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Proquest Dissertations University of Alberta L'Acadie communautaire: The Inclusion and Exclusion of New Brunswick Francophones by Christina Lynn Keppie © A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Modern Languages and Cultural Studies Edmonton, Alberta Fall 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46343-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-46343-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada University of Alberta L'Acadie communautaire: The Inclusion and Exclusion of New Brunswick Francophones by Christina Lynn Keppie A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Modern Languages and Cultural Studies Edmonton, Alberta Autumn 2008 Dedication To Barry Ancelet, Professor of French at the University of Louisiana Lafayette, whom I have never met but whom has greatly influenced my career by asking the following 3 questions: «Qu'est-ce que 9a veut dire, etre acadien? L'Acadie est-elle un lieu ou un etat d'esprit? Quelqu'un qui ne parle plus le francais peut-il etre acadien?» (Ancelet 1996:89) I came across this quote quite by accident one day. I read it and reread it many times over to the point that I got really frustrated with myself because I had no answer. This dissertation is the only justifiable means I can offer in answering M. Ancelet's questions. He is far from the only one to have asked them. Abstract Understanding what is meant by the terms Acadie and Acadien have long proven to be a complicated matter in the Canadian Province of New Brunswick. Until the 1960s, a traditionalist-style discourse described Acadia and Acadians in relation to family values. Between 1960 and 1980, modernity came in the form of linguistic and territorial homogeneity advocacy. Finally, from the 1980s onward, Acadia has often been promoted as the result of la cause commune, an effort to obtain sociolinguistic equality for better collaboration with the English majority on the international economic scene. This dissertation aims to deepen our understanding of what Acadia means and what is entailed in being Acadian through a series of content analyses of the ideological discourses of over 70 New Brunswick Francophones who were interviewed in the summer of 2005. Rather than simply focusing on one area as a representation of the whole as is often the case in linguistic anthropological studies, the present study examines the relevance of the factors of one's region, age and gender in relation to the roles played by language and geography in the definitions of Acadie, Acadien and the Acadian identity {acadianite). We conclude that to be part of Acadia does not necessarily entail being Acadian. Mental maps place Acadia within the 3 French regions of New Brunswick, with the North-East as its centre. However, due to several socio- cultural factors (genealogy, economy), the North-West is not Acadian, despite its membership within Acadia. We also suggest that acadianite is determined primarily through genealogy but that the ideological discourses of the Francophones from the Eastern regions of New Brunswick indicate that Acadians from that province perceive themselves in two different manners, as is symbolized by the two municipal poles of Caraquet and Moncton and their linguistic markets. Finally, we suggest calling French New Brunswick VAcadie communautaire so it reflects the globalizing-style discourse that characterizes Acadia as a type of membership that includes all groups of people, regardless of language, as long as they seek the continuous sociolinguistic equality of New Brunswick Francophones. Acknowledgements This project is the result of the effort of many people, whom all made valuable contributions. Most importantly, I thank the people of French New Brunswick who took the time to sit down with me and share their feelings and opinions concerning matters that were obviously important to them. They are this project's true inspiration. I also thank and greatly acknowledge Michelle Daveluy, Terry Nadasdi and Genevieve Maheux-Pelletier for their continuous guidance, advice and encouragement over the years. Finally, I am grateful for Edward, who pushed me in times most necessary. Table of contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The origins of Acadia and its complexities 2 1.2 French New Brunswick today 6 1.2.1 The North-East 9 1.2.2 The South-East 10 1.2.3 The North-West 11 1.3 The concept of speech communities 12 1.4 Discourse periods in French New Brunswick 16 1.4.1 The traditional discourse period- « une collectivite sans Etat » 16 1.4.2 The modernizing discourse period - « 1'union fait la force » 18 1.4.3 The globalizing discourse period - « l'unicite dans la diversite » 20 1.5 The concept of ideology 22 1.6 Acadian typologies 24 1.7 Description of chapters 27 2.0 Review of literature 29 2.1 The modernizing discourse - «l'union fait la force» 29 2.2 The globalizing discourse and New Brunswick Acadia's regional discontinuity - « l'unite dans la diversite » 40 2.2.1 The North-West's regional identity - « Nous sommes Brayons » 41 2.2.2 The South-East's globalizing identity - « C'est comme un genre de 'melting pot'. » 46 2.3 The role of language inacadianite 55 2.4 Acadia as a geographical construct 67 2.5 Qu'est-ce que 1'Acadie? - Acadie and Acadien as defined by scholars, elite, and in history texts 92 2.5.1 Acadia as portrayed through national history 93 2.5.2 Acadia and Acadian, as defined by scholars and elite 97 2.6 Previous empirical research 103 2.7 Conclusion to review of literature 108 3.0 Case study 110 3.1 Research questions 110 3.2 Methodological approach 111 3.3 Hypotheses, data collection and interview process 112 3.4 Transcription of corpus 119 3.5 Interpreting and analyzing data 120 4.0 Results 121 4.1 Brief description of results 121 4.1.1 Acadie today 121 4.1.2 Acadien today 123 4.1.3 The North-East: a focus on tradition 124 4.1.4 The South-East: a focus on urban and diversified growth 124 4.1.5 The North-West: a focus on geography 126 4.1.6 The age of tradition versus the youth of globalization 127 4.1.7 Today's Acadian woman: a symbol of modernity 127 4.2 Participant identity 129 4.3 Understanding Acadie 130 4.3.1 Understanding Acadie through typology 134 4.4 Understanding Acadien 137 4.4.1 Understanding Acadien through typology 141 4.5 The role of geography 143 4.5.1 Geographical reference for Acadie and Acadien 144 4.5.2 An Acadian capital 147 4.5.3 Establishing a capital of Acadia 156 4.5.4 An official Acadian territory 162 4.5.5 Acadia's imaginary borders 168 4.6 The role of language in acadianite 182 4.6.1 Differences between New Brunswick Acadians and other Maritime Acadians 183 4.6.2 How New Brunswick Acadians differ from each other 188 4.6.3 The importance of language in acadianite 196 4.6.4 Comprehension and communication difficulties among New Brunswick Acadians, le chiac surtout 199 4.6.5 Reactions to New Brunswick French varieties 204 4.6.6 The fear of linguistic assimilation - « une forme legere de schizophrenie » 206 4.6.7 Consequences to linguistic assimilation - « une violence symbolique » 211 4.7 Resulting trends 216 5.0 Concluding discussion 218 5.1 Patterns in Acadian typology 218 5.2 L 'identite de VAcadie versus Videntite de VAcadien - To belong to Acadia or to be part of Acadia does not necessarily entail being Acadian 223 5.3 The relevance of one's region 226 5.3.1 The North-East -« 1'union fait la force » 226 5.3.2 The South-East - « l'unite dans la diversite » 229 5.3.3 - the North-West - part of Acadia but not Acadian 231 5.4 Acadia, geography, and Vespace acadien 233 5.5 The relevance of one's age 238 5.6 The relevance of gender 240 5.7 Language as symbolic power and economic commodity 241 5.8 The 2 poles of acadianite 246 5.9 Final postulation - VAcadie communautaire 249 5.10 Limitations of study 255 6.0 Bibliography 261 7.0 Appendices 277 7.1 Interview forms, questions, and transcription protocol 277 7.1.1 Consent form 277 7.1.2 Personal information questionnaire 278 7.1.3 List of all interview questions 279 7.1.4 Transcription protocol 280 7.2 Personal data collected ..282 7.2.1 Age, profession, and education of participants 282 7.2.2 Place of birth, current residence and languages spoken by participants 283 7.2.3 Participant identity 285 7.2.4 Number of responses to interview questions, as per region, gender, and age ..
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