URBANISATION AND ITS CHALLENGES: POVERTY, CLIMATE CHANGE, RESILIENCE AND CONSUMPTION ARE SOME OF THE DEFINING QUESTIONS OF OUR TIME Cities are not just a geographical phenomena. The challenges related to accelerated growth processes and the complexity of urban systems very often exceed the capacities and skills of the political and technical teams responsible for managing them. It is therefore fundamental to invest both funds and effort in to supporting local leaders who work to improve the quality of life in cities on a daily basis.

DECENTRALISED COOPERATION In an increasingly urbanised world, cities must be recognised as drivers of for change. And in this context, cities have come to recognise the value of sharing experiences and knowledge in order to guarulhos optimise solutions and avoid repeating mistakes. porto alegre Canoas This is the current scenario of development of maringá Decentralised Cooperation Since its foundation, the strategic mandate of UCLG has dondo been to support learning by promoting decentralised cooperation and international cooperation between local governments and their associations, and to VITÓRIA belo horizonte foster peer to peer ties as a means of furthering mutual lichinga learning and understanding. maputo inhambane MATOLA XAI XAI nampula manhiça Acknowledgements

United Cities and Local Government members AFRICA LATIN AMERICA EUROPE are committed to decentralized cooperation, and have a long history of supporting Matola Xai Xai Canoas ABM University Lleida – Cátedra Unesco solidarity and learning among local and Mayor Calisto Moisés Cossa Mayor Ernesto Daniel Chambisse Mayor Jairo Jorge Mr. Eduardo Tadeo Prof. Josep Maria Llop Torne, Director regional governments the world round. With Mr. Beatriz Tembe Mr. Justino Massingue Ms. Deise Martins CNM Ms. Montse Gibert, Urban Planner Mr. Leonel Simango Mr.Arlindo Nandza Mr. Celio Piovesan the City Future project initiated in 2007 with Mr. Paulo Ziulkoski Universitat Politècnica Catalunya Mr. Anselmo Soares Mr. Victor Chiconela Porto Alegre Ms. Tatiane Jesus Prof. Francesc Magrinya support of the ministry of Norway and the Mr. Mauricio Mahanjane Maputo Mayor Jose Fortunati Ministry of Cities Mr. Eduard Valls Cities Alliance, UCLG renewed opportunities Mayor David Simango ANAMM Mr. Rene Souza to develop a South-South and Triangular peer Ines Magalhaes, Secretary of Housing Royal ministry of Foreign Affairs Ms. Natacha Morais President Tagir Carimo Mayor of Mr. Rodrigo Corradi Norway to peer exchange that has become stronger Mr. Cesar Cuguara Pemba Ms. Maria Regina Rau South South articulation consultants Bianca Sumaya Erik Berg (retired), special advisor throughout the years. Dondo Mr. Dionisio Cherewa, Secretary Belo Horizonte Urban development General Melissa Pommery Mayor Castigo Xavier Chiutar Mayor Marcio Lacerda European union office Brazil Mr. Abel Manhique Ivone Souza This project has particularly impacted Former Mayor Manuel Cambezo Ms. Maria Cristina Fonseca Magalhães Mr. Hans Dollenstein Mr. Adérito Cumbane Qualimetrica consultants on cooperation between Brazilian and Mr. Anselmo Martins Figueira Mr. Rodrigo Oliveira Ms. Christina Carvalho Mr. Pedro Laice Prof. Valdecy Leite Mozambican cities. UCLG, the Association of Ms. Stephania Aleixo Mr. Thierry Dudermel Inhambane Mr. Victor Amade local authorities Mozambique ANAMM and Mayor Benedito Guimino Guarulhos ASF Catalunya UCLGAfrica the FRONT OF MAYORS Brazil FNP developed Mr. Casimiro Jose Mayor Sebastiao Almeida Mr. Manel Rebordosa Charles Patsika various initiatives by means of political Mr. Ismael Valoy Ms. Katia Lima Ms. Renata Pazero coordination between municipalities and Manhiça Sogen Moodley, Durban MILE Mr. Plinio Soares Mr. Alber Gerard Ventura Mayor Luís Jossias Munguambe UniLurio – Nampula Mr. Jefferson Ribeiro by identifying the significant needs of the Mr. Fernando Santomauro Cities Alliance cooperation. Within the aforementioned Mr. Isaac Gove Prof. Maurizio Berti, director Julien Baskin Architecture Ms. Elizabeth Affonso bodies project coordination agreements were Lichinga CGLU Mayor Saide Amido Mr. Luis Martins Maringá Josep Roig, Secretary General signed, which also received logistical support Mayor Carlos Pupin Mr. Jorge Malita UN-Habitat Nampula Ms. Sara Hoeflich, overall project and a technical interface between the cities Former Mayor Silvio Barros Mr. Zainadino Bacar Mr. Roberto Bernardo coordinator Ms. Celia Weffort from the project partner Architects without Sr. Julio Guilherme Ms. Alessa Bennaton, Knowledge Borders – Catalonia (ASF-Cat) and academic GIZ Maputo Mr. Nelson Pereira Nampula Cristian Kapfensteiner Management support from the University of Lleida’s Càtedra Vitória Mr. Pere Ballester, Finance Mayor Mahamundo Amurane ASF Mocambique UNESCO – Medium-sized Cities Network Mayor Luciano Rezende Management Former Mayor Mr. Castro Sanfins Ms. Ana Carolina Cortés, Expatriate Mr. Jose Carlos Loureiro Ms. Mariola Szek, Administration (CIMES) and University of Polytechnic of Namuaca Expert Ms. Airan Vescovi Ms. Mónica Mora Catalunya. The project was financed by the Mr. Sergio Sabao Ms. Corinne Lemire, Financial Ms. Lina Gast European Union, the government of Norway, Mr. Piedoso Pamela assistance FNP the Cities Alliance and the city of Barcelona. Mr. Luis Pereia Mussa (rest in peace) Mr. Marcio Lacerda, President of FNP Ms. Tuana Neves Mr. Clodomiro Muiambo Consultants Cowi Mr. Jose Fortunati, Ex-President of FNP Thekla Engelin City of Barcelona Cooperation Mr. Sedique Mr. Gilberto Perre, Secretary General Mr. Felipe Roca director Erasmo Elias Ngachungue Mr. Tapuk Kara Mr. Paulo Oliveira, project manager Mr. Jordi Cortes Urban Earth, Durban Ms. Silvia Tosso, Finance Management Amando Botes Ms. Camilla Lisboa, Intern The context

Urbanisation: city growth in terms of both population and territorial expansion

EVIDENCE OF CHANGE URBANISATION PROCESSES ARE * Source: UNHabitat ASSOCIATED WITH:

* Diversified economies with more employment opportunities * Effective management of good quality services (water, sanitation, healthcare, schools, etc.) * Citizen participation in local government 1900 2 IN 10 PEOPLE LIVED IN URBAN AREAS * The density and efficiency of planned urban areas may provide environmental benefits such as a lower consumption of resources, reduced waste, the optimisation of infrastructure and better waste management 1990 4 IN 10 PEOPLE LIVED IN URBAN AREAS BUT ALSO WITH:

2010 5 IN 10 PEOPLE LIVED IN URBAN AREAS * Growth that exceeds local authorities’ planning and management capacities OF THE GLOBAL * Inequality and urban poverty POPULATION WILL LIVE * Concentrated consumption of resources: 2030 6 IN 10 PEOPLE WILL LIVE IN URBAN AREAS IN CITIES IN 2030 land, water, energy, etc. 60% * Pollution, in the case of poor management or inadequate planning OF ALL URBAN GROWTH OVER * A disconnection between humans and the natural THE NEXT 20 YEARS WILL TAKE PLACE and rural environments 2050 7 IN 10 PEOPLE WILL LIVE IN URBAN AREAS IN AFRICA AND IN ASIA * Stress and less healthy lifestyles 80% * A growth in the informal economy The project

BRAZIL SHARED CHALLENGES MOZAMBIQUE

BRAZIL MOZAMBIQUE Lichinga POP.: 75,350 290.00 km2

Nampula POP.: 471,717 404.00 km2

Dondo POP.: 71,473 Belo Horizonte 382.00 km2 POP.: 2.375,151 Maringá 331.00 km2 POP.: 357,077 487.05 km2 Inhambane Vitória POP.: 75,412 POP.: 327,801 192.00 km2 98.20 km2 Manhiça Guarulhos POP.: 57,000 POP.: 1,312,197w 406.00 km2 Canoas 341.00 km2 Xai Xai POP.: 323,827 POP.: 123,215 131.10 km2 Matola 135.00 km2 Maputo POP.: 671,556 POP.: 1,178,116 Porto Alegre 375.00 km2 347.00 km2 POP.: 1,409,351 496.68 km2 URBAN POVERTY AND INEQUALITY * The histories of both Brazil’s and Mozambique’s cities are 85% 30/50% 1.17% $1,500 32% 75% 3.27% $30.00 characterised by social inequality, perhaps as part of their URBAN INFORMAL URBAN RATE OF ANNUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL URBAN INFORMAL URBAN RATE OF ANNUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL colonial legacies. Majority of the low income groups and POPULATION DEVELOPMENT URBANISATION SPENDING PER DEVELOPMENT URBANISATION SPENDING most socially-vulnerable live in the most deprived areas POPULATION of these cities, which often lack basic services such as (Brazilian Institute of (Betânia Alfonsin, 2006) (World Fact Book, 2015) CITIZEN (Mozambique National (UN-Habitat, 2007) (World Fact Book, 2015) PER CITIZEN Geography and (this UCLG C2C project ) Statistics Institute (World Fact Book, 2015) drinking water, sanitation, electricity, transport and public Statistics [IBGE], 2010) [INE], 2015) spaces. fifty times less than that *spent in Brazil The project

AS ACTORS OF DECENTRALISED COOPERATION

DESCRIPTION SPECIFIC AIMS The project aims to improve the development and management capacities of eight municipalities in Mozambique and six in Brazil, and also as well as of two Local Government To improve the To consolidate the role To consolidate associations (the Mozambican National institutional capacities of Local Authorities as networking among Local Association of Municipalities [ANAMM] and the Brazilian National Front of Mayors [FNP]), of Local Authorities (LAs) agents of South-South Authorities through Local through initiatives involving the exchange to manage development decentralised cooperation Authority Associations of good practices, institutional training and networking with Local Authorities (LAs).

ACTORS WITH THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF PROJECT ASSOCIATIONS

UCLG. The Global Network of Cities, EUROPEAN COMMISSION ANAMM. Mozambican National Consolidar as Autoridades Local and Regional Governments CITIES ALLIANCE Association of Municipalities Locais como agentes da UCLG Africa NORWEGIAN MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS BRAZILIAN NATIONAL FRONT cooperação descentralizada ARCHITECTS WITHOUT BORDERS BARCELONA city council OF MAYORS [FNP] Sul-Sul University of Lleida Project tools

BRAZIL MOZAMBIQUE

DESCRIPTION SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES REQUIRES Government commitment: a clear definition According to the Brazilian Constitution SPONTANEOUS OCCUPATION in sensitive areas Land is property of of the tools and circumstances required for of 1998, the Plano Diretor serves as a citizen participation and also the technical basic tool in the development of urban ACCELERATED GROWTH in cities in recent years PRIVATE STATE training and financial resources needed to expansion policies, and is mandatory for: develop and implement the plan. municipalities with over 20,000 inhabitants, PLANO DIRETOR, Plano de Estrutura [PEU]; land management and planning tools municipalities located in metropolitan Concession areas of (m2)

regions, conurbations and areas of special LEGISLATION on land use tourist or environmental interest. 125 450/1500 RESULTS Mozambique is currently developing IMPOSING mega-projects Better use of the urban territory, defining planning tools similar to those used by its a proposal for each area that meets the Brazilian partners, such as those defined by ABSENCE of laws on urban resettling Percentage of informal urban development needs of both the government and the local the “Land-Use Planning Law” (2008). This community. The definition and classification law allows and obliges local authorities to Plot OCCUPANCY RATE of land uses, producing financial resources plan growth and expansion and to define 20% 80% derived from planned urban development their services. (licences and regulations) as well as taxation,

Source: Nampula Report, 2013 in accordance with existing land rights.

PARTNERSHIPS WORKING ON URBAN PLANNING Guarulhos Nampula Belo Horizonte Maputo VITÓRIA Xai-Xai

Assistance with Improving the management of the Contributing to the Application of integrated and Promoting technology transfers and Training managers and experts to the revision and use of urban land by implementing implementation of the participatory methodologies and fostering civic participation and the promote greater participation in the development of plans and updating a Cadastro Inclusivo Spatial structural plan for the interventions to deal with informal urban integration of the wider community design of local development plans Municipality of Maputo development within the city Project tools

BRAZIL MOZAMBIQUE

DESCRIPTION SIMILARITIES REVENUE

The Cadastro Inclusivo gathers important land, social and tax data THE Cadastre IS A TOOL for land control. LAND-USE PLANNING for access and management by local governments in order to add value to analyses and decisions on land policies. INTEGRATED PLANNING The concept of a “Cadastre” has evolved in Brazil over the years across three different levels. It originally focused on tax revenue, ECONOMIC PHYSICAL Legal social therefore collecting data on the economy and land use. Legal data Equal taxes Cadastral Secure real Social and was included later (on property and insurance, for example) to mapping estate market environmental inclusion facilitate analyses on land use. Finally, the concept was expanded DIFFERENCES to include social data (social and environmental inclusion), with Source: Base Study developed by Articulação Sul, 2013, adapted from Erba, 2005. Our translation. this added to the information already collected, and resulting in The cadastre is an integrated planning tool. INTEGRATED NON-INTEGRATED It’s the responsibility of each Each institution has its own individual/institution to search system REQUIRES for the information required Investment in qualified staff, technology and urban research. Development of a political strategy to ensure requests for The cadastre is managed by PARTNERSHIPS WORKING ON information are clear and accessible to the entire population, and that there is no doubt as to why the government collects data and URBAN PLANNING EACH SECTOR MANAGES MUNICIPALITIES how it performs the tasks involved with such a collection. ITS OWN

Concept of the cadastre

MARINGÁ Manhiça, Lichinga LAND AND SOCIAL LAND RESULT An accurate knowledge of urban areas and social realities, Purpose paving the way for the development and implementation of well- structured social and tax policies. Asses sing the cadastre Improving the management of the use MUNICIPAL PROPERTY The existence of this type of register will also result in strategic to integrate physical and of urban land by implementing and TAXES management, as it will facilitate communication between the financial registers updating the cadastro inclusivo TAX (IPTU) AND POLICIES various municipal departments. Source: Nampula Report, 2013 Project tools

BRAZIL MOZAMBIQUE

DESCRIPTION SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES REQUIRES

Government commitment. A tool for the city’s democratic management, Both cases involve community DECENTRALISED CENTRALISED Technical knowledge and skills in the directly linked to budget management and participation in the budgeting Financial and patrimonial development of the instrument and the characterised by a process of debates, public process autonomy monitoring processes. hearings and consultations on proposals for Monitor ing the performance of the applying the municipal budget resources. Budget source Budget source departments responsible for the budget implementation. The Participatory Budget is a management and EACH SECTOR GENERATES MUNICIPALITIES urban planning tool and is therefore directly ITS OWN linked to other municipal planning tools. PERMANENT SOCIAL THE POPULATION IS RESULTS INCLUSION NOT INCLUDED IN THE A participatory democracy that therefore PLANNING PROCESS directs the budget toward initiatives by means of consensus with the population. (SIGNED) AGREEMENT LACK Ample understanding of the need to to ensure the continuity of of continuity of activities prioritise investments according to activities and supervision budget limitations.

Source: Nampula Report, 2013. PARTNERSHIPS WORKING ON URBAN PLANNING Porto Alegre INHAMBANE Canoas Matola Guarulhos Dondo

Establishment of a community debating dynamic in the Training on participatory budgeting, assisting in the planning Engcouraging exchanges between the cities in order to process of defining priorities, followed by the and launch of the first budget cycle in Matola strengthen public policies with social participation consolidation of work according to decisions taken Partnerships

METHODOLOGIES NOTES ON DYNAMICS MATOLA MAPUTO METHODOLOGIES: MANHIÇA O P XAI XAI O C involvement from P DONDO 01 02 03 Constant O political and technical actors. INHAMBANE Develop Identify Define priorities Technical experts implement O P MANPULA diagnostics and similarities and and transferable work plans and agreements and C P monitor progress by means of identify needs differences knowledge in-situ technical missions and C long-distance communication. LICHINGA P The associations ensure VITORIA communication and alignment P with the political agenda of the BELO HORIZONTE O 04 05 06 South-South cooperation in the CANOAS O C P O P various cities. GUARULHOS C Develop a work Exchange Assess the results, PORTO Technical support is provided MARINGÁ ALEGRE plan mutually, practices and gauge the time by ASF (in Mozambique) defining results instruments periods involved and and by UCLG to its partners and allocating roles according to the the effectiveness in order to guarantee the P o c definition of technical selected themes of the tools of the results, documentation and URBAN PLANNING PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING Cadastro INCLUSIVO exchange dissemination. (reformulation/adaptation) Reflections

Innovative South-South city-to city and association-to- association decentralised cooperation methodology in conjunction with various actors such as NGOs, academia and other related institutions

Effective exchange by engaging the Brazilian and Mozambican experts in The success of the initiatives order to support and give continuity to meant that trust grew between cooperation initiatives the actors involved and the Assistance, alignment with Assistance, alignment international agendas and Political mobilisation with international cooperation partners (the EU monitoring and knowledge agendas and monitoring and other financial collaborators) exchange

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Academic reflection and alignment commitment by Brazilian mayors Deepening of knowledge on urban with other academic institutions and Mozambican municipal development in both countries presidents “If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.” - African Proverb -

We would like to express our gratitude to all of the partners and municipalities involved for the example set and Credits and Acknowledgements the knowledge made available in the aim of improving and strengthening municipal administration. of this Expo

Concept and Coordination: Sara Hoeflich, UCLG Alessa Bennaton, UCLG

Production: Alessa Bennaton, UCLG

Collaborators: Ana Carolina Cortes, ASF Lina Gast, UCLG

Graphic design: ggrafic.com

Photographs: Tuca Vieria Mussiro Multimedia Aguacheiro Design e Multimédia Cooperação alemã, GIZ Ana Carolina Cortes Abel Manhique

We would like to extend heartfelt to all of those who believed in, supported and were part of this phase of the “Project to improve the Capacities of Local Authorities in Brazil and Mozambique as Actors of Decentralised Cooperation”. Associação Nacional dos Municípios de Moçambique

With the financial support of: