Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of (1968), 563 Angarathos monastery, 193 ethnomartyrs of Greek Revolution (1821), Dabr¨ a¨ Asbo (Dabr¨ a¨ Libanos), Ethiopian 230 monastery of, 468, 473, 485 Gerasimos (metropolitan of Crete), Dabr¨ a¨ Damo, Ethiopian monastery of, 468 230 Damietta, siege of (1218–1219), 386 Kavallarea, monastery of, 156 Daniel of Tabriz, 427 Venetian Crete, Orthodox/Latin Daniil (metropolitan of Moscow), 264 relationship in, 69 Daniil Aleksandrovich, 282 Crimean War, 241 Danilo (biographer of Milutin), 17 Croatia, 577 Danilov monastery, Russia, 573 cross, two-ﬁngered vs. three-ﬁngered sign of, Daranalc‘i, Grigor, 430 316 Daredevils of Sasun, 420 crown of Monomachos, 9, 52 Da‘ˆ udˆ (Cyril III, Coptic patriarch), 379 crown of St Stephen, 5, 254 Da‘ˆ ud,ˆ Ignatius Musˆ aˆ I (Syrian Catholic crusades patriarch), 518, 530, 534 Armenian Christianity affected by, 383, 406, Davis, Natalie Zemon, 368 410 Dawit‘ (Armenian prelate in New Julfa), 432 eastern Christianities under Islam affected Dawit (Ethiopian ruler), 464, 469 by, 382–6 Dayr-al-Za‘faran,ˆ Jacobite monastery of, 377, Fourth Crusade. See Latin conquest of 401, 512 Constantinople death Greek view of, 54–6 afterlife, concepts of, 98–9 Hungarian crusade of 1444, 77 art associated with funeral and burial rites Islamic religious toleration affected by, and tombs, 145–6 385–6 chapels, funeral, 98 Michael VIII Palaiologos’s proposal for doves, slaughtering, 98 joint Byzantine/Latin crusade, 57 Ethiopian royal churches as burial sites for Crusius, Martin, 185, 189, 190 rulers, 472 Cuza, Alexander, 239 memorial services, 96, 145 Cyprus rites for funeral and burial, 96–7 Armenian marital alliances with house of Russian lifecycle rituals, 356 Lusignan, 420 salvation anxieties, lay means of assuaging, Bars’kyj in, 218 97–100

688

Index

Deesis, 284 historical development of diaspora, Deir al-Baramˆ usˆ (Romans), Coptic 542–3 monastery of, 492, 508 Latin west, ecumenical relations with, Deir al-Muharraq, Coptic monastery of, 492, 551–2, 553 508 liturgy and worship, 556–7 Deir al-Surianˆ ˆı (the Syrians), Coptic problems related to, 539–40 monastery of, 492, 507, 508 in Serbian patriarchate, 543, 544 Deir Anba Antuni (St Antony), Coptic state and politics affecting, 546–51 monastery of, 400, 491, 508 translation of headquarters to USA, Deir Anba Bakhum, Coptic monastery of, 508 554 Deir Anba Bishoi, Coptic monastery of, 506, unified archdiocese of ‘Church Abroad’, 508, 533 failure of, 544–6 Deir Anba Bula (St Paul), Coptic monastery Syriac Christianities, 511 of, 508 Chaldeans, 529, 530 Deir Anba Girgis al-Riziqatˆ , Coptic ecumenism and, 531 monastery of, 508 Maronites, 522 Delly, Emmanuel-Karim Syrian Catholics, 519 Demetrios, St, 89 Syrian Orthodox, 513, 514 feast of St Demetrios in Thessalonike, 87 al-Dimashqˆı, 401 Demetrios (ecumenical patriarch), 598 Dimitrje (first patriarch of the Serbs), Demetrios Mysos the Thessalonian, 188 238 Denissoff, K., 556 Dinkha (Denkha) IV (patriarch of Church of Denkha (Dinkha) IV (patriarch of Church of the East), 525–6, 532, 533 the East), 525–6, 532, 533 Diocletian (emperor), 488 Descartes, Rene,´ 204 Diodati’s Italian translation of New development and change, Orthodox Testament, 200 problems of, 334, 596 Dionisii (abbot of Holy Trinity monastery), dhimma status of eastern Christianities under 307 Islam, 373, 380–2 Dionisii (icon painter), 264, 293–4 D’iakovo, church of John the Baptist at, 299 Dionisii (Valedinskii), metropolitan of diaspora of Orthodox, 539–40 Warsaw, 547 Armenians, 407–8, 428, 430, 450–1, 453, Dionysios I (ecumenical patriarch), 176, 177 455–6 Dionysios II (ecumenical patriarch), 185 Bulgarians, 542 Dionysios (Jacobite patriarchal candidate), compulsory resettlement (surg¨ un¨ ), 380, 391 Ottoman practice of, 171, 174 Dionysios of Ephesos, 230 Copts, 493, 494, 508 Dionysios, Platamon, 206 ecumenical patriarchate, role of, 539–41 Dionysios the Areopagite. See phyletism, condemnation of, 539–41 Pseudo-Dionysios Russian diaspora and, 542–3, 546–51 Dionysiou, Athonite monastery of, 20, 156, Ethiopians, 467 158, 203, 220 Latin west, ecumenical relations with, Disypatos, David, 125 551–2 divine office (hymnody) modern issues regarding, 591–3 horologia, 146–50 nationalist movements leading to, 247, 248, icons influenced by, 151–2 542–3 liturgical year, books of, 147 Old Testament concept of diaspora, 539 monumental painting and hymnography, phyletism, 541–2 150–1 Russian Orthodox psalters, 147, 149 art and culture of, 555–6 text and images in manuscripts associated autocephaly of, 557 with, 146–50 Constantinople vs. Moscow, 539–41 Divine (or Heavenly or Celestial) Liturgy, education and scholarship, 552–5 iconography of, 137

689

Index

divine or holy wisdom, Byzantine imperial Durean, Leon,¯ 453 connotations of Durer,¨ Albrecht, 189 Rus adaptation of, 9 Dusan,ˇ Stefan Serbian adaptation of, 8, 9 Hlapen, Radoslav, and, 160 divorce holy or divine wisdom, adaptation of in Ethiopian Christianity, 460 Byzantine imperial connotations of, forcible tonsure as means of, 264, 269 8, 9 modern Russian Orthodox position on, 598 law-code of, 8 Dmitrievskii, A. A., 333 Mount Athos and, 18–20, 161 Dmitrii Donskoi (prince of Moscow), St, as viewed by Byzantine imperium, 51 29–31, 43, 254, 268, 286 dvoeverie (double-belief), 256, 354 Dmitrii (grandson of Ivan III), 260 Dwight, H., 444 Dobrynin, Nikita, 318, 320, 321 Docheiariou (monastery on Mount Athos), Easter, medieval celebration of, 86 20, 82, 165, 223 Ebu’s-su‘ud, 166 doctrinal development, Russian Church ecclesiology and spirituality, 584–6 under holy synod’s lack of allowance ecology and environment for, 334 Chernobyl, 573 domestic life, Byzantine lay piety and in modern Orthodoxy, 598 religious experience in, 90–3 ecumenical councils of 1666-67, 320, 321, 322 Dominic of Aragon, 418 ecumenical patriarchate. See also individual Dominicans patriarchs Armenian Christianity and, 417–19, 424–7 autocephaly and nationalism, resistance to, Chaldean Church, 526 237, 541. See also autocephalous crusades, effect on eastern Christianities Orthodox churches of, 384 Christ depicted wearing sakkos of, 21, 134 delegation of 1234 to Byzantium, 55–60 diaspora of Orthodox and. See diaspora of Demetrios Kydones and followers, 71 Orthodox Fratres Unitores of the congregation of St eastern patriarchates under Ottoman rule Gregory the Illuminator, 426, 428, 432 and, 184 inﬂuence in Constantinople, 66, 69 Greek Revolution, effects of. See Greek Pera, convent in Genoese factory of, 66 Revolution (1821) and independence trading patterns favouring activities of, 419 imperial role of, 21–8, 50 Dominis, Marcantonio de, 194 Latin conquest, effect of, 21, 50 Domostroi, 256, 275 modern diaspora, interest in, 593 Dondukov-Korsakov, A. M., 448 modern erosion of power of, 597 Doquz-Khatunˆ (Nestorian wife of Huleg¨ u),¨ Mount Athos, association with, 21 387 nationalism and autocephaly, resistance to, Dormition churches, beliefs regarding, 282, 237. See also nationalism and 292 Orthodoxy Dorotheos of Jerusalem, 45 Nikon reforms in Russia and, 315 Dositheos (patriarch of Jerusalem), 201 Ottomans and. See under Ottomans and Dostoevsky, Feodor, 248, 339 Orthodox Church double-belief (dvoeverie), 256, 354 patriarchal academy in Constantinople, Doungas, Stephanos, 209 192, 202, 204, 208 Doxapatres, Neilos, 414 persistence of Roman Empire in Drozdov, Filaret, 329, 332, 334, 335 Constantinople, commitment to dualism concept of, 10–11 of Bogomils, 47, 124 printing press of, 196, 206 Gregory of Sinai’s binary opposition of rapid turnover of patriarchs, 24 simplicity/unity and reorganisation after Ottoman restoration, multiplicity/division, 117 173–5 Dukh khristianina, 337 resignation from, historical pattern of, 175

690

Index

restoration by Ottomans, 170–3 modern secular learning, Orthodox views restoration to Constantinople after Fourth on, 202–9 Crusade (1261), 22 modern spiritual renewal and, 589–90 Russian–Ukraine relationship, acceptance Mohyla, Peter, in Ukraine, 309, 324 of, 323 Patriarch Ioakim’s attempt to establish synod Muscovite theological academy, 323 archontes, role of, 177 patriarchal academy in Constantinople, reconstitution after Ottoman 192, 202, 204, 208 restoration, 173 Russia ecumenism. See also entries at Latin; Uniate; attempt to return church to distinctively union Russian roots, 332–5 Aleksii II (Ridiger), Russian patriarch, 575 clerical education, synodal reform of, Armenian Christians involved in, 453–5 328, 352 Christian-Muslim relationships, 596 diaspora, 552–5 on Christology, 539–42 St Tikhon’s Orthodox Theological crusades and Orthodox suspicion of, 594, Institute, 589 596 Sunday School Movement in Coptic ecumenism, modern Orthodox suspicion Christianity, 495, 501, 504, 505, 583, 590 of, 594, 596 Syrian Catholics, 517 in modern Orthodoxy, 594–6 eggs as part of Easter tradition, antiquity of, Russian diaspora church’s participation in, 86 551–2 Egypt Syriac churches’ involvement in, 531–5 Copts. See Coptic Christianity WCC, 453, 467, 526, 531, 552, 562, 563, 595 French Expedition (1798–1801), 489, 492 Edessa, church of the Virgin Gabaliotissa, 160 Mamluk sultanate, 388 Edict of Religious Toleration 1905 (Russia), Melkites in, 377 342, 346, 347, 365 monasteries in, 397, 398, 399 edinoglasie vs. mnogoglasie (separate vs. Saladin, 381 simultaneous chanting of different E¯ miacin, Armenian monastery of, 422, 436, parts of service), 310, 311, 313 437, 438, 441, 443, 446, 447–9, 451 edinoverie (unitary faith) of Old Believers and Ekmalean, Makar, 448 Russian Orthodox, hopes of, 328 Elasson, church of the Olympiotissa at, 150 education Elena of Moldavia, 260 in Armenian Christianity, 434, 440, 444, 446, Elevferii (Bogoiavlenskii), Russian 447–9, 451, 455 metropolitan, 553 Athonite Academy, 202, 205 Elias ibn al-Hadithˆı, 395 Ayvalik Academy, 208 Elias II (Ignatius XXXVI), Syrian patriarch, 514 Bars’kyj’s pilgrimage journal affected by, Elias of Nisibis, 394 224 Eliayean, Zawen,¯ 450 Chaldeans, 530 Eliazar (Aynt‘apc‘i), Armenian patriarch of Collegium Urbanum, 431, 433, 434 Jerusalem and Constantinople, 438 in Coptic Christianity, 495, 497–8, 501, 503, Elie ibn Shinaya (Nestorian metropolitan), 393 504 Elijah as icon subject, 279 devotional reading, 91 Elizabeth, St, 264 eastern Christianities under Islam Elizabeth (Russian empress), 328 (11th–14th centuries), literary culture embroidery of, 392–7 iconographic conventions carried over to, Greek college of St Athanasius, Rome, 296 188 palls for saints’ tombs, 296 Kiev Academy, 228, 339 women’s devotional art in Russia lay piety and religious experience in Russia (1380–1589), 264. See also vestments (1721–1917), 350, 353–7, 358–63 Emin,¯ Yovsep‘,¯ 442 L’viv, papal academy in, 434 Emmanuel III (Chaldean patriarch), 530

691

Index

enamel plaques sent by Michael VII Doukas Estonian Lutherans, 330, 331 to Geza´ of Hungary, 5 Ethiopian Christianity, 457–61 England. See Britain Alexandria, reliance on, 457, 460, 481 enkolpia, 92 autocephaly of, 484, 486, 487 Enlightenment, 202–9, 443. See also holy christological issues in. See Christology synod, Russian Church under; Confessio Claudii, 477 Latin–Orthodox relations from diaspora of, 467 Reformation to Enlightenment episcopate environment and ecology christological controversies and, 478, Chernobyl, 573 479–81 in modern Orthodoxy, 598 development and indigenisation of, Ephraim (abbot of Philotheou, Mount 482–7 Athos), 587 historical overview, 465, 466, 467 Ephraim the Syrian, St, 145, 308, 311 monasteries and royal court, tension Ephrem, St, missionaries of, 516 between, 469, 470 Ephremite Sisters of the Mother of Mercy, royal church, institution of, 472, 475 congregation of, 517 European travellers to Ethiopia in 19th Epifanii the Wise, 44, 262, 268, 283 century, 465 Epiphany, medieval celebration of, 86 historical overview of, 461–7 Epiros, Tocco family of, 70 Islam and, 459, 462–3 episcopate Italian occupation, 467, 476, 483, 484 Coptic Christianity, 492, 507 Jesuit contacts in 17th century, 463, Ethiopian Christianity. See Ethiopian 476–8 Christianity marital practices, 460, 469, 470 sanctuary space, portrayal of bishops in, monasteries and monasticism, role of, 460, 134–6 461, 467–1 Erewanc‘i, Oskan, 433 Oromo migrations, effect of, 463, 471, 474, Erewanc‘i, Simeon,¯ 443 475, 477, 478, 487 Erkaynabazuk, Zak‘are¯ and Ivane,¯ 414 Orthodox qualities of, 460 Ermogen (archbishop of Kaluga), 570 royal church, institution of, 471–6 Erznkac‘i, Kostandin, 420 royal court, importance of, 467–1 Erzurum, Armenian monastery of, 441 Sabbath as holy day equal to Sunday, 460, eschatology 462, 470 Armenian evangelical Protestant mission Semitic roots of, 460 and, 444 Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot. See Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot Armenian expectations following Seljuq and Saga¨ doctrine invasions, 416 ethnophyletism, 242, 243, 246, 541–2, 593 belief that world would end in 1492, 266 Eucharist as connecting strand in Byzantine Addai and Mari, eucharistic prayer of, Commonwealth, 46 534 in Counter-Reformation Russia and Armenian celebration of, 404, 413, 421 Ukraine, 311, 321 centrality to lay piety and religious French Revolution’s effects on Orthodox experience in Russia, 363 Church, 205 Chaldean and Roman Catholic churches, Latin conquest of Byzantium and, 14 ecumenical dialogue between, 534 Moscow as New Constantinople/New in Coptic Christianity, 508 Rome/New Israel and expectations frequency of lay people taking regarding, 9 communion in medieval period, 84 popular piety and, 98 hagiography, eucharistic images drawn Eshliman, Nikolai, 569 from, 137 Esphigmenou (monastery on Mount Athos), Heavenly (or Divine or Celestial) Liturgy, 20, 583 iconography of, 137 Est.ifanos (Ethiopian monk), 469 icons, 131–4

