IndianaIntroducing
PastPastPast ANDPresentPresent
A book called a gazetteer was a main source of information about Indiana. Today, the Internet—including the Web site of the State of Indiana— provides a wealth of information.
The Indiana Historian A Magazine Exploring Indiana History Physical features Physical features of the land Surficial have been a major factor in the growth and development of Indiana. topography The land of Indiana was affected by glacial ice at least three times Elevation key during the Pleistocene Epoch. The Illinoian glacial ice covered most of below 400 feet Indiana 220,000 years ago. The Wisconsinan glacial ice occurred 400-600 feet between 70,000 and 10,000 years ago. Most ice was gone from the area by 600-800 feet approximately 13,000 years ago, and 800-1000 feet the meltwater had begun the develop- ment of the Great Lakes. 1000-1200 feet The three maps at the top of these two pages provide three ways of above 1200 feet 2 presenting the physical makeup of the land. The chart at the bottom of page lowest point in Indiana, 320 feet 1 3 combines several types of studies to highest point in give an overview of the land and its 2 use and some of the unique and Indiana, 1257 feet unusual aspects of the state’s physical Source: Adapted from Indiana Geological Survey, Surficial To- features and resources. pography,
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La Grange Steuben St. Joseph Elkhart Porter Lake La Porte Normal Monthly Weather Statistics, 1961-1990 North Northeast annual Central Noble De Kalb mean minimum maximum monthly Northwest Starke temperature temperature temperature precipitation precipitation Marshall Kosciusko regions Whitley Allen Fulton Jasper Pulaski January July JanuaryJuly January July January July Newton Huntington Wabash Cass White Miami Wells Adams Indiana 25.2 74.4 16.4 63.2 34.0 85.6 2.21 4.22 40.54 Benton Carroll Grant Black- Howard ford Jay Warren Tippecanoe Northwest 22.2 73.3 13.7 62.3 30.8 84.4 1.75 3.88 37.86 Clinton Tipton Delaware Randolph Fountain Madison East North Central 22.7 73.1 14.3 61.7 31.0 84.5 1.89 3.86 37.45 Boone Hamilton Central Montgomery Central Parke Henry Wayne Northeast 22.4 72.7 14.4 61.5 30.4 83.9 1.80 3.62 36.17 illion Hancock rm Marion West Hendricks Ve Central Fayette Union West Central 24.2 74.7 15.4 63.5 33.1 85.9 2.04 4.47 40.25 Rush Putnam Shelby Morgan Johnson Vigo Central 24.5 74.0 15.7 63.0 33.2 85.0 2.16 4.46 40.12 Clay Franklin Decatur Owen Bartholomew Monroe Brown Ripley Dearborn East Central 23.9 73.2 15.2 62.1 32.6 84.3 2.00 4.06 38.65 Sullivan Greene Jennings Jackson Southeast Ohio Southwest Lawrence Southwest 29.2 77.0 20.2 66.0 38.2 88.0 2.68 4.55 45.05 Switzerland South Jefferson Martin Daviess Central Scott Knox South Central 28.7 75.5 19.1 64.3 38.3 86.8 2.82 4.67 45.41 Washington Orange Clark Pike Southeast 29.3 75.8 19.8 64.4 38.7 87.2 2.76 4.44 43.85 Dubois Gibson Crawford Floyd
Warrick Perry Harrison Vander- Source: Applied Meteorology Group, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University,
2 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 1 4 2 Physiographic 3 5 Terrain Adapted from: provinces Cartesia Software, (numbers correspond MapArt Stock Image to chart below) Series: USA,
Southern limit of Wisconsinan ➛ glacial boundary 12 10 13 11 7 9 Southern limit of 8 Illinoian glacial boundary➛ [
Sources: John Clements, Indiana Facts (Dallas, Tex., 1995), 40-41; Marion T. Jackson, ed., The Natural Heritage of Indiana (Bloomington, Ind., 1997), 159-222; Alton A. Lindsey, ed., The Land of Indiana Natural Features of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1966), 40-56. province terrain land usage notable features (region or area) 1 Calumet Lacustrine many sand ridges; massive high dunes large urban areas along lake; 70% of land dunes show great biological diversity with large Plain in crops number of rare plants 2 Valparaiso Morainal elevated morainal ridge, 700 - 800 ft. much of area in farms growing corn, feed native vegetation along ridge from east to west Area above sea level grains, hay includes forests, wetlands, oak openings, prairies flat to gently rolling terrain, underlain much of area in farms, growing corn, feed area once one of largest freshwater marshes in 3 Kankakee Outwash and Lacustrine Plain by sand grains, hay U.S. drawing hunters and fishermen from all over world most diverse area in Indiana, includes much of area in farms growing corn, feed European and American settlers significantly 4 Steuben Morainal Lake Area forests, lakes, bogs, fens, marshes, grains, hay, soybeans changed land by draining wetlands and clearing prairies, and savannas forests 5 Maumee Lacustrine almost level plain with few features farms occupy 90% of area; crops are corn, originally covered with dense swamp forests; Plain winter wheat, soybeans, hay rapidly cleared and drained by settlers flat to gently rolling except for Wabash 90% of land in farms, growing corn, soybeans, glacial meltwaters carved deep canyons along 6 Tipton Till Plain River valley along western border feed grains, hay; dairying important near urban Wabash River valley and tributaries; cool ravines areas; some truck and canning crops grown exhibit plant life more common in boreal northern also; oil and gas in east central section discovered forests 1889, depleted by 1912 broad lowland about 500 ft. above 40 - 50% of land in crops including corn, climate and environment of bottomlands along 7 Wabash Lowland sea level; sand dunes along larger soybeans, feed grains, strawberries, melons, Ohio and Wabash River valleys resembles Gulf river valleys and orchards; most available coal, oil, and Coast; mistletoe, bald cypress, and bamboo gas in state in this region 8 Crawford Upland deeply dissected upland with state’s Hoosier National Forest occupies much of a continuous belt of rugged hills running south largest caves; steep stream valleys area; little urban development from Putnam County to Perry County on the Ohio area of low relief, sinkholes (300,000 small to medium sized farms; hay and pasture significant karst topography; Salem limestone 9 Mitchell Plain estimated) a primary feature for beef cattle are principal crops; burley tobacco formation near Bedford world famous for important cash crop dimensional building stone 10 Knobstone Escarpment rises 300 ft. little urban development; Brown County State escarpment most prominent landform in state Norman Upland above lowland on eastern border, Park located in north central part of region crests 400 - 600 ft. at New Albany 11 Scottsburg Lowland wide alluvial plains; northern area 50% of farmland in crops, rest in pasture; tobacco Falls of Ohio State Park at Clarksville contains covered with up to 150 ft. of glacial drift important cash crop fossilized remains of Devonian coral reef showing more than 600 kinds of coral, fish, and plants 12 Muscatatuck Regional gently sloping plain; northern portion 50% of farmland in crops; rest in pasture; minor karst topography with sinkholes and caves Slope covered with glacial drift up to 150 ft. tobacco important cash crop along valley borders plateau dissected by streams with some of highest elevations in state in this region 13 Dearborn Upland 30% of land in crops; 45% in pasture for bottoms of valleys as much as 450 ft. grazing beef cattle lower
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 3 Indiana‘s People
The land which Settlers from the Various groups of seeking jobs in Indiana’s became the state of Indiana British colonies on the east people over time bought and cities. Foreign-born immi- was occupied by coast of America began settled these treaty lands. In gration, mainly to Indiana paleoindians, approximately migrating west in the mid- the early 1800s, free blacks cities, peaked in 1910. 12,000-10,000 years ago. 1700s seeking land for were among the settlers who Indiana has become There is rich archaeological farming. The American came to Indiana forming home to many ethnic evidence of their habitations. Revolution and the forma- communities throughout the peoples, who continue to Historic American tion of the United States of state. In the 1860s after the add richness and diversity Indian tribes lived on this America brought more Civil War, large numbers of to the state’s heritage. land as well, inspiring the demand for western land blacks came from the south state’s name—Indiana, the and more conflicts with land of Indians. Native Americans, who had Historic Native American Villages in Indiana The earliest docu- established more permanent mented European to visit villages. = historic Native American village the area was LaSalle in The illustrations on 1810 1679. French and later page 4 demonstrate the 1679-1701 British traders entered this displacement of Native area from Canada eager for Americans by American and furs. They traded with the other settlers. The U.S. Native Americans, who acquired Native American 1772-1794 1830 generally established only land through treaties, seasonal villages. French moving them farther north. forts were established at By the 1840s, most Native sites that are now Lafayette Americans had been forcibly (1717), Fort Wayne (1721), removed from the state to and Vincennes (1732). the West.
Source: Adapted from Ronald Hicks, ed., Native American Cultures in Indiana (Muncie, Ind., 1992), 62-63, 67-69.
Early Settlement of Indiana U.S. Land Treaties Key with Native Americans 1 Vincennes—Territorial capital, 1800-1813. First 7 St Joseph La Porte La Grange Steuben settled by the French in the early 18th century; 7 Porter 1826 1821 Elkhart Americans began settling in the 1780s. Noble De Kalb Marshall Kosciusko 1828 2 Clark’s Grant—Donated by Virginia to George Lake Starke Whitley 6 1832 Rogers Clark’s soldiers, 1779. First settled 1784. 1832 Newton Jasper Pulaski Allen 1817 3 Whitewater Valley—First settlers came from KY, Fulton 7 1826 Adams Cass Huntington NC, TN, VA, 1810-1820; later migrants also came White Wabash 1840 Wells from the same area and also included some Germans Carroll Miami Benton Grant 1834 Black- and Irish, 1830-1840. Howard ford Jay Warren Tippecanoe Tipton 4 Ohio Valley—First settlers came from KY, TN, NC, Clinton Delaware 1818 VA, 1810-1820; Germans and Irish settled in this Fountain Madison Randolph Boone Hamilton 1809
area, 1830-1850. illion Montgomery Henry rm 5
Ve Hancock 5 Central Indiana—Settlers from OH, PA, VA Marion Wayne Parke Hendricks Putnam Union followed the National Road to eastern Indiana border, Rush Fayette 1809 Shelby 1820-1840, spreading through the central part of Morgan Johnson Vigo Clay Franklin 1805 the state. Decatur 1795 Owen Monroe Barthol- Dearborn 1803 omew 6 Upper Wabash Valley—Settlers from OH, PA, Brown Sullivan Ripley Greene NY, and New England followed the Erie Canal and Jennings 1783 Ohio 3 1804 Jackson Jefferson Lawrence Switzerland Great Lakes to northern Indiana, 1830-1850; Irish Knox Daviess Scott and Germans also settled along the Wabash and Washington 1 Martin Erie Canal. Orange 2 4 Pike Clark Dubois Floyd Sources: Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs: 7 Northern Indiana—Settlers from MI, OH, New Gibson Crawford England; also settlers from south and central Indiana; Laws and Treaties (Washington, D.C., 1903), vol. Vander- Warrick Perry Harrison 2.; Francis P. Prucha, Atlas of American Indian burgh some Germans and Canadians, 1830-1850. Spencer Posey 4 Affairs (Lincoln, Neb., 1990). Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, vol. 1; Moore; Taylor and 4 McBirney. [
4 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 Indiana Population, 1800-1990 total foreign Indiana Population year population white black born 1997 Estimates 1800 4,875 4,577 298 1830 343,031 339,399 3,632 Total 5,864,108 1860 1,350,428 1,338,710 11,428 118,284 Hispanic 136,568 1890 2,192,404 2,146,736 45,215 146,205 Black 483,558 1920 2,930,390 2,849,071 80,810 150,868 American Indian 14,340 1950 3,934,224 3,758,512 174,168 100,630 Asian & Pacific Islander 53,361 1980 5,490,260 5,004,567 414,732 101,802 White 5,312,849 1990 5,544,159 5,020,700 432,092 94,000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau,
Indiana’s Ten Largest Cities, 1860-1950 1860 1890 1920 1950 Indianapolis Indianapolis Indianapolis Indianapolis New Albany Evansville Fort Wayne Gary Evansville Fort Wayne Evansville Fort Wayne Lafayette Terre Haute South Bend Evansville As the chart (below left) indicates, for over one Fort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute South Bend hundred years, the rural population of the state of Indiana Terre Haute New Albany Gary Hammond outnumbered the urban population; in 1920, the percent- Richmond Richmond Muncie Terre Haute age of urban population outnumbered rural for the first La Porte Lafayette Hammond Muncie time. Jeffersonville Logansport East Chicago East Chicago The two charts of the largest cities over time provide Vincennes Elkhart Kokomo Anderson an indication of how Indiana’s population has moved and Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950 gathered in urban areas throughout Indiana. (Washington, D.C., 1952), vol. 11, part 14, pp. 9-10.
Indiana Rural and Urban Largest Indiana cities, 1850 and 1994 Population Growth, 1800--1990 Hammond South Bend 100% Gary La Porte 90% 1994 Fort Wayne 80% 1850 70% 1850 and 60% Lafayette 1994 Muncie 50%
40% Anderson Indianapolis 30% Richmond 20% Terre Haute 10% Bloomington 0% Madison 1800 1830 1860 1890 1920 1950 1980 1990 New Albany percentage of urban population Jeffersonville percentage of rural population Evansville
Sources: Madison, Indiana Way, 325-29; U.S. Census Bureau “Table 1. Urban and Rural Population: 1900 to 1990,”
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 5 Governing Indiana After George Rogers When Indiana became Assembly consists of Clark defeated the British a state on December 11, two houses: a House Northwest Territory 1787 at Fort Sackville, Vincennes 1816, its boundaries were of Representatives of February 25, 1779, the land established as they are one hundred mem- that became Indiana was today. A map of the counties bers and a Senate of claimed by the U.S. as part at statehood is on this page. fifty members. Terms of the Treaty of Paris with Corydon became the capital of representatives are Great Britain in 1783, of the new state. Jonathan two years; terms of ending the American Jennings was elected first senators are four Revolution. The land was governor of the state. years. first organized by the U.S. in In January 1821, the The governor 1787 as part of the Northwest site of Indianapolis was and lieutenant Territory. designated as the new state governor are elected In 1800, the Indiana capital, and the city was together; six other Territory was formed. It created. State government officials are elected: contained all of the former moved to Indianapolis in the secretary of state, Northwest Territory except fall of 1824. The Marion auditor of state, Adapted from: Pence and Armstrong, 137. the area of the present state County Courthouse served treasurer of state, of Ohio and a small part of as the first capitol building. attorney general, circuit equals one county, the present state of Michi- State government moved superintendent of public except that Jefferson and gan. Vincennes became the into a newly constructed instruction, and clerk of Switzerland counties make capital; William Henry State House in 1835. The supreme and appellate up the fifth circuit and Harrison was appointed the present State House was courts. All officials serve Dearborn and Ohio counties first of three territorial completed in 1888. four-year terms. make up the seventh circuit. governors. The state was governed The judicial branch Indiana has ninety-two Indiana Territory under the 1816 Constitution includes three levels of counties formed from 1790 boundaries were altered until 1851. Indiana is still jurisdiction. The Supreme to 1860. Some counties twice: in 1805 with the governed under the 1851 Court consists of a chief changed boundaries as new formation of Michigan Constitution—with various justice and four associate counties were formed. Many Territory and in 1809 with amendments. There are justices. The Court of counties have had several the formation of Illinois three branches of govern- Appeals is based on geo- county seats. The latest Territory. The territorial ment: legislative, executive graphic districts; there are change in a county seat was capital was moved to (including administrative), five districts and fifteen in 1994 when Perry County Corydon, Harrison County and judicial. judges. There are ninety changed to Tell City from in 1813. The Indiana General Circuit Courts. Each judicial Cannelton.
Indiana Counties in 1816
Knox yne Jonathan Jennings, first Wa
lin governor of the State of k n ra Indiana, portrait by James norganized F U Dear- Forbes. The state maintains a born n rso Governors’ Portraits Collection Jackson ffe Je that includes an image of all Vincennes Orange Wash- Switzerland but one territorial governor. ington Information about governors Gibson Clark Perry Harrison Clarksville and artists is included on the Warrick Corydon Indiana Historical Bureau Posey Web site (www.statelib.lib.in. us/www/ihb/ihb.html). Adapted from: Pence and Armstrong, 147.
6 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 LaGrange Steuben St. Joseph Elkhart 1832 1837 1830 La Porte 1830 LaGrange Angola Porter 1832 South Bend Goshen 1836 La Porte Valparaiso Noble DeKalb Lake 1836 1837 1837 Marshall Albion Auburn Starke 1836 Kosciusko Crown Point 1850 1837 Plymouth Knox Warsaw Indiana counties Whitley Allen 1838 1824 Jasper Fulton Columbia City Pulaski Fort Wayne 1838 1839 1836 and county seats Rensselaer Newton Winamac Rochester 1859 Wabash 1835 Kentland Hunting- Cass Wabash Wells Key White 1829 ton Miami 1834 1837 Adams 1834 Logansport 1834 1836 Huntington Bluffton Monticello Peru Decatur Lake county name Benton 1840 Carroll Grant Fowler 1828 Howard 1831 Black- 1837 date county established Delphi 1844 Marion ford Jay Warren Tippecanoe Kokomo 1838 1836 1827 1826 Hartford City Crown Point county seat Williamsport Lafayette Clinton Tipton Portland 1844 1830 Delaware Frankfort Tipton Madison 1827 Randolph Dates counties established Fountain 1823 Muncie 1818 1826 Hamilton Anderson Winchester Covington Montgomery Boone 1823 1790 to 1799 1823 1830 Noblesville Crawfordsville Lebanon Henry Wayne 1800 to 1814 Ver- 1822 1811 mil- Hancock New Castle Richmond Hendricks Marion 1828 lion Parke 1822 1824 1821 1824 Greenfield 1815 to 1819 Newport Putnam Indianapolis Rockville 1822 Danville Rush Fayette Union Greencastle 1822 1819 1821 1820 to 1824 Shelby Rushville Connersville Liberty Morgan Johnson 1822 1823 Clay 1822 Shelbyville Franklin Martinsville 1825 to 1834 Vigo 1825 Franklin 1811 1818 Brazil Decatur Brookville Terre Haute 1822 Owen Brown Barthol- Greensburg 1835 to 1844 1819 omew Dear- Spencer 1836 born Nashville 1821 Ripley Sullivan Monroe Columbus 1803 1817 1818 Lawrence- 1845 to 1860 Greene 1818 burg Sullivan Jennings Versailles 1821 Bloomington 1817 Ohio Bloomfield Jackson Vernon 1844 1816 Rising Sun Lawrence Brownstown 1818 Jefferson Switzerland 1811 1814 Bedford Vevay Knox Daviess Madison 1790 1817 Martin Scott Washington 1820 Vincennes 1820 Washington Scottsburg Shoals Orange 1814 1816 Salem Clark Paoli 1801 Pike Jeffersonville 1817 Petersburg Dubois Gibson 1818 Crawford Floyd 1813 Jasper 1818 1819 Princeton English Harrison New Albany Perry 1808 Warrick Corydon Vander- 1813 Spencer 1814 Posey burgh Booanville 1818 Tell City 1814 1818 Rockport Mt. Vernon Evansville
Indiana Division.
Indiana State Library,
State Capitol in Corydon, 1816-1824, now a state historic site State House in Indianapolis, 1888 to the present
Indiana Division.
Indiana State Library,
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 7 State Emblems, etc. Emblems and special days are established by law and made a part of the Indiana Code (IC). Extended descriptions and explanations of these items are provided on the Indiana Historical Bureau Web site (http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/ihb.html). The Historical Bureau has a sheet of color emblems for sale.
Indiana State Flag The blue and gold state banner was adopted by the 1917 General Assembly as part of the commemoration of the state’s 1916 Centennial celebration, after a competition sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The winning design was by Paul Hadley of Mooresville, Indiana. The name was changed to flag by the 1955 General Assembly. The dimensions were changed to standard usage. The torch stands for liberty and enlightenment; the rays represent their far-reaching influence. The thirteen stars in a circle represent the original thirteen states; the five stars in the circle represent the next five states; the large star is Indiana, the nineteenth state. The state flag is always displayed on the observer’s right of the American flag.
Indiana State Song “On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away,” by Paul Dresser of Terre Indiana State Tree Haute, Indiana was adopted by the 1913 General Assembly (IC 1-2-6). The tulip tree, or yellow poplar, was adopted by the 1931 General Round my Indiana homestead wave the cornfield, Assembly (IC 1-2-7). It blooms in May and June. Its leaf is in the border of In the distance loom the woodlands clear and cool. the state seal. Often times my thoughts revert to scenes of childhood, Where I first received my lessons, nature’s school. But one thing there is missing in the picture, Without her face it seems so incomplete. I long to see my mother in the doorway, Indiana State Seal As she stood there years ago, her boy to greet! REFRAIN Oh, the moonlight’s fair tonight along the Wabash, Versions of this pioneer scene have been From the fields there comes the breath of new mown hay. used on Indiana seals since territorial Thro’ the sycamores the candle lights are gleaming, days. They are found on official papers On the banks of the Wabash, far away. as early as 1801. A seal was Many years have passed since I strolled by the river, provided for in both the 1816 and Arm in arm with sweetheart Mary by my side. 1851 state constitutions. The 1963 It was there I tried to tell her that I loved her, General Assembly gave legal It was there I begged of her to be my bride. sanction to this design and provided Long years have passed since I strolled thro’ the churchyard, an official description (IC 1-2-4). The She’s sleeping there my angel Mary, dear. elements are a woodsman, buffalo, I loved her but she thought I didn’t mean it, sycamore trees, hills and a setting sun; Still I’d give my future were she only here. leaves of the state tree are in the border design. Repeat REFRAIN
8 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 Indiana State Poem Indiana, by Arthur Franklin Mapes of Kendallville, Indiana, was adopted by the 1963 General Assembly (IC 1-2-5). Indiana State Bird God crowned her hills with beauty, The cardinal was adopted Gave her lakes and winding streams, by the 1933 General assembly Then He edged them all with woodlands (IC 1-2-8). As the settings for our dreams. Lovely are her moonlit rivers, Shadowed by the sycamores, Where the fragrant winds of Summer Play along the willowed shores. I must roam those wooded hillsides, I must heed the native call, For a Pagan voice within me Seems to answer to it all. I must walk where squirrels scamper Down a rustic old rail fence, Where a choir of birds is singing In the woodland . . . green and dense. I must learn more of my homeland For it’s paradise to me, There’s no haven quite as peaceful, There’s no place I’d rather be. Indiana . . . is a garden Where the seeds of peace have grown, Where each tree, and vine, and flower Indiana State Flower Has a beauty . . . all its own. The peony was adopted by the 1957 General Assembly (IC 1-2-7). It blooms the last of May and early June in various shades of red and pink and in white. From 1931 to 1957, the zinnia was the state flower.
Indiana State River The Wabash River was adopted by the 1996 General Assembly (IC 1-2-11).
George Rogers Clark Day, February 25 Adopted by the 1975 General Assembly (IC 1-1-13) to celebrate the accomplishments of Clark in the American Revolution; on February 25, 1779, the British surrendered to Clark at Vincennes, Indiana. Northwest Ordinance Day, July 13 Adopted by the 1988 General Assembly (IC 1-1-14) to celebrate the adoption by the U.S. Congress in 1787 of this ordinance which established the Northwest Territory. Indiana State Stone Indiana Day, December 11 Salem Limestone was adopted by the 1971 General Assembly (IC 1-2-9). Adopted by the 1925 General Assembly (IC 1-1-10) to commemorate the admission of Indiana to the Union in 1816 as the Indiana State Language nineteenth state. English was adopted by the 1984 General Assembly (IC 1-2-10).
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 9 Hoosiers and their Heritage Hoosiers, like other ums, libraries, archives, and Indiana’s cultural resources sports venues is the India- Americans, divide their lives publications. Today, there include many fine artists, napolis Motor Speedway. Its between work, family, and are over 370 museums in orchestras, dance compa- first race was May 30, 1911. leisure time. Indiana focused on a variety nies, community theaters, Indiana’s natural Educational opportu- of subjects. There are over art museums, historic and heritage has benefitted from nities are a large concern. 2,900 libraries—school, contemporary visual art private and public attention Indiana public and private public, academic, institu- galleries, local arts agencies, over the years. In 1916, schools, colleges, and tional, and specialized. In and statewide art services Indiana began its state park universities have continued the early twentieth century, organizations. system under Richard to educate Hoosiers and Indiana received grants for Hoosiers are avidly Lieber, who became a leader contribute to the cultural 164 Carnegie Libraries— interested in sports— in the national conservation life of the state. more than any other state. especially basketball, from movement. Indiana has 12 Early Hoosiers had Hoosiers have been the local high school team state forests, 9 reservoirs, great concern about reli- prolific and successful to one’s favorite college 151 nature preserves, and gious freedom, and many writers. Studies have team. Other amateur sports 18 fish and wildlife areas to religious denominations determined that best-selling command the attention of preserve its natural heri- have flourished here and fiction by Indiana authors Hoosiers as well. Indianapo- tage. Private organizations contributed much to the ranked second only to New lis has brought several help to preserve many fabric of Indiana life. In York authors in the period national ventures to Indiana natural areas in Indiana. 1990, 7,134 churches were 1895-1965. in order to strengthen its There are 4 national areas identified serving 47.5 Indiana’s many image as an amateur sports designated for their special percent of the population. contributions to the visual center. Professional sports importance. Such areas are Residents from even arts include the Hoosier are also well represented in also important for recreation the smallest town have Group artists of the turn of Indiana. One of Indiana’s for Hoosiers and tourists. preserved their history and the twentieth century. oldest and most famous traditions through muse- Today throughout the state,
South Bend HammondUS § Gary Indiana‘s § Natural Heritage § § § § § Fort Wayne Key § '' Indiana State Park Indiana State Reservoir Indiana State Forest '' Muncie Indiana State Fish Anderson and Wildlife area Indiana Division, Indiana State Library. § Indianapolis Indiana Dunes § The Word “Hoosier” National Lakeshore US The name Hoosier for a person from Hoosier US Terre Haute '' Indiana apparently became common af- National Forest '''' '' § ter 1833, when John Finley, Richmond, '' National § § Bloomington Indiana published his poem The Hoosier’s Wildlife Refuge US Nest. The scene above was painted circa '' '' § US '' 1844 by Marcus Mote and illustrates the S ''''US § poem. S § Jacob Piatt Dunn published The '' Word Hoosier (Indianapolis, 1907) which § '' has the basic research. No one as yet has US '' '' proved its true origin. One popular theory S§ '' is that settlers’ response “Who’s yere” to Evansville [ a knock on the door became the word Hoosier. §
10 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 Hammond South Bend 33 17 Gary 14
Since the 1960s historic preservation organizations Fort Wayne have united to identify and save important elements of the built environment and archaeological sites of Indiana’s prehistory. Through state and federal govern- ment efforts, Indiana sites have been identified and given 31 36 protection as historic sites in the State Register and the 7 9 National Register of Historic Places. 32 37 The state has also designated 16 historic sites under the State Museum system and provided for Muncie military monuments under the War Memorials Commis- sion to honor Hoosiers who have died in combat. The 35 Anderson U.S. has designated 26 Indiana sites as national historic 19 34 2 18 landmarks, a national memorial, and a national historic 27 12 Indianapolis park with significance for all Americans. 23 29 10 26 Terre Haute Indiana Historic Sites 22 16 Key Bloomington 13 Indiana State Historic Site 25 and National Historic Landmark Indiana State Historic Site 24 21 30 39 3 National Historic Landmark 15 11 38 National Historic Park National Historic Landmark 6 and National Memorial 28 5 [ 4 Evansville 8 1 Angel Mounds 1 20 2 Levi Coffin House Evansville 3 J.F.D. Lanier Mansion 4 New Harmony 30 Charles Shrewsbury House 5 Corydon Capitol 31 Spencer Park Dentzel Carousel 6 Culbertson Mansion 32 Tippecanoe Battlefield 7 Grissom Air Museum 33 Tippecanoe Place 8 Colonel William Jones House 34 Madame C.J. Walker Building 9 Limberlost 35 General Lew Wallace Study 10 Mansfield Roller Mill 36 Wallace Circus Winter Quarters 11 Pigeon Roost 37 George Jr. and Marie Daugherty 12 Ernie Pyle Birthplace Webster House 13 T.C. Steele House 38 West Baden Springs Hotel 14 Gene Stratton-Porter House 39 George Rogers Clark National 15 Vincennes Sites Historic Park 16 Whitewater Canal 17 Joseph Bailly Homestead 18 Broad Ripple Park Dentzel Carousel 19 Butler Fieldhouse 20 Cannelton Cotton Mills 21 Eleutherian College 22 Eugene V. Debs House 23 Benjamin Harrison House 24 William Henry Harrison House 25 Hillforest The Indiana historical marker for 26 Indiana World War Memorial Plaza Madison Historic District, Jefferson County. The Indiana Historical Bureau Historic District administers the state historical marker 27 Indianapolis Motor Speedway program to honor state and local 28 Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial heritage. Markers are listed on its Web 29 James Whitcomb Riley House site (http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/ www/ihb/ihb.html).
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 11 Commerce and Industry Indiana’s extensive continuing strength. The an important part in the in the non-farm private natural resources have chart Indiana Farms, 1860- state’s economy. Industries sector. In decreasing order greatly influenced its 1992 on page 13 demon- based on metals, chemicals, of number of employees, development. It has millions strates how Indiana’s farms and other products have Hoosiers worked in ser- of acres of fertile soil, a and farm population have proved strong in Indiana’s vices; manufacturing; retail favorable climate for agricul- changed dramatically over economic base in the trade; government and ture, many mineral re- time. twentieth century. government enterprises; sources in large amounts, Manufacturing and The mineral resources finance, insurance, and real and a significant amount of industry in Indiana have of Indiana—coal, stone, gas, estate; construction; hardwood timber in its forests. varied with technological gravel, clay, and other transportation and public Indiana’s economy has advances and societal products—for the most part utilities; wholesale trade; always been heavily depen- changes over the years. continue to play a valuable farm employment; agricul- dent on agriculture and Again diversity has led to a part in the economy. tural services, forestry, agricultural-related prod- healthy economy for the In 1996, the largest fishing, etc.; and mining. ucts and industries. Diver- most part. Lumber-based number of jobs— sity of products and crops and transportation-related 2,950,416—in Indiana were has been a large part of its industries have long played
Hammond Natural Resources South Bend in Indiana Gary Key Coal Fort Wayne Indiana counties currently mining the most coal and having 1 the most reserves for future mining Limestone Location of Salem limestone formation where best building stone is located Muncie Northern Forest Survey Unit with 24% of Indiana forest land 1 Anderson Lower Wabash Forest Survey Unit Indianapolis with 21% of Indiana forest land 2 Knobs Forest Survey Unit 2 with 46% of Indiana forest land 3 Upland Flats Forest Survey Unit Terre Haute with 9% of Indiana forest land 4 Bloomington Sullivan 4 3 Looking back Daviess Knox • In 1986, 402 million board feet of hardwood lumber were produced by Indiana mills. • In 1909, United States Steel’s Gary Works Gibson opened as the largest steel mill in the world. Warrick [ • In the 1880s, natural gas was discovered in Evansville east-central Indiana attracting factories that Posey made glass, tinplate, and strawboard. • In 1850, there were nearly 1,000 grain mills in Indiana. • By the mid-1840s, Madison, Jefferson County Sources: W. L. Fix, The Forests of Indiana (FNR 34, revised 1993, West was the third largest pork-packing center in the Lafayette, Ind.); Indiana Limestone,
12 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 Indiana Agriculture, 1860-1997 Indiana Agriculture Rankings in U.S. for selected crops and livestock More 1997 rankings in U.S.
crop/livestock 1860 1890 1920 1950 1982 1997 1st ducks corn 4th 7th 4th 4th 3rd 5th 1st popcorn wheat 2nd 4th 8th 11th 18th 14th 2nd ice cream production oats 12th 7th 6th 15th 18th 3rd tomatoes for processing soybeans 2nd 3rd 4th 4th egg production hogs 1st 4th 3rd 4th 5th 4th peppermint Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 220, 410, 414, 416, 420; 1982 Census of cantaloupes Agriculture, Vol. 1, part 51, U.S. Summary and State Data; Indiana Agricultural 5th Statistics,
Indiana Farms 1860 - 1992
Indiana Division, Indiana State Library. Farm Number Acres of population of farms farmland 1860 na 132,000 16,388,000
1890 998,000 198,000 20,363,000
1920 914,000 205,000 21,063,000
1950 667,000 167,000 19,659,000
1982 77,180* 77,180 16,294,268
Men working in a quarry of the Indiana Limestone 1992 62,778* 62,778 15,618,831 Company, Inc., Bedford. This company supplied the stone for the Empire State Building, New York, completed in *Census categories changed from “farm population” to “operators” of farms, full or part time 1931. Indiana limestone has also been used in the Sources: Historical Statistics of the U.S., Part 1, 458-60; 1992 Census of Agricul- Pentagon, the National Cathedral, and the U.S. Holocaust ture, Indiana,
Indiana Industries, 1860-1992 Top ten industries by value of product 1860 1890 1920 1947 1977 1992 flour & grist primary metal industies primary metal industries transportation flour & grist iron & steel equipment milling milling transportation transportation automobiles equipment equipment primary metal industries lumber lumber railroad cars electric & electronic chemicals & allied machinery products meat packing meat packing equipment meat packing food & kindred products food & kindred products food & kindred products liquor railroad cars food electrical machinery electronic & electric carriages & machinery machinery equipment wagons foundry & machine chemicals & allied fabricated metal products products industrial machinery & textiles foundry & machine shop products equipment fabricated metal chemicals & allied carriages & shop products flour & grist products fabricated metal products products wagons milling liquor petroleum & coal petroleum & coal products rubber & miscellaneous boots & shoes clothing printing & paper products plastics products stone, clay & glass rubber & miscellaneous petroleum & coal leather furniture furniture products plastics products products furniture food clothing furniture & fixtures printing & publishing printing & publishing
Sources: Barnhart and Carmony, 2: 239, 242, 436, 444; 1977 Census of Manufactures, Indiana; 1992 Census of Manufactures, Indiana.
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 13 Transportation Indiana’s geographical The state has been a location has made it a major railroad center, with Early Internal Improvements in Indiana crossroads area and en- its highest mileage of over
couraged development of 7,600 miles in 1920. Today, Key Michigan City South Bend transportation systems. Indiana has approximately Federal aid Soon after statehood, 4,500 miles of track. 11 1 National Road federal financial assistance Highways—and then 2 Michigan Road 3 Fort Wayne in the form of land to sell interstate highways starting and use, resulted in the in 1952—became the major 3 Wabash and Erie Canal Indiana Internal building of the Wabash and ground transportation. 2 Improvements Act 1836 Lafayette 5 Erie Canal and the Michi- Today, the state has thir- Muncie 4 Whitewater Canal gan Road. The federal teen interstate highways— 6 Anderson 5 Central Canal government also built the more than any other state— Indianapolis 1 Richmond National Road in Indiana with a total of 1,138 miles. 6 Wabash Canal extension 4 from 1829 to 1834. It is now Travel and trade by Terre Haute 7 Madison and 7 U.S. 40. water has always been Indianapolis railroad Cincinnaati Lawrenceburg The Internal Improve- important to Indiana. 8 New Albany Madison ments Act of 1836 was the Today, barges and ships at to Vincennes turnpike Vincennes 8 Ohio River state’s over-ambitious Indiana’s three interna- 9 Jeffersonville 9 attempt to address trans- tional ports handle millions to Crawfordsville road 10 New Albany Jeffersonville portation needs of Hoosiers, of dollars worth of trade to 10 Removal of Evansville especially for commerce and and from the state. Wabash River trade. Eight major projects Aviation has become obstructions were specified. The law an important part of to Vincennes resulted in financial disas- Indiana’s transportation 11 Erie and Michigan Canal ter, and construction was network. Today, Indiana Source: Carmony, 139,178,195-96. stopped in 1839. Many has 117 public access projects were later com- airports and 564 private pleted with public and access airports throughout private funding. the state. 1 Indiana‘s Transportation Today Indiana’s major railroad lines, airports, and international ports
Rail lines 94 South Bend 90 80 Hammond Gary Airports Indiana’s Fort Wayne Indiana’s International Port/ interstate 1 469 Burns Harbor at Portage highways 65 69 Southwind Maritime Centre at Mount Vernon 2 Muncie Clark Maritime Centre Anderson 3 74 at Jeffersonville 465 70 Indianapolis Terre Haute 70 74
Bloomington 275 65 3 265 [ 64 2 Evansville 164 Maps adapted from: Cartesia Software, MapArt US Geopolitical Deluxe,
14 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 A Note Regarding Resources: Items are listed on this page that enhance work with the topic discussed. Some older items, especially, may include dated practices and ideas that are no longer generally accepted. Resources reflecting current practices are noted whenever possible. Selected Resources Bibliography Dorothy Riker. Indiana to and Change: A History of the Internet Sites • Barnhart, John D., and 1816: The Colonial Period. Hoosier State and Its People, Information about Donald F. Carmony. Indi- Indianapolis, 1971. Reprint, 1920-1945. Indianapolis, Indiana topics on the ana: From Frontier to 1983, 1994. 1982. Internet continually in- Industrial Commonwealth. 4 Standard source for this Standard source for this creases. Several important vols, New York, 1954. period. period. sources are cited in this Reprint, 2 vols., Indianapo- • Bennett, Pamela J., and • McCord, Shirley S., issue and below. The lis, 1979. Shirley S. McCord, comps. comp. Travel Accounts of Indiana Historical Bureau Volumes 1 and 2 cover Progress after Statehood: A Indiana, 1679-1961. India- Web site has links to many prehistory through the early Book of Readings. India- napolis, 1970. sites related to this issue, twentieth century. Standard napolis, 1974. Excerpts from primary but the Web user can find source. Excerpts from primary sources. many more. • Carmony, Donald F. sources. • Phillips, Clifton J. Indi- Indiana Historical Bureau: Indiana: 1816-1850: The • Bodenhamer, David J., ana in Transition: The
© Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 The Indiana Historian, December 1998 15 JustJustJust thethethe Facts!Facts!Facts!
Physical features, pages 2-3 • Indiana’s geographic area is 36,420 square miles: 35,870 of land and 550 of water. • Indiana is the 38th state in rank by size. • Indiana is 265 miles long from north to south and 140 miles wide from east to west. • Indiana’s highest point is 1,257 feet in Wayne County; lowest is 320 feet in Posey County. • Indiana wetlands, originally estimated at 5.6 million Hoosiers and their heritage, pages 10-11 acres, consisted of 813,000 acres in 1995. • In 1998 Indiana has 1,285 properties listed in the Na- • Indiana forests originally covered an estimated 20 million tional Register of Historic Places. acres; in 1998 fewer than 2,000 acres of old growth forest • Indiana has identified 47,500 archaeological sites. remain. •Indiana has 65 public and private colleges and universities. • Indiana has professional sports teams in baseball, bas- ketball, football, ice hockey, indoor soccer, soccer, and women’s soccer. Indiana’s people, pages 4-5 • Indiana’s first modern lottery tickets were sold on Octo- ber 13, 1989. In 1818, legislators passed a lottery law to • In 1997, Indiana’s population was estimated to be raise funds for a canal. 5,864,108, ranking 14th in the U.S. • In 1852, the first Indiana State Fair was held in India- • In 1990, 75.6 percent of Hoosiers were high school napolis. graduates; 15.6 percent had a bachelor’s degree or higher. • Vincennes, Knox County is the oldest continuous settle- ment in Indiana. • Indiana has contributed 2 presidents and 5 vice presi- Commerce and industry, pages 12-13 dents to the U.S. • In 1838, the Potawatomi Indians were removed from • In 1997, the state’s unemployment rate was 3.5 Indiana to Kansas on what is called the “Trail of Death.” percent. • In 1996-97, Indiana ranked 8th in national coal production with about 34 million tons. Approximately 95 percent was by surface mining methods. • Indiana ranks 3rd in U.S. in hardwood forest products Governing Indiana, pages 6-7 manufactured. • Frank O’Bannon is the 47th governor of the State of • In 1992, Indiana farmland was 15.6 million acres of a Indiana. total land area of 23 million acres. • The General Assembly meets in a 61-day session in odd- • In 1929, Indiana furnished 12 million cubic feet of numbered years and in a 30-day session in even num- dimension limestone for building construction. Today, bered years. nearly 2.7 million cubic feet of Indiana limestone is • In the U.S. Congress, Indiana has 2 senators and 10 quarried annually. representatives. • In 1915, the Coca-Cola bottle was created in Terre • Indiana has 92 counties. Haute by Root Glass Company. • In the 1850 constitutional convention, the largest catego- ries of delegates were farmers (42 percent), lawyers (25 percent), and physicians (12 percent). • Indiana became the 19th state on December 11, 1816. Transportation, page 14 • U.S. 231 is the longest Indiana roadway at 297 miles; it spans the entire length of the state and crosses 14 State emblems, etc., pages 8-9 counties. • State Highway Commission was created in 1919 by the • Bird - Cardinal • Tree - tulip tree Indiana General Assembly. • Flower - peony • Stone - Salem limestone • Indiana’s first municipal airport was dedicated in 1919 in • Language - English • River - Wabash River Kokomo. • Poem - Indiana, by Arthur Franklin Mapes • In 1850, Indiana had 228 miles of rail lines; by 1860, it • Song - “On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away,” by Paul increased to 2,163 miles. Dresser • In 1836, Michigan City, the only established Indiana city • Motto - The Crossroads of America (1937 General Assem- on Lake Michigan, received funds from the U.S. Congress bly resolution) to construct a harbor. • Nickname - The Hoosier State •A law of 1816-17 required males age 18-50 to donate up • There are many theories, but no certain answer, about to 6 days labor annually to open and maintain public the origin of the name “Hoosier.” roads.