NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT THE MILLENNIUM

A REPORT TO CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

2000 – 2001

1 Introduction 1

Who Owns Landmarks? 2

Landmarks at the Millennium 3

Landmarks Preserved 4

Save America’s Treasures 8

Threats to National Historic Landmarks 10

Landmarks Lost in 2000 11

Threatened National Historic Landmarks 12

National Historic Landmarks on 2000 Watch List 14

National Park Service National Historic Landmark Assistance Program 16

The Mission of the Department of the Interior The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to the tribes.

The Mission of the National Park Service The National Park Service is dedicated to conserving unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, educa- tion, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Service is also responsible for managing a great variety of national and international programs designed to help extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recre- ation throughout this country and the world.

The Mission of the National Historic Landmarks Program The National Historic Landmarks Program seeks to identify, designate, and preserve National Historic Landmarks. This program provides technical assistance to owners and friends of National Historic Landmarks, in part through partnerships among the NPS and Landmark stewards, Federal agencies, Indian tribes, state and local governments, and the private sector. This program educates the public about National Historic Landmarks to foster support for their protection and that of the nation’s cultural heritage in general.

The information on which the report is based is gathered by the National Park Service, which contacts owners and managers of National Historic Landmarks as well as preservation partners such as State Historic Preservation Offices. The information is compiled and analyzed by Heritage Preservation Services in Washington, D.C.

The content of this report is, to the best of the National Park Service’s knowledge, accurate and complete as of the time of printing. This report and updates to individual descriptions of Landmarks can be found on the National Historic Landmark web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nhl. Our thanks to all who contributed information to this report.

About the cover: The National Historic Landmark Lewis R. French, originally used to carry cargo, is one of the oldest wooden schooners in existence. Now used as a windjammer, she has been in continuous use since she was built in 1871. Like Lewis R. French, more than 90% of National Historic Landmarks are in good condition.

PHOTO: NPS

2 INTRODUCTION

Places that “possess exceptional value or quality in illustrat- objects, and to promote their preservation for the inspiration ing or interpreting the heritage of the United States” are of the people of the United States—thus creating the designated National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) because National Historic Landmarks Program. The National Park they have meaning for all Americans. They are places where Service administers the Program, which is a cooperative our nation’s most significant historic events occurred, where endeavor of government agencies, professionals, indepen- prominent Americans worked or lived, that represent those dent organizations and owners working together to identify, ideas that shaped the nation, that provide important infor- designate and preserve NHLs. mation about our past, or that are outstanding examples of A cornerstone of the National Historic Landmarks Program design or construction. Currently numbering over 2,300, is the biennial report on the condition of National Historic NHLs are found in every state, on tribal reservations, in Landmarks. The report is shared with Congress, National Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and the islands of the Pacific. Historic Landmark stewards, and the American people to, Spanning more than 10,000 years from the arrival of ancient as stated in the 1916 National Park Service Organic Act, hunters in North America to the exploration of outer space, “provide a complete and current list of all NHLs (that) NHLs illuminate our rich and complex national story. exhibit known or anticipated damage or threats to the In the 1935 Historic Sites Act, the U.S. Congress charged integrity of their resources.” The report alerts all our citizens the Department of the Interior with the responsibility to to take action to preserve these most significant exemplars designate nationally significant historic sites, buildings and of our heritage for future generations.

S A V E D

PHILADELPHIA SAVINGS FUND SOCIETY (PSFS) BUILDING PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

The Philadelphia Savings Fund Society

PHOTO: LOEWS PHILADELPHIA HOTEL Building is the premier International Style

building in the United States. The building

has been successfully rehabilitated as a

Loews Hotel using the Preservation Tax

Incentives program.

3 The National Park Service prepares this report using specific criteria. The following categories are used to describe the levels of threat to NHLs:

EMERGENCY: NHLs that have suffered recent catastrophic damage that requires immediate intervention to preserve the resource and prevent withdrawal of designation.

THREATENED: NHLs that have suffered, or are in imminent danger of, a severe loss of integrity.

WATCH: NHLs that face impending actions or circumstances that likely will cause a loss of integrity.

The benchmark for judging threats to a Landmark is its condition at the time of its designa- tion. Historic Districts may be listed if the damage or threat includes one or more important contributing properties. If a NHL loses its integrity to the point that it no longer conveys the significant qualities for which it was designated, the National Park Service will recom- mend the Landmark for withdrawal of designation by the Secretary of the Interior.

WHO OWNS LANDMARKS?

Nearly half – 48% of all NHLs – are owned privately. States own 13%, localities own 9%, and Federal agencies own 8%. Tribes own fewer than 1%. Twenty-one percent, most of which are districts, have more than one category of owner. For instance, a district may include a locally owned hospital, a Federally owned post office; a state-owned motor vehicle office and many privately owned businesses and homes.

NHL Ownership by Percentage

Tribal 1% Local 9% Number of Landmarks Owned

State Federal 178 13% State 298

Local 204

Federal Tribal 13 8% Private 1,124

Multiple 487

Private Multiple 48% 21%

4 LANDMARKS AT THE MILLENNIUM

The condition of 72 Landmarks improved during the past two years, in part due to the successful Save America’s Treasures grants authorized by Congress in 1999 and 2000. A list of the recipients appears on page 8. More than 90% of NHLs currently are in satisfactory condition, without damage or imminent threats.

S A V E D

SAMUEL HUNTINGTON BIRTHPLACE SCOTLAND, CONNECTICUT

TON TRUST, INC. TON TRUST,

VERNOR SAMUEL HUNTING

PHOTOS: THE GO

The Samuel Huntington Birthplace in January, 2000. The house was

restored by dedicated volunteers with assistance from the town of

Scotland, the Connecticut Historic Commission, the Huntington

Family Association, the Mohegan Tribe, which the Huntington family

had helped in the 17th century, and many others (above right).

Deteriorated sill and foundation before restoration (above left).

5 LANDMARKS PRESERVED

With dedicated owners, the help of preservation professionals and volunteers, and the availability of special grants such as Save America’s Treasures, the National Park Service’s Challenge Cost Share Grants, and State preservation grants, 48 NHLs were removed from risk in the last two years. They include:

ALASKA Fir Dutch Harbor Naval Operating This is the last surviving unaltered American lighthouse tender. Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army The U.S. Coast Guard has removed hazardous materials and The bases making up this Landmark suffered fierce air attacks will transfer the ship to the U.S. Lighthouse Society for display during World War II. A Save America’s Treasures grant is at its museum on Staten Island, New York. helping rehabilitate the historic Aerology Building for use as Leland Stanford House a museum. Leland Stanford, governor of California and founder of Stanford University, was one of the “Big Four” who built the AMERICAN SAMOA first transcontinental railroad. California State Parks is working Blunts Point Battery with the preservation community to develop plans for adaptive This rare example of a World War II coastal gun still reuse of the mansion as a museum, meeting and reception site. in place has been stabilized and restored. Los Cerritos Ranch House CALIFORNIA Constructed in 1844, this two-story adobe ranch house is an Alcatraz Island excellent example of the Monterey Colonial Style. The city has Built as a military fortification in 1854, Alcatraz became completed a master plan and repaired earthquake damage. the first official Army prison in the nation. Later it became Marin County Civic Center a civilian prison for the most hardened criminals. The park The Administration Building/Hall of Justice complex of the has completed substantial stabilization and restoration work. Marin County Civic Center is the last and largest constructed Balboa Park public project of Frank Lloyd Wright. The county will soon Constructed for the Panama-California Exposition in 1915, complete substantial repairs. Balboa Park includes some of the finest Spanish-Baroque San Diego Presidio Revival structures in America. Although there is still some The first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Coast deterioration, the city has addressed accessibility and estab- of the present-day United States was established here in 1769. lished review procedures that allow the National Park Service The bluff on which the Presidio sits has been stabilized, back- and the State Historic Preservation Officer to comment on filled and capped, and the site is being regularly monitored by projects within the National Historic Landmark. skilled professionals. C.A. Thayer Watts Towers The Thayer is one of two surviving examples of the sailing Constructed between 1921 and 1954 by Italian immigrant schooners designed specifically for use in the 19th-century Simon Rodia, the Watts Towers are among the finest examples Pacific Coast lumber trade. Major structural repairs on the of American Naive art. Earthquake damage to the towers has Thayer have been completed. been repaired. Eureka The ferryboat Eureka is the last intact wooden-hulled side- COLORADO wheel steamer afloat in the continental U.S. The boat has been Leadville repaired, and a new fire suppressant system has been installed. Leadville mines, most active between 1860 and 1917, yielded minerals of higher total value than any other mining district in the country. Although cleanup of hazardous mine wastes is affecting the larger cultural landscape, the physical integrity of the NHL district itself is not in danger.

6 CONNECTICUT INDIANA Samuel Huntington Birthplace Donald B. This early 18th century house was the home of Samuel Hun- Originally built for Standard Oil of Ohio in 1923, Donald B. tington, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, president is the only known unchanged 1920s diesel sternwheel towboat of the Continental Congress, and governor of Connecticut. left in the United States. She has a new owner who plans to Structural repairs have been completed. preserve her.

FLORIDA MASSACHUSETTS United States Car No. 1 The Mount Built in 1928 as the Pullman Company’s Ferdinand Magellan, Edith Wharton, the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize this armor-plated car was used by presidents Franklin D. for fiction, wrote her novel The House of Mirth at The Mount. Roosevelt, Harry S Truman and Ronald Reagan. A State of Wharton herself designed the building. Substantial restoration Florida grant funded the preservation of the car in 2000. of the house and terrace are nearing completion.

GEORGIA Old South Meeting House Completed in 1730, Old South Meeting House was the scene Jekyll Island of numerous pre-Revolutionary War protest meetings, including This millionaires’ village, established in the 1880s, was built by the one that led to the Boston Tea Party. The developer of a some of the North’s wealthiest men looking for Southern 38-story tower across the street will provide independent property where they could spend the winter season. Concerns monitoring of the Landmark throughout construction and will over rehabilitation of historic buildings have been resolved. stop work if damage occurs to the Landmark.

HAWAII Old West Church Hokukano-Ualapue Complex Old West Church became the prototype for many other These six temples and two fishponds form one of the most New England churches through publication of its plans by its important and impressive aboriginal sites in the state. Repairs architect, Asher Benjamin, in his book The American Builder’s have been completed. Companion. A grant from the Massachusetts Historical Commission financed needed repairs. Huilua Fishpond This is one of the last surviving fishponds on coastal Oahu MARYLAND and one of the few ancient Hawaiian fishponds that were still USS Constellation operational well into this century. It is being maintained. In active service from 1854 to 1955, the USS Constellation Kamakahonu is among the largest and the longest-commissioned vessels in Kamehameha I, the unifier of the Hawaiian Islands, instituted the U.S. Navy. It was the last all-sail warship built by the Navy. some of the most constructive measures of his reign while living The non-profit Constellation Foundation, Inc. has completed here between 1810 and 1819. Preservation concerns have been all the necessary structural restoration. addressed. MAINE Kaunolu Fort Knox In use until the 1880s, this is the largest surviving example Constructed between 1844 and 1864, Fort Knox is New of a prehistoric Hawaiian village. Preservation concerns have England’s finest unmodified example of a large mid-19th been addressed. century military installation. Rehabilitation of the brick torpedo storehouse for use as a visitor center has been completed. Wailua Complex of Heiaus This series of heiaus and sacred sites that typify a long period MISSOURI of Hawaiian prehistory as well as many aspects of Hawaiian aboriginal culture, is one of the most important complexes in Ste. Genevieve the Hawaiian Islands. Preservation concerns have been This French river town has retained much of the atmosphere of addressed. its missionary, fur trading, mining, and military eras. The historic district is recovering slowly from the 1993 flood. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is constructing a new levee.

7 Landmarks Preserved (continued)

MISSISSIPPI NEW JERSEY Oakland Memorial Chapel Lucy, the Margate Elephant Constructed in 1838 by skilled Black craftsmen, this Greek This c. 1881 seventy-five foot long wood and tin pachyderm Revival style structure symbolizes the importance of Alcorn is the last survivor of what one historian calls “zoomorphic University as the first Black land grant college in the country. architecture.” Lucy was built as an architectural folly to attract The chapel has been restored. homebuyers to the area. The Save Lucy Committee has com- pleted restoration of the structure. NEBRASKA Ringwood Manor Fort Robinson and Red Cloud Agency This c. 1810 house was the iron master’s residence for one In 1873, the U.S. Government moved Chief Red Cloud and of America’s earliest and most important iron-producing his band of Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux to this area. Fort enterprises, active between 1739 and 1890. The town revoked Robinson was established nearby in 1874. The Nebraska Game the lease of the radio station owners who had proposed three and Parks Commission has repaired the buildings for which it is 300-foot radio towers adjacent to the Landmark property. responsible. The Nebraska State Historic Preservation Office is working with the National Park Service to develop a boundary Sandy Hook Light study and to address land use, management and development Sandy Hook Light, in service since 1764, is the oldest standing issues and Native American cultural interpretation. light tower in the United States. Restoration of the lighthouse is complete. Robidoux Pass Robidoux Pass was a significant landmark on the Oregon Trail. NORTH CAROLINA The National Park Service and owners need to restrict informa- tion on the NHL to curb trespassers and vandals. The site may Hayes Plantation need increased protection through additional authorities or Samuel Johnston, a major political leader during the War legislation. for Independence, built Hayes Plantation from 1790-1802. A proposed development was determined not to adversely affect the landmark.

PHOTO: NPS S A V E D

BALBOA PARK SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA

These Spanish Baroque buildings were

constructed for the 1915 Panama-California

Exposition. The City of San Diego has adapted

them for accessibility in consultation with the

California State Historic Preservation Office

and the National Park Service.

8 OHIO SOUTH CAROLINA Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey Penn School Historic District This is the point from which a rectangular grid land survey Here, in 1862, Northern missionaries organized one of the first system was established under the Ordinance of 1785, which southern schools for Blacks, and pioneered health services and provided for administration and subdivision of land in the self-help programs. The school’s buildings have been repaired Old Northwest Territory. The marker is in good condition. and preserved.

Warren G. Harding Home UTAH From 1890 until his death, this two-story clapboard house Desolation Canyon was the residence of Warren G. Harding, 29th president of the John Wesley Powell, naturalist and explorer, led a Smithsonian United States. Repairs have been completed. expedition down the Colorado River in 1869 to the previously John Mercer Langston House unexplored canyon. The Bureau of Land Management helped John Mercer Langston became the first Black American elected mitigate the impacts of grazing through a new agreement. to public office when he was elected township clerk in 1855. He later served in the Freedman’s Bureau and was first dean of WISCONSIN the Howard University Law School, U.S. Representative from Oconto Site Virginia (1890-91), and Minister to Haiti. Oberlin College is This prehistoric burial ground contains artifacts of the Old working with the fraternity using the house to preserve it. Copper Culture people, who occupied the northern Midwest about 2500 BC. Work to protect the site and remedy the effects Serpent Mound of a former city landfill is now completed. This giant, earthen snake effigy, the largest and finest in America, probably dates from the Adena period (1000 BC - WYOMING 200 AD). Potential development of adjacent land is no longer Fort Phil Kearny and Associated Sites a threat. Established in 1866 to protect travelers along the Bozeman Trail, the fort was under virtual siege in the “Red Cloud War” Sunwatch Site (1866-68) as Sioux groups fought successfully to prevent White This is the extensively studied and preserved site of a 12th- invasion of their hunting grounds. The Fort Phil Kearny/ 13th century village. A committee has been formed to work Bozeman Trail Association purchased more than 50 acres, to prevent adverse effects from potential development in the which had been threatened by new construction, to protect surrounding area. the viewshed.

PENNSYLVANIA Medicine Wheel Philadelphia Savings Fund Society (PSFS) Building The builders and function of this mysterious site are unknown. The PSFS Building is the premier International Style building Composed of whitish flat stones placed in a circle, it is appar- in the United States. The building has been successfully ently little modified since its construction (c. 1800 AD). rehabilitated as a Loews Hotel using the Preservation Tax Currently there are no specific threats to the physical integrity Incentives Program. of the National Historic Landmark.

RHODE ISLAND South Pass Block Island South East Light As the easiest passage through the Rocky Mountains, South Built in 1874, South East Light is one of the finest lighthouses Pass was heavily used by westbound settlers, fur traders, and constructed by the U.S. Lighthouse Board in the 19th century. miners in the 19th century, helping to establish an effective The lighthouse and the keeper’s house are being restored for U.S. claim to the Pacific Northwest. Although the NHL is use as a maritime museum. confronting many issues, none are specifically endangering its physical integrity.

9 SAVE AMERICA’S TREASURES

The Federal Save America’s Treasures grants awarded during 1999 and 2000 helped address the most prevalent threat to Landmarks: deterioration. Grants totaling $28,021,764, matched by funds from states, localities, corporations, foundations and individuals helped preserve 43 National Historic Landmarks. This assistance was important in raising the percentage of NHLs reported in good condition to 94%.

ALABAMA LOUISIANA NORTH CAROLINA Sloss Furnace, Birmingham African House, Yucca House Union Tavern, Milton and Prudhomme-Rouquier ALASKA House, Natchitoches OHIO Fort Egbert, Eagle The 1905 Wright Flyer III, MARYLAND Kennecott Mines, Wrangell - Dayton Aviation Heritage St. Elias National Park and Preserve Sotterley Plantation, Hollywood National Historical Park, Dayton Paul Laurence Dunbar House, MASSACHUSETTS ARKANSAS Dayton Aviation Heritage National Central High School, Little Rock Chesterwood, Stockbridge Historical Park, Dayton The Mount, Lenox CALIFORNIA PENNSYLVANIA American Antiquarian Angel Island Society Library, Worcester Fallingwater, Bear Run Immigration Station, Tiburon Orchard House, Concord Grey Towers, Milford Manzanar National Eastern State Penitentiary, Historic Site, Independence MICHIGAN Philadelphia. Funds were used Cranbrook, Bloomfield Hills to make critical repairs to roofs; COLORADO however, the Landmark remains Telluride Historic District, Telluride MIDWAY ISLANDS listed as Threatened because of World War II Facilities, Midway extensive deterioration still existing. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA National Wildlife Refuge Valley Forge, Valley Forge Sewall-Belmont House National Historical Park MINNESOTA FLORIDA Washburn A Mill, Minneapolis RHODE ISLAND Pelican Island National Southeast Lighthouse, Block Island Wildlife Refuge, Sebastian NEVADA Virginia City Historic District, SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA Virginia City. Fourth Ward School, Drayton Hall, Charleston Ebenezer Baptist Church, an important part of the Virginia Martin Luther King, Jr. City Historic District, received Save TENNESSEE National Historic Site, Atlanta America’s Treasures funds, but The Hermitage, near Nashville. the Landmark as a whole remains IDAHO Tornado damage has been repaired. on the Threatened list because However, new development is Experimental Breeder Reactor, other buildings in the district are encroaching on its setting. Idaho National Engineering and still significantly deteriorated. Environmental Laboratory, Scoville TEXAS NEW HAMPSHIRE ILLINOIS Fair Park, Dallas Canterbury Shaker Village, Glessner House, Chicago Canterbury. Funds were used VIRGINIA Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago to repair a major contributing Jackson Ward Historic District, building in the district. Richmond. Funds were used to INDIANA The Landmark is listed as stabilize key contributing build- Cannelton Cotton Mill, Cannelton. Threatened because of the ings, but significant deterioration, The Landmark remains on the intrusive noise from the expansion inappropriate new construction Threatened list because the owner of an adjacent auto racetrack. and demolition continue to is not certain of raising the matching threaten the district. funds needed to receive the Save NEW MEXICO America’s Treasures grant to repair Los Alamos National WISCONSIN this severely deteriorated building. Laboratory, Los Alamos Taliesin, Spring Green

IOWA NEW YORK Woodbury County Louis Armstrong House, Courthouse, Sioux City Queens College, New York Harriet Tubman Home For the Aged, Auburn Tenement Building at 97 Orchard Street, New York

10 S A V E D PHOTO: NPS

LUCY, THE MARGATE ELEPHANT MARGATE, NEW JERSEY

Lucy, the Margate Elephant, built in

1871 to attract buyers to the seaside

community, was rehabilitated by the

volunteer Save Lucy Committee.

S A V E A M E R I C A ’ S T R E A S U R E S

GREY TOWERS NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK PHOTO: NPS MILFORD, PENNSYLVANIA

Grey Towers National Historic Landmark

was the home of Gifford Pinchot, preeminent

conservationist, forester, and governor of

Pennsylvania. Save America’s Treasures provided

funding for a new roof, interior restoration and

selected collections conservation for the Letter

Box, governor Pinchot’s office at Grey Towers.

11 THREATS TO NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS IN 2000

Despite the number of NHLs removed from the list, others uses that threaten Landmarks is the expansion of a major have been identified of endangered. Of the total, 137 are auto racetrack adjacent to Canterbury Shaker Village in still threatened, and an additional 164 are on the watch New Hampshire that buffets the contemplative community list. Deterioration is the major problem afflicting NHLs, with noise. Damaging uses such as land leveling and deep generally due to lack of funds for ongoing maintenance. plowing for agriculture particularly affect archeological sites, Particularly in good economic times, incompatible construc- which are also heavily impacted by erosion, vandalism and tion and inappropriate new additions become more preva- looting. Many Landmarks suffer from more than one threat. lent threats to the integrity of Landmarks. Damaging uses This year, for the first time, there are more threatened are the third most prevalent threat to National Historic Landmark districts than individual buildings. Threats to Landmarks. Sometimes the construction or damaging uses districts are often related to incompatible new construction are not actually on Landmark property, but can affect their or alterations, and to demolition of historic structures to setting to such a great extent that they cannot convey their make way for new buildings, roads or parking areas. story to modern visitors. An example of off-site damaging

T H R E A T E N E D

UNITY TEMPLE OAK PARK, ILLINOIS

PHOTO: ESCHERICH

Unity Temple, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright,

was one of the first monumental buildings of

concrete. Completed in 1907, the concrete is

now failing.

12 LANDMARKS LOST IN 2000

For a variety of reasons, some accidental, some delib- T H R E A T E N E D erate, some despite the wishes of the owners, a number of Landmarks need to have their designation withdrawn. IPIUTAK SITE The following Landmarks, all owned privately, have lost NORTH SLOPE OF ALASKA their integrity, their ability to “tell their story.”

MISSOURI

USS Inaugural, St. Louis PHOTO: NPS Sunk in the 1993 floods, with no plans to raise her. Designation withdrawn in August 2001.

OHIO The Breakers, Sandusky A large addition has completely changed the Landmark’s appearance. Designation withdrawn in August 2001.

Charles B. Dudley House, Altoona Ipiutak, on the north slope of Alaska, is being Demolished by its owner for a parking lot. dug up by local villagers and some outsiders Designation withdrawn in January 2001. seeking artifacts for sale. If this continues,

TEXAS the NHL’s integrity will be destroyed. USS Cabot, Port Isabel Demolished for scrap by its owner. Designation withdrawn For current and more detailed information on these and in August 2001. all National Historic Landmarks, see the National Historic Landmark Program Web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nhl. The Landmarks below are being evaluated to determine if they Click on “Search for an NHL.” retain enough integrity to remain designated.

CALIFORNIA OHIO First Pacific Coast Salmon Cannery Site Kettering House, Kettering The marker has been removed and the site re-landscaped for The building was destroyed by fire and reconstructed with a a new office complex. new configuration.

GEORGIA PENNSYLVANIA Columbus Historic Riverfront Bomberger’s Distillery, Newmanstown Industrial District, Columbus The building has been dismantled by its owner. Historic buildings have been demolished and incompatible new ones constructed. TENNESSEE Long Island of the Holston MISSOURI The island is now covered with chemical plants. Research Cave, Portland Nashville Union Station and Train Shed Extensive looting and vandalism have destroyed the integrity The train shed has been demolished. of the cave.

WISCONSIN NEVADA Thomas A. Greene Memorial Museum, Milwaukee Fort Ruby, Hobson The collection has been removed from the building The buildings are deteriorated past repair. that had been originally constructed to display it.

13 THREATENED NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS

Threatened NHLs have suffered, or are in imminent danger of, a severe loss of integrity. Major threats are indicated next to the National Historic Landmark. New listings are in bold type. More information on each of these landmarks can be found on the National Historic Landmark Web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nhl. Click on “Search for an NHL.”

ALABAMA COLORADO INDIANA Apalachicola - erosion Central City/Blackhawk Historic Angel Mounds - erosion District - incompatible new Joseph Bailly Homestead- ALASKA construction, incompatible uses deterioration Adak Army Base & Adak Naval Cripple Creek Historic District - Cannelton Cotton Mills - Condition of Operating Base - incompatible incompatible new construction deterioration Landmarks in 2000 new construction, demolition Eleutherian College Classroom Cape Field at Fort Glenn - demolition COMMONWEALTH OF THE and Chapel Building - incompatible NORTHERN MARIANAS Holy Assumption Orthodox Church - adjacent uses Landing Beaches, Aslito/Isely Threatened incompatible adjacent uses Ipiutak Site - looting, vandalism Field, Marpi Point - incompatible IOWA 6% new construction Japanese Occupation Blood Run (also in South Dakota) - incompatible new construction Watch Site - looting, vandalism DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 12% Kake Cannery - deterioration Mary Church Terrell House - Fort Des Moines Provisional deterioration Army Officers Training School - Seal Island - deterioration, incompatible new construction incompatible new construction, FEDERATED STATES demolition KANSAS OF MICRONESIA Wales Site - looting, vandalism Fort Leavenworth - demolition Truk Lagoon - deterioration, Yukon Island Main Site - erosion looting, vandalism LOUISIANA Courthouse and Lawyer’s Row - AMERICAN SAMOA FLORIDA deterioration Government House - deterioration Okeechobee Battlefield - incompatible new construction Fort St. Philip - deterioration, erosion ARIZONA Poverty Point - incompatible uses Awatovi Ruins - erosion, HAWAII looting, vandalism Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement - MAINE No Known Threats Fort Huachuca - demolition deterioration Pemaquid Archeological 82% Old Oraibi - incompatible Pearl Harbor Naval Base - Site - erosion new construction, erosion incompatible new construction MARYLAND Point of Pines - deterioration, IDAHO Chestertown Historic District - erosion, looting, vandalism Fort Hall - erosion incompatible adjacent new Yuma Crossing & Associated construction Sites - deterioration ILLINOIS Resurrection Manor - deterioration ARKANSAS Adler Planetarium - incompatible new construction MASSACHUSETTS Bathhouse Row - deterioration Cahokia Mounds - erosion Boston Naval Shipyard - Nodena Site - incompatible uses incompatible new construction Grant Park Stadium - CALIFORNIA incompatible new construction Fenway Studios - incompatible new construction Aquatic Park Historic District - Orchestra Hall - deterioration incompatible new construction Luna - deterioration Locke Historic District - deterioration Pullman Historic District - Nantucket Historic District - incompatible new construction Mare Island Naval Shipyard - incompatible new construction, deterioration deterioration, demolition Springfield Armory - demolition Presidio of San Francisco - Sears, Roebuck & Co - Walden Pond - incompatible new construction incompatible new construction, incompatible new construction demolition Wapama - deterioration MICHIGAN U-505 - deterioration Warner’s Ranch - deterioration Calumet Historic District - Unity Temple - deterioration deterioration Columbia - deterioration

14 Fair Lane - deterioration Hawikuh - erosion United States Naval Asylum - Pewabic Pottery - deterioration Lincoln Historic District - incompatible new construction, T H R E A T E N E D deterioration, demolition Quincy Historic District - incompatible uses deterioration, incompatible Manuelito - erosion Washington’s Crossing - incompatible new construction new construction, demolition National Park Service Region III Ste. Claire- deterioration Headquarters - deterioration The Woodlands - deterioration San Estevan del Rey - deterioration MINNESOTA RHODE ISLAND

San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge - PHOTO: NPS Fort Snelling - deterioration, Fort Adams - deterioration erosion, looting, vandalism incompatible new construction, SOUTH CAROLINA demolition San Lazaro - looting, vandalism Chappelle Administration Building - Andrew J. Volstead House - Seton Village - deterioration deterioration deterioration Village of Columbus and Camp Fort Hill - deterioration Furlong - erosion, deterioration MISSISSIPPI Watrous (La Junta) - deterioration SOUTH DAKOTA Champion Hill Battlefield - deterioration, incompatible Zuni-Cibola Complex - incompatible Blood Run (also in Iowa) - new construction new construction incompatible new construction Frawley Ranch - I.T. Montgomery House - NEW YORK deterioration incompatible new construction Mount Lebanon Shaker Society - Siege and Battle of Corinth (also deterioration TENNESSEE in Tennessee) - incompatible new Niagara Reservation - incompatible Siege & Battle of Corinth construction, incompatible uses adjacent new construction (also in Mississippi) - incompatible new construction MISSOURI OHIO Arrow Rock - Johnson’s Island - TEXAS incompatible new construction incompatible new construction Fort Brown - deterioration, Eads Bridge - incompatible uses Ohio and Erie Canal - deterioration incompatible new construction John Nance Garner House - Rocket Engine Test Facility - Utz Site - incompatible new incompatible new construction, incompatible new construction construction, incompatible deterioration, incompatible uses (airport expansion) SEATTLE uses, looting, vandalism Resaca de la Palma Battlefield - S. Bridge, National Road - ELECTRIC COMPANY incompatible new construction MONTANA deterioration GEORGETOWN Butte Historic District - VERMONT incompatible new construction OKLAHOMA Robbins and Lawrence Armory STEAM PLANT 101 Ranch - deterioration Fort Benton - and Machine Shop - deterioration SEATTLE, WASHINGTON incompatible new construction Cherokee National Capitol - deterioration, erosion, Great Northern Railway VIRGINIA incompatible uses Buildings - deterioration Bacon’s Castle - The Seattle Electric Fort Gibson - deterioration, incompatible new construction NEBRASKA incompatible uses Jackson Ward Historic District - Company Georgetown Captain Meriwether Wheelock Academy - incompatible new construction, Lewis - deterioration deterioration, looting, vandalism deterioration Steam Plant, containing

NEVADA OREGON WASHINGTON the last operational Virginia City Historic District - Jacksonville Historic District - Seattle Electric Company examples of the world’s deterioration, incompatible new incompatible uses Georgetown Steam Plant - construction, incompatible uses (heavy truck traffic) incompatible new construction first large-scale steam

NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA WEST VIRGINIA turbines, is threatened Abbott Farm - incompatible uses Bedford Springs Hotel Elkins Coal and Coke Company by deterioration and the Cape May Historic District - Historic District - deterioration Historic District - deterioration incompatible new construction, Brandywine Battlefield - incompatible Weston Hospital Main Building - proposed expansion of incompatible uses new construction, looting, vandalism deterioration Fort Hancock and Sandy Hook Cambria Iron Company - Boeing Airfield. WISCONSIN Proving Ground - deterioration deterioration Dousman Hotel - deterioration Great Falls of the Passaic East Broad Top Railroad - Society for Useful Manufacturing deterioration WYOMING Historic District - incompatible Eastern State Penitentiary - Tom Sun Ranch - incompatible new new construction deterioration construction, incompatible uses Monmouth Battlefield - Albert Gallatin House - deterioration Swan Land and Cattle Company incompatible new construction Harrisburg Station and Train Shed - Headquarters - incompatible new NEW MEXICO deterioration construction Anderson Basin/Blackwater Draw - Honey Hollow Watershed - incompatible new construction, incompatible new construction incompatible uses, erosion, looting, Isaac Meason House - incompatible vandalism new construction, incompatible uses Folsom Site - erosion Glorieta Pass - incompatible new construction, incompatible uses 15 NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ON 2000 WATC H L I ST

W A T C H

Landmarks listed on the Watch List are those that face impending actions or circumstances that could cause a loss of integrity. New listings are in bold type. More information about each Landmark can be seen on the National Park Service Cultural Resources Web site at

PHOTO: NPS www.cr.nps.gov/nhl. Click on “Search for an NHL.”

ALABAMA Old United States Mint Vachel Lindsay House Swayne Hall Royal Presidio Chapel Montgomery Ward Company San Francisco Civic Center Morrow Plots, University of Illinois ALASKA San Francisco Port of Embarkation Nauvoo Historic District Birnirk Site Space Launch Complex 10 Newark Earthworks Brooks River Archeological District Old Kaskaskia Village Cape Krusenstern COLORADO Old Stone Gate, Archeological District Georgetown-Silver Chicago Stockyards Cape Nome Mining Plume Historic District Riverside Historic District District Discovery Sites Lowry Ruin Rock Island Arsenal Chilkoot Trail and Dyea Site Pike’s Stockade Eagle Historic District Room 405, CONNECTICUT George Herbert Jones Laboratory Fort William H. Seward Henry Barnard House Shedd Aquarium Ladd Field Cheney Brothers Historic District South Dearborn/Printing OREGON TRAIL Onion Portage Archeological District House Row Historic District Palugvik Site DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA WHEEL RUTS Lorado Taft Midway Studio Skagway Historic District Samuel Gompers House GUERNSEY, WYOMING Frances Willard House Carter G. Woodson House ARIZONA INDIANA Mary Jane Colter Buildings FLORIDA The Oregon Trail wheel ruts, Levi Coffin House Gatlin Site Fort San Marcos De Apalache Debs (Eugene V.) Home worn from 2 to 6 feet into Grand Canyon Lodge Fort Zachary Taylor Thomas Gaff House Grand Canyon Park Mar-A-Lago an eroded sandstone ridge, Indianapolis Motor Speedway Operations Building St. Augustine Town Plan Madame C.J. Walker clearly show the route Grand Canyon Power House Ybor City Historic District Manufacturing Company Grand Canyon Village followed by those who GEORGIA New Harmony Historic District Hubbell Trading Post Stephen Vincent Benet House Wallace Circus Winter Quarters migrated westward across Jerome Historic District Etowah Mounds West Baden Springs Hotel Kinishba Ruins the Plains in the mid-19th Governor’s Mansion Painted Desert Inn IOWA century. The ruts are New Echota Pueblo Grande Ruin & Irrigation Site Julien Dubuque’s Mines vulnerable to erosion from IDAHO Lone Star ARKANSAS Lolo Trail (also in Montana) Old Capitol heavy foot traffic, trail bikes, Arkansas Post Phipps Site Camden Expedition Site ILLINOIS and vandalism. Robert S. Abbott House Van Allen and Company Toltec Mounds Site Auditorium Building KANSAS CALIFORNIA Bishop Hill Colony El Cuartelejo Angelus Temple Oscar Stanton DePriest House Haskell Institute Juan De Anza House John Farson House Marais Des Cygnes Massacre Site City Of Oakland Illinois and Michigan Medicine Lodge Peace Treaty Site Gunther Island Site 67 Canal Historic District Nicodemus Historic District Las Flores Adobe Kennicott Grove Norman No. 1 Oil Well Old Sacramento Historic District Warkentin Farm

16 KENTUCKY MONTANA NORTH CAROLINA TEXAS Henry Clay Home Chief Joseph Battleground Bentonville Battlefield Dealey Plaza Historic District Green River Shell Middens of the Bear’s Paw Nash-Hooper House Fair Park Texas Centennial Buildings Middle Creek Battlefield Going-to-the-Sun Road Union Tavern Fort Belknap Shakertown at Pleasant Hill Lolo Trail (also in Idaho) Thomas Wolfe House Fort Concho Wendover Pictograph Cave Fort Davis OHIO Fort Sam Houston LOUISIANA NEBRASKA Baum-Taft House Lucas Gusher, Spindletop Oil Field Homeplace Plantation House Fort Atkinson Fallen Timbers Battlefield Palmito Ranch Battlefield Natchitoches Historic District Leary Site Fort Ancient Palo Alto Battlefield Port Hudson J. Sterling Morton House Joshua R. Giddings Law Office Samuel T. Rayburn House Vieux Carre Historic District Palmer Site Glendale Historic District Roma Historic District John P. Parker House MARYLAND NEVADA San Jacinto Battlefield Captain Edward V. Saint Mary’s City Historic District Leonard Rockshelter Rickenbacker House Strand Historic District Star-Spangled Banner Flag House NEW HAMPSHIRE Colonel Charles Young House Texas (USS) Canterbury Shaker Village MASSACHUSETTS OKLAHOMA U.S. MINOR ISLANDS Fort Warren Harrisville Historic District Boley Historic District Wake Island Lowell Locks and MacPheadris-Warner House Fort Sill World War II Facilities at Midway Canals Historic District Daniel Webster Family Home Washita Battlefield Old Deerfield Historic District Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion VIRGIN ISLANDS Old South Church in Boston Wentworth-Gardner House OREGON Columbus Landing Site Charles Sumner House Deady and Villard Halls NEW JERSEY UTAH Pioneer Courthouse MICHIGAN Clark Thread Company Emigration Canyon Bay View Palisades Interstate Park PENNSYLVANIA Fort Douglas City of Milwaukee (Also in New York) Boathouse Row VIRGINIA Highland Park Ford Plant NEW MEXICO Cornwall Iron Furnace Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel Marshall Historic District Abo Delaware Canal Green Springs Historic District Milwaukee Clipper Acoma Pueblo Thomas Eakins House Robert Russa Moton High School Saint Mary’s Falls Canal Barrio De Analco Historic District Fairmount Water Works Waterford Historic District Carlsbad Irrigation Project Fort Mifflin MINNESOTA WASHINGTON Kit Carson House Laurel Hill Cemetery Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr. House American and English Camps Pecos Pueblo Mill Grove Soudan Iron Mine Arthur Foss Puye Ruins Old Economy Washburn A Mill Complex Duwamish Quarai Olympia MISSISSIPPI Lightship No. 83 Relief San Francisco De Assisi Philadelphia City Hall Holly Bluff Site Pioneer Building, Searights Tollhouse, Santa Fe Plaza Pergola, and Totem Pole Jaketown Site National Road Taos Pueblo Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Lucius Q.C. Lamar House Trinity Site RHODE ISLAND Virginia V Old Mississippi State Capitol Newport Casino Pemberton’s Headquarters NEW YORK WEST VIRGINIA Redwood Library Chester A. Arthur House Traveller’s Rest MISSOURI Site of Battle of Rhode Island Buffalo State Hospital Christ Church Cathedral WISCONSIN John Burroughs Riverby Study SOUTH CAROLINA Joseph Erlanger House Milton House Frederic E. Church House Camden Battlefield Fort Osage Namur Historic District Thomas Cole House Clamagore Mutual Musicians Association Ringling Brothers Roscoe Conkling House Coker Experimental Farms General John J. Pershing House Circus Winter Quarters Fort Ticonderoga Middleton Place Harry S Truman Historic District Taliesin East Governors Island United States Customhouse SOUTH DAKOTA Turner Hall Hudson River Historic District Bear Butte Westminster College WYOMING Hudson River State Hospital Crow Creek Site White Haven Fort D. A. Russell New York State Inebriate Asylum Deadwood Historic District Independence Rock Palisades Interstate Parkway Wounded Knee Battlefield (also in New Jersey) Lake Guernsey State Park General Winfield Scott House TENNESSEE Norris, Madison, and Fishing Bridge Slabsides Beale Street Historic District Old Faithful Inn Steepletop Isaac Franklin Plantation Oregon Trail Ruts Utica State Hospital, Main Building The Hermitage Upper Green River Rendevous Site Shiloh Indian Mounds Site

17 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS PROGRAM

The National Park Service is organized into Regional and Support Offices, which provide technical assistance to National Historic Landmark stewards. The National Park Service staff works with owners, park superintendents, and preservation partners in monitoring and assisting NHLs. Updated information is always appreciated. Please contact the appropriate regional staff. Offices are listed below with the states they serve.

Alaska Support Office, National Park Service Philadelphia Regional Office, National Park Service 2525 Gambell Street, Room 107 200 Chestnut Street Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 907/257-2458 215/597-1578

Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Columbia Cascades Support Office, National Park Service Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, 909 First Avenue Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia Seattle, Washington 98104-1060 206/220-4133 Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service Idaho, Oregon and Washington Atlanta Federal Center, 1924 Building 100 Alabama Street, SW Intermountain Support Office - Denver, National Park Service Atlanta, Georgia 30303 P. O. Box 25287 404/562-3171 Denver, Colorado 80225-0287 Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, 303/969-2842 North Carolina, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee and the Shipping: 12795 West Alameda Pkwy, Lakewood, Colorado 80228 Virgin Islands Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah

Intermountain Support Office - Santa Fe, National Park Service P. O. Box 728 National Center for Cultural Resources Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504 National Park Service 505/988-6788 1849 C Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20240 Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma National Historic Landmark Assistance Initiative Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service Suite NC 200; 202/343-9591 1709 Jackson Street Omaha, Nebraska 68102 National Historic Landmark Survey 402/221-3427 for new nominations & theme studies Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, Suite NC 400, 202/343-5279 Wisconsin, Kansas Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota

Pacific Great Basin Support Office, National Park Service 1111 Jackson Street, Suite 700 Oakland, California 94607 510/817-1396

American Samoa, California, Northern Marianas Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Nevada, Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau

18 National Historic Landmarks On-line

Visit our Web site at http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl.

■ Search for National Historic Landmarks by name, city, state, threatened status, and more.

■ Learn what criteria are used to select National Historic Landmarks.

■ Find out what assistance is available to owners of National Historic Landmarks.

■ Link to National Historic Landmark web sites across the country for “Virtual Visits.”

■ See the full text of the current report on damaged and threatened National Historic Landmarks.

■ Learn about other National Park Service programs that work to protect our nation’s heritage.

T H R E A T E N E D

EADS BRIDGE ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI

PHOTO: NPS

Captain James B. Eads, designer of the

bridge, used an innovative cantilever system

to produce spans larger than any previously

constructed. Completed in 1874, the bridge

was the largest of its day. Today incompatible

alterations such as the installation of Jersey

barriers threaten its integrity.

19 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources

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