692

Index

manuscripts of liturgy, text and images in, Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius, 551 129–30 Feodosii, founder of Kilifarevo, 38, 39 objects associated with celebration of, Feofan Grek (Theophanes the Greek), 287–8 130–4 Feofan (Prokopovich), Russian bishop, 326 Old Testament prefigurations of sacrifice, Feofan the Recluse, 588 portrayal of, 137 Feofilakt (Gorskii), Russian bishop, 329 Romanians under communist regime and, Ferapontov monastery, Beloozero, 267, 293, 566 320 sanctuary area, decoration of, 134–6 Fetler, Wilhelm, 346 spirituality of, 585 Ficino, Marsilio, 76 templon or iconostasis, 85, 133–4 Fiey, Pere,` 378 Euchologion, 129 Filaret (Drozdov), Russian bishop, 329, 332, Eudokia (daughter of Alexios III), 16 334, 335 Eugenios of Anchialos, 230 Filaret (Gumilevskii), Russian bishop, 330, 331 Eugenios of Trebizond, St, 88 Filaret (Russian patriarch), 305, 306–8, 311, 315 Eugenius IX (pope), 73 filioque controversy. See Trinity, Orthodox vs. European historiography and Russian Latin theology of Orthodoxy, 367–70 St Filipp, metropolitan of Moscow, 268, 273, Eusebius of Caesarea, 395, 488 296, 315 Eustathios Boilas, 81 Filofei (Pskov monk), 272 Eustathios of Thessalonike, 87 Finnish tribes (Komi or Permians), 45, 268 euthanasia, 598 Fioravanti, Aristotile, 292 evangelical movement in late imperial Russia, First Philosophical Letter (Chadaev), 357 345 First Vatican Council (1869–70), 528 Evfaliia, Mother, 340 Fletcher, Giles, 48, 258 Evfrosin (Old Believer), 322 Florence, Council of, 11, 271, 428 Evgenii (Bolkhovitinov), Russian bishop, 329 Florence, union of. See union of Orthodox Evlogii (Georgievskii), Russian diaspora and Latin churches patriarch, 543, 544–6, 547–8, 551, 552, 553 Florensky, Pavel, 587 Evtimii (Bulgarian monk of Great Lavra), 37, Florovskii, G., 325 40 Florovsky, Georges, 552, 587 Ewdokac‘i, Awetik‘, 440 Florus and Laurus, 279 Ewost’at´ ewos,´ 460, 470 folk customs and superstitions, persistence of Ewost’atians, 464–5, 470, 478–82 in Byzantium, 99–100 Ezana (Ethiopian ruler), 457–61 in eastern Christianities under Islam, 401 in Ethiopia, 459 fairs in Russia patriarchal taxes on, 179, 180 art and religion, 255–60, 366 saints’ days and feast days, held in cinematic use of folk traditions, 361 conjunction with, 87 during Counter-Reformation, 310, 313 family chapels, 80 double-belief (dvoeverie), 256, 354 The Farmer’s Law, 8 ethnography as scholarly discipline, Fasilad¨ as¨ (Ethiopian ruler), 463, 474 362 Fathers of the Church. See patristics under holy synod, 327, 350, 354–5 Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries, 449 symbolists, 366 Fedor Alekseivich (tsar), 321 urbanisation, effects of, 359 Fedor (Bukharev), Russian archimandrite, 336 fools for Christ, 47–9, 258, 300, 364 Fedor (deacon opposed to Nikon reforms), forced resettlement (surg¨ un¨ ), Ottoman 320 practice of, 171, 174 Fedor Ivanovich (tsar), 275, 300 fortifications, chapels incorporated into, 82 Fedorovna (Nagaia), Mariia, 269 Fourth Crusade. See Latin conquest of Fedotov, G. P., 261 Constantinople Fedotov, George, 553 Fourth Lateran Council, 385

693

Index

France Garegin II (Nersisyan), Armenian catholicos, Armenian missions from, 432 455 French Expedition (1798–1801)toEgypt, Gattelusio family of Mitylene 489, 492 Demetrios Kydones and, 70 French Revolution and Orthodox Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, 70 churches, 205–9, 229, 367 Gattelusio, Francesco, 67 Syrian Catholic Church and, 515–19 Gavriil (Petrov), Russian bishop, 327 Franciscans Gedeon, Manuel, 199, 205 Armenian Christianity and, 417–19, 424–7 Gedeon (metropolitan of Kiev), 323 Chaldean Church, 526 Genghis Khan, 10, 386 crusades, effect on eastern Christianities Gennadii (archbishop of Novgorod), 259, 260, of, 384 270 delegation of 1234 to Byzantium, 54–6 Gennadios II Scholarios (ecumenical Holy Sepulchre, antagonism with patriarch), 77–8, 170–5, 192 Orthodox over, 187 Genoese trading patterns favouring activities of, 419 ease of moving along Black Sea Coast due Frankish crusader states. See also crusades to, 25 Armenian Christianity affected by, 410 Olgerd, Grand Duke of Lithuania, allied eastern Christianities under Islam affected with, 29 by, 382–6 Pera, factory of, 66 Fratres Unitores of the congregation of St wealth of Vicina see stemming from, 25 Gregory the Illuminator, 426, 428, Georg¯ (Lorec‘i),˙ Armenian catholicos, 408 432 George, St, 89, 278, 279 Frederick I Barbarossa (German emperor), 415 George IV (Syrian patriarch), 516 Frederick II (German emperor), 402 George of Nikomedeia, homilies of, 139 Freemasonry, Russian diaspora suspicion of, George Sphrantzes, 72 552 George VI (king of England), 547 French Expedition (1798-1801)toEgypt,489, George Xiphilinos (ecumenical patriarch), 415 492 Georgia French Revolution and Orthodox churches, Armenians in, 414, 446–7 205–9, 229, 367 Mount Athos, Iberian (Georgian) Freney, William, 418 monasteries on, 15, 20 Frik (Armenian poet), 414 in Russian Empire, 446–7 ‘fundamentalism’ of Gregory Palamas, 39, Tamara, queen of, 6 126 Georgievskii, Evlogii, 543, 544–6, 547–8, 551, funeral chapels, 98 552, 553 funerals. See death Gerasimos (metropolitan of Crete), 230 Gerasimos of Patmos, 224 Gabr¨ a¨ Giyorgis (Baselyos), Ethiopian bishop Gerasimos (Spartaliotis), patriarch of and patriarch, 484–7 Alexandria, 198 Gabriel Ibn al-Qila’l, 519 Gerlach, Stephan, 185, 189 Galanus, Clemens, 434 German Hansa, Rus relationship with, 254 Galawd¨ ewos´ (Ethiopian ruler), 473, 477 German (monk associated with Galesios (monastery), 60 Saviour-Transﬁguration monastery at Galicia (Galich) Solovki), 268 Catholic rule of, 27 German (Serbian patriarch), 578–9 metropolitan see, creation of, 28 Germanos II (ecumenical patriarch), 21, 54 Gallipoli, Amadaeus of Savoy’s recapture of, Germanos of Kastoria (and then of Amasya), 67 246 Gapon, Georgii, 342, 343 Gevorg, Armenian catholicos, 451 Gardner, Ivan, 556 Geza´ of Hungary, 5, 34 Garegin I (Sargisean), Armenian catholicos, al-Ghazalˆ ˆı, 397 453, 455 Ghazan (Ilkhanˆ of Iran), 387, 422, 423–4

694

Index

Girgis, H. abib, 504 Patriarch Agathangelos’s desire for Gladstone, William, 337 resubmission to Sublime Porte, 233 Glajor, Armenian monastery of, 412, 425 ethnomartyrs of, 230 Glajor Gospel, 425 Latin–Orthodox relations affected by, 209 Glane, Germany, Syrian Orthodox monastery nationalism as 19th-century phenomenon of St Ephrem at, 514 affecting Orthodoxy generally, 229 Gleb, St, 279, 295 Greek speakers, arabisation of, 390 Glukhoi, Arsenii, 307 Gregoras, Nikephoros, 19, 62, 63, 101, 125 Goddell, W., 444 Gregory VII (pope), 410 Godunov, Boris, 269, 300 Gregory IX (pope), 384 Godunova, Irina, 264 Gregory X (pope), 57 Gogol, 248 Gregory XIII (pope), 185, 188 Golden Hall, Kremlin, paintings in, 9, 11 Gregory V (ecumenical patriarch), 206, 208, Golden Horde 229, 230, 246 fragmentation of, Rus affected by, 32 Gregory VI (ecumenical patriarch), 241 marriage of illegitimate daughters of Gregory of Cyprus, 61 emperors to khans of, 23 Gregory of Derkoi, 230 Sara¨ı as ecclesiastical seat and, 23 Gregory the Illuminator (Gregory of special status accorded Russian church by, Armenia), St, 299, 407, 416, 421, 431, 254 438 Golitsyn, A. N., 329, 448 Gregory of Nazianzos, homilies of, 139 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 571–5 Gregory Palamas. See Palamas, Gregory Goritsky convent of the Resurrection, 268 Gregory of Sinai Gorskii, Feofilakt, 329 Greek–Latin relations and, 64 Gos,ˇ Mxit‘ar, 414 hesychasm in Russia and, 262 Gotthia, metropolitanate of, 24 life and significance of, 108 government control of church. See church Palamas compared to, 121 and state, relationship of prayer manuals of, 108–10 Grabar, Andre,´ 128 Slavonic textual community and, 38 Gracanica,ˇ Milutin’s mausoleum at, 18 Words of, 113–21 Great Church of St Sophia liturgy and Gregory Tsamblak, 37 monastic rites, fusion of, 127 Grek, Maksim. See Maksim Grek Great Lavra (Mount Athos), 37, 160, 162, 165, Grenkov, Amvrosii, 338 167, 220, 221 Gribanovskii, Anastasii, 548 Greek college of St Athanasius, Rome, 188 Grigor II (Armenian catholicos), 407, Greek Orthodox Church and communism, 409, 410 561 Guarino of Verona, 71 Greek Revolution (1821) and independence, Gumilevskii, Aleksandr, 337 229–33 Gumilevskii, Filaret, 330, 331 autocephaly of Greek Church, declaration Gurskyj, Ruvym, 217 and settlement of, 235–7 Gutenberg revolution. See also books, art and civil authority, Orthodoxy as object of religion; printing and publishing interest to, 232 Gynaikokastro, chapel in fortifications at, 82 dominant religion, Orthodoxy officially recognised as, 231 Habta¨ Maryam (Ethiopian bishop), 487 ecclesiastical settlement following, 233–7 Haga, Cornelius, 197, 198 ecumenical patriarchate hagiography autocephaly, rejection and resolution of, Armenian, 409 236 ecclesiastical rites illustrated in, 145 continuing canonical dependence, early Epifanii the Wise, writings of, 44, 262, 268, insistence of Greek bishops on, 231–2 283 loosening of administrative control of, liturgical year regulated by, 141–3 230 in Russia (1380–1589), 262, 263

695

Index

Haile Sellassie I (Ethiopian ruler), 467, 476, in eastern Christianities under Islam 482–7 (11th–14th centuries), 373 al-H. akimˆ (Fatimid caliph), 376, 382 in Russia Hanseatic League, Rus relationship with, 254 1380–1589, 255–60 Harald Sigurdson (Norwegian king), 408 1721–1917, 365 al-Harawˆı, 402 holy synod, religious toleration under, Hatti-Sherif (Noble Rescript) of 1839, 440 328–9, 330–2 Hayek, Ignatius Antony II (Syrian Catholic Judaisers, 259–60, 294 patriarch), 517 St Nils Sorskii and St Iosif of Hayq¨ Est.ifanos (St Stephen), Ethiopian Volokolamsk as persecutors of, 271 monastery of, 468, 473, 481 Old Believers. See Old Believers Heavenly (or Divine or Celestial) Liturgy, strigol’niki or Shearers, 259, 294 iconography of, 137 Het‘um I (Armenian king), 387, 418 Helms, Mary, 12, 33 Het‘um II (Armenian king), 417, 420, 422, Herberstein, Sigismund von, 258 427 heresy. See heterodoxy and heresy Het‘um of Korikos,˙ 422 Herman of Alaska, St, 592 Hierotheos (patriarch of Antioch), 242 Hermogen (Russian patriarch), 305 Hindiyya affair, 521 Herzen, Alexander, 357 History of the patriarchs of Alexandria, 389, 391, hesychasm, 101–2. See also Gregory of Sinai; 395 Mount Athos; Palamas, Gregory; Hitler, Adolf, and Russian diaspora, 546–7 Palamism; Philokalia Hlapen, Radoslav, and family, 160 Adam as first practitioner of, 116 Hncakeanˇ Revolutionary Party, 449 asceticism vs., 102, 109 Hobaˆısh, Joseph, 520 Barlaam of Calabria on, 101, 102, 110–13, Hodegetria icon, 3, 87, 145 120, 124. See also Barlaam of Calabria Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Carol (prince of early criticism of, 66, 68, 108 Romania), 239 intellectual activity vs., 102 Holobolos, Manuel, 60 Barlaam the Calabrian, 110–13 Holy Apostles, church of, Constantinople, 173 Gregory of Sinai’s Words, 113–21 Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church of the Palamas, Gregory, 121–6 East, 526 Messalian heresy and, 124 holy fools, 47–9, 258, 300, 364 modern renewal of interest in, 588–9 Holy Land, pilgrimage to, 88, 213–19 monastic practices criticised by, 102 holy mountains as characteristic of Byzantine Nikephoros the Italian on, 102–8, 122 monasticism, 155 Ottoman rule and, 69, 159 holy or divine wisdom, Byzantine imperial Pseudo-Symeon on, 102–8, 109, 122 connotations of rationality Rus adaptation of, 9 Gregory of Sinai on, 113–21 Serbian adaptation of, 8, 9 Palamas on, 121 Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem rise to dominance in medieval Orthodoxy, antagonism between Franciscans and 62–4 Orthodox regarding, 187 Romanian communism, flourishing under, Bars’kyj on Holy Fire ritual at, 217 565–6 destruction by al-Hakim,ˆ 382 in Russia, 254, 262–3, 339 Russian church architecture imitating, 266 Slavonic textual community of Byzantine holy synod, Russian church under (1721–1917), Commonwealth and, 39 325–6, 347 spiritual development of monks, according administrative and clerical reforms of first to Gregory of Sinai, 118 century of, 327–8 Hesychios, 104, 106 conciliar rule, demand for return to, 340–7, heterodoxy and heresy. See also folk customs 353 and superstitions, persistence of distinctively Russian roots, attempts to Bogomils, 47, 124, 254 return church to, 329–30, 332–5

696

Index

doctrinal development, lack of allowance iarlyki, 28 for, 334 Iarushevich, Nikolai, 547, 548 education of clerics, 328, 352 Iavorskii, Stefan, 326, 327 evangelical movement in late imperial Iberians. See Georgia Russia, 345 Ibn al-‘Assal,ˆ 395 historiographical issues, 325–6 Ibn al-Rahib,ˆ 396 late imperial period, revolution and reform Ibn al-Tilmˆıdh, 396 in, 340–7 Ibn al-Wasitˆ .i, 396 lay piety and culture. See lay piety and Ibn But.lan,ˆ 401 religious experience in Russia Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 428 monasteries and monasticism, 337–40 Ibn-Shaddad,ˆ 401 Nicholas I, ecclesiastical expansion and Ibn Taymiyya, 401 continuing heterodoxy under, 330–2 Iceland, Armenian traders in, 408 pastoral reforms under, 335–7, 343 iconostasis Peter the Great’s abolition of patriarchate in late Byzantium, 85, 133–4 and establishment of, 324, 326–7 portable, 295 religious toleration, 328–9, 330–2, 342, in Russia, 283–7 346–7 icons in late Byzantine Empire temperance campaigns, 344, 345 Eucharist, themes associated with theory of relationship of church and state celebration of, 131–4 adopted by Peter the Great hymnography and, 151–2 underpinning, 326 lay piety and religious experience, 85 toleration edict of 1905, 342, 346, 347, private devotions involving, 92 365 processions of, 87 home life, Byzantine lay piety and religious as tangible assets, 92 experience in, 90–3 two-sided, 133 homilies icons in Russia Byzantine collections of, 139 1380–1589, 263, 264 eastern Christianities under Islam, Chernyi, Daniil, 288, 289, 291 395 church buildings as icons, 285 Russian pastoral reforms under holy diaspora icon painters, 555 synod, 335–7 Dionisii, 264, 293–4 homosexuality, 598 as expression of Orthodox theology, Honorius III (Pope), 16 294 Hormizd, Yuhanna, 528 Feofan Grek, 287–8 horologia, 146–50 hesychasm’s inﬂuence on, 263, 282 Horsey, Jerome, 258 as historical records, 279, 295–7 Hosking, Geoffrey, 369 iconostasis, development and structure of, Hoyek, But.rus Elias, 522 283–7 Hrip‘sim˙ e,¯ St, 435 Moscow, 287 Hugh Eteriano, 55 national and local identity developed in Huleg¨ u,¨ 386, 387 relationship to, 363 Hungarian uprising (1956), 562 new iconography under Ivan IV, 295–7 Hungary Novgorod, 278–81 crown of St Stephen, 254 other media, carryover of iconography to, crusade of 1444, 77 296 enamel plaques sent by Michael VII portable nature of, 294 Doukas to Geza´ of, 5 for private devotions, 294, 296 Serbian community outside Buda and Pest, Rublev, Andrei, 264, 283, 288–91, 297 Bars’kyj’s stay with, 213 Stoglav (One Hundred Chapters) on, 297 Hyakinthos (metropolitan of Vicina and later Vladimir icon and Russian nationalism, Oungrovlachia), 26, 27 286–7 hymnody. See divine ofﬁce icons, modern revival of interest in, 590

697

Index

idiorrhythmic monasticism, 154, 163 Nestorians in, 377–8, 387. See also Ignatiev, Count (Russian ambassador to Nestorians Sublime Porte), 241 New Julfa, Armenian community of, 435–7, Ignatii (Brianchaninov), Russian bishop, 332 442–3 Ignatios II (Jacobite patriarch), 377, 380, 384, Qajar dynasty, 446 385 Iraq, Chaldean Church in, 526–31 Ignatios (monk sent to Rome by Michael VIII Irene Doukaina, 90 Palaiologos), 59 Isaac (of the Cave-Monastery), 48 Ignatios of Smolensk, 33 Isaak of Nineveh, St, 412, 504, 505 Ignatios the hesychast (Letter of Barlaam the Isidor (Nikol’skii), Russian metropolitan, 340 Calabrian to), 111 Isidore I Boucheiras (ecumenical patriarch), Ignatius Antony II (Hayek), Syrian Catholic 21, 90, 125 patriarch, 517 Isidore (metropolitan of Moscow), 271 Ignatius Moussa I (Da‘ˆ ud),ˆ Syrian Catholic Isidore of Kiev, 53, 73, 75, 77 patriarch, 518, 530, 534 Isidore of Seville, St, 428 Ignatius of Antioch, St, 584, 585 Islam. See also Golden Horde; Mongols; Ignatius But.rus VIII, Syrian Catholic Ottomans and Orthodox Church; patriarch, 518 religious toleration under Islam; Ignatius XXXVI (Elias II), Syrian patriarch, Seljuk Turks; Tatars 514 Armenian Christianity and Ignatius Zakka I (Iwas), Syrian Orthodox balance of power, shifts in, 423–4 patriarch, 532, 534 Mamluk sultanate, 408, 420–3 Igumen Danyl, 217 New Julfa community, 435–7 Iliodor (Trufanov), 341, 344–5 Seljuk Turks, 407, 408, 416, 420 illness, pilgrimages to assuage, 89 conversions to, 181–2, 373, 410, 489 India Ethiopian Christianity and, 459, 462–3 Armenian Christianity in, 442–3, 455 holy synod in Russia, treatment of Chaldean Church and, 528 Muslims under, 328, 330, 331 Church of the East, reuniﬁcation of Indian Mamluk sultanate Church with, 526 Armenian Christianity and, 408, 420–3 Syriac churches in, 511, 514 eastern Christianities under Islam, 388 Innocent III (pope), 16, 385 overarching imperial order, Christians’ Innocent IV (pope), 418 sense of, 34–5 Innocent VI (pope), 67 ‘martyrdom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy Innokentii (Beliaev), Russian bishop, 343 under, 582–3 Innokentii (Borisov), Russian bishop, 331 modern inter-faith relationships, 596 intellectual activity vs. hesychasm, 102, 110–13 Shi’a doctrine, 376, 423 interiority, Armenian spirituality based on, Sunni doctrine, 376, 381, 423 412 Islam, eastern Christianities under (11th–14th inverted hearts, motif of, 35 centuries) 373–5. See also Coptic Ioakim (Russian patriarch), 305, 322–3 Christianity; Jacobites; Maronites; Ioann (Bulgarian monk of Great Lavra), 37 Melkites; Nestorians; religious Ioanna Khrista-rad, 300 toleration under Islam Ioannes of Pergamon (John Zizioulas), appropriation and islamisation of festivals metropolitan, 585 and holy places, 401–3 Ioasaf (Russian patriarch), 310–11 arabisation and Arab Christianity, 376, Iona of Riazan (metropolitan of Moscow), 272 389–92 Iosif of Volokolamsk, 259, 263, 269–71, 291, 293 Chalcedonian, 375 Iov (Boretsky), Orthodox metropolitan of conversions to Islam, 373 Kiev, 306 crusades, effect of, 382–6 Iov (ﬁrst Russian patriarch), 275 dhimma status, 373, 380–2 Iran heterogeneity of different communities, 373 Mongols in, 386, 387 literary culture and learning, 392–7

698

Index

monasteries and monasticism, 397–401 Nestorians and, 378 Mongol conquests, 386–9 schism caused by patriarchate conflict, Monophysite, 375 380 patriarchate conflicts of, 378–80 James of Verona, 490 religious life and culture, 401–3 James of Vitry, 383 Isma’ˆ ˆıl (Khedive), 490, 495 Jarweh, Michael, 516 Ist.ifan al-Duwayhˆı, 519 Jazira, Jacobites in, 377 Italy Jenkinson, Anthony, 258 Armenian Basilian communities in, 426 Jeremias I (ecumenical patriarch), 176, 184 Ethiopian occupation, 467, 476, 483, 484 Jeremias II Tranos (ecumenical patriarch), Greeks in, 69–73 167, 185, 189–91, 192, 193, 275, 305 Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, 11, 37, 38, 108 Jerusalem. See also Holy Sepulchre Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, 16 Armenian patriarch of, 408, 438, 450 Ivan I (grand prince of Muscovy), 29, 282 Bars’kyj in, 218 Ivan III (grand prince of Muscovy), 8–9, 260, successive conquests, effects of, 402 265, 270, 273, 287, 292 Jerusalem patriarchate Ivan IV (the Terrible), emperor of Rus Arab nationalism and, 245 Aleksei Mikhailovich’s apology for murder Melkite control of, 377 of St Filipp by, 315 Ottoman rule, under, 171, 184 art and religion under, 290, 295–301 Jesuits Byzantine Commonwealth, concept of, 9, Armenian missions, 432, 436, 440, 441 11, 48–9, 52 banishment from Ottoman Empire (1714), lay piety and culture under, 254, 258, 260, 440 264 banishment from Russia (1820), 329 monasticism under, 266, 269 Bars’kyj and Uniate Roman Catholic national consciousness in Russia, rise of, persecution of Orthodox, 211 273 education standards of, 309 Rublev’s Old Testament Trinity and, 290 Ethiopian missions, 463, 476–8 Ivan of Rila, 16, 38 Orthodox conflicts with, 187, 191, 193, 197, Ivanov, Makarii, 338 198, 199 Ivantsov-Platonov, A. M., 341 Jesus Prayer or prayer of the heart, 262, 565, Iveron, Athonite monastery of, 162 566, 589 Iverskii monastery, 315 Jews and Judaism Iwas, Ignatius Zakka I (Syrian Orthodox conversion of Russian army recruits in 19th patriarch), 532, 534 century, 330 Iyasu I the Great (Ethiopian ruler), 464, 465, Ethiopian Christianity,Semitic roots of, 460 473, 474 Judaiser heresy, 259–60, 294 Iyasus¨ Mo‘a (Ethiopian ruler), 468 Romanian Jews, communist repression of, Izmaragd (The Emerald), 256, 261 562 Izvekov, Iurii, 334 jizya tax on non-Muslims, 489, 491 Joachim II (ecumenical patriarch), 241 Jacob Baradeus, 377 Joachim III (ecumenical patriarch), 237, 239, Jacob (hieromonk of Patmos), 224, 227 246 Jacobites, 377. See also Islam, eastern Joachim IV (ecumenical patriarch), 240 Christianities under Joachim (patriarch of Antioch), 186 arabisation of, 389, 391, 392 Joanikij (ecumenical patriarch), 19 Armenian-Byzantine negotiations, Joasaph II the Magnificent (ecumenical presence at, 413 patriarch), 184, 188 Armenian prince Levon’s policy regarding, Jocelyn of Courtenay, prince of Edessa, 386, 417 399 crusades, effect of, 383, 384, 386 John II Komnenos (emperor), 145 literary culture and learning of, 393, 397 John V Palaiologos (emperor), 18, 20, 29, modern Syrian Orthodox Church, 512–14 67–8, 70

699

Index

John VI Kantakouzenos (emperor, later the Karageorge, 237 monk Joasaph), 62, 66, 67, 159 Karydianos, Michael, 94 John VIII Palaiologos (emperor), 10, 72, 73–6 Karra doctrine, Ethiopia, 464, 466, 479, 481 John Kalekas (ecumenical patriarch), 64 Karytaina, chapel on bridge at, 57 John XI Bekkos (ecumenical patriarch), 57–61, Kassa Haylu (Tewodros´ II) (Ethiopian ruler), 73, 226 466 John VI (Coptic patriarch), 379 Kastamonitou, Athonite monastery of, 158 John XVIII (Coptic patriarch), 492 Katavolenos, Thomas, 172 John XXII (pope), 72, 424 Katelanos, Frangos, 166 John Chrysostom, St, 308 Kaufman, Mikhail von, 331 Arabic translations of homilies of, 395 Kavallarea, monastery of (Venetian Crete), homilies of, 139 156 liturgy of, 84, 127, 129–30, 134, 409, 581 Kavvadias, Makarios, 208 relics, translation from Rome to Kazan, capture of, 299 Constantinople, 595 Kazan, Mother of God of, 257 John of Damascus, St, 148, 150, 151, 400, 409 Kekarec‘i, Xacatur, 436 John Klimax, St, 40, 91, 104, 149, 308, 409 kenoticism, 269 John of Kronstadt, 345 Kepoula, church of the Holy Anargyroi at, 97 John Laskaris Kalopheros, 70 Kereit, 386 John Parastron, 58, 59 K‘esiˇ sean,ˇ Aram, 453 John Paul II (pope), 454, 455, 518, 530, 532, 533 kharadj tax on non-Muslims, 181, 489–90, 491 John Tzetzes, 81 Khitrovo Gospels, 281 Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, revolt of, 311–2, 323 between the Roman Catholic Church Khnanaya, Dinkha, 525–6, 532, 533 and the Assyrian Church of the East, Khomiakov, Aleksei, 357, 585 532 khozhdenie tradition, Bars’kyj’s journal Jomard, E.-F., 492, 493 inﬂuenced by, 226 Joseph I (ecumenical patriarch), 57, 60 Khrapovitskii, Antonii, 341, 343, 553 Joseph II (ecumenical patriarch), 73 Khrushchev, Nikita, 548, 570 Joseph I (Chaldean patriarch), 527 Khwarizmians, 402 Joseph II (Yusufˆ ) (Chaldean patriarch), 527 Kiev. See Ukraine Joseph of Androusa, 231 Kievan cave-monastery Joseph Bryennios, 72 Bars’kyj born near, 210 Joseph the Hymnographer, 150 Dormition churches, beliefs regarding, 282 Judaiser heresy, 259–60, 294 Isaac of, 48 Judaism. See Jews and Judaism Mohyla, Peter, and, 308, 309–10 Julius III (pope), 527 Mount Athos, connections to, 15 as printing and publishing centre, 309–10 Kalekas, Manuel, 70, 71, 77 school at, 309 Kallinikos of Hungro-Wallachia (head of Kilifarevo monastery, Bulgaria, 38 Romanian church), 240 Kilikec‘i, Tiratur, 425 Kallinikos V (ecumenical patriarch), 208 Kiprian and Ustin’ia, SS, 299 Kallistos (ecumenical patriarch), 21, 26, 38, 39, Kiprian (metropolitan of Kiev, Rus and the 43, 125 Lithuanians), 30–2, 40, 43, 262, 287 Kallistos of Diokleia (Timothy Ware), 588 Kirakos of Trebizond, 437 Kalojan of Bulgaria, 16 Kireevskii Ivan, 339, 357 Kalopheros, John Laskaris, 70 Kiril II (Russian metropolitan), 42 Kalothetos, Joseph, 125 Kirill of Beloozero, St, 44, 267, 282, 296. See al-Kamilˆ (Ayyubid sultan), 379 also St Kirill-Belozerskii monastery Kantakouzena, Katerina, 164 Kirillova kniga, 311 Kantakouzenos, Michael, 177, 190 Kitbugha, 387 Kapiton movement, 318 Kleptes, John, 86 Kapodistrias, Ioannes, 232, 233–4 Klimax, John. See John Klimax

700

Index

Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes, 166 Kuritsyn, Fedor, 260 Kokkinos, Philotheos, 125 Kydones, Demetrios, 66–9, 70–1, 77, 424 kollyva, 97 Kydones, Prochoros, 66, 70, 425 Kollyvades renewal movement, 588 Kyprianos, archbishop of Cyprus, 230 Kolomenskoe, church of the Ascension at, Kyprianos the Cypriot, 203 299 Kyrillos IV (Coptic patriarch), 503 Kolot, Yovhannes,¯ 439, 440 Kyrillos VI (Coptic patriarch), 495, 499, 504, Komi (Permians or Finnish tribes), 45, 268 507 Komitas, Vardapet (Solomon Solomonean), 448 Lade, Seraﬁm, 547 Komnenos, Ioannis, 226 Lambronac‘i, Nerses,¯ archbishop of Tarsos, Komnenos, Isaac (brother of emperor John 415 Komnenos), 146 Lashchevskyj, Varlaam, 228 Konstantin (writer), 357 Laskaris, Theodore, 87 Konstantios I (ecumenical patriarch), 233, 236 Last Judgement, popularity of visual Kontaris, Cyril. See Cyril II Kontaris representations of, 98 Kontoglou, Photis, 590 Lateran Council IV Kopynsky, Isaia (metropolitan of Kiev), 308 Latin–Armenian relations, 410 Kopystens’kyi, Zaxarija, 311 adoption of Latin liturgical books and Korais, Adamantios, 207, 209, 234, 236 practices, 415, 449–50 Kormchaia kniga (Nomocanon,orBook of the Anavarzec‘i, Grigor, ecumenical Helmsman), 256 motivations of, 420–2 Korydalleus, Theophilos, 196, 202 complexity of Armenian religion, 427–9 Kosmas the Hymnographer, 151 during Counter-Reformation period, 431–3 Kosmas, treatise against the heretics by, 47 crusades, 410 Kosov, Sylvester (metropolitan of Kiev), 312 doctrinal adherence of Armenians to Latin Kostandin (Barjrberdc‘i), Armenian norms, 417–19 catholicos L’viv community, 434–5 Kostandin I (Armenian prince), 410 Mamluk concerns regarding, 408 Kostandin VI (Vahkac‘i), Armenian modern ecumenical movement, 453–5 catholicos, 428 New Julfa community, 436 Koumas, Constantinos, 209 Ottoman Empire, Catholic missions in, 440 Koutloumousiou, Wallachian monastery on Roman mission to Greater Armenia (14th Mount Athos, 26–7, 158, 220 century), 424–7 koutrouvia, 89 Uniate patriarchate founded in Aleppo, Kovalevskii, Evgraf, 555 441, 443 Kozheozerskii monastery, 314 union of churches, 415–17 Kremlin, Moscow, 9, 10, 265, 282, 286, 288, union of Florence (1439), 428 292–5 union of Lyons (1274), 419 Krestnyi monastery, 315 Latin conquest of Constantinople (1204) Kritoboulos (biographer of Mehmed II), 171 Bulgaria, revolt of Asen brothers in, 16 Kritopoulos, David (Anthimos, metropolitan Byzantine commonwealth’s continuing of Oungrovlachia), 27, 40 and increasing importance despite, 12, Kritopoulos, Metrophanes, 194 14 K‘rna,˙ Armenian monastery of, 426 ecumenical patriarchate’s role affected by, Krug, Gregory, 590 21, 50 Krug, Grigorii, 555 ecumenism, modern Orthodox suspicion Kruititskii, Nikolai, 585 of, 594 Kuetstein, Austrian ambassador to Ottomans, heretical nature of Latin belief in Greek 197 thought and polemic, inﬂuencing, Kulikovo, Russian stand against Tatars at 54–6 (1380), 43, 253, 254 monastic rise to dominance following, 125 Kullmann, Gustav, 552 recovery of Constantinople by Greeks, 56

701

Index

Latin–Coptic relations wariness of Roman Catholicism and British in Egypt, 497, 498, 503 Uniate Church, 307, 308, 311 French Expedition (1798–1801), 489, 492 Latin–Syriac relations western influence, acceptance and later British ties to patriarch of Church of the rejection of, 503–4 East, 524–5 Latin crusades, effect of. See crusades Chaldean Church, 526–31 Latin–Ethiopian relations Malankar Syriac church in India, 514 European travellers to Ethiopia in 19th Maronites. See Maronites century, 465 Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19 Italian occupation, 467, 476, 483, 484 Syrian Orthodox Church, 512–14 Jesuit contacts in 17th century, 463, 476–8 Latin theology of Trinity. See Trinity, Latin Levantine and Italy, Greeks in, 69–73 Orthodox vs. Latin theology of Latin–Orthodox relations during the late Latin vs. Ottoman conquest, Byzantine Empire. See Byzantium and Byzantine/Orthodox view of, 69, 159, the west, relationship between; union 170, 171, 185 of Orthodox and Latin churches Latin west, diaspora churches of, 591–3 Latin–Orthodox relations from Reformation Latvian Lutherans, 330, 331 to Enlightenment, 187–8 Laud, William (archbishop of Canterbury), Cyril I Loukaris, patriarchate of, 193–202 194 French Revolution, effects of, 205–9, 229 laurel leaves, tradition of decorating church Greek Revolution (1821), 209, 229 with, 86 modern secular learning, Orthodox views Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 247, 512, 524 on, 202–9 Law Code of 1649 (Russia), 314 Mohyla influenced by Latin and Uniate lay piety and religious experience in churches, 308, 309, 310 Byzantium, 79 Protestants, dialogue with, 185, 188–91 attendance at church services, 83 in Russia. See Latin–Russian Orthodox barrier, obscuring of liturgical service relations behind (templon or iconostasis), 85 state of Orthodox church, 191–3 church buildings and chapels, 79–83, Latin–Orthodox relations in modern world, 98 594–6. See also ecumenism communion, frequency of taking, 84 Latin religious orders, influence of. See also diversity of, 100 Dominicans; Franciscans; Jesuits in domestic and private life, 90–3 Capuchins feast days, 85–7 Armenian missions of, 432, 436, 441 financial contributions to churches, 97–8 Orthodox conflicts with, 197 icons, role of, 85 Carmelites, Armenian missions of, 441 jewellery and amulets, 92–3 Latin-Russian Orthodox relations. See also lifecycle rituals, 90, 94–7, 100 Uniate church in Ukraine liturgical framework of, 83–5 1380–1589, 260 pagan customs and superstitions, diaspora, ecumenical relations between persistence of, 99–100 western churches and, 551–2, 553 pilgrimage, 87, 88–90 disaffection of lay elites in 18th and 19th processions, 87 centuries, 357 relics, veneration of, 89 under holy synod (1721–1917), 328, 329–30 salvation anxieties, means of assuaging, lay piety and religious experience 97–100 (1721–1917), European context for, work and occupations, devotions 367–70 associated with, 93–4, 100 modern patristics revival, 588 lay piety and religious experience in Coptic Mohyla influenced by Latin and Uniate Christianity, 495–501 churches, 308, 309, 310 lay piety and religious experience in Russia. Nikon reforms, 315–18, 320 See also folk customs and Ukrainian/Latin influence, 311 superstitions, persistence of

702

Index

1380–1589 Levon III (Armenian king), 423 culture and piety, 260–6 Levshin, Platon, 327, 329, 338, 544 ‘lived Orthodoxy’ and heterodoxy, Liebniz, 204 255–60 lifecycle rituals variety and diversity of Rus religious in Byzantium, 90, 94–7, 100 expression, 255 in Russia, 355, 356 1613–1721 (Counter-Reformation) Ligarides, Paisios, 319 confraternities, founding of, 303 literary culture Nikon reforms, lay opposition to, 318 in Armenian Russian community, 446, 1721–1917, 348–51 447–9 church and state, relationship of, 351 in eastern Christianities under Islam confraternities under holy synod, 337 (11th–14th centuries), 392–7 disaffection of lay elites in 18th and 19th in Russia centuries, 357 1380–1589, 261–2, 264 diversity of popular piety, 353–7, 359 1917, 359 education, issues related to, 350, 353–7, Lithuania 358–63 Byzantine Commonwealth, participation in European context, 367–70 in, 28–31, 52 falling away from religion altogether, 365 Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch) in, lifecycle rituals, 355, 356 193 liturgical year as framework for popular Ivan III’s struggle with, 273 piety, 355 protomartyrs of, 28, 31, 32, 44 national identity and popular piety, 363–7 rise of polity of pagan Grand Duke Olgerd, pastoral reforms under holy synod, and designs on Rus, 28–31 335–7, 343 Union of Krewo (1383), 27. See also pilgrimages, 364–5 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth saints, cult of, 364 Litsevoi letopisnyi svod (Illustrated Chronicle slavophilism, 349 Collection), 262 temperance campaigns, 344, 345 ‘Little Russia’. See Belarus; Ukraine theatre and cinema, 360, 361–2 liturgical year urbanisation, effects of, 356, 366 Armenian, 416 women, 366 art and religion. See art and religion in later confraternities, 303, 337, 367 Byzantine Empire Lazar Brankovic´ (last Serbian despot), 163 eastern Christianities under Islam, 401 Lazarevic,´ Stefan, 162 lay piety, as framework for Lebanon in Byzantium, 83 Armenians in, 453 in Russia, 355 Maronites, 519–23. See also Maronites menaion, 279 Syrian Catholics in, 515, 517, 519 liturgy. See also divine ofﬁce; Eucharist Syrian Orthodox in, 513 Armenian Christianity, 409 Lebedinskii, Leontii, 331 art and. See art and religion in later Lebna¨ Dengel (Ethiopian ruler), 462 Byzantine Empire; art and religion in Leger,´ Antoine, 197, 200 Russia Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich, 558, 559, 563 Bars’kyj’s interest in, 213, 219, 226 Leo Tuscus, 55 Basil, liturgy of, 84, 127, 129–30, 134 Leonid (Nagolkin), Russian monk, 338 eastern Christianities under Islam, 401 Leontii (Lebedinskii), Russian bishop, 331 fusion of Great Church of St Sophia liturgy Leontios (patriarch of Jerusalem), 92 and monastic rites, 127 Leopold (Habsburg emperor), 433 Heavenly (or Divine or Celestial) Liturgy, Leskov, Nicolai, 332 iconography of, 137 Lesvios, Benjamin, 208 John Chrysostom, liturgy of, 84, 127, Levitin, Anatolii, 571 129–30, 134 Levon (prince of Cilicia), 415, 417, 418 lay piety, liturgical framework of, 83–5

703

Index

liturgy (cont.) Makarii (metropolitan under Ivan IV), 11, 48, liturgical books. See books, art and religion 262, 273, 274, 295 mnogoglasie (simultaneous chanting of Makarios, St, 504, 505. See also St Makarios, different parts of service), 310, 311 Coptic monastery of Pedilavum ceremony, 144 al-Makˆın ibn al-‘Amˆıd, 396 physical division of church corresponding Maksim Grek (Maxim the Greek), 49 to, 128 Malabar Church of India, 528 Russian Church Malankara Church of India, 514 centrality to lay piety and religious Malatesta, Cleopa, 73 experience, 363 Mamas, St, 94 diaspora, 556–7 Mamluk sultanate national consciousness and religious Armenian Christianity and, 408, 420–3 ritual, 273–5 eastern Christianities under Islam, 388 Nikonite reforms, 313–21 overarching imperial order, Christians’ reforms of 17th century, 310–11 sense of, 34–5 spirituality of, 585 Mans.urˆ al-Balbayˆ ˆı, 382 Locke, John, 204 Manuel, Antonios, 208 Loginevskii, Aleksandr, 341 Manuel I Komnenos (emperor), 8, 55, 85, Lorec‘i,˙ Georg,¯ 408 413 Lorenzatos, Zisimos, 249 Manuel II Palaiologos (emperor), 27, 32, 33, 45, Loreto, purported site of Annunciation in, 216 71–3 Lossky, Vladimir, 587 manuscript books. See books, art and religion Louis XIV (French king), 432, 433 Manzikert, battle of (1071), 155, 169, 407 Loukaris confession, 197–8, 199, 201 al-Maqrˆızˆı, 398, 401, 402 Loukaris, Constantine (Cyril I, ecumenical Mar Agwen, Switzerland, Syrian Orthodox patriarch), 186, 191, 192, 193–202 monastery of, 514 Loukaris, Maximos, 193 Mar Gabriel, Syrian Orthodox monastery of, Loukaris translation of New Testament into 513 modern Greek, 200–1 Mar Matta¨ı, Jacobite monastery of, 377, 378 Lowrie, Donald, 552 Mar Ya‘qub,ˆ Germany, Syrian Orthodox Lrimec‘i, Malak‘ia, 428 monastery of, 514 Lucius III (pope), 415 Mararios of Patmos, 224 Luke (metropolitan of Vicina), 25 Marcheville (French ambassador to Lusignans of Cyprus Ottomans), 198 Armenian intermarriages with, 420 Margounios, Maximos, 193 Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, 70 Marˆ ˆı ibn Sulayman,ˆ 392, 395 Lutherans and Lutheranism. See Maris, conversion of, 330 Protestantism and Orthodoxy Maritsa, battle of (1371), 68, 160, 162 L’viv community of Armenian Christians, Mark Eugenikos (Byzantine prelate), 73, 74–5, 434–5 76, 78 Lyons, ﬁrst council of (1245), 418 Mark of Alexandria, 45 Lyons, second council of (1274), 419 Mark the Younger, St, 182 Lyons, union of (1274), 58–61, 419 Markianos, St, 93 Markos (Xylokarabes), ecumenical patriarch, Macedonian church, 578 175 ‘Macedonian Question’ (1903-8), 242 Maron, John, 377 Maillet, Benoit de, 490 Maronites, 377. See also Islam, eastern Maria-Helena (daughter of last Serbian Christianities under despot Lazar), 163 crusades, effect of, 383, 385 Majilis al-Millˆı (community council) in Coptic modern Maronite Church, 519–23 Christianity, 495, 498–500, 504 Monothelite heresy, 377, 385 Makarenko, Anton, 564, 565 marriage. See also divorce Makarii (Ivanov), Russian monk, 338 Byzantine Empire, marriage rites of, 94–6

704

Index

Constantinopolitan refugees of Ottoman Melkites, 376. See also Islam, eastern conquest, problems of, 174 Christianities under in Ethiopian Christianity, 460, 469, arabisation of, 390 470 crusades, effect of, 383, 384, 386 Russian lifecycle rituals, 355 Jerusalem patriarchate, control of, 377. See Martin, Pere,` 398 also Jerusalem patriarchate Martin V (pope), 72 literary culture and learning of, 393, 395, 397 ‘martyrdom’ spirituality of Orthodoxy, 582–3 sense of overarching imperial order in, 34–5 Martyrios, St, 93 memorial services for the dead, 96, 145 Marx, Karl, 360, 563 menaion, 279 Mary, Bearer of God, at Tel Wardiyat, Syrian Menilek II (Ethiopian ruler), 466–7, 475, 482, Orthodox monastery of, 513 483, 487 Mary, Mother of God. See Virgin Mary Menologion of Basil II, 141, 144, 145–6 Mary of Egypt, 137 Mentewwab (Ethiopian empress), 464, 465 al-Masˆıh, ’Abd, 182 Mesonesiotissa, monastery of, 160 mass suicides of Old Believers, 322 Mesopotamia Matta al-Miskin, 505–6, 583 arabisation of, 391 Mattewos´ (Ethiopian bishop), 482–4 Jacobites in, 377 Matthew I (ecumenical patriarch), 32 monasteries in, 397 Matthew (Syrian patriarch), 516 Mongols in, 387 Matthew of Ephesos, 86 Nestorians in, 377–8, 388. See also Matthopoulos, Eusebios, 589 Nestorians Maucollet, Fr, 490 Messalian heresy, 124 Maurikos, Demetrios, 81 Metaxas, Nikodemos, 196 Maurovlachia (Moldavia), metropolitan see Meteora monastery, 158 of, 27 Methodios (ecumenical patriarch), 107 al-Ma’ushˆ ˆı, Bolos, 522 Metochites, Theodore, 182 Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 202 Metrophanes (metropolitan of Berroia), 189 Mawhub,ˆ 396 Metrophanes (metropolitan of Caesarea), 185 Maxim (Bulgarian patriarch), 576 Meyendorff, John, 263, 334, 552, 587 Maximos Chrysoberges, 70, 71 Michael (archangel), St, 279 Maximos the Confessor, St, 91, 112, 120, 122, Michael the Younger, St, 182 125, 587 Michael VII Doukas (emperor), 5 Maximos Kausokalybites, St, 89 Michael VIII Palaiologos (emperor), 25, 50, 56, Maximos Planoudes, 57 68, 102, 226 Mazaris, 98 Michael (metropolitan of Belgrade), 237 Mec Anapat, Armenian monastery of, 437 Michael (archbishop of Bethlehem), 33 MECC (Middle East Council of Churches), Michael (bishop of Damietta), 395 532 Michael the Syrian (Jacobite patriarch of Medici, Cosimo de’, 76 Antioch), 383, 389, 395, 399 Mehmed II the Conqueror (sultan), 78, 170, Michaud, 493 171, 175, 176, 177, 183, 184, 192 Michels, G. B., 321 Melanchthon, Philip, 188 Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), Meletios IV (ecumenical patriarch), 247 532 Meletios (Pigas), patriarch of Alexandria, 193, Mika‘el´ (Ethiopian bishop), 484 194 Mikhail Aleksandrovich (Lithuanian prince of Meletios of Lattakia/Laodikeia (patriarch of Kiev), 273 Antioch), 245 Mikhail I (tsar), 306, 307 Meletios (abbot of Vatopedi), 202 Mikhail (Semenov), Russian archimandrite, Meletios (monk sent to Rome by Michael 346 VIII Palaiologos), 59 Mikhailovna, Pelageia, 269 Melik‘-Yakobean, Yakob (Rafﬁ), 447 Milan (Obrenovic),´ king of Serbia, 236, 237 Melikes, Raoul Manuel, 57 millennialism. See eschatology

705

Index

millet, Armenian community in Ottoman colonisation of land, association with, 41–6, Empire as, 440, 441, 442 267 Milutin (Stefan Urosˇ II), 17–18, 20 Coptic Christianity, 400, 491, 501–6, 508 al-Miskin, Matta, 505–6, 583 divorce, forcible tonsure as means of, 264, Mistra, church of the Peribleptos at, 137 269 Mitrofan (metropolitan of Sara¨ı), 23 donations to, 97, 154, 269 Mitrofaniia, Mother (Baroness Praskov’ia eastern Christianities under Islam, 397–401 Grigor’evna Rosen), 340 in Ethiopian Christianity, 460, 461, 467–71 Mleh (brother of Prince T’oros), 410, 413 fortified towers, chapels in, 82 mnogoglasie (simultaneous chanting of Greece, abolition of monasteries in, 235 different parts of service), 310, 311, hesychasm and Gregory of Sinai’s prayer 313 manuals, 108–10 modern Orthodoxy, 599 hesychastic criticism of, 102 development and change, 596 holy mountains as characteristic of ecclesiology of, 584–6 Byzantine monasticism, 155 ecology and environment, 598 idiorrhythmic monasticism, 154, 163 ecumenism in, 594–6 landed property of, 154 education and modern spiritual renewal, Mount Athos and Ottomans. See Mount 589–90 Athos under Ottoman rule icons, 590 under Ottomans, 180 lay piety, modern renewal of, 589–90 Russian debate between Possessors and monasticism, revival of, 586, 590 Non-Possessors, 269–71, 294 national churches and nationalism, 591–4 lay piety and, 80, 97 organisational and administrative legal texts circulating in, 42 problems, 596–7 liturgy and monastic rites, fusion of, 127 patristics, Russian revival of study of, 587–8 modern spiritual revival of, 586, 590 social and ethical problems, 597–8 Mxit‘arists, Uniate Armenian order of, 441, world, adapting to, 583 443, 447, 455 Mohyla (Moghila), Peter (metropolitan of Palamism and, 68, 121–6 Kiev), 200, 201, 308–10 physical and economic structure of, 154 Moisiodax, Iosipos, 205 retirement, late vows as form of, 97, 100 Mokac‘i, Nerses,¯ 437 rise to dominance in Orthodox Church, 62, Moldavia. See also Romania 65, 125 Armenian community in, 434 Romanian monastic lands, civil metropolitanate of confiscation of, 239 Moldavia/Maurovlachia, 27 in Russia monastic revival in, 339 1380–1589, 261, 266–71 patronage of Mount Athos by voyvodas of, art and religion in Moscow, 282 168 under communism, 570–1 Protestant influence in, 189 female monasteries, 264, 268, 339–40 union with Wallachia (1859), 239 under holy synod, 337–40, 341 Molinos, Miguel de, 204 ‘learned monasticism’, 341 monasteries and monasticism. See also modern restorations, 573, 575 specific monks and monasteries Tatar conquest, effect of, 277 adelphata (monastic annuity), 161, 164 Slavonic textual community created by. See in Armenian Christianity Slavonic textual community 1050–1350, 409, 411–12, 426 spiritual stages of, according to Gregory of Mxit‘arists, Uniate order of, 441, 443, 447, Sinai, 118 455 Syrian Orthodox, 513 Byzantine commonwealth as concept and Turkish nomads, effect of invasions of, 155 exercise of monastic authority in Rus, Uniate reform of, 304 41–6 women and monasticism in Russia, 264, cenobitic monasticism, 154, 163, 167 268

706

Index

Mongols. See also Tatars Chilandar (Serbia), 15–20, 36, 37, 150 Armenian Christianity and, 417, 419–20, Dionysiou, 20, 156, 158, 203, 220 423 Docheiariou, 20, 82, 165, 223 art and religion in Russia, effect of Mongol Esphigmenou, 20, 583 conquest on, 276–8 Great Lavra, 37, 160, 162, 165, 167, 220, 221 conversion to Islam, 387 Iberian (Georgian) and Amalfite houses, 15, eastern Christianities under Islam affected 20 by conquests of, 386–9 Iveron, 162 Ghazan (Ilkhanˆ of Iran), conversion to Kastamonitou, 158 Islam of, 387, 422, 423–4 Koutloumousiou (Wallachia), 26–7, 158, religious toleration under, 386, 387 220 Monophysites, 375, 459. See also Coptic Pantokrator, 220 Christianity; Ethiopian Christianity Philotheou, 587 Monothelite heresy, 377, 385 Rus houses, 15, 20, 218 Mordvins, 328 St Panteleimon (Rus house), 15, 20, 218 Moscow. See Russia and Russian Church,as St Paul, 157, 158, 161, 163, 220 specific site in Moscow, e.g. Kremlin Simonopetra, 158, 162 Mother of God. See Virgin Mary Stavroniketa, 168 Mott, John, 552 Vatopedi, 158, 162, 163, 202 Mouchli, church of St Kyriake at, 98 Xenophon, 166 Mount Athos Xeropotamou, 164, 221, 222 artistic renovations of mid-16th century, 166 Zographou, 37, 586 assignments throughout empire given to Mount Athos under Ottoman rule monks of, 39 adelphata (monastic annuity), 161, 164 Athonite Academy, 202, 205 confiscation and redemption of landed Bars’kyj’s visits to, 218, 219–26 properties (1568–69), 166–8 Bulgarian patronage and political donations to, 156, 160–1 aspirations, 15–16, 37 early understanding between monks and donations to, 98, 156, 160–1 Ottomans, establishment of, 156–9 Gregory Palamas’s theology, triumph of, hesychasm, influence of, 159 63–6 Islamic principles of religious tolerance hesychasm working to advantage of, 155–6 Byzantine Commonwealth and, 39 number of monks and prosperity of as centre of, 62, 102 monastery, 161–2 criticism of, 68 official passage under Ottoman lordship Gregory of Sinai’s prayer manuals and, (1432), 162 108–10 safeguarding property by donations to modern decline and renewal of, 586 Mount Athos, 160–1, 162–4 Nil Sorskii at, 269 shipping and commercial interests, 164–6 pilgrimage to, 89 Mount Galesion, monastery of, 155 power of monks of, 125 Mount Latros, monastery of, 155 premier allegiance to Byzantine emperor, Mount Olympos (Ulus Dag)ˆ in Bithynia, 20, 21 monasteries of, 155 protoi of, 15, 27 Mount Sinai, St Catherine’s monastery on, 37, Russian liturgical books burnt by monks 155, 182, 216, 218, 399 of, 315 Mouzalon, Theodore, 61 Russian monastic revival inspired by, 339 Mrk’uz, Yovhannes,¯ 436–7 Russian patronage of, 168 al-Mufad.d.al ibn Abˆı’l-Fad.a’il,ˆ 396 Serbian patronage and political aspirations, Muh. ammad ‘Alˆı, 490, 493, 503, 521 14–21, 161 Muller,¨ Ludwig, 547 Slavonic textual community created by, Murad I (sultan), 68, 156, 157, 160, 161 36–41 Murad II (sultan), 162, 164, 175 Mount Athos monasteries Murad III (sultan), 177, 186

707

Index

Muradbekyan, Xoren, 451 resistance of ecumenical patriarchate to Murav’ev, A. N., 334 autocephaly as epitome of opposition Mus,ˇ Armenian monastery of the Holy to nationalism, 237 Precursor in, 443 in Romania, 238–40 Muslim Brotherhood, 498 in Russia Mxit‘arists, Uniate Armenian order of, 441, encouragement of nationalism 443, 447, 455 (19th–20th centuries), 241 mysticism in European context, 369 hesychastic. See hesychasm Kremlin, role of, 292 of universal Christianity, 329 lay piety and religious experience Mytilene, Gattelusio family of (1721–1917), 363–7 Demetrios Kydones and, 70 rise of national consciousness Palaiologos family, intermarriage with, 70 (1380–1589), 253 St Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, 299–300 Nadirˆ Shah, 437 Vladimir icon and, 286–7 Nagolkin, Leonid, 338 Saguna, Andreiu, theories of, 244–5 Nahyaˆ monastery, Russia, 399 Serb uprising (1804–1831) and ecclesiastical Nalbandean, Mik‘ayel,¯ 447 autocephaly, 229, 237–8 Nalean, Yakob, 440 state control of church, 232, 248 Na’od (Ethiopian ruler), 473 theory of ecumenical patriarchate’s own Napoleon, 206, 441 nationalism, 243 Narekac‘i, Anania, 406 Naupaktissa (icon of Virgin), 87 Nasedka, Ivan, 307 Nawruz, 423 al-Nasir (caliph), 420 Nazarean, Step‘an, 447 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 486, 493, 494, 499, 500, Nazareth, purported site of Annunciation in, 505, 506 216 nationalism and Orthodoxy, 229. See also Nazis and Russian diaspora, 546–7, 554 Armenian Christianity; Ncec‘i,ˇ Esayi, 412, 425 autocephalous Orthodox churches; Nea Moni, monastery of (Chios), 160, 216, Greek Revolution (1821)and 218, 222, 227 independence Neilos Doxapatres, 414 Arab nationalism Neilos (ecumenical patriarch), 47 Copts and, 497, 498, 501 Neilos of Antioch, 45 patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem, Nektarios, St, 161 245–6 Nemanja, Stefan (Sava), 15–17, 18 in Balkans, 229 Nenadovic,´ Prota Matija, 237 Bulgarian exarchate, 240–4 Neophytos II (ecumenical patriarch), 194 Copts, 497, 498, 501, 503 Neophytos VII (ecumenical patriarch), dangers and dilemmas posed by 206 nationalism, 247–9 Neophytos of Talantion, 231 diaspora of Orthodox, 247, 248 neoplatonism in European context, 369 of Armenian Christianity, 426 French Revolution, effects of, 205–9, of Barlaam of Calabria, 112 229 of Gregory of Sinai, 118 India, Armenian Christianity in, 442–3 Nepliuev, Adrian Ivanovich, 221, 228 initial opposition and later acceptance of Nerezi, church of, 150 nationalism by ecumenical Neronov, Ivan, 310, 313, 317, 320 patriarchate, 246–7 Nerses¯ (brother of Grigor II), 410 modern national churches, 591–4 Nersisyan, Garegin, 455 Ottoman politics, nationalist upsurge in, Nestor, St, 89 247 Nestorians, 377–8. See also Islam, eastern phyletism, 242, 243, 246, 541–2, Christianities under 593 arabisation of, 391

708

Index

christological controversies of 5th century, ‘Nine Saints’ of Ethiopian Christianity, 461 origins in, 375 Niphon (ecumenical patriarch), 21 crusades, effect of, 384, 385 Nizhnii Novgorod, convent of the Exaltation division into interior (Mesopotamian) and of the Cross at, 340 exterior (Orient) provinces, 378 Non-Possessors and Possessors, 269–71, 294 Jacobites and, 378 Norwich, John Julius, 586 literary culture and learning of, 392, 393, notaries, feast of, 93 395, 397 Novgorod and Pskov modern Church of the East, 523–6. See also art and religion in, 278–81 Church of the East piety and culture in, 259, 265 Mongol conquests, effect of, 386, 387 Russian national consciousness, rise of, 273 Syriac language and culture of, 378 Tatar conquest, effects of, 277 Nestorios (patriarch of Constantinople), 377 Novi, Alevisio, 293 New Julfa, Armenian community of, 435–7, Novospasskii monastery, Moscow, 314 442–3 Nurˆ al-Dˆın, 410 New Rome/New Constantinople/New Israel, Moscow as, 9, 10, 272, 274, 540, Obnorsk, monastery of St Paul at, 293 582 Obolensky, Dimitri, 6–7, 12, 51 New Year, medieval celebration of, 99 Obrenovic,´ Milan (king of Serbia), 236, 237 Newton, Isaac, 205 OCA (Orthodox Church of America), 592 Nicholas, St, 145, 211, 212, 279, 347 occupations, lay devotions associated with, Nicholas of Velikoretsk, St, 299 93–4, 100 Nicholas IV (pope), 385, 423 Odoevskaia, Mariia, 265 Nicholas I (tsar), 330–2, 349, 351 Ogodei¨ (Great Khan), 387 Nicholas II (tsar), 341, 342, 344, 351, 353, 357, 358, Ogorodnikov, Aleksandr, 572 361, 370, 448, 558 Oikonomos, Constantine, 235 Nicholas-Alexander (voevoda and master of all Old Apostolic and Catholic Church of the Oungrovlachia), 25–7 East (‘Old Calendarists’), 526 Nicholas of Andida, 131 Old Believers St Nicholas at Lipna, Novgorod (church), 278 under holy synod, 328, 331, 336, 347 Nikephoros (archbishop of Cyprus), 201 lay piety and religious experience Nikephoros (exarch of church of (1721–1917), 348, 359, 360 Constantinople), 194 origins in schism of 1666–67, 321–2, 324 Nikephoros II Phokas (emperor), 406 Old Testament Trinity icon (Rublev), 289–91 Nikephoros the Italian, 102–8, 122 Olga, St, 274 Niketas (metropolitan of Thessalonike), 99 Olgerd, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 28–31 Nikifor, 320 Oljeitu¨ (Ilkhanˆ of Iran), 423 Nikodemos (metropolitan of Optina monastery, Russia, 248, 338, 352 Oungrovlachia), 40 Orb¯ eli,¯ Yohan, 424 Nikolai (Iarushevich), Russian metropolitan, Orb¯ elean,¯ Step‘anos, 421, 425 547, 548 organisational and administrative problems Nikolai of Pskov, St, 258 of modern Orthodoxy, 596–7 Nikol’skii, Isidor, 340 Ori,¯ Israyel,¯ 439 Nikon of Radonezh, 289 Orkhan (Sultan), 156–9 Nikon (Russian patriarch) Orkneys, earl of, and Arnor the Earl’s Poet, 3 biographical information, 314 Oromo migrations, Ethiopian Christianity deposition of, 319 affected by, 463, 471, 474, 475, 477, 478, opposition to, 317–21 487 reforms of, 313–18 Orotnec‘i, Yovhan, 428 relationship of church and state and, Orsini family of Epiros, 70 319–21, 348 Orthodox Church of America (OCA), 592 as successor to Hermogen’s practices, 305 Ossorguine, Serge and Mikhail, 556 Nil Sorskii, 263, 269–71, 294 Ostrih Bible, 303

709

Index

Ostrozsky, Kostiatyn, 303 taxes Otchizna neizvestnaia (The Unknown ecumenical patriarchate’s financial Homeland), Fr Pavel, 568 obligations towards Ottoman state, Otets Sergii (Fr Sergii) (film), 362 175–8 Otto (king of Greece), 234 kharadj tax on non-Muslims, conversion Ottomans and Orthodox Church. See also to Islam as way of relieving, 181 Mount Athos under Ottoman rule patriarchal, 179–80 archontes, role of, 177–8, 180, 183 ‘ulema, threat to Orthodox position from, Armenians, 430–1, 439–41, 444, 449–50. See 183–4 also Armenian Christianity Oungrovlachia, see of, 25–7 Bars’kyj on, 226 Oviedo, Andre de, 477 Bulgarian exarchate, creation of, 241 conquest of Constantinople (1453), 78, 170 Paes, Pero, 477 conversions to Islam, 181–2 Pafnutiev-Borovskii monastery, Russia, 270, crises of 1798 affecting, 206, 207 293 early modern decline of Orthodoxy under paganism. See folk customs and superstitions, Ottomans, 186, 191–3 persistence of ecumenical patriarchate Pagases, Antonios, 160 authority of, 178–9 Pagases, Nicholas Baldouin, 160 of Cyril I Loukaris, 197 Paisii (Velychkovskii/Velichkovsky), Russian eastern patriarchates and, 184 monk, 339, 588 financial obligations towards Ottoman Paisios (patriarch of Jerusalem), 315 state, 175–8 Pakhomii the Serb, 262 landed property of, 180 Palaiologina, Sophia, 260 re-establishment of, 170–3 Palaiologos, Andronikos (despot of reorganisation of, 173–5 Thessalonike), 162 restoration of, 170–3 Palaiologos, Demetrios (brother of John revenue sources, 179–80 VIII), 77 as significant part of Ottoman system, Palaiologos emperors 184 Constantine IX Monomachos, 9, 52, 53 emperor as pole of Orthodox Church, John V, 18, 20, 29, 67–8, 70 removal of, 169 John VIII, 10, 72, 73–6 before the final conquest of Manuel II, 27, 32, 33, 45, 71–3 Constantinople, 169–70 Michael VIII, 25, 50, 56, 68, 102, 226 greater unity of Orthodoxy provided by Palaiologos, Eulogia (sister of Michael VIII), conquest of entire empire, 170 59 Greek Revolution (1821), ethnomartyrs of, Palaiologos family 230 Armenian intermarriages with, 420 hesychasm and, 69, 159 Latin elites, intermarriage with, 70 Islamic principles of religious tolerance of Palaiologos, Theodore (son of Manuel II), 73 Jews and Christians, 155–6, 169 Palaiologos, Thomas (despot of Morea), 163 Latin vs. Ottoman conquest, Byzantine Palamas, Gregory views of, 69, 159, 170, 171, 185 Barlaam of Calabria, opposition to, 63–6, Maritsa, battle of (1371), 68, 160, 162 101–2, 110–13, 121–6 millet, 440, 441, 442 development of hesychasm, role in, 101–2 nationalist upsurge in Ottoman politics, ‘fundamentalism’ of, 39, 126 247 Gregory of Sinai compared, 121 number of Orthodox population and hesychasm in Russia and, 262 functioning sees, 181 intellectual activity vs. hesychasm overthrow of sultan and establishment of according to, 121–6 modern Turkey, 449 lay piety as evidenced by, 79, 83, 88, 89, 94 Safavids, Ottoman struggle with, 435, 437 St Maximos the Confessor and thought of, surg¨ un¨ (compulsory resettlement), 171 122, 125

710

Index

modern study of, 587, 588 Pereiaslav Agreement (1654), 311–12 Ottomans and, 158, 159 perestroika, 573 patristic theology,ruthlessness towards, 122 Permians (Komi or Finnish tribes), 45, 268 Slavonic textual community and, 36, 39, 40 Persia. See Iran Turkish attacks on Mount Athos and, 158 Peter of Alexandria, 137 Palamism Peter (patriarch of Alexandria), 488 attitude towards Latins vs. Ottomans, 69 Peter (emperor of Bulgaria), 16 criticism of, 66, 68 Peter I of Cyprus, 70 monasticism affected by, 68, 121–6 Peter Lombard, 424, 425 rise of, 63 Peter (metropolitan of all Russia), 28, 282, Paleostrovskii monastery, 322 293 Palestine. See also Jerusalem Peter I the Great (tsar), 204, 217 arabisation of, 390 Alexander Nevsky monastery founded by, Melkites in, 377 338 monasteries in, 397 Armenian community and, 439 pilgrimage to, 88, 213–19 art and religion in Russia, 301 Palienc‘, Nerses¯ (Armenian archbishop), 427 as figure in popular culture, 363 Pallas, D. L., 128, 151 French Revolution, reforms preceding, 368 Palmer, William, 334, 337 reformation of Russian Church by, 324, Palycan,ˇ Vazgen, 453, 454 326–7, 348, 350, 353, 584. See also holy Pamblekis, Christodoulos, 205 synod, Russian church under Pammakaristos, church of, Constantinople, schizophrenic Russia created by reforms 173, 186, 192 of, 370 Pantokrator, Athonite monastery of, 220 theory of relationship of church and state Papadiamantis, Alexandros, 248 adopted by, 326, 351 Papaflessas, Gregorios Dikaios, 230 Petik, Petros, 433 Paraskeva Piatnitsa, St, 279 Petros (Armenian catholicos), 406, 408 Parios, Athanasios, 205, 207 Pet´.ros (Ethiopian bishop), 482, 484 Paris, Joseph de, 432 Petrov, Gavriil, 327 Parthenos (bishop of Rostov), 44 Petrov, Grigorii, 343 Paskov,V.A.,345 Phanari, church of St George in, Patkanean, Gabriel,¯ 447 Constantinople, 186 Patmos, monastery of St John the Theologian Pharmakidis, Theokletos, 235 on, 155, 165, 224, 227 Pherrai, monastery of the Virgin patriarchs. See specific patriarchs and Kosmosoteira in, 80 patriarchates Philaretos Brachamios (Armenian king), 408 patristics Phileotes, Cyril, 88, 89 communist disapproval of, 566 Philokalia Coptic revival in, 505 modern Orthodox spirituality and, 588 Russian study of, 332, 334, 587–8 Optina monastery, Russia, Philokalic Paul II (Cheikho), Chaldean patriarch, 529–30 revival centred on, 248 Paul of Smyrna, 67 Papadiamantis and tradition of, 249 Paulicians, 404, 412 under Romanian communist regime, 565 Pavel of Kolomna, 317 translations of, 588 Pavskii, G. P., 333 Philotheos, St, 161 P’ayaslean, Zareh, 453 Philotheos (ecumenical patriarch), 30–1, 38, Pechatnyi Dvor (official Russian Printing 40, 158, 540 Office), 307–8, 311, 318, 321 Philotheos Kokkinos (ecumenical patriarch), Pedilavum ceremony, 144 21 Peloponnesios, Prokopios, 208 Philotheos of Sinai, 104 pendants, religious, 47, 92–3 Philotheou, Athonite monastery of, 587 People’s Houses in Russia, 361 Photios I, St (ecumenical patriarch), 58, 201 Pera, Dominican convent in, 66 Photios II (ecumenical patriarch), 545

711

Index

Photios (metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus), Ukraine split between Russian Empire and, sakkos of, 10, 21, 32, 33, 131 211, 255, 277, 312, 322–4. See also Photius, metropolitan of Pskov, 259 Ukraine Phrangopoulina, Maria, 89, 99 Union of Krewo (1383), 27 phyletism, 242, 243, 246, 541–2, 593 political control of church. See church and Pidou de Saint-Olon, Louis-Marie, state, relationship of 435 Polotsky, Simon, 318 Pigas, Meletios (patriarch of Alexandria), 193, Poresh, Vladimir, 572 194 ports, chapels as part of, 82 pilgrimage Possessors and Non-Possessors, 269–71, 294 of Bars’kyj. See Bars’kyj, Vasyl Hryhovyc, Possevino, Antonio, 258 pilgrimages of Potemkin, Spiridon, 317, 338 eastern Christianities under Islam, 401–3 Potii, Ipatii, 304 lay piety and religious experience Poujoulat, 493 in Byzantium, 87, 88–90 Pouzet, Louis, 385 in Russia, 364–5 Pravoslavnoe obozrenie, 336 to Palestine/Holy Land, 88, 213–19 praxapostolos, 138 Pimen (Dmitrii of Moscow’s candidate for Prealymbos, Thomas, 160 metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus), 30, printing and publishing. See also books, art 33 and religion Pimen (metropolitan of Nevrokop/Bulgarian Armenian texts, 431, 432, 433, 441 patriarch), 576 in Counter-Reformation Russia and Pimen (Russian patriarch), 572 Ukraine, 307–8, 309–10, 311, 315–18, Pius IV (pope), 528 321 Pius VI (pope), 516 ecumenical patriarchate, press of, 196, Pius VIII (pope), 528 206 Pius IX (pope), 528 Nikon reforms, 315–18 Plato Russian diaspora, 552–5 Demetrios Kydones’s valuation of Thomas translations of scripture. See scripture Aquinas over, 66–9 private chapels, 81 Italian humanists’ interest in, 76 Pro Oriente, 531–5 Platon (Levshin), Russian metropolitan, 327, processions of icons, 87 329, 338, 544 Prodromos monastery, near Serres, 157 pletenie sloves (word-weaving), 44, 262, 263 Proios, Dorotheos, 208 Plethon, George Gemistos, 75, 77, 78 Prokhor from Gorodets, 288 Plutarch, 162 Prokopios, St, shrine of, 88 Pobedonostsev, K. P., 340–3, 345 Prokopovich, Feofan, 326 Pochaev monastery, western Ukraine, prophetologion, 138 570 proskynetaria tradition, Bars’kyj’s journal Podgorny, Nikolai, 569 inﬂuenced by, 226 Poland Protestantism and Orthodoxy Armenian community in L’viv, 434–5 anti-Protestant spirit of Orthodoxy in 17th Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch) in, century, 201 193 Armenian evangelical Protestants, 444, 454, Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav 455 Agreement (1648–54), 311–12, 323 Augsburg Confession, 188, 189, 190 revolt of 1830, 330 autocephaly of Greek Church as Union of Krewo (1383), 27. See also Protestant-inspired church–state Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth relationship, 235, 236 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Coptic Christianity, 495, 503–4 in Counter-Reformation. See Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch), Counter-Reformation in Russia and 193–202 Ukraine dialogue between, 185, 188–91

712

Index

evangelical movement in late imperial rationality Russia, 345 Gregory of Sinai on, 113–21 Feofilakt (Gorskii), Lutheran influences of Palamas on, 121 theology of, 329 al-Razˆ ˆı, 393 Greece, 19th-century Calvinist infiltrations Razin, Stenka, 345 in, 233 re-education or brainwashing, 563–5 Judaiser heresy, 259 Reformation. See Latin–Orthodox relations Latvian and Estonian Lutherans, 327, 331 from Reformation to Enlightenment; modern contacts between, 595 Protestantism and Orthodoxy Romanian Protestants, communist relics, veneration of, 89 repression of, 562 religious toleration in Russia, 328–9, 330–2, Russian Lutherans in mixed marriages, 331 342, 346–7 scripture, reliance on, 188, 189, 190 religious toleration under Islam secularisation of European and eastern crusades, effect of, 385–6 worlds related to, 367 dhimma status as form of, 381 theory of relationship of church and state of Fatimids in Egypt, 376 adopted by Peter the Great, 326 Ghazan (Ilkhanˆ of Iran), conversion to Tubingen¨ professors, Orthodox Islam of, 387, 422, 423–4 correspondence with, 185, 189–91 Mongol invasions, effect of, 388–9 Provins, Pacifique de, 436 New Julfa, Armenian community of, 437 psalters, 147, 149 Ottoman application of Islamic principles Psellos, Michael, 83, 91, 92, 93 of religious tolerance to Jews and Pseudo-Dionysios (Dionysios the Areopagite) Christians, 155–6, 169 Barlaam’s use of, 63 religious toleration under Mongols, 386, Gregory of Sinai’s use of, 118 387 modern study of, 587 Renaissance, Greek experience of, 187 Pseudo-Symeon, 102–8, 109, 122 resettlement, compulsory (surg¨ un),¨ Ottoman Pskov. See Novgorod and Pskov practice of, 171, 174 Psychosostria monastery, Constantinople, revolutionary movements. See communism 158 and socialism; nationalism and publishing. See printing and publishing Orthodoxy Putin, Vladimir, 549, 550 Richelieu, Cardinal, 432 Ridiger, Aleksii, 572, 574–5 Qajˆ arˆ dynasty, 446 Rila (monastery), 37 Qalawˆ unˆ (Mamluk sultan), 388 ritual. See liturgy Qebat controversy in Ethiopian Christianity, Rivola, Francesco, 432 464–5, 478–82 roads, chapels as part of, 82 Qerelos´ (Ethiopian bishop), 484–5 Rodinos, Neophytos, 188 Quae in Patriarchatu, 529 Rodios, Maximos, 200 Quburisi, Iskandar, 246 Roe, Sir Thomas, 196, 197 Rokkos, Thomas, 528 Rabban Hurmizd, Chaldean monastery of, Roman (candidate for metropolitan of all 527, 529 Rhosia), 29 Radic(´ celnikˇ of Serbian despots), 162–3, 165 Roman (pupil of Feodosii), 38, 39 Radoslav of Serbia (nephew of Stefan Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox contacts Nemanja/Sava), 16 with. See also entries at Latin; Uniate; Radul (voevoda of Wallachia), 164 union Raffi (Yakob Melik‘-Yakobean), 447 Bars’kyj on, 211, 226, 227 al-Rahib,ˆ Paul, 393 Counter-Reformation Rah. manˆ ˆı, Ignatius Ephrem, 516 Armenian Christianity and, 431–3 Raphael I (Bidawid), Chaldean patriarch, 529, in Russia and Ukraine, 302–6. See also 530 Counter-Reformation in Russia and Raphael I (ecumenical patriarch), 178 Ukraine

713

Index

Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox contacts 1721–1917. See holy synod, Russian Church with (cont.) under rapprochement at end of 17th century, 201 1917–present. See under communism and Syriac churches, ecumenical dialogue with, socialism; diaspora of Orthodox 531–5 Armenian community in Russia, 438–9, Uniate Church. See Uniate Church in 446–9, 453 Ukraine autocephaly of patriarchate (1589), 185, 253, Roman Empire 272, 275, 305 Moscow/Rus as New Bulgaria, ties to, 562 Constantinople/Third Rome/New Byzantine commonwealth, participation Israel, 9, 10, 272, 274, 540, 582 in, 8–11, 28–33 persistence in Constantinople, church–state relationship. See under church commitment to concept of, 10–11 and state, relationship of Romania conversion of, 3 under communist regime, 562–7, 576–7 education. See under education hesychasm in, 565–6 folk customs. See under folk customs and nationalism and autocephaly in, 238–40 superstitions, persistence of post-communist period, 576–7 fragmentation of Golden Horde, effect of, re-education or brainwashing, 563–5 32 Saguna, Andreiu, theories of, 244–5 Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav Romanos Melodos, 148, 151 Agreement (1648–1654), 311–12, 323 Romanov, Filaret (Russian patriarch), 305, Kulikovo, stand against Tatars at (1380), 43, 306–8, 311 253, 254 Romanov, Mikhael, 306, 307 Latin and Uniate churches, wariness of, Romanovs, early regime of, 306–8 307, 308 Romans (Deir al-Baramˆ us),ˆ Coptic Law Code of 1649, 314 monastery of, 492, 508 Lithuania’s designs on, 28–31 Rosen, Baroness Praskov’ia Grigor’evna liturgy. See art and religion in Russia, and (Mother Mitrofaniia), 340 under liturgy Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 206 millennium celebrations of Russian royal church in Ethiopian Christianity, 471–6 Christianity, 573 Rublev, Andrei, 264, 283, 288–91, 297 monastic authority and concept of Russia and Russian Church. See also art and Byzantine Commonwealth in, 41–6 religion in Russia; Latin-Russian Mount Athos monasteries and, 15, 20 Orthodox relations; lay piety and New Constantinople/New Rome/New religious experience in Israel, Moscow as, 9, 10 Russia;monasteries and monasticism; Obolensky’s institutional theory of nationalism and Orthodoxy; Old Byzantine commonwealth, criticism Believers of, 7 1380–1589, 253–5 patriarchate art and religion. See art and religion in abolition of (1721), 324, 326–7. See also Russia holy synod, Russian Church under culture and piety, 260–6 conciliar rule, demand for return to, hesychasm, 262–3 340–7, 353 lay piety. See lay piety and religious establishment of (1589), 185, 253, 272, 275, experience in Russia 305 ‘lived Orthodoxy’ and heterodoxy, restoration of (1917), 325 255–60 Philokalic revival in, 248 monasticism, 261, 266–71 rapprochement with ecumenical 1598–1613 (‘Time of Troubles’), 253, 264, patriarchate following reforms of 275, 300, 305 Peter the Great, 204 1613–1721. See Counter-Reformation in revolutionary activism in, 340–7, 358, 370 Russia and Ukraine Romanovs, early regime of, 306–8

714

Index

saints, cult of, 257, 275 St Paul, Athonite monastery of, 157, 158, 161, serfs, emancipation of, 350 163, 220 settlement patterns of forest zones St Paul (Deir Anba Bula), Coptic monastery 13th–14th century changes in, 41–3 of, 508 slavophilism, 349 St Phokas, monastery of, 88 social policy statement of, 598 St Photis, monastery of, 160 Tatars, tribute paid to, 10, 28, 32 St Sabas, Jerusalem monastery of, 182, 216, 400 ‘Third Rome’, Moscow viewed as, 9, 10, St Samuel al-Qalamun,ˆ Coptic monastery of, 272, 274, 540, 582 508 toleration edict of 1905, 342, 346, 347, 365 St Saviour in Chora, monastery of, 15–17 Ukraine split between Polish–Lithuanian St Stephen (Hayq¨ Est.ifanos), Ethiopian Commonwealth and, 211, 255, 277, 312, monastery of, 468, 473, 481 322–4. See also Ukraine St Thaddaeus, Armenian monastery of, 418, Russian Bible Society, 329, 333 424 Russian pilgrim (Russkii palomnik), 365 St Theodore Stratelates, Novgorod (church), Russo-Persian War (1804–13), 446 278 Rutsky, Iosyf Veliamyn (Uniate St Tikhon’s Orthodox Theological Institute, metropolitan), 304, 308 589 Rycaut, Paul, 199 saints, cult of. See also hagiography and under names Sabas, St, 145 ecclesiastical rites illustrated in Sabas the Younger, St, 92 hagiographic depictions of, 145 Saburova, Solomoniia, 264 eucharistic images drawn from, 137 Sadat, Anwar, 506 feast days, 85–7 Safavids, Ottoman struggle with, 435, 437 holy fools, 47–9, 258, 300, 364 Saga¨ doctrine, Ethiopia. See Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot lay piety and religious experience in Russia and Saga¨ doctrine (1721–1917), 364 Saguna, Andreiu, 244–5 liturgical year and hagiographic Sahaidachny, Hetman Petro, 305 collections, 141–3 Sahak II (Xapayean), Armenian catholicos of naming of children after saints, 94 Sis, 450 palls for saints’ tombs, 296 Sahamirean,ˇ Agha Sahamir,ˇ 442 pilgrimages involving, 88–90 St Alban and St Sergius, Fellowship of, 551 private devotions involving, 91 St Antony (Deir Anba Antuni), Coptic relics, veneration of, 89 monastery of, 400, 491, 508 in Russia, 257, 275 St Antim Ivireanul, monastery of, Bucharest, unofﬁcial and unveriﬁable cults, 566 suppression of, 322 St Athanasius, Greek college of (Rome), 188 Sakakˆ ˆınˆı, Khalˆıl, 246 St Basil’s cathedral, Moscow, 258, 265, 299–300 Saladin, 381, 417 St Catherine’s monastery on Mount Sinai, 37, Salama¨ (Ethiopian bishop), 466, 479–81 155, 182, 216, 218, 399 Salamaˆ Musˆ a,ˆ 497 St Ephrem, Syrian Orthodox monastery of, salvation anxieties, lay means of assuaging, 513 97–100 St James’s monastery, Jerusalem, 438 Samarin, Iurii, 335 St Kirill-Belozerskii monastery, 263, 267, 268, Sambor, Holy Saviour monastery near, 212 269, 282 Samoilovych (Hetman), 323 St Makarios, Coptic monastery of, 492, 505, Samos, Bars’kyj’s description of sanctuary of 508, 583 Hera on, 225, 227 St Menas, Coptic monastery of, 508 Samuel I (ecumenical patriarch), 204 St Michael in Maramures¸(monastery), 27 Samuel (Coptic bishop), 583 St Nicholas at Lipna, Novgorod (church), 278 Sanahnec‘i, Anania, 406 St Panteleimon (Rus monastic house on Sangi, emir of Mosul, 410 Mount Athos), 15, 20, 218 Sanlecques, Jacques, 432

715

Index

Sara¨ı, see of, 23 Sennek‘erim-Yovhannes¯ of Vaspurakan Sargis (Armenian catholicos), 408 (Armenian king), 406 Sargis of Salmosavank’, 437 Serafim (Lade), Russian diaspora archbishop, Sargisean, Garegin, 453, 455 547 Sarhat, Xoˆja, 432 Serafim of Sarov, St, 342 Sars¨ .a¨ Dengel (Ethiopian ruler), 473, 477 Seraphim II (ecumenical patriarch), 204, 208 Sasnec‘i, Mxit‘ar, 425 Serbs and Serbia Satana likuiushchii (Satan triumphant) (film), Bars’kyj’s stay with Serbian community 357 outside Buda and Pest, 213 Sava (Stefan Nemanja), 15–17, 18 Byzantine Commonwealth, participation Savatii (monk associated with in, 7–8, 51, 52 Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery at Chilandar, Serbian house on Mount Athos, Solovki), 268, 282 15–20, 36, 37, 150 Saviour-Andronikov monastery, Moscow, communist and post-communist eras, 543, 282 544, 577–9 Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery at Stefan Dusan.ˇ See Dusan,ˇ Stefan Solovki, 267–8, 282, 315, 321, 568 Stefan Urosˇ II Milutin, 17–18, 20 Savva (Tikhomirov), Russian bishop, 333 Mount Athos patronage and political Sawˆırus ibn al-Muqaffa’, 396 aspirations of, 14–21, 161 SayfaR¨ a’ad¨ (Ethiopian ruler), 469 nationalist uprising (1804–1830)and Schmemann, Alexander, 552, 584, 585, 587 autocephaly of Serbian patriarchate, Scholarios, George (Gennadios II, ecumenical 229, 237–8 patriarch), 77–8, 170–5, 192 Russian Orthodox diaspora, 543, 544 scholasticism, Orthodoxy’s final embrace of, Stefan Nemanja (Sava), 15–17, 18 78 serfs, emancipation of, 350 Schpiller, Vsevolod, 589 Sergiev Posad monastery, 338 scripture Sergiev Pustyn monastery, 337 Armenian translations, 432, 433, 441, 444 Sergii of Radonezh, St, 43, 44, 45, 51, 253, 254, Cyril I Loukaris on, 194 266–7, 282, 283, 290 diaspora, Old Testament concept of, 539 Sergii (Dmitrii Voskresenskii) Russian Ethiopian translations, 461 metropolitan, 561 lay piety and religious experience in Russia Sergii (Stragorodskii), Russian metropolitan, (1721–1917), 360 341, 346, 545, 553, 559, 560, 585 Loukaris translation of New Testament sermons into modern Greek, 200–1 Byzantine collections of, 139 Ostrih Bible, 303 eastern Christianities under Islam, 395 Protestant reliance on, 188, 189, 190 Russian pastoral reforms under holy Russian Bible Society, 329, 333 synod, 335–7 Russian translations and critical Sevan, Armenian monastery of, 441 approaches to, 264, 307–8, 333, 360 Severin, Banate of, 26 Sebastac‘i, Mxit‘ar, 441 Severos, Gabriel, 189 Second Vatican Council, 453, 517, 531 Shahmurat of Bitlis, 432 Selim II (sultan), 166–8 Shakhovskoi, Ioann, 554 Seljuk Turks Sharfeh, Syrian Catholic monastery of Our Alp Arslan (Sultan), 155 Lady of Deliverance at, 518 Armenian Christianity and, 407, 408, 416, Shcharanskii, Anatolii, 573 420 Shearers (strigol’niki), 259, 294 Franciscans captured by Seljuks of Rum, 54 Shenudaˆ III (Coptic patriarch), 495, 506–10, 583 Manzikert, battle of (1071), 155, 169 Shi’a doctrine, 376, 423 Orthodox Church and, 169 Shimëunˆ VIII (Chaldean patriarch), 527 Tughril Beg’s taking of Baghdad, 381 Shimëunˆ XIII (Chaldean patriarch), 527 Semen (prince of Moscow), 8, 30 Shimëunˆ XIX (patriarch of Church of the Semenov, Mikhail, 346 East), 524

716

Index

Shimëunˆ XXI (patriarch of Church of the Solovetskii monastery of East), 524–5, 526 Saviour-Transfiguration, 267–8, 282, Shir, Addai, 529 315, 321, 568 Shnitnikov, Kiprian, 341 Solov’ev, Vladimir, 335 Sicard, Claude, 491, 492 Sophia of Montferrat, 73 Sichem, Christoffel van, the Younger, Sophia (regent of Russia), 321 433 Sophronios III (ecumenical patriarch), 239 Sidarus, A., 390 Sophronios V (patriarch of Jerusalem), 186 Sigismund (German emperor), 72, 73 Sophronios (patriarch of Alexandria), 242 Sigismund III of Lithuania-Poland, 193, 302, Sophronios (archbishop of Cyprus), 242 306 Sorskii, St Nil, 263, 269–71, 294 the Sign, icon of Our Lady of, 279, 284 Soterioupolis, see of, 24 sign of the cross, two-fingered vs. Sougdaia, metropolitanate of, 24 three-fingered, 316 Soviet Republic of Armenia, 453, 454 S¸ihabeddin Pas¸a, governor of Rumelia, Soviet Russia. See under communism and 163 socialism Sihastriaˇ monastery, Moldavia, 566 Spartaliotis, Gerasimos, 198 Siisk Gospels, 281 Spiritual Regulation of 1721 (Russia), 327, 338, Simanskii, Aleksii, 548, 569, 570, 572 348 Simonis (daughter of Andronikos II and wife spirituality, 580–1. See also hesychasm; of Milutin), 17, 18 Philokalia Simonopetra monastery, Mount Athos, 158, Byzantine origins and ‘Christendom’ 162 spirituality, 581 Simonov monastery, Moscow, 267, 270, 282 under communism and socialism Sinai, St Catherine’s monastery on, 37, 155, in Romania, 565, 566, 574–5 182, 216, 218, 399 in Russia, 567–71, 598 sketes, 44, 266, 269 diversity and unity of Orthodox experience Skewrac‘i,˙ Ghorg, 422 of, 580 Skewrac‘i,˙ Mxit‘ar, 418 ecclesiology and, 584–6 Skobtsova, Maria, 546 education and modern spiritual renewal, skomorokhi (itinerant Russian folk minstrels), 589–90 255–60, 310, 313 icons, modern revival of interest in, 590 Slavonic textual community interiority, Armenian spirituality based on, Bulgarian contributions to, 7, 36–9 412 Mount Athos’s creation of, 36–41 lay piety, modern renewal of, 589–90 Obolensky’s institutional theory of ‘martyrdom’ spirituality, 582–3 Byzantine Commonwealth, criticism monasticism, modern revival of, 586, 590 of, 7 patristics, Russian revival of study of, 587–8 slavophilism, 349 sobornost, 357, 585 Slavynetsky, Epifanii, 311, 320 Spyridion, St, 217 Smith, Eli, 444 Spyridon (patriarch of Antioch), 245 Smotryc’skii, Meletij, 311 Stalin, Joseph, 451, 452, 547, 549, 550, 559, Snorhali,ˇ Nerses¯ (Armenian bishop), 413, 425 560–1, 564, 565, 569, 574 sobornost, 357, 585 Staniloae,ˇ Dumitru, 566, 588 socialism. See communism and socialism Staritskaia, Evfrosinia, 264, 268 Society for the Dissemination of Holy state control of church. See church and state, Scripture in Russia, 360 relationship of Society for the Propagation of Religious and Statute of Vladimir, 256 Moral Enlightenment in the Spirit of Stavroniketa, Athonite monastery of, 166, 168 the Orthodox Church, 336 Stavrovetsky, Kyryl Tranquillon, 308 Solari, Marco and Piero Antonio, 293 Stefan (Bulgarian exarch), 562 Solomonean, Solomon (Komitas Vardapet), Stefan (Iavorskii), Russian bishop, 326, 327 448 Stefan Nemanja (Sava), 15–17, 18

717

Index

Stefan of Perm, St, 44, 46, 47, 268 Symeon Metaphrastes, 141 Stefan of Serbia (brother of Stefan Symeon of Thessalonike, 96 Nemanja/Sava), 16 Syntaxis of the Mother of God, icon of, 281 Stefanescu, J. D., 128 Syria Step‘anos IV (Armenian king), 420 Arab nationalism and patriarchate of Step‘anos (Orb¯ elian),¯ Armenian archbishop, Antioch, 245 421, 425 arabisation of, 390, 391 Stephanites, 469 Jacobites in, 377 Stoglav (One Hundred Chapters), 256, 274, 297, Mamluk sultanate in, 388 316 Melkites in, 377 Stolypin, Piotr, 344 Mongols in, 386, 387 Stragorodskii, Sergii, 341, 346, 545, 553, 559, Syriac Christianity of modern Middle East, 511 560 Chaldean Church, 526–31, 534 Strelitzas, Constantine, 98 Church of the East. See Church of the East Strelitzas, Theophanes, 166 diaspora of. See under diaspora of Orthodox strigol’niki or Shearers, 259, 294 ecumenical dialogue amongst churches, Styliane (daughter of Michael Psellos), 83, 91 531–5 Stylos monastery on Mount Latros, 155 Indian Syriac churches. See India suicides of Old Believers, 322 Maronites, 519–23 Sukhanov, Arsenii, 217, 315 Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19 Sulakˆ .a, Yuhˆ . anna,ˆ 527 Syrian Orthodox Church (Jacobites), 512–14 Sulaymanˆ (shah), 433 Syriac Christianity of pre-modern Middle Suleyman¨ I the Magniﬁcent (sultan), 164, 167, East. See Islam, eastern Christianities 183, 184 under Sumarokov, A. P., 329 Syriac speakers, arabisation of, 391–2 Sunday School Movement in Coptic Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19 Christianity, 495, 501, 504, 505, 583, 590 Syrian Orthodox Church Sunni doctrine, 376, 381, 423 modern, 512–14 superordinate centers, 12, 33 pre-modern. See Jacobites superstition. See folk customs and the Syrians (Deir al-Surianˆ ˆı), Coptic superstitions, persistence of monastery of, 492, 507, 508 Sureneanc‘, Georg,¯ 450 Sureneanc‘, Vardges, 448 Takl¨ a¨ Giyorgis II (Ethiopian ruler), 475 surg¨ un¨ (compulsory resettlement), Ottoman Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot (Ethiopian religious practice of, 171, 174 movement) and Saga¨ doctrine Surma, Lady, 524 christological controversy, 464, 465, 466, Sus, Sambˆ ata˘ de, 566 478–82 Susenyos (Ethiopian ruler), 463, 476, 477 historical overview, 464, 465, 466 Suvorov, A. A., 331 monasteries and royal court, tension Suzdal, Intercession (Pokrovskii) monastery between, 468, 470 in, 299 royal church, institution of, 473, 474 Sylvester (pope), 416, 431 Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot (king of Gojjam), 475 Sylvester (patriarch of Alexandria), 167 Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot (monk), 468, 470, 478 Sylvester the Cypriot (patriarch of Antioch), Tamara (Queen of Georgia), 6 213, 224, 226, 227, 228 Tamerlane, 286 Sylvester (Kosov), metropolitan of Kiev, 312 Tanzimat era in Armenian Christianity, 444–5 symbolists in Russia, 366 Tappuni, Ignatius Gabriel, 517 Symeon the New Theologian, St, 64, 91, 102, Tarberuni, Yovhannes,¯ 426 103, 587 Tatars. See also Golden Horde; Mongols Symeon I (ecumenical patriarch), 175, 185 conversion to Orthodox Christianity, 24 Symeon (metropolitan of Alania), 24 holy synod in Russia, treatment of Symeon (father of Stefan Nemanja or Sava), Muslims under, 330, 331 15, 17 Kulikovo, Rus stand at (1380), 43, 253, 254

718

Index

tribute collected from Rus by, 10, 28, 32, 292 Thirteen Years War (1654–1667), 312 Vicina devastated by, 25 Thomas Agni de Lentino, 418 Tat‘ew, Armenian monastery of, 437 Thomas Aquinas Tat‘ewac‘i, Grigor, 428 Armenian translations of, 424, 425 tawahedo¨ (union), Ethiopian christological Barlaam on, 63 concept of, 459 Gennadios’ use of, 77, 78 taxes on non-Muslims Kydones brothers and, 66–9, 70 Copts, 489, 491 Thomas Tomasevic´ (last king of Bosnia), 164 under Ottomans Three Births faith. See Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot and ecumenical patriarchate’s financial Saga¨ doctrine obligations towards Ottoman state, Tikhomirov, Savva (Russian bishop), 333 175–8 Tikhon (Bellavin), Russian patriarch, 325, 347, kharadj, conversion to Islam as way of 558, 559 relieving, 181 Tikhonitskii, Vladimir, 548 patriarchal taxes, 179–80 ‘Time of Troubles’ (1598–1613), Russia, 253, temperance campaigns of Russian Church, 264, 275, 300, 305 344, 345 Timothy I (Nestorian catholicos), 378 templon Tismana, monastery at, 33 development of iconostasis from, 283 Tito, 577–8 in late Byzantine Empire, 85, 133–4 Tlay, Grigor, 413 Teoktist (Romanian patriarch), 576 Tocco family of Epiros, 70 T‘eodor¯ of K‘esun, 409 Toktamysh’s raid of 1382, 287 Ter-Minasean,¯ Eruand, 448 toleration edict of 1905 (Russia), 342, 346, 347, Ter-Mkrt¯ cean,ˇ Karapet, 448 365 Terletsky, Kyryl, 304 toleration, religious. See entries at religious Tewodros´ II (Ethiopian ruler), 466, 475, 480–1 toleration Tewoflos´ (Ethiopian bishop), 485 Tolstoy, Leo, 248, 339, 360, 362 Tewoflos´ (Ethiopian ruler), 464 Tomasevic,´ Stefan (last king of Bosnia), 164 theatre in Russia, 360 Tondrakite sect, 406, 407, 412 Theodora, St, 89 T‘oros (Armenian prince of Edessa), 410 Theodore Angelos (‘emperor’ of T‘orosowicz, Nikolayos, 434, 435 Thessalonike), 16 Transfiguration, church of, Novogorod, 278, Theodore Bar Wahbun, 417 287 Theodore of Blakhernai, 124, 125 translations of scripture. See scripture Theodore of Stoudios, 150 Transylvania. See also Romania Theodore the Younger, St, 182 Protestant influence in, 189 Theodoretos (candidate of Olgerd for, Saguna, Andreiu, theories of, 244–5 metropolitan of all Rhosia), 29 Trapezuntines. See Trebizond Theodoretos of Vresthena, 231 Trdat III (Armenian king), 416 Theodote, mother of Michael Psellos, 91 Trebizond Theognostos (metropolitan of all Rhosia), 29, Alexios III, 20 283 Constantinopolitan community after fall Theognostos (metropolitan of Sara¨ı), 23 to Ottomans, patriarchal candidate Theoleptos I (ecumenical patriarch), 183 of, 175 Theoleptos of Philadelphia, 108, 113 Dionysiou, Athonite monastery of, 20, 156, Theophanes (patriarch of Jerusalem), 198, 305, 158 306, 308 St Eugenios of Trebizond, 88 Theophanes the Confessor, 107 Kirakos of Trebizond, 437 Theophanes the Greek (Feofan Grek), 287–8 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 333 Theorianos, 413 Trinity monastery, Bulgaria, 37, 40 Theotokis, Nikephoros, 205 Trinity, Orthodox vs. Latin theology of Third Rome, Moscow viewed as, 9, 10, 272, Armenians, 418 274, 540, 582 Augustine, On the Trinity, 57

719

Index

Trinity,Orthodox vs. Latin theology of (cont.) Russia, effect of separation from, 211, 255, Gregory of Cyprus on, 61 277 heresy of Latin view, Greek opinion Russian Church, domination by, 312, 322–3, regarding, 54–6, 60 324 hesychasm, development of, 101 Zaporozhian Cossacks in, 305 John Bekkos and Photios on, 58 ‘ulema, threat to Orthodox position from, Judaiser heresy, anti-trinitarian elements 183–4 of, 259 ‘Umar, pact of, 381, 489 Latin arguments regarding, 55–60 al-‘Umarˆı, 398 Nestorian justiﬁcations for Muslim Uniate Armenian order of Mxit‘arists, 441, audience, 394 443, 447, 455 Trinity-St Sergii monastery, Moscow, 43, 263, Uniate Armenian patriarchate, 441, 443 264, 266, 267, 282, 283, 289–91, 307, 364 Uniate Church in Ukraine Troitskie listki, 364 continuing existence of, 330 Trufanov, Iliodor, 341, 344–5 eventual dominance of, 323–4 Tryphon, St, 87 formation of, 304 Tsaritsyn monastery, 344 holy synod, ‘reuniﬁcation’ with Orthodox tserkovnost’ (church-mindedness), 332 Church under, 330 Tubingen¨ professors, Orthodox monastic reforms under, 304 correspondence with, 185, 189–91 persecution of Orthodox by, 211, 226, Tughril Beg, 381 304 Turcograecia (Martin Crusius), 185, 189, re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy 190 and, 304 Turgenev, Nikolai, 335 Romanov wariness regarding, 307 Turkevich, Leonty, 592 Uniate Romanian Church, communist Turkey repression of, 562 Armenian genocide (1915–1923), 450–1 Uniate Syriac churches diaspora of Orthodox from, 247, 542–3 Chaldean Church, 526–31 overthrow of sultan and establishment of, Malankara Church of India, 514 449 Maronites. See Maronites Syrian Orthodox Christians in, 512–14 Syrian Catholic Church, 515–19 Turkish nomads, monasteries affected by union of Armenian and Latin churches, invasions of, 155 415–17 T¸ut¸ea, Petre, 563, 565 union of Armenian and Orthodox churches, Tver, icon painting in, 281 proposals regarding, 413–15 Tzortzis, 166 Union of Krewo (1383), 27 union of Orthodox and Latin churches, 53 Ugljesa,ˇ John, 162 Brest-Litovsk, pseudo-union of (1595), 193 Ugljesa,ˇ Yukasin,ˇ 162 Counter-Reformation proposals for, 304–5 Ukraine. See also Counter-Reformation in John V Palaiologos’s attempts at, 67–8 Russia and Ukraine; Uniate church in Manuel II Palaiologos and, 71–3 Ukraine Ottoman conquest of Byzantium and, 171, Cyril I Loukaris (ecumenical patriarch) in, 172 193 union of Florence (1439) Khmelnytsky revolt and Pereiaslav Armenians, 428 Agreement (1648–1654), 311–12, 323 Byzantine hostility to, 76–7 modern churches of, 594 Counter-Reformation reunion Mohyla, Peter, 308–10 proposals and, 304 partition between Poland and Russia, 211, Gennadios as leader of opposition in 255, 277, 312, 322–4 aftermath of, 53 re-establishment of Orthodox hierarchy in, negotiations leading up to, 73–6 305–6 Orthodox abolition of, 185 ‘the Ruin’, 312 proclamation of, 53

720

Index

Russian Orthodox Church, Vicina, metropolitanate of, 25 consequences for, 316 Vidin, see of, 38 Russian rejection of, 271 Vienna, Congress of (1815), 369 union of Lyons (1274), 58–61, 419 Vienna formula, 531, 533 unitary faith (edinoverie) of Old Believers and Vikentije (Serbian patriarch), 578 Russian Orthodox, hopes of, 328 Vimercati, 493 United Kingdom. See Britain Virgin Mary. See also speciﬁc icons and United States, Orthodox Church of, 592–3 manifestations, e.g.Hodegetria universal Christianity, mysticism of, 329 Akathistos hymn and art, 130, 148, 150, Urban II (pope), 382 151 Urban V (pope), 68 as Constantinople’s patron, 3 Urban VIII (pope), 196 fertility to barren women, as granter of, 88 urbanisation in Russia, 356, 366 icons and epithets from liturgical poetry, Uspenskii/Uspensky, Leonid, 555, 590 152 Ustase,ˇ 577 Saburova, Solomoniia, devotional art of, ‘Uthmanˆ al-Nabulusˆ ˆı, 386 264 Uvarov, Count Sergei, 351 Vishniakov, Aleksei Andreevich, 221 vision literature, 47, 98 Vadkovskii, Antonii, 336, 341, 342 Viskovatyi, I. M., 297 Vahkac‘i, Kostandin, 428 visual arts. See art Valedinskii, Dionisii, 547 Vladimir I of Kiev, St, 3, 274, 295, 309, Vansleb, J. M., 490, 491, 492 573 Vapheidis, Philaretos, 237 Vladimir (Bogoiavlenskii), metropolitan of Varag monastery, 445 Moscow, 343 Vardapet, Vanakan, 418 Vladimir-Suzdal, princes of, 299 Varham. See Grigor II Vladimir (Tikhonitskii), Russian diaspora Varlaam, monastery of, 268 archbishop, 548 Vasilii I (grand prince of Muscovy), 10, 31, 32, Vladimir Mother of God (Our Lady of 45, 271 Tenderness) icon, 286–7, 590 Vasilii II (grand prince of Muscovy), 271 Vladislav of Serbia (nephew of Stefan Vasilii III (tsar), 264, 293, 299 Nemanja/Sava), 16 Vasilii (son of Ivan III), 260 Vladislav (voevoda and master of all Vassian Patrikeev (prince), 271 Oungrovlachia), 26, 27 Vatican Council I (1869–70), 528 Vladychne-Pokrovskaia community of Sisters Vatican Council II (1962–65), 453, 517, 531 of Mercy, 340 Vatopedi, Athonite monastery of, 158, 162, Vodita, monastery at, 33 163, 202 Volokolamsk monastery, 264, 293 Velestinlis, Rhigas, 206, 207 Voltaire, 206, 208 Velychkovskii/Velichkovsky, Paisii, 339, 588 Vonifatiev, Stefan, 313, 317 Venetian Crete, Orthodox/Latin relationship Vorobiev, Vladimir, 590 in, 69 Voskresenskii, Dmitrii, 561 Veniamin (metropolitan of Petrograd), 560 Voskresenskii or New Jerusalem monastery, Venice, Greek community in, 69–73, 212, 315, 319 213 Votiaks, 328 vestments Voulgaris, Eugenios, 202–4, 205 ecumenical patriarchate, Christ depicted Vvedenskaia community of sisters, near Kiev, wearing sakkos of, 21, 134 340 Eucharist, themes associated with celebration of, 131 Wafd movement, 497, 498 Photios, metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus, Wallachia. See also Romania sakkos of, 10, 21, 32, 33, 131 Armenian community in, 434 women’s devotional art in Russia Mount Athos, devotion of Wallachian (1380–1589), 264 princes to, 20, 156, 168

721

Index

Wallachia (cont.) Yakunin, Gleb, 569, 572 Oungrovlachia, see of, 25–7 Yannoulatos, Anastasios, 594 Protestant inﬂuence in, 189 Yaq‘ob (Ethiopian ruler), 477 union with Moldavia (1859), 239 Yaqˆ ut,ˆ 398 Ware, Timothy (Bishop Kallistos of Yared,´ St, 461 Diokleia), 588 YaS¨. aga¨ Lej. See Takl¨ a¨ Haymanot and Saga¨ The Way of a Pilgrim, 589 doctrine WCC (World Council of Churches), 453, 467, Yazijioglu Ali, 157 526, 531, 552, 562, 563, 595 Yekunno Amlak (Ethiopian ruler), 468 Weitzmann, Kurt, 138 Yeremiaogullari, Dimitri, 163 west. See entries at Latin Yeremiaogullari, Yakub, 163 Wilhelm, Davide de, 194 Yeshaq (Ethiopian ruler), 473 witchcraft, 99 Yohan (Orb¯ eli),¯ Armenian metropolitan, 424 Witte, Sergei, 342, 344 Yoh. annes¨ I (Ethiopian ruler), 464, 474 Wladyslaw IV of Lithuania-Poland, 306, 309 Yoh. annes¨ IV (Ethiopian ruler), 466, 475, 476, Wolff, 204 481–2, 487 women Young Turks revolt (1908), 247 abortion and contraception, modern Yovhan Ojnec‘i,¯ 404 Russian Orthodox position on, 598 Yovsep‘eanc‘,¯ Garegin, 448, 451, 453 St Agathe, celebration of feast of, 93 Yugoslavia lay piety and religious experience in Russia creation of kingdom of, 238 (1721–1917), 366 modern Serbian Orthodox Church and, monasticism in Russia and, 264, 268, 339–40 577–9 ordination of, 596 Yunanian, Vardan, 435 pilgrimages to relieve barrenness of, 88–9 Yusufˆ (Joseph) II (Chaldean patriarch), 527 Russian devotional art of, 264 segregation of sexes at church services, 84 ZaDengel¨ (Ethiopian ruler), 463, 477 word-weaving (pletenie sloves), 44, 262, 263 Zaporozhian Cossacks in Ukraine, 305 work, lay devotions associated with, 93–4, 100 Zar’a¨ Ya‘qob (Ethiopian ruler), 462, 467, 470, World Council of Churches (WCC), 453, 467, 471, 473, 480 526, 531, 552, 562, 563, 595 Zart‘onk‘ (Awakening), 445 World War I, 247 Zawditu¨ (Ethiopian ruler), 476 World War II, 546–7, 554, 560–1 Zealots of Piety, 313 worship. See liturgy Zernov, Nicholas, 551, 587, 588 Wych, Sir Peter, 197 Zerzoulis, Nikolaos, 204 Zhirovitsy monastery, Russia, 570 Xacikˇ (Armenian catholicos), 406 Zichia-Matracha, metropolitanate of, 25 xack‘arˇ , 412 Father Zinon (icon painter), 590 Xapayean, Sahak, 450 Zizioulas, John (Metropolitan Ioannes of Xenophon, Athonite monastery of, 166 Pergamon), 585 Xeropotamou, Athonite monastery of, 164, Zoe (empress), 92 221, 222 Zoe¨ movement (Brotherhood of Xiphilinos, George, 415 Theologians), 589 Xrimean, Mkrtic,ˇ 445, 448 Zographou (Mount Athos monastery), 37, 586 Xylokarabes, Markos (ecumenical patriarch), Zosima (metropolitan under Ivan III), 9, 267 175 Zosima (monk associated with Xylourgou (Rus monastery on Mount Athos), Saviour-Transﬁguration monastery at 15 Solovki), 268, 282 Zosimas, St, 137 Yahballahˆ aˆ III (Nestorian catholicos), 385, 387 Zygomalas, Theodosios, 189, 190 Yakob IV (Armenian catholicos), 432, 433 Zyrians, Stefan of Perm’s works amongst, 45, Yakob of E¯ˆjmiacin (Armenian catholicos), 438 46 Yakobos (Uniate Armenian patriarch), 444 Zyzanii, Lavrentii, 308

722