Institut für Spring 2001 die Wissenschaften vom Menschen

Institute for Human Sciences

A-1090 Wien Spittelauer Lände 3

Tel. (+431) 313 58-0 Fax (+431) 313 58-30 CONFERENCE The IWM’s first major conference of the year took place March [email protected] www.iwm.at 9th through the 11th at the Palais Ferstel in central Vienna. Scholars and public figures from around the world gathered to discuss the problem of historical memory, a problem that has moved into the center of political, social, and cultural debates in Contents many countries as they reflect upon the recent past.

9 Workshop Citizenship and Identity The Memory of the Century 11 Kolloquium Offene Seele – Harmonische Welt FRENCH PHILOSOPHER Paul Ricoeur opened the conference 12 Conference on Friday evening, March 9th with a public lecture on the When Globalization Fails... relation between memory and history. As in his main work, Temps et Récit, Ricoeur’s arguments in this keynote speech 15 Seminar with Slavenka Drakulic revolved around the presence of the absent in our imagina- The Politics of Truth and Justice tion, which he identified as the main problem of epistemo- logical and chronological reflection and hence of philoso- 25 Notes on Books phy and history in general. According to Ricoeur, the inter- Charles Taylor on Multiple secting lines of “actual presentation” and “representation of Modernities the past” constitute a riddle in the phenomenon of Sorin Antohi on Ioan Petru Culianu memory with respect to the question of truth. The talk’s three parts considered memory as the fundamental matrix, 26 Guest Contributions the external object, and the informed product of history, Michel Serres and Pierre Nora and addressed the paradoxes that result from these differ- on Memory ent functions. As the matrix of history, memory is a condition for 31 Political Commentary representing the past and always requires a narrator. Hence Lord Dahrendorf on Parliamentarism truth and objectivity of history are, for example, related to Paul Ricoeur the credibility of the witness. But the witness is contra- dicted by the epistemology of the document and the archive. Making reference to the notion of mentality in the Annales and Nouvelles Histoire schools of historiography and to Carlo Ginzburg’s conjectural paradigm of the trace, Ricoeur argued that memory as a matrix of history does not become an object of “scientific” history because memory itself is an object of the historian qua human scientist. Thus memory as a product remained out of sight until the ques- tions of the narration and rhetoric of history appeared. Ricoeur’s psychoanalytic conclusion was that we should not separate the work of memory from the work of grief. Pierre Nora, historian and editor of Les lieux de mémoire, began the Saturday session with a paper on the causes and effects of what he called the current world-wide upsurge in memory. It was in France, in Nora’s view, that the ardent, “almost fetishistic memorialism” began that later Conference THE MEMORY OF THE CENTURY

spread to La- with other actors such as judges, witnesses, der Smolar, political scientist and director tin America, media, and legislators. In conclusion, of the Warsaw-based Batory Foundation. South Af- Nora warned, “To claim the right to The problem of the legacy of Com- rica, and memory is, at bottom, to call for justice. In munism reveals itself as a problem of the Eastern Eu- the effects it has had, however, it has often whole history of the last 50 years, Michnik rope. become a call to murder.” stated, seeking to historicize the picture of Accord- Following Nora’s lecture, Reinhart Communism in Poland. Communism ing to Nora, Koselleck took up the matter of war me- underwent a firm evolution, and people’s there were morials in the 19th and 20th centuries. The attitudes toward it changed fundamen- three basic theme of his tally in the course of time. It lasted much Pierre Nora, Charles S. Maier reasons for empirically- longer than Nazi-rule, and the vast major- this increa- based analysis ity of Poles were involved in one way or sed awareness of memory, in contrast to was the trans- another in the structures of Communist history, in France. The economic crisis of formation of power and helped to maintain this power. 1974 made very clear that development memorials to Thus there could be no analogy to post- after the Second World War, industrializa- the unknown war de-nazification in Poland. Moreover, tion and urbanization, had swept away soldier. Using the political transition at that time was a the entire rural way of life. This end of the photographs Reinhart Koselleck result of negotiations, and the absence of a LeGoffian “long Middle Ages of France” of memorials clear break made the effort to confront the led in turn to a growing interest in the from several eras and countries, Koselleck Communist legacy all the more difficult. French past. The second reason was a pro- illustrated a substantial change in the way The best way to break with the Com- cess of reinterpretation of the national the soldier is represented, with the strong munist past, Michnik argued, would in- past, a consequence of the post-de Gaulle monarchic traits in the 19th and the begin- deed have been to reveal the whole truth. era. The third was the intellectual collapse ning of the 20th centuries giving way to But what is the truth? Michnik made no of Marxism along with the factual end of the “democratized” face of the common secret of his doubts that it is contained in the revolutionary idea. The concept of his- man. secret police documents. In his view, the torical time based on revolutions and in- The meaning of war memorials opening of secret police archives only leads 2 formed by the notion of rupture, Nora ar- showed an even deeper and more impor- to demagogy or even to a threat to democ- gued, has been replaced by another con- tant shift. The 19th century made a strong racy. Some voices from the audience ar- cept of time based on a renewed notion of effort to give meaning to death on the gued against Michnik, claiming that it is tradition. battlefield in order to assure that soldiers not the opening but the sealing of archives In Nora’s view, two major historical would not die in vain. Such “endowing that damages democracy, for in that case phenomena have facilitated the rise of “the with meaning” (Sinnstiftung) was, how- there would still be a small number of age of commemoration.” The first is the ever, replaced by a “quest for meaning” people with access to secret documents so-called “acceleration of history”: utterly (Sinnsuche) or even a “demand for mean- who could misuse them. uncertain about the future, we do not ing” (Sinnforderung) after the First World Michnik’s old friend and opponent know how to constitute and preserve our War, and was finally substituted by a “de- Smolar altered the debate as he spoke more past. The end of any sort of historical tele- nial of meaning” (Sinnverweigerung) after about the role of “memory” of Commu- ology imposes on us a “duty to remember,” the Second World War. nism in current politics rather than about and leads to a kind of stockpiling of ves- Koselleck showed how memorials the past itself. He discerned three groups tiges from the past. The second phenom- stopped trying to justify death and war. in Polish politics, each of which has its enon is the “democratization” of history. Instead of trying to answer the question, own specific approach to the past. The Every group of people, former minorities “Why?” today’s memorial only tries to first group he called radicals. This group in any sense of the word, today strives to demonstrate the imperative, “Never considered the Communist regime to be a rehabilitate its past as a part and an affir- again!” The death of the lone soldier is no mere occupation. Its adherents wanted a mation of its identity. Hence, the previous longer represented, and the illustrative clear break with the legacy of Commu- distinction between history as a sphere of emphasis is placed upon those who sur- nism and were dissatisfied with the way the collective, and memory as a sphere of vived. In the case of Holocaust memorials the ancien regime had been dismissed. the individual with respect to the elabora- the figural motif has disappeared alto- The second group, Smolar continued, was tion of the past has ceased to exist. gether. the moderates. Many of them, Michnik Nora mentioned two main effects of After lunch the main topic remained included, fought against Communism the recent upsurge of memory. One is a present, but the character of the speeches before 1989 and used the language of to- dramatic increase in the uses of the past for changed significantly. Following the aca- talitarian theory in those days. After the political, commercial, and touristic pur- demic lectures of Ricoeur, Nora, and fall of Communism, however, they poses. The second is a change in the role of Koselleck, the audience witnessed a politi- switched to a more pragmatic language in the historian. Although historians once cal debate between two Polish speakers: order to facilitate communication with had a monopoly on the interpretation of Adam Michnik, historian and editor-in- former Communists and provide a chance the past, they must now share this task chief of Gazeta Wyborcza, and Aleksan- for reconciliation.

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In an allusion to Emerson, Smolar stated that theme of the public podium discussion Saturday there is a realm of memory and a realm of hope. evening. The discussion, chaired by Lord Wei- While the former tries to analyze the past, the latter denfeld, began with statements from each of the aims toward the future. Hence the moderates, who five speakers (three Austrians and two Americans) preferred to develop the vision of a democratic soci- about the role of memory in the formation of the ety, had to dispense with the real working-out of Austrian Republic and contemporary Austrian history. Moreover, there was a fear of the dynamics politics. All spoke on short notice following late of revolution (even though there was, according to cancellations by the originally scheduled speakers. Smolar, no such revolution at all), a fear that the Rudolf Burger of the University of Applied radicals are the Jacobins of contemporary Poland. Arts in Vienna pointed to the paradox that while Aleksander Smolar, Tony Judt The third group was the post-Communists, who the present is a result of history, so also is history in did not see any discontinuity between the time be- an important sense a product of the present. Ac- fore and after 1989 and instead spoke of a gradual cording to Burger, “The past is always a present democratization and liberalization of the Commu- phenomenon; hence it is penetrated through and nist regime. through by the interests, above all the political in- According to Smolar, the “historisophic” view terests, of the present.” He suggested that while the does not play such an important role in Poland to- process of Austrian nation-building has experi- day as it did at the beginning of 1990s. However, enced much success in the past half-century, the with the return of right-wing government in 1997 “patheticization” of historical perspectives in what the past was again on the political agenda in the are often relatively minor political conflicts shows form of “lustration” and “decommunization”. In that this process is not yet at an end. contrast to Michnik, Smolar considered this “mod- Tuat’s net politisieren! – Stop Politicizing! – was Richard Pipes, Tony Judt, Yuri N. Afanasiev erate” form of the cleansing of public life to be war- the title of Austrian writer Josef Haslinger’s talk. ranted, since it hindered the “privatized” (and more Like Burger, he described Austria’s halting con- dangerous) form of lustration that had been taking struction of a national identity, relating his experi- place previously. This lustration according to law ence of the phenomenon of Wienhass – the could, Smolar argued, even help some people to countryside’s contempt for the capital – and its cor- clear their names. ollary, Viennese disdain for country life. Haslinger 3 Whereas in Poland there is a vivid debate about suggested that Austrians tend to overlook persistent the memory of Communism and the relevance of political divisions and instead direct their gaze to an the past for contemporary politics, according to the imaginary “middlepoint” of idyllic Austrian life, or next panel speakers, historians Yuri Afanasiev and to the “ersatz Kaiser” of national ceremony. In Richard Pipes, in Russia there is nothing of the Haslinger’s view, the attempt to avoid a left-right kind. The rational approach to the past was limited schism after the war has led to “political disinterest- Lord Weidenfeld, Fritz Stern to a few scientific institutions, Afanasiev com- edness,” and to the false expectation that every- plained. On the other hand, politicians, especially thing can still be arranged to the general advantage President Putin, attempt to resurrect the myth of “from above.” Russian history associated with the “Russian Idea”. Gerald Stourzh, Professor Emeritus of Con- This kind of thought, with its origins in the temporary History at the University of Vienna, dis- 19th century, was developed by famous men of let- cussed the overlapping tendencies toward, on the ters like Pushkin, Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, and one hand, acknowledgment of Austrian’s part in surfaced again in the Soviet Union in its later days. National Socialism and, on the other hand, the Today, Afanasiev argued, Putin promotes “patriotic mentality of the Schlussstrich, a decisive break with history” in which the “unique character” of Russia the past. The allied powers’ ambiguous view of and Russian history was also its “greatness”. Richard Austria as both complicit in the Nazi regime and as Josef Haslinger, Rudolf Burger Pipes agreed with this view. According to Pipes, “the first victim of Hitlerite aggression,” Stourzh Russia has separated itself from its Communist past, suggested, helped to establish this persistent dual- but there is in fact no “active divorce” in public life. ism of historical understanding. The problematic “yearning for Great Power status” Charles S. Maier of Harvard University ex- has melded with a personal feeling of “compro- pressed “great discomfort with the notion of na- mised” citizens. Almost everybody, according to tional identity in general,” which he thought un- Pipes, was complicit in one way or another with the suited to a “postmodern era” in which citizens con- former regime, and feels guilty about it. This is why stantly adopt and cycle through many different there has been no significant demand for a true identities. Maier argued that current Austrian po- confrontation with Soviet history, and why we will litical disputes are better understood as expressions have to wait until the next generation comes to of the defining problems of post-war Europe – for power and begins its reappraisal of the past. example, immigration, globalization, and national “Memory and Identity in Austria” was the sovereignty – rather than as a struggle over national In the foreground: Gerald Stourzh

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Das historische Ge- identity. “The fact that populism appears on the reconciliation. He characterized the process of deal- dächtnis ist heute in right with ugly nationalist accents is hardly surpris- ing with the past as “a journey between the Scylla of vielen Ländern und für ing and hardly isolated,” he said. amnesia and the Charybdis of hypermnesia to the viele politische, gesell- Maier gently criticized the diplomatic sanc- more tranquil if ambiguous waters of mesomnesia.” schaftliche und religiöse tions imposed on Austria by the European Union Joachim Gauck, former Federal Commis- Institutionen zu einer last year, which he thought were “misconceived as a sioner for the Archives of the State Security Service akuten Frage geworden. call against the government” instead of a more spe- of the former GDR in Noch nie sind die My- cific “call to maintain the values that are common to Berlin, was the first to then der Vergangenheit the new Europe.” He spoke of the need for inclu- comment on Garton so vehement angegrif- sive debate on the most difficult European issues, Ash’s paper. Gauck dis- fen und so leidenschaft- stating, “I don’t think we’re helped very much by cussed the problem of lich verteidigt worden. using the word ‘neo’ all the time.” the Schlussstrich in post- Den Gründen für dieses Picking up on Pierre Nora’s statements about reunification Germany, Phänomen widmete sich the democratization of history, Fritz Stern, Profes- stating firstly that the eine international be- sor of History at Columbia University, asserted the political purpose of the setzte Konferenz des need for careful attention to complete contexts in government’s taking IWM von 9.-11. März. the study of history. He criticized both the whole- possession of the Stasi Joachim Gauck, Alex Boraine Eine Sammlung der sale ignoring of the tragic events of past – as exem- files was “the political, Konferenzbeiträge wird plified, in Stern’s view, by Japan – and what he juridical, and historical working-out (Aufarbeitung) Transit 22 (erscheint called “a predilection for the negative” in much cur- of the past.” Winter 2001) bieten. rent historiography, especially that which would Referring to the problem – raised most clearly claim that even approximating historical truth is at the conference by Adam Michnik – of the politi- impossible. cal misuse of the files, Gauck argued that this was The discussion of memory and identity in not so much an endemic political problem as a mat- post-Communist democracies continued on Sun- ter of abuse by individuals of certain specifically day with a lecture by Timothy Garton Ash of Ox- outlined rights to receive information. As with any ford. In remarks that were also reminiscent of Nora’s abuse of a right, political misuse of these files can be 4 reflections on recent times as an “age of memorial- punished and deterred through the usual juridical ism,” Ash showed how Vergangenheitsbewältigung means, Gauck stated. The immediate goal of open- or “past-beating” has become a sort of global indus- ing the files was not reconciliation; it was rather “so try. He discussed several goals – e.g., truth, justice, that the oppressors could no longer determine their and democratization – and several means – e.g., positions in society, and that the civil and human trials, public apologies, and the criminalization of rights of the oppressed could prevail over the inter- denial of certain past events – of this now widely ests of the earlier ruling elites.” Gauck concluded: “I practiced activity. am against cheap grace.” Garton Ash then turned to a historical scheme, Following Gauck, Alex Boraine, who occu- claiming that until 1945, the standard approach to pied a comparable position to that of Gauck in the past by political leaders was not to remember, South Africa as Vice-Chairman of the Truth and but precisely to forget. He discussed the historically Reconciliation Committee, took the floor. Boraine close tie between forgetfulness and forgiveness, as cautioned against neglecting the goal of reconcilia- implied also in the linguistic affinity between “am- tion. “In a very divided society,” he said, “if you are nesty” and “amnesia.” Churchill could still speak of going to have any real guarantee of stability and a “blessed act of oblivion,” but since then the pre- peace, and not a return to hostility, there ought to dominant political approach to the past has been be a very real commitment to reconciliation, both deliberately to remember it. But while history may between individuals and within communities – es- present us with a dichotomy, one of whose ele- pecially if there are two or more major groups in ments seems to be morally superior to the other, competition.” He emphasized, however, that rec- according to Ash this view conceals the complexity onciliation is necessarily a process, and cannot be of the problem of remembering the past. instantly realized. Like Nora, he quoted Nietzsche on the plastic- In South Africa, Boraine said, this process was ity of memory, and also like Nora he pointed to the essentially one of negotiation and compromise, and problem of the political exploitation of memory, not of one group lording it over another, even citing the example of the Serbian army’s legitimiza- though pressure may have been used – as, for ex- tion of the Srebrenica massacre by the need to ample, when the security forces insisted on a lim- avenge Turkish massacres of Serbs in the 19th cen- ited amnesty clause before they would guarantee tury. Garton Ash proposed a middle way that protection in the first post-apartheid election. The would achieve a “subtle blend of memory and for- commission itself was, in his view, a fundamentally getting,” and counseled against demands for fast democratic process that became “a daily experience

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of the entire nation.” nized around financial incentives. He of- thinking about revelation and creation. Boraine agreed with Garton Ash that fered instead a two-part explanation that The attempt to find religious meaning in there must be a tension or blending of re- he called a “very speculative hypothesis.” the Holocaust has led to an “implicit trans- membering and forgetting, but he quali- First was the contrast between the “tar- formation” of the traditional view accord- fied this by saying that “the duty of geted terror” of the Nazi regime and the ing to which God reveals himself through memory is to forget, but you do that by “stochastic terror” of Stalinist regimes. It is salvation and light. Ravitzky linked this remembering, and you do not to that by the former “that bequeaths hot memory,” transformation to the massive revival in ignoring.” In South Africa, he said, “It was in Maier’s view, because of the in- recent years of Jewish mysticism, which important to deal with the past. Not to escapability it implies. And whereas the tends to emphasize the real existence of stay there, not to dwell in it, but to move stochasticism of Soviet terror meant that evil, and to a darker and more pessimistic beyond it, having first remembered.” “We there was often little one could have done view of the human being in Jewish theol- will turn the page,” he said, “but we must to prevent atrocities, the specificity of Nazi ogy. According to Ravitzky, this helps ac- first read it.” terror raises the problem of complicity or count for the increased rigor of the Jewish In the afternoon the topic shifted to “bystanding:” knowing who the likely law within many orthodox communities memory of Communism and fascism. victims were but failing to do everything in the post-war decades. Fritz Stern was the chairman, and first to possible to save them. Bauer’s talk focused on the problem speak was Leszek Kolakowski, Professor Unlike that of Communism, “the of the tension between politics and histo- of Philosophy at Oxford, on the topic of ‘memory’ of fascism asks us to think not riography in memory of the Holocaust. Communist mendacity. Kolakowski be- whether we would have been fascists, but Like Charles Maier, he disputed claims gan by recalling the massive importance of anti-fascists, and the answer is often a dis- that allege a large, organized, historically the party in turbing no.” Nazism’s connection to the distortive attempt to use the memory of the Commu- “almost universal question” of courage in the Holocaust to political ends. But he nist regimes, so the face of evil helps explain why its defended a certain instrumentalization of important even memory remains “hot,” in Maier’s view. that the Marx- The final session of the Conference, ist claim about “Jewish Memory, Jewish Tradition, and the withering European Identity,” moderated by away of the Shlomo Avineri of Hebrew University of 5 state is in a cer- Jerusalem, featured papers by Yehuda tain sense ac- Bauer and Aviezer Ravitzky, both also Leszek Kolakowski, Alain Besancon curate. He then from Hebrew University. Both Bauer and turned to the Ravitzky addressed the impact of the Ho- nature of the Communist lie, which he locaust on the lives of Jews in the past half- claimed was unique in political history be- century, Bauer with respect to politics and cause of its “immunity” to facts. The “dial- society, Ravitzky with respect to theology. ectics”of Communist ideology allowed Ravitzky discussed how three major the party to “transform any fact into its Jewish theological concepts – redemption, Shlomo Avineri, Yehuda Bauer, Aviezer Ravitzky opposite,” generating what Kolakowski revelation, and the creation of man – have called “a mentality of sincere lies” in the been transformed as a consequence of memory as a normal and acceptable part of Communist countries. memory of the Holocaust. He suggested democratic politics: “What appears as in- Next, in a paper entitled “Hot that messianic movements within con- strumentalization, and in part indeed is so, Memory, Cold Memory,” Charles Maier temporary Judaism can be understood as is mainly a reaction to the trauma of the took up the following question: “Why responses to the sudden incursion of his- Holocaust.” The roots of this reaction, in does the black book of Nazism remain, in tory into the traditionally non-historical Bauer’s view, are less willful manipulation the consciousness of so many of those pre- consciousness of ultra-orthodox pantheis- than “a growing realization that some- occupied by the history of the twentieth tic movements such as Lubavitcher thing unprecedented happened in the century, blacker than the black book of Hassidism. Memory of the Holocaust has, genocide of the Jews, something that is so Communism?” He employed the meta- according to Ravitzky, introduced a messi- extraordinary and yet so indicative of the phor of the atomic “half-life” of radioac- anic dimension into the major Jewish re- human condition in general, that a vague tive elements to discuss why he thinks demptive movements, so that the histori- feeling exists that that is a matter that a “memory of Nazi crimes” – above all the cal and political successes of Israel – how- person living in our generation ought to Holocaust – “has not faded, but memory ever ethically partial – have been vested by know something about it.” of Communist crimes has.” many Jews with immediate messianic sig- Andrew Bove / Michal Kopecek Maier disputed the thesis – recently nificance. advanced by Norman Finkelstein in his Whereas memory of the Holocaust book “The Holocaust Industry” – that the has positively intensified the thought of durability of Holocaust memory can be redemption, it has also, Ravitzky claimed, explained by interest-group politics orga- introduced a deep pessimism into Jewish

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Pressestimmen (Auswahl)

Bei Annäherung an das neue Jahrhundert (...) Doch betonte Krzysztof Michalski, der Das Unrecht der Vergangen- hat Hans Blumenberg vor Jahren die Ver- Direktor des IWM, am Beginn der Tagung, heit kann nicht ohne die Utopie mutung ausgesrpochen, man werde beim dass es sich hier keinesfalls um rein akade- enzyklopädischer Erinnerung Wechsel des Jahrhunderts die Gunst der mische Fragen handle, sondern um Proble- gesühnt werden, doch kehrt Stunde nutzen, sich zu entschulden, indem me von hoher politischer Brisanz. Wie recht sich jede Utopie da gegen sich man so viel wie möglich dem zwanzigsten Michalski mit dieser Bemerkung hatte, zeigte selbst, wo sie zwanghaft wird. Roger de Weck, Jahrhundert als einem unheilvollen aufladen sich im weiteren Verlauf der Tagung in aller Der den Menschen mögliche Guido Kalberer, würde. Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert, das Deutlichkeit: Denn der Kopmlex, der mit den Weg zur Wahrheit folgt dem Andreas Breitenstein einst angetreten war, das neunzehnte durch Begriffen „Geschichte und Erinnerung“ Wechselspiel von Präsenz und Neuheit zu überbieten, könnte der „damnatio umschrieben ist, wurde nicht nur im reinen Absenz: Erinnern, ohne vergessen zu dürfen memoriae“ verfallen. Derzeit sieht es so aus, Raum der begrifflichen Abstraktion abge- – das ist wie reden, ohne schweigen, leben, als trete das handelt, sondern auch dort aufgesucht, wo ohne schlafen zu können. Gegenteil ein: er sich politisch konkretisiert. Andreas Breitenstein, Wie kein Hermann Schlösser, Wiener Zeitung Neue Zürcher Zeitung Jahrhundert zuvor ist das Wenn man die Bedeutung von Diktatur als Während der vorchristliche Dichter Ovid das jüngst ver- Zerstörung von Strukturen und Individuen Vergessen als einziges Heilmittel gegen eine Ulrich Speck, Henning Ritter gangene erlebt hat, denn muss man Zeugnis davon unglückliche Liebe preist, herrscht heute die immer noch ablegen. Das kann man tun, indem man Meinung, dass nur die schmerzhafte Seelen- Gegenstand von Aufarbeitung, von staatliches Erinnern so gestaltet, wie es zergliederung zu wahrhaft neuem Glück „Erinnerungsarbeit“ und neuerdings sogar früher meine Aufgabe war. Da fragen wir führt. (...) Von Ovid trennt uns Sigmund Freud. einer Gedächtnisgeschichte, die sich an- und dann nicht, wie groß die Wirkung ist, Seit wir von dem Wiener Gelehrten wissen, schickt, die herkömmliche Geschichts- sondern wir tun es, weil wir nicht anders dass nicht Aufgearbeitetes, bloß Verdräng- schreibung von Grund auf umzuwälzen und können. tes uns zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt wieder an die Aufgabe der Erinnerung von Greueln, Joachim Gauck im Gespräch mit heimsuchen kann, hat das Vergessen seine 6 von Völkermord, Verfolgung und Benachtei- Hans Rauscher, Der Standard Unschuld verloren. Vielleicht kein Zufall, dass ligungen zu binden. ausgerechnet in Wien eine hochkarätig Henning Ritter, Timothy Garton Ash ist um eine geistreiche besetzte Tagung nach den Gründen fragte Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Provokation nie verlegen. In Anlehnung and für die obsessive Beschäftigung des 20. die „Holocaust-Industrie“, die der linke Jahrhunderts mit der Erinnerung. Vorsichtshalber gab das Wiener Institut für Politikwissenschafter Norman Finkelstein in Claudia Keller, Der Tagesspiegel die Wissenschaften vom Menschen seiner seinem jüngsten Buch brutal attackierte, Tagung vom letzten Wochenende einen prägte der Historiker aus Oxford bei der In drei Tagen gelang es, das Gedächtnis, englischen Titel: „The Memory of the Wiener Konferenz zum „Gedächtnis des diese Qualle unter den Begriffen, zu fassen, Century“: „Memory“ für das Gedächtnis des Jahrhunderts“ das Wort von der auf die Philosophie, Politik und die Gesell- vergangenen 20. Jahrhunderts und zugleich „Vergangenheitsbewältigungsindustrie“. schaft anzuwenden und anhand verschie- als Bezeichnung für Erinnerung. Eine glückli- Burkhard Bischof, Die Presse dener Länder sichtbar zu machen. che Themenwahl, war es doch an der Zeit, Jacques Schuster, Die Welt sich den Kopf über die Schwemme der Die Erinnerungsindustrie füllt nunmehr ein öffentlichen Gedenkfeiern zu zerbrechen, Vakuum, das durch den Untergang der Die Frage nach dem Königsweg, wie denn die uns mittlerweile bei jedem Jahrestag teleologischen Geschichtsauffassung ent- nun mit Erinnerung und Geschichte umzuge- wichtiger Ereignisse heimsucht, über die standen ist. Wem die Geschichte ohne Sinn hen sei, blieb auch in der Wiener Experten- Ursachen des Erinnerungskults. erscheint, der versucht, ihr einen zu geben. runde ungeklärt. Dass dies das bestmögli- Christian Semler, tageszeitung So setzt sicht zu guter Letzt die Überzeugung che Ergebnis der dreitägigen Konferenz ist, durch, es gebe eine individuelle und kollekti- war die inoffizielle Pointe der Veranstaltung. ve „Pflicht zur Erinnerung“. In einer offenen, pluralistischen Gesellschaft Michael Mertes, Rheinischer Merkur sei die vollständige Versöhnung nicht mög- lich, und eben auch keine Homogenisierung Während das Erinnern heutzutage zur der Erinnerungen und Geschichtsbilder, Pflicht gehört, geht die Bedeutung des Ver- meinte Garton Ash. gessens fast vergessen. Ulrich Speck, Frankfurter Rundschau Guido Kalberer, Tages-Anzeiger

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Conference THE MEMORY OF THE CENTURY

Participants Maarten C. Brands, Massachussets Professor of History and Richard Pipes, Professor Yuri N. Afanasiev, Director, Duitsland of History Emeritus, Professor of History and Instituut, University of Harvard University President, Russian State Amsterdam; Member of Gerhard Rainer, Federal University for the the IWM Academic Ministry for Foreign Humanities, Moscow Advisory Board Affairs, Vienna Mitchell Ash, Professor Gabriele Bucher-Dinç, Andrzej Rapaczynski, of History, University of Project Manager Professor of Law, Colum- Vienna EUSTORY, Körber-Stif- bia University; Director, Shlomo Avineri, Profes- tung, Hamburg Project Syndicate, New sor of Political Science Rudolf Burger, Professor Bernard Lewis, Ira Katznelson York/Prague and Director, Institute for of Philosophy, University European Studies, The of Applied Arts, Vienna Sofia Bernard Lewis, Profes- Hebrew University of Günther Burkert-Dottolo Tony R. Judt, Professor sor of Near Eastern Jerusalem; Member of Director, Politische Aka- of History and Director, Studies Emeritus, Prince- the IWM Academic demie – modern politics, Remarque Institute at ton University; Member Advisory Board Vienna New York University; of the IWM Academic Jeff Barak, Editor-in- Alexandre Chevyrev, IWM Permanent Fellow Advisory Board Chief, Jerusalem Post MIROS Institute, Moscow Ira Katznelson, Profes- Charles S. Maier, Profes- Yehuda Bauer, Professor Roger Cohen, The New sor of Political Science, sor of History and of History; Academic York Times Columbia University, New Director, Center for Timothy Garton Ash, Andrzej Rapaczynski, Advisor, International Roger de Weck, Journa- York; Member of the European Studies, Har- Adam Michnik Institute for Holocaust list, Berlin IWM Academic Advisory vard University, Cam- Studies at Yad Vashem, Slavenka Drakulic, Board bridge Aviezer Ravitzky, Profes- Jerusalem Essayist and Journalist, Dina Khapaeva, St. Michael Mertes, Deputy sor of Jewish Thought, Ivan Bernik, Professor of Stockholm/Vienna/Za- Petersburg State Uni- Editor, Rheinischer Mer- The Hebrew University Social Sciences, Uni- greb; IWM Milena versity, Smolny Institute kur, Bonn of Jerusalem 7 versity of Lubljana, Jesenská Fellow of Liberal Arts and Krzysztof Michalski, Paul Ricoeur, Professor Slovenia Benita Ferrero-Waldner Sciences, St. Petersburg Professor of Philosophy, of Philosophy Emeritus, Alain Besançon, Profes- Austrian Federal Mini- Leszek Kolakowski, Boston University; University of Chicago sor of History; Member of ster for Foreign Affairs, Professor of Philosophy Director, IWM and Sorbonne; Member the Académie Française, Vienna Emeritus, University of Adam Michnik, of the Académie Paris Timothy Garton Ash, Chicago; Fellow, All Souls Historian; Editor-in Chief, Française; Member of Ernst-Wolfgang Historian, St. Antony’s College, Oxford; Member Gazeta Wyborcza, the IWM Academic Böckenförde, Professor College, Oxford of the IWM Academic Warsaw Advisory Board of Law, Universität Frei- Joachim Gauck, Former Advisory Board Alexei Miller, Senior Pierre Rosanvallon, burg; Richter des Bun- Federal Commissioner Nikolay Koposov, St. Research Fellow, Professor of Political desverfassungsgerichts for the Archives of the Petersburg State Russian Academy of Science, EHESS - Le a.D.; Member of IWM’s State Security Service of University, Smolny Insti- Sciences; Guest Profes- Centre de Recherches Academic Advisory the former GDR, Berlin tute of Liberal Arts & sor of History, CEU Buda- Politiques Raymond Board. Abigail Gillman, Sciences, St. Petersburg pest; Visiting Fellow, IWM Aron, Paris; Member of Assistant Professor of Reinhart Koselleck, Klaus Nellen, Permanent the IWM Academic German and Hebrew, Professor of History Fellow, IWM Advisory Board Boston University; Emeritus, Universität Pierre Nora, Professor of Visiting Fellow, IWM Bielefeld; Member of the History, École des Simon Golin, Geschäfts- IWM Academic Advisory Hautes Études en führer des Deutschen Board Sciences Sociales Klaