DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 2: Implement Combined Heat and Power in the Electric Sector

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 2: Implement Combined Heat and Power in the Electric Sector 2. Implement Combined Heat and Power in the Electric Sector 2. Implement Combined Heat and Power in the Electric Sector 1. Profile through heat, largely in the condensation of steam.1 CHP captures much of this waste heat as useful thermal output, ne strategy for reducing carbon dioxide substituting for heat that would have been produced 2 (CO2) emissions is to capture the waste heat separately. Whereas generating electricity and thermal from electric generating units (EGUs) as a energy separately might have an overall efficiency ranging secondary output to serve other purposes, from 40 to 55 percent, CHP applications can achieve Otypically central heating and cooling or industrial processes system efficiencies of 60 to 80 percent (Figure 2-1). These in neighboring facilities. As described in the context efficiency gains are accompanied by fuel savings that make of boiler optimization in Chapter 1, heat losses can be CHP a cost-effective and commercially available solution for recovered from the flue gases or cooling system to improve reducing CO2 emissions. CHP both improves businesses’ plant efficiency (see Table 1-2). In addition to using waste bottom lines and delivers system-wide benefits like reduced heat to preheat boiler feedwater and meet other operational air pollution, improved grid reliability, and avoided electric thermal requirements, plants can also capture and pipe losses on transmission and distribution networks. With heat locally to satisfy other co-located demand for thermal CHP currently accounting for 8 percent of US generating energy. Combined heat and power (CHP), also known as capacity and 12 percent of electricity,3 it is regarded as a 4 cogeneration, is the term used to describe this variety of widely underutilized opportunity for emissions reductions. technology configurations that sequentially generates both The US Department of Energy (DOE) has estimated that electric and useful thermal output from a single fuel source. increasing CHP to 20 percent of electric power capacity Generating only electricity, the average US coal-fired by 2030 would reduce CO2 emissions by more than 800 power plant has a conversion efficiency of 33 percent, million metric tons per year.5 which means that two-thirds of the energy input is lost However, because the benefits of CHP accrue economy- wide and not just in the electric power sector, adequately 1 US Energy Information Administration. (2012). Electric CHP can also be regarded as underutilized on the basis that Power Annual Report, Table 8.1. Average Operating Heat Rate cost-effective investment opportunities are widely available. for Selected Energy Sources. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/ Assessments of economic feasibility are discussed below, electricity/annual/html/epa_08_01.html but estimates typically range between 40 and 50 gigawatts of potential. See: European Environment Agency. (2012, 2 Note that because the heat needs to be extracted at a higher April). Combined Heat and Power Assessment: ENER 020. temperature and pressure than the large thermal loss in the Available at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/ condensers, recovering this heat from a power plant typically indicators/combined-heat-and-power-chp-1/combined-heat- results in losses in power capacity. This is discussed in and-power-chp-2; McKinsey & Company. (2009). Unlocking greater detail below. Energy Efficiency in the US Economy. Available at: http://www. 3 Total US CHP capacity was 83 gigawatts in 2014. ICF mckinsey.com/client_service/electric_power_and_natural_ International for the US DOE and Oak Ridge National gas/latest_thinking/unlocking_energy_efficiency_in_the_ Laboratory. (2014, March). CHP Installation Database. us_economy; US DOE. (2008, December 1). Combined Heat Available at: http://www.eea-inc.com/chpdata/ and Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable Future. Available at: http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/ 4 CHP can be said to be underutilized in the US market f4/chp_report_12-08.pdf in comparison to high penetration rates in Europe. For example, CHP accounts for over 45 percent of electricity in 5 US DOE, at supra footnote 4. Denmark and over 30 percent in the Netherlands (2009). 2-1 Implementing EPA’s Clean Power Plan: A Menu of Options accounting for them poses challenges. Modifying Figure 2-1 a generating unit to optimize for electric and thermal output, for example, improves overall Comparison of Separate and Combined Heat 6 energy utilization, but could result in an increase and Power Efficiencies and 2CO Emissions in the facility’s direct emissions and an increase in Conventional Combined Heat & Power Generation 5 MW Natural Gas emissions per unit of electric output. Therefore, Combustion Turbine although the technology is mature and although the Power Station Fuel 91 Units Fuel emissions reduction potential is large, tapping that 30 potential requires specialized accounting conventions Power Plant Electricity Units Electricity Electricity and other carefully constructed regulatory, legal, EFFICIENCY: Combined 147 Units Fuel 33% Heat & 100 Units Fuel and financial approaches that look at the total useful EFFICIENCY: Power 80% (CHP) energy output of CHP (electric and thermal) and that 45 56 Units Fuel Units look at impacts beyond the source of emissions. Boiler Heat Heat Boiler Fuel Steam Proposed federal regulations for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under sections 111(b) and 111(d) of the Clean Air Act are structured to create broad 51% ... Overall Efficiency ... 75% exemptions for CHP facilities. They affect only a portion of the existing CHP units in the power sector, Conventional Combined Heat & Power Generation 5 MW Natural Gas larger units designed to deliver electricity to the grid Combustion Turbine Emissions (criteria provided in Section 2). For those units that Power Station Fuel are affected, the rules stipulate an accounting method (US Fossil Mix) 32 kTons Power Plant Electricity 35,000 Electricity that grants credit for a facility’s useful thermal output MWh and avoided line losses as a means of rewarding the EFFICIENCY: Combined 33% Heat & CHP Fuel (Gas) environmental benefits of CHP (see Section 4). For Power EFFICIENCY: other affected EGUs, the viability of retrofitting for 80% (CHP) Boiler Fuel (Gas) 179,130 CHP would be contingent on site-specific factors, Boiler Heat Heat MMBtu such as plant equipment, local demand for thermal Emissions Emissions energy, fuel costs, market conditions, and so on, 13 kTons 23 kTons but retrofitting would also allow an EGU to claim 45 k tons/yr ... Total Emissions ... 23k tons/yr the thermal and avoided line loss credits to improve its CO2 emissions rate toward compliance. Alternatively, in which a steam turbine, gas turbine, or reciprocating retrofitting could provide an opportunity for a unit to engine has the primary purpose of generating electricity. qualify for exemption. States could also use the energy Heat is then captured, usually as steam, and directed to efficiency or clean energy building blocks of the US nearby facilities, where it can be used to meet co-located Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Best System of demand for central heating or manufacturing processes. Emission Reduction framework to incorporate CHP as a This chapter discusses topping-cycle CHP applications at GHG abatement strategy, especially those installations that central station EGUs as a means of reducing the carbon are exempt from EPA rules, both in and outside the power intensity of the electric power sector. Alternatively, CHP can sector. be distributed across the electric grid at individual facilities, There are two basic types of CHP: topping and bottoming where energy users such as institutional, commercial, and systems. In a “bottoming-cycle” configuration, also known manufacturing facilities have both power and heating or as waste heat to power, the primary function is to combust fuel to provide thermal input to an industrial process, such as in a steel mill, cement kiln, or refinery. Waste heat 6 US EPA. (2014, August). CHP Partnership. Available at: is then recovered from the hot process exhaust for power http://www.epa.gov/chp/. A power plant efficiency of 33 generation, usually through a heat recovery boiler that percent (higher heating value) denotes an average delivered efficiency based on 2009 data from eGRID for all fossil fuel makes high pressure steam to drive a turbine generator. power plants (35.6 percent), plus 7 percent transmission and More common is a “topping-cycle” system, a configuration distribution losses. 2-2 2. Implement Combined Heat and Power in the Electric Sector Table 2-1 Summary of CHP Technologies for Large-Scale Applications7 Overall Efficiency Installed, 2014 CHP System Available (Higher Heating (Capacity/ Type Advantages Disadvantages Sizes Value) Sites)8 Gas High reliability Requires high pressure gas or 500 kW to 66% to 71% 64%/16% Turbine Low emissions in-house gas compressor 300 MW High-grade heat available Poor efficiency at low loading Less cooling required Output falls as ambient temperature rises Steam High overall efficiency Slow startup 50 kW to Near 80% 32%/17% Turbine Any type of fuel can be used Low power-to-heat ratio 300+ MW Ability to meet more than one site heat grade requirement Long working life and high reliability Power to heat ratio can be kW - kilowatt varied within a range MW-megawatt Figure 2-2 Existing US CHP Technology by Capacity and Site Number9 Capacity by Technology Sites by Technology Waste Heat Recovery: 2% Fuel Cell: 4% Boiler/Steam Turbine: 31% Microturbine: 8% Other: 1% Other: 0% Boiler/Steam Turbine: 17% Reciprocating Waste Heat Recovery: 1% Combined- Cycle: 53% Engine: 53% Reciprocating Engine: 3% Combustion Turbine: 12% Combined-Cycle: 5% Combustion Turbine: 10% cooling requirements. Potential applications of this kind are 7 US EPA CHP Partnership. (2015, March). Catalog of CHP more abundant than for large centralized CHP generating Technologies. Tables II & III. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ units, and are considered a specific type of distributed chp/documents/catalog_chptech_full.pdf.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trends in Electricity Prices During the Transition Away from Coal by William B
    May 2021 | Vol. 10 / No. 10 PRICES AND SPENDING Trends in electricity prices during the transition away from coal By William B. McClain The electric power sector of the United States has undergone several major shifts since the deregulation of wholesale electricity markets began in the 1990s. One interesting shift is the transition away from coal-powered plants toward a greater mix of natural gas and renewable sources. This transition has been spurred by three major factors: rising costs of prepared coal for use in power generation, a significant expansion of economical domestic natural gas production coupled with a corresponding decline in prices, and rapid advances in technology for renewable power generation.1 The transition from coal, which included the early retirement of coal plants, has affected major price-determining factors within the electric power sector such as operation and maintenance costs, 1 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS capital investment, and fuel costs. Through these effects, the decline of coal as the primary fuel source in American electricity production has affected both wholesale and retail electricity prices. Identifying specific price effects from the transition away from coal is challenging; however the producer price indexes (PPIs) for electric power can be used to compare general trends in price development across generator types and regions, and can be used to learn valuable insights into the early effects of fuel switching in the electric power sector from coal to natural gas and renewable sources. The PPI program measures the average change in prices for industries based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy Australian Water Utilities
    Case Study 7 Renewable energy Australian water utilities The Australian water sector is a large emissions, Melbourne Water also has a Water Corporation are offsetting the energy user during the supply, treatment pipeline of R&D and commercialisation. electricity needs of their Southern and distribution of water. Energy use is These projects include algae for Seawater Desalination Plant by heavily influenced by the requirement treatment and biofuel production, purchasing all outputs from the to pump water and sewage and by advanced biogas recovery and small Mumbida Wind Farm and Greenough sewage treatment processes. To avoid scale hydro and solar generation. River Solar Farm. Greenough River challenges in a carbon constrained Solar Farm produces 10 megawatts of Yarra Valley Water, has constructed world, future utilities will need to rely renewable energy on 80 hectares of a waste to energy facility linked to a more on renewable sources of energy. land. The Mumbida wind farm comprise sewage treatment plant and generating Many utilities already have renewable 22 turbines generating 55 megawatts enough biogas to run both sites energy projects underway to meet their of renewable energy. In 2015-16, with surplus energy exported to the energy demands. planning started for a project to provide electricity grid. The purpose built facility a significant reduction in operating provides an environmentally friendly Implementation costs and greenhouse gas emissions by disposal solution for commercial organic offsetting most of the power consumed Sydney Water has built a diverse waste. The facility will divert 33,000 by the Beenyup Wastewater Treatment renewable energy portfolio made up of tonnes of commercial food waste Plant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Opportunity of Cogeneration in the Ceramic Industry in Brazil – Case Study of Clay Drying by a Dry Route Process for Ceramic Tiles
    CASTELLÓN (SPAIN) THE OPPORTUNITY OF COGENERATION IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL – CASE STUDY OF CLAY DRYING BY A DRY ROUTE PROCESS FOR CERAMIC TILES (1) L. Soto Messias, (2) J. F. Marciano Motta, (3) H. Barreto Brito (1) FIGENER Engenheiros Associados S.A (2) IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo S.A (3) COMGAS – Companhia de Gás de São Paulo ABSTRACT In this work two alternatives (turbo and motor generator) using natural gas were considered as an application of Cogeneration Heat Power (CHP) scheme comparing with a conventional air heater in an artificial drying process for raw material in a dry route process for ceramic tiles. Considering the drying process and its influence in the raw material, the studies and tests in laboratories with clay samples were focused to investigate the appropriate temperature of dry gases and the type of drier in order to maintain the best clay properties after the drying process. Considering a few applications of CHP in a ceramic industrial sector in Brazil, the study has demonstrated the viability of cogeneration opportunities as an efficient way to use natural gas to complement the hydroelectricity to attend the rising electrical demand in the country in opposition to central power plants. Both aspects entail an innovative view of the industries in the most important ceramic tiles cluster in the Americas which reaches 300 million squares meters a year. 1 CASTELLÓN (SPAIN) 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The energy scenario in Brazil. In Brazil more than 80% of the country’s installed capacity of electric energy is generated using hydropower.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Storage Impact on CHP Cogeneration Performance with Southwoods Case Study Edmonton, Alberta Michael Roppelt C.E.T
    Thermal Storage Impact on CHP Cogeneration Performance with Southwoods Case Study Edmonton, Alberta Michael Roppelt C.E.T. CHP Cogeneration Solar PV Solar Thermal Grid Supply Thermal Storage GeoExchange RenewableAlternative & LowEnergy Carbon Microgrid Hybrid ConventionalSystemSystem System Optional Solar Thermal Option al Solar PV CNG & BUILDING OR Refueling COMMUNITY Station CHP Cogeneration SCALE 8 DEVELOPMENT Hot Water Hot Water DHW Space Heating $ SAVINGS GHG OPERATING Thermal Energy Cool Water Exchange & Storage ElectricalMicro Micro-Grid-Grid Thermal Microgrid Moving Energy not Wasting Energy Natural Gas Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Cogeneration $350,000 2,500,000 kWh RETAILINPUT OUTPUT VALUE NATURAL GAS $400,000. $100,000.30,000 Gj (85% Efficiency) CHP $50,000 Cogeneration15,000 Energy Gj Technologies CHP Unit Sizing Poorly sized units will not perform optimally which will cancel out the benefits. • For optimal efficiency, CHP units should be designed to provide baseline electrical or thermal output. • A plant needs to operate as many hours as possible, since idle plants produce no benefits. • CHP units have the ability to modulate, or change their output in order to meet fluctuating demand. Meeting Electric Power Demand Energy Production Profile 700 Hourly Average 600 353 January 342 February 500 333 March 324 April 400 345 May 300 369 June 400 July 200 402 August 348 September 100 358 October 0 362 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Meeting Heat Demand with CHP Cogeneration Energy Production Profile Heat Demand (kWh) Electric Demand (kWh) Cogen Heat (kWh) Waste Heat Heat Shortfall Useable Heat CHP Performance INEFFICIENCY 15% SPACE HEATING DAILY AND HEAT 35% SEASONAL ELECTRICAL 50% IMBALANCE 35% 50% DHW 15% Industry Studies The IEA works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 30 member countries and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrical Modeling of a Thermal Power Station
    Electrical Modeling of a Thermal Power Station Reinhard Kaisinger Degree project in Electric Power Systems Second Level Stockholm, Sweden 2011 XR-EE-ES 2011:010 ELECTRICAL MODELING OF A THERMAL POWER STATION Reinhard Kaisinger Masters’ Degree Project Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden 2011 XR-EE-ES 2011:010 Table of Contents Page ABSTRACT V SAMMANFATTNING VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VII ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BACKGROUND 3 2.1 Facilities in a Thermal Power Plant 3 2.2 Thermal Power Plant Operation 4 2.2.1 Fuel and Combustion 4 2.2.2 Rankine Cycle 4 2.3 Thermal Power Plant Control 6 2.3.1 Turbine Governor 7 2.4 Amagerværket Block 1 7 2.5 Frequency Control 9 2.5.1 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Continental Europe Power System 9 2.5.2 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Nordic Power System 10 2.5.3 Decentralized Frequency Control Action 11 2.5.4 Centralized Frequency Control Action 12 3 MODELING 14 3.1 Modeling and Simulation Software 14 3.1.1 Acausality 14 3.1.2 Differential-Algebraic Equations 15 3.1.3 The ObjectStab Library 15 3.1.4 The ThermoPower Library 16 3.2 Connectors 16 3.3 Synchronous Generator 17 3.4 Steam Turbine 22 3.5 Control Valves 23 3.6 Boiler, Re-heater and Condenser 23 3.7 Overall Steam Cycle 23 3.8 Excitation System and Power System Stabilizer 24 3.9 Turbine Governor 25 3.10 Turbine-Generator Shaft 26 3.11 Overall Model 26 3.12 Boundary Conditions 27 3.13 Simplifications within the Model 28 3.13.1 Steam Cycle 28 3.13.2 Governor 28 3.13.3 Valves and Valve Characteristics 29 3.13.4
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Energy Storage Technologies' Application
    sustainability Review A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration Henok Ayele Behabtu 1,2,* , Maarten Messagie 1, Thierry Coosemans 1, Maitane Berecibar 1, Kinde Anlay Fante 2 , Abraham Alem Kebede 1,2 and Joeri Van Mierlo 1 1 Mobility, Logistics, and Automotive Technology Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (A.A.K.); [email protected] (J.V.M.) 2 Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-485659951 or +251-926434658 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are frequently hit by fluctuations due to, for example, insufficient wind or sunshine. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) mitigate the problem by storing excess energy generated and then making it accessible on demand. While there are various EST studies, the literature remains isolated and dated. The comparison of the characteristics of ESTs and their potential applications is also short. This paper fills this gap. Using selected criteria, it identifies key ESTs and provides an updated review of the literature on ESTs and their application potential to the renewable energy sector. The critical review shows a high potential application for Li-ion batteries and most fit to mitigate the fluctuation of RESs in utility grid integration sector.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 1 Focusing Forward, from Challenge to Opportunity
    RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION RFA Board of Directors Neil Koehler RFA Chairman Pacific Ethanol Inc. www.pacificethanol.com Jeanne McCaherty Charles Wilson Geoff Cooper Rick Schwarck RFA Vice Chair RFA Treasurer RFA President RFA Secretary Guardian Energy LLC Trenton Agri Products LLC Renewable Fuels Association Absolute Energy LLC www.guardiannrg.com www.trentonagriproducts.com www.EthanolRFA.org www.absenergy.org Neal Kemmet Mick Henderson Brian Kletscher Bob Pasma Ace Ethanol LLC Commonwealth Agri-Energy LLC Highwater Ethanol LLC Parallel Products www.aceethanol.com www.commonwealthagrienergy.com www.highwaterethanol.com www.parallelproducts.com Ray Baker Scott Mundt Pat Boyle Delayne Johnson Adkins Energy LLC Dakota Ethanol LLC Homeland Energy Solutions LLC Quad County Corn Processors Coop. www.adkinsenergy.com www.dakotaethanol.com www.homelandenergysolutions.com www.quad-county.com Eric McAfee John Didion Seth Harder Dana Lewis Aemetis Inc. Didion Ethanol LLC Husker Ag LLC Redfield Energy LLC www.aemetis.com www.didionmilling.com www.huskerag.com www.redfieldenergy.com Randall Doyal Carl Sitzmann Kevin Keiser Walter Wendland Al-Corn Clean Fuel LLC E Energy Adams LLC Ingredion Inc. Ringneck Energy LLC www.al-corn.com www.eenergyadams.com www.ingredion.com www.ringneckenergy.com Erik Huschitt Bill Pracht Chuck Woodside Brian Pasbrig Badger State Ethanol LLC East Kansas Agri-Energy LLC KAAPA Ethanol Holdings LLC Show Me Ethanol LLC www.badgerstateethanol.com www.ekaellc.com www.kaapaethanol.com www.smefuel.com Jim Leiting Jason Friedberg
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Basics: the Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day
    Biomass Basics: The Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day Energy is essential in our daily lives. We use it to fuel our cars, grow our food, heat our homes, and run our businesses. Most of our energy comes from burning fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas. These fuels provide the energy that we need today, but there are several reasons why we are developing sustainable alternatives. 2 We are running out of fossil fuels Fossil fuels take millions of years to form within the Earth. Once we use up our reserves of fossil fuels, we will be out in the cold - literally - unless we find other fuel sources. Bioenergy, or energy derived from biomass, is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels because it can be produced from renewable sources, such as plants and waste, that can be continuously replenished. Fossil fuels, such as petroleum, need to be imported from other countries Some fossil fuels are found in the United States but not enough to meet all of our energy needs. In 2014, 27% of the petroleum consumed in the United States was imported from other countries, leaving the nation’s supply of oil vulnerable to global trends. When it is hard to buy enough oil, the price can increase significantly and reduce our supply of gasoline – affecting our national security. Because energy is extremely important to our economy, it is better to produce energy in the United States so that it will always be available when we need it. Use of fossil fuels can be harmful to humans and the environment When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • DESIGN of a WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri
    DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri - Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI Dr. Noah Manring, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined he thesis entitled DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM presented by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI a candidate for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Noah Manring Dr. Roger Fales Dr. Robert O`Connell ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis advisor, Dr. Noah Manring, for his constant guidance, advice and motivation to overcome any and all obstacles faced while conducting this research and support throughout my degree program without which I could not have completed my master’s degree. Furthermore, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Roger Fales and Dr. Robert O`Connell for serving on my thesis committee. I also would like to express my gratitude to all the students, professors and staff of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department for all the support and helping me to complete my master’s degree successfully and creating an exceptional environment in which to work and study. Finally, last, but of course not the least, I would like to thank my parents, my sister and my friends for their continuous support and encouragement to complete my program, research and thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Waste Heat Recovery in Diesel Engines Using the Organic Rankine
    DF Waste Heat Recovery in Diesel Engines using the Organic Rankine Cycle Potential of Heat Recovery in the Volvo D13 Engine for Marine and Standby Power Generation Applications ANIL GOPINATH BHARADWAJ WAEL AL HAJI Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 Master’s thesis in Automotive Engineering Waste Heat Recovery in Diesel Engines using the Organic Rankine Cycle Anil Gopinath Bharadwaj Wael Al Haji DF Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences Division of Combustion and Propulsion Systems Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 Waste Heat Recovery in Diesel Engines using the Organic Rankine Cycle ANIL GOPINATH BHARADWAJ WAEL AL HAJI © ANIL GOPINATH BHARADWAJ, WAEL AL HAJI, 2020 Examiner: Sven B Andersson, Prof. Division of Combustion and Propulsion Sys- tems, Chalmers University of Technology Supervisors: Jelmer Rijpkema, Chalmers University of Technology; Patrik Land- berg, Volvo Penta AB; Björn Wessman, Volvo Penta AB; Master’s Thesis in Automotive Engineering Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences Division of Combustion and Propulsion Systems Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone +46 31 772 1000 Cover: Pictures showcasing the engine which WHR system is used for, operating points of interest and a T-s diagram of cyclopentane. Printed by Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 iv Waste Heat Recovery in Diesel Engines using the Organic Rankine Cycle Potential of Heat Recovery in the Volvo D13 Engine for Marine and Standby Power Generation Applications Thesis for the degree of Masters in Automotive Engineering/Marine Engineering ANIL GOPINATH BHARADWAJ, WAEL AL HAJI Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Division of Combustion and Propulsion Systems Chalmers University of Technology Abstract The current global warming situation and various other environmental challenges call for innovative and easy-to-implement technologies to help counter the effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Cofiring in Coal-Fired Boilers
    DOE/EE-0288 Leading by example, saving energy and Biomass Cofiring in Coal-Fired Boilers taxpayer dollars Using this time-tested fuel-switching technique in existing federal boilers in federal facilities helps to reduce operating costs, increase the use of renewable energy, and enhance our energy security Executive Summary To help the nation use more domestic fuels and renewable energy technologies—and increase our energy security—the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) in the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, assists government agencies in developing biomass energy projects. As part of that assistance, FEMP has prepared this Federal Technology Alert on biomass cofiring technologies. This publication was prepared to help federal energy and facility managers make informed decisions about using biomass cofiring in existing coal-fired boilers at their facilities. The term “biomass” refers to materials derived from plant matter such as trees, grasses, and agricultural crops. These materials, grown using energy from sunlight, can be renewable energy sources for fueling many of today’s energy needs. The most common types of biomass that are available at potentially attractive prices for energy use at federal facilities are waste wood and wastepaper. The boiler plant at the Department of Energy’s One of the most attractive and easily implemented biomass energy technologies is cofiring Savannah River Site co- fires coal and biomass. with coal in existing coal-fired boilers. In biomass cofiring, biomass can substitute for up to 20% of the coal used in the boiler. The biomass and coal are combusted simultaneously. When it is used as a supplemental fuel in an existing coal boiler, biomass can provide the following benefits: lower fuel costs, avoidance of landfills and their associated costs, and reductions in sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and greenhouse-gas emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Forces on Large Steam Turbine Blades RWE Npower Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Power Industry
    Forces on Large Steam Turbine Blades RWE npower Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Power Industry INTRODUCTION RWE npower is a leading integrated UK energy company and is part of the RWE Group, one of Europe's leading utilities. We own and operate a diverse portfolio of power plant, including gas- fired combined cycle gas turbine, oil, and coal fired power stations, along with Combined Heat and Power plants on industrial site that supply both electrical power and heat. RWE npower also has a strong in-house operations and engineering capability that supports our existing assets and develops new power plant. Our retail business, npower, is one of the UK's largest suppliers of electricity and gas. In the UK RWE is also at the forefront of producing energy through renewable resources. npower renewables leads the UK wind power market and is a leader in hydroelectric generation. It developed the UK's first major off- shore wind farm, North Hoyle, off the North Wales Figure 1: Detailed view of turbine blades coast, which began operation in 2003. With blades (see Figure 1) rotating at such Through the RWE Power International brand, speeds, it is important that the fleet of steam RWE npower sells specialist services that cover turbines is managed to ensure safety and every aspect of owning and operating a power continued operation. If a blade were to fail in- plant, from construction, commissioning, service, this could result in safety risks and can operations and maintenance to eventual cost £millions to repair and, whilst the machine is decommissioning. not generating electricity, it can cost £hundreds of SCENARIO thousands per day in lost revenue.
    [Show full text]