DOCSLIB.ORG

Acadian French and Linguistic Theory1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acadian French and Linguistic Theory1 ACADIAN FRENCH AND LINGUISTIC THEORY1 Ruth King York University ABSTRACT This article identifies some profitable areas of research for Acadian linguis­ tics, in particular, research in sociolinguistics and in grammatical theory. The value of Acadian French data for the testing of theories of language change and for the study of syntactic variation within generative grammar is explored. 1. INTRODUCTION Interest in Acadian French has grown tremendously over the past two decades, and with it, there has been a dramatic increase in articles and monographs on linguistic aspects of these varieties. While the first publication on Acadian French, Pascal Poirier's 'La langue acadienne', appeared in 1884, most publications are considerably more recent. The great major­ ity of the 430 entries in Edward Gesner's 1986 Bibliographie annotée de linguistique acadienne are post-1960 and 65 date from the period 1980-85. In the bibliography, the varieties of Acadian French spoken in all four Atlantic provinces and in Louisiana are well represented.2 Descriptive studies of phonology and vocabulary are especially prominent, understandably so since these are the foci of traditional dialectology. There are also a significant number of mor­ phological studies, as might be expected since most comparative work on Acadian compares it with standard French and Acadian varieties differ considerably from standard French in verb morphology. Obviously documentation of present-day Acadian varieties is both necessary and im­ portant, as evidenced by the continuing value to modern researchers of landmark works such as Geneviève Massignon's 1962 Les parlers français de l'Acadie, a (principally) lexical study based on fieldwork conducted in the mid-1940s. However, in this article I will focus not on the significance of such documentation for the historical record, but on how research on Acadian French may also be important in the development of linguistic theory, specifically sociolinguis- tic theory and grammatical theory.3 In the case of sociolinguistic theory, Acadian communities are quite different from the ones usually investigated by variationists: they are bilingual and they typically do not exhibit the sort of social stratification found, say, in New York City or Norwich. By studying how and by whom linguistic change is implemented in such communities we are able to study the extent to which the Labovian model can account for linguistic innova­ tion and for the diffusion of linguistic change. With respect to grammatical theory, the gram­ mars of varieties of Acadian, while in many respects quite similar, differ from those of other 1 Research on Prince Edward Island varieties of Acadian French has been supported by research grants 410-87-0586, 410-89-0338 and 410-90-0615 from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 2 Acadian French refers to varieties of French spoken in North America (principally in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island in Canada and in Louisiana in the United States) which have their origin in the 'centre-ouest' of France. 3 I will be concerned here with Atlantic Canada Acadian French; for more on the sociolinguistics of Louisiana varieties, see Brown (1988); for more on Louisiana French and grammatical theory, see Brown (1986). 36 Ruth King varieties of French in nontrivial ways. Therefore, they may provide important data for the study of parametric variation. 2. SOCIOLINGUISTIC THEORY It is sometimes remarked that Canadian French is one of the world's language varieties most studied by sociolinguists. Most notably, there have been the pioneering Montreal French studies begun two decades ago by Henrietta Cedergen and Gillian Sankoff and the continuing work on the Cedergren-Sankoff corpus and on more recent Montreal corpora by Cedergren, David Sankoff, Pierrette Thibault and their associates, along with the studies of Ontario French un­ dertaken over the past fifteen years by Raymond Mougeon and his associates, and the investi­ gations of the French spoken in Ottawa-Hull by Shana Poplack and her associates, beginning iri the early 1980s. Over the last decade, sociolinguistic studies of Acadian varieties spoken in all four Atlantic Provinces have also been undertaken (cf. Flikeid 1984 for northeastern New Brunswick, King 1983 for Newfoundland varieties, King and Ryan 1988 for Prince Edward Island varieties, Flikeid 1989 for Nova Scotia varieties). As we might expect, the Acadian studies reveal complex, but structured, organization of linguistic variation, or as Labov has termed it, orderly heterogeneity. They reveal as well tension between maintenance of Acadian linguistic features (carriers of Acadian identity) and linguistic change in the direction of com­ munity-external standards. For instance, in her northeastern New Brunswick study, Flikeid (1984) found evidence of style shifting on the part of younger speakers in the direction of less use of certain well-known phonological features of Acadian, such as palatalized variants of /k / and /g /, but widespread use (across age groups) of certain other features, such as the fronting of low back nasal vowels in stressed, open syllables. A principal finding of Labov and his followers has to do with linguistic changes in progress: change begins with working or lower middle class speakers and then spreads to other social groups (cf. Labov 1966, 1980; Labov, Yaeger and Steiner 1972).4 In his classic New York City study, Labov (1966) developed what has become the standard methodology for sociolin­ guistic studies: informants are ranked on a social class index based on a number of socioeconomic factors and are then divided into social class groupings on the basis of their SEC scores. Such stratification studies have been conducted in a large number of urban contexts, from Philadelphia to Sydney, Australia to Panama City to St. John's, with considerable success. Sociolinguistic studies of Acadian varieties have found the interrelated factors of age, level of education, and level of bilingualism to be the more important social factors in the analysis of linguistic variation and change (cf. Flikeid 1984, King 1983). In general younger, more bilingual, better educated (in French) Acadians speak less conservative Acadian French. For example, in one case of change in progress in the direction of the external standard, the spread of the [w] variant of orthographic -oi- in northeastern New Brunswick, Flikeid (1984) found that age is by far the most important social factor, with younger speakers leading the 4 Labov (1966) develops a curvilinear model of social diffusion of linguistic change wherein the working and lower-middle classes are the innovators. However, Kroch (1978) argues for a linear model in which the dominant force is the upper class's resistance to such innovations. For discussion, and an attempt to reconcile the two approaches, see Guy (1988). While he has in the past rejected the possibility of rapid and sweeping linguistic change, Labov (1991) admits to the possibility of such change but only in face of 'catastrophic social events', (p. 245, my emphasis). Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association 13 (1991) Acadian French and Linguistic Theory 37 change. These results are what we might expect since the small communities studied inten­ sively display little social stratification among their francophone inhabitants. This is not to say that socioeconomic factors are never found to be significant. In one small community currently under study, Abram-Village in Prince Edward Island, the notion of the linguistic marketplace, i.e., of 'how speakers' economic activity, taken in its widest sense, requires or is necessarily associated with competence in the legitimized language' (Sankoff and Laberge 1978: 239), has been found to be of some importance. My account of one case of linguistic variation in Abram-Village (cf. King 1991a), i.e., variation in the use of the well-integrated English lexical borrowing back, is in terms of marketplace ranking. In this specific case there is a negative correlation between use of back and higher marketplace ranking. However, Mougeon and Beniak's studies of a number of francophone communities in Ontario lead them to suggest that, in the case of linguistic change in minority languages, change may not 'proceed in the way described by Labov for monolingual communities, that is, via the introduction of an innovation by an individual speaker or by a small group of speakers belonging to a particular social class, and its subsequent propagation to other speakers of the same class and eventual adoption by speakers of other classes' (Mougeon and Beniak 1991a: 13). The five Ontario communities they have studied in detail, i.e., Hawkesbury, Cornwall, North Bay, Pembroke and Welland, all display social class variation. In their 1991 book they report that in only one case among the many linguistic variables they have investigated is there any­ thing but a loose connection with social class. Rather degree of minority-language-use restric­ tion and level of bilingualism are the key factors.5 Acadian communities are another important testing ground for Mougeon and Beniak's hypothesis that linguistic innovation may involve the autonomous behaviour of one or more speakers. The study of Acadian varieties, including those spoken in areas in which there is clear social stratification (e.g., in urban centres such as Moncton6), in areas in which there is so­ cial differentiaton not readily correlated with socioeconomic factors (e.g., in areas such as Baie Sainte-Marie in Nova Scotia) and in small, relatively homogeneous villages (e.g., in L'Anse-à- Canards in Newfoundland or in Chéticamp in Nova Scotia), allows us to investigate further Mougeon and Beniak's hypothesis. Of course, as Flikeid (1988: 196) points out, this is not an easy undertaking, since 'découvrir les dimensions pertinentes de la structure sociale existante exige des recherches sociologiques, une connaissance intime du milieu et aussi de l'innovation dans les techniques sociolinguistiques utilisés', but it is nevertheless an important one.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 1904 Anglo-French Newfoundland Fisheries Convention: Another Look
    RESEARCH NOTES/NOTES DE RECHERCHE The 1904 Anglo-French Newfoundland Fisheries Convention: Another Look THE EXISTING LITERATURE ON ANGLO-FRENCH RELATIONS at the turn of the century, as well as that which specifically addresses the 1904 entente cordiale, for the most part makes only passing mention of the Newfoundland fisheries issue. Understandably, the focus of these accounts tends to be on the changing relations between the great powers, and on the most important aspect of the entente itself, which was the definition of boundaries and spheres of influence in North and West Africa. The exceptions are P.J.V. Rolo's study of the entente, which does recognize the crucial place of the fisheries issue in the context of the overall negotiation, and F.F. Thompson's brief account of the Newfoundland settlement from a colonial perspective in his standard work on the French, or Treaty, Shore question. i This note expands these accounts of the evolution of the 1904 Anglo-French Fisheries Convention, reinforces the view that it was vital to the successful completion of the overall package, and looks at the aftermath. This is not the place to discuss in detail the reasons for Anglo-French rapprochement which culminated in the 1904 entente cordiale. At the risk of oversimplification, one can point to several key factors. The Fashoda incident (1898) demonstrated, in time, to many French politicians that there was no hope of ending the resented British occupation of Egypt and the Nile valley. Confrontation with Britain in Africa was clearly futile, and accommodation potentially advantageous. Increasingly, the parti colonial urged the French government to consider giving up its financial and economic influence in Egypt, recognizing British predominance there, in return for British acceptance of France's ambition to establish a protectorate over Morocco and concessions elsewhere.2 Once this reasoning had been accepted and advanced by the French government, the British government eventually proved willing to respond positively (if carefully).
    [Show full text]
  • Newfoundland in International Context 1758 – 1895
    Newfoundland in International Context 1758 – 1895 An Economic History Reader Collected, Transcribed and Annotated by Christopher Willmore Victoria, British Columbia April 2020 Table of Contents WAYS OF LIFE AND WORK .................................................................................................................. 4 Fog and Foundering (1754) ............................................................................................................................ 4 Hostile Waters (1761) .................................................................................................................................... 4 Imports of Salt (1819) .................................................................................................................................... 5 The Great Fire of St. John’s (1846) ................................................................................................................. 5 Visiting Newfoundland’s Fisheries in 1849 (1849) .......................................................................................... 9 The Newfoundland Seal Hunt (1871) ........................................................................................................... 15 The Inuit Seal Hunt (1889) ........................................................................................................................... 19 The Truck, or Credit, System (1871) ............................................................................................................. 20 The Preparation of
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey 2010
    Copyright by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey 2010 The Dissertation Committee for Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Planning language practices and representations of identity within the Gallo community in Brittany: A case of language maintenance Committee: _________________________________ Jean-Pierre Montreuil, Supervisor _________________________________ Cinzia Russi _________________________________ Carl Blyth _________________________________ Hans Boas _________________________________ Anthony Woodbury Planning language practices and representations of identity within the Gallo community in Brittany: A case of language maintenance by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2010 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents and my family for their patience and support, their belief in me, and their love. I would like to thank my supervisor Jean-Pierre Montreuil for his advice, his inspiration, and constant support. Thank you to my committee members Cinzia Russi, Carl Blyth, Hans Boas and Anthony Woodbury for their guidance in this project and their understanding. Special thanks to Christian Lefeuvre who let me stay with him during the summer 2009 in Langan and helped me realize this project. For their help and support, I would like to thank Rosalie Grot, Pierre Gardan, Christine Trochu, Shaun Nolan, Bruno Chemin, Chantal Hermann, the associations Bertaèyn Galeizz, Chubri, l’Association des Enseignants de Gallo, A-Demórr, and Gallo Tonic Liffré. For financial support, I would like to thank the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin for the David Bruton, Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations
    Sonderforschungsbereich Mehrsprachigkeit International Colloquium on Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations 18–20 October 2007 University of Hamburg Research Centre on Multilingualism Welcome On behalf of our Research Centre on Multilingualism (Sonderforschungsbereich Mehrsprachigkeit), generously supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and the University of Hamburg, we would like to welcome you all here in Hamburg. This colloquium deals with issues related to convergence and divergence in language contact situations, issues which had been rather neglected in the past but have received much more attention in recent years. Five speakers from different countries have kindly accepted our invitation to share their expertise with us by presenting their research related to the theme of this colloquium. (One colleague from the US fell seriously ill and deeply regrets not being able to join us. Unfortunately, another invited speak- er cancelled his talk only two weeks ago.) All the other presentations are re- ports from ongoing work in the (now altogether 18) research projects in our centre. We hope that the three conference days will be informative and stimulating for all of us, and that the colloquium will be remembered for both its friendly atmosphere and its lively, controversial discussions. The organising commit- tee has done its best to ensure that this meeting with renowned colleagues from abroad will be a good place to make new friends or reinforce long-stand- ing professional contacts. There will be many opportunities for doing that – during the coffee breaks and especially during the conference dinner at an ex- cellent French restaurant on Thursday evening.
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusion of Students with Special Education Needs in French As a Second Language Programs: a Review of Canadian Policy and Resource Documents
    Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 183, 15-29 Inclusion of Students With Special Education Needs in French as a Second Language Programs: A Review of Canadian Policy and Resource Documents Stefanie Muhling, Ontario Ministry of Education & Callie Mady, Nipissing University Abstract This article describes a document analysis of policy and resource documents pertaining to inclu- sion of students with special education needs (SSEN) in Canadian French as a Second Language (FSL) programs. By recognizing gaps and acknowledging advancements, we aim to inform cur- rent implementation and future development of inclusive policy. Document analysis of a) special education documents and b) FSL policy and support documents revealed that over 80% of pro- vincial and territorial education ministries currently refer to inclusion of SSEN in FSL. With the intent of remediating identified inconsistencies in actual application, this article concludes with specific recommendations to enhance inclusive practice. Keywords: French as a second language (FSL), inclusion, second language education, special needs, students with special education needs Introduction Inclusion1 of students with special education needs2 (SSEN) in French as a second language (FSL) programs is an issue gaining increased attention throughout Canada, as educators are encouraged to strive for greater inclusion while at the same time, requiring additional support to do so (Lapkin, MacFarlane, & Vandergrift, 2006). As past and current incidences of exclusion come to the fore, educators, researchers, and policymakers are embarking upon more inclusive approaches to FSL programming. To both support such efforts, and to recognize the multiple sources of information across Canada, this article uses document analysis to reveal the state of inclusion in FSL programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Orientations to French Language Varieties Among Western Canadian French-As-A-Second- Language Teachers
    Meike Wernicke The University of British Columbia ORIENTATIONS TO FRENCH LANGUAGE VARIETIES AMONG WESTERN CANADIAN FRENCH-AS-A-SECOND- LANGUAGE TEACHERS Abstract: In Canada, official French-English bilingualism and the long-standing presence of Indigenous and immigrant languages has shaped how these languages and their varieties are learned, taught, and used in educational contexts. To date, there has been little inquiry into French-as-a-second-language (FSL) teachers’ orientations to the varieties of French they teach, in particular Canadian French language varieties (Arnott, Masson, and Lapkin 2019), despite studies showing that ideologies associated with different language varieties can impact teachers’ instructional choices. This article presents an analysis of the narrated experiences of FSL teachers from Western Canada, drawn from journal and interview accounts, about their encounters with different language varieties while on professional development in France. Thematic and discourse analytic perspectives bring to light complex negotiations of ideological meaning and representation related to language variation in French, as well as the discursive strategies employed by the participants in orientating to these meanings. These discursive actions make evident deeply embedded language ideologies that have significant implications for both French as a first and as a second language education, not only in terms of a prevailing linguistic insecurity among francophones but equally significant for FSL teachers’ professional identity construction, especially those who are themselves second language speakers of French. The analysis and discussion highlight the importance of integrating pluralistic perspectives into teacher education programs and ongoing teacher professional development initiatives. Keywords: French language education w Canadian French w linguistic insecurity w standardized language w language ideology Wernicke, Meike.
    [Show full text]
  • Acadiens and Cajuns.Indb
    canadiana oenipontana 9 Ursula Mathis-Moser, Günter Bischof (dirs.) Acadians and Cajuns. The Politics and Culture of French Minorities in North America Acadiens et Cajuns. Politique et culture de minorités francophones en Amérique du Nord innsbruck university press SERIES canadiana oenipontana 9 iup • innsbruck university press © innsbruck university press, 2009 Universität Innsbruck, Vizerektorat für Forschung 1. Auflage Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Umschlag: Gregor Sailer Umschlagmotiv: Herménégilde Chiasson, “Evangeline Beach, an American Tragedy, peinture no. 3“ Satz: Palli & Palli OEG, Innsbruck Produktion: Fred Steiner, Rinn www.uibk.ac.at/iup ISBN 978-3-902571-93-9 Ursula Mathis-Moser, Günter Bischof (dirs.) Acadians and Cajuns. The Politics and Culture of French Minorities in North America Acadiens et Cajuns. Politique et culture de minorités francophones en Amérique du Nord Contents — Table des matières Introduction Avant-propos ....................................................................................................... 7 Ursula Mathis-Moser – Günter Bischof des matières Table — By Way of an Introduction En guise d’introduction ................................................................................... 23 Contents Herménégilde Chiasson Beatitudes – BéatitudeS ................................................................................................. 23 Maurice Basque, Université de Moncton Acadiens, Cadiens et Cajuns: identités communes ou distinctes? ............................ 27 History and Politics Histoire
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    The Michif Dictionary and Language Change in Métchif RICHARD A. RHODES University of California, Berkeley When Métchif ¿rst came to the attention of the outside world in 1972, the late John Crawford, a linguist in the English Department at the University of North Dakota, began working on it intensively, concentrating mostly on the speech community on the Turtle Mountain Reservation. In 1974 the Summer Institute of Linguistics/North Dakota program began using Turtle Mountain Métchif as the ¿eld language for students. This continued until 1986. During that time a large repository of basic Métchif data was accu- mulated, most of it of excellent quality, collected not only by students but also by instructors, all experienced ¿eldworkers. In the same time frame, Crawford set up a dictionary project in which he identi¿ed two of the better speakers from Turtle Mountain and tasked them with creating the diction- ary with only minimal outside help. The result was Laverdure and Allard (1983) The Michif Dictionary: Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree, the most widely available piece of documentation on Métchif. (A full discussion of the process can be found in Crawford’s introduction.) While Laverdure and Allard (1983) is very valuable, there are a number of crucial weaknesses in it that are not discernable in the absence of independent elicitation. These weaknesses arose because Crawford wanted the dictionary proj- ect to be community based. He gave the native speakers an operational framework and worked out an orthography with them, based on his under- standing of the Métchif sound system and using mostly English spelling conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • French Creole
    Comparative perspectives on the origins, development and structure of Amazonian (Karipúna) French Creole Jo-Anne S. Ferreira UWI, St. Augustine/SIL International Mervyn C. Alleyne UWI, Mona/UPR, Río Piedras Together known as Kheuól, Karipúna French Creole (KFC) and Galibi-Marwono French Creole (GMFC) are two varieties of Amazonian French Creole (AFC) spoken in the Uaçá area of northern Amapá in Brazil. Th ey are socio-historically and linguistically connected with and considered to be varieties of Guianese French Creole (GFC). Th is paper focuses on the external history of the Brazilian varieties, and compares a selection of linguistic forms across AFC with those of GFC and Antillean varieties, including nasalised vowels, the personal pronouns and the verbal markers. St. Lucian was chosen as representative of the Antillean French creoles of the South-Eastern Caribbean, including Martinique and Trinidad, whose populations have had a history of contact with those of northern Brazil since the sixteenth century. Data have been collected from both fi eld research and archival research into secondary sources. Introduction Th is study focuses on a group of languages/dialects which are spoken in Brazil, French Guiana and the Lesser Antilles, and to a lesser extent on others spoken in other parts of the Americas (as well as in the Indian Ocean). Th is linguistic group is variously referred to as Creole French, French Creole, French-lexicon Creole, French-lexifi er Creole, French Creole languages/dialects, Haitian/Martiniquan/St. Lucian (etc.) Cre- ole, and more recently by the adjective of the name of the country, particularly in the case of the Haiti (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Newfoundland English
    Izaro Zalacain Mendia Degree in English Studies 2019-2020 NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH Supervisor: Miren Alazne Landa Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Alemana y de Traducción e Interpretación Área de Filología Inglesa Abstract The English language has undergone many variations, leaving uncountable dialects in every nook and cranny of the world. Located at the north-east of Canada, the island of Newfoundland presents one of those dialects. However, within the many varieties the English language features, Newfoundland English (NE) remains as one of the less researched dialects in North America. The aim of this paper is to provide a characterisation of NE. In order to do so, this paper focuses on research questions on the origins of the dialect, potential variation within NE, the languages it has been in contact with, its particular linguistic features and the role of linguistic distinction in the Newfoundlander identity. Thus, in this paper I firstly assess the origins of NE, which are documented to mainly derive from West Country, England, and south-eastern Ireland, and I also provide an overview of the main historical events that have influenced the language. Secondly, I show the linguistic variation NE features, thus displaying the multiple dialectal areas that are found in the island. Furthermore, I discuss the different languages that have been in contact with the variety, namely, Irish Gaelic and Micmac, among others. Thirdly, I present a variety of linguistic features of NE -both phonetic and morphosyntactic- that distinguish the dialect from the rest of North American varieties, including Canadian English. Finally, I tackle the issue of language and identity and uncover a number of innovations and purposeful uses of certain features that the islanders show in their speech for the sake of identity marking.
    [Show full text]
  • Total of 10 Pages Only May Be Xeroxed
    CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES TOTAL OF 10 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED (Without Author's Permission) ; "\. A Linguistic Description of the French Spoken on the Port-au-Port Peninsula of Western Newfoundland by © Mary Geraldine Barter Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Memorial University of Newfoundland April 1986 :t.• Perm i ssion has been granted L'autorisation a ete accordee to the National Library of a la Bibliotheque nationale Canad a to microfilm this du Canada de microfilmer thesis and to lend or sell cette these et de preter ou copies of the film. de vendre des exemplaires du film. The author (copyright owner) L'auteur (titulai re du droit has reserved other d'auteur) se reserve les publication rights, and autres droits de publication; neithe r the thesis nor ni la these ni de longs extens ive extracts from it extraits de celle-ci ne may be printed or otherwise doivent etre imprimes ou reproduced without his/her autrement reproduits sans son writt en permission. autorisation ecrite. ISBN 0-315-31008-1 Table of Contents Page In trociuction l List of Abbreviations .......... ....... ...... 5 Acknowledgements 8 Chapter I . The French of the Port-au-Port Peninsula and Bay St. George: A Historical Perspective .......... 12 II. The French Spoken on the Port-au- Port Peninsula .................... 40 III. The Vocabulary .................... 78 IV. Phonetic Aspects .................. 140 Appendices 184 Informants 185 Recorded Text:.s A. Mme Elizabeth Barter, La Grand'Terre 207 B. Mrne Marguerite LeCour, L'Anse-a- Canards ........................... 212 c. Mrne Lucie Simon, Cap-St-Georges ... 217 Bibliography 222 List of Figures Page 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Education in Madawaska, 1842-1920
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Summer 8-21-2020 Language, Identity, and Citizenship: Politics of Education in Madawaska, 1842-1920 Elisa E A Sance University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Canadian History Commons, Other Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons, United States History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Sance, Elisa E A, "Language, Identity, and Citizenship: Politics of Education in Madawaska, 1842-1920" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3200. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3200 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LANGUAGE, IDENTITY, AND CITIZENSHIP: POLITICS OF EDUCATION IN MADAWASKA, 1842-1920 By Elisa Elisabeth Andréa Sance M.A. University of Maine, 2014 B.A. Université d’Angers, 2011 B.L.S. Université d’Angers, 2007 A.A. Université Picardie Jules Verne, 2006 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine August 2020 Advisory Committee: Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History, Advisor Scott W. See, Libra Professor Emeritus of History Richard W. Judd, Professor Emeritus of History Mazie Hough, Professor Emerita of History & Women’s, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Jane S.
    [Show full text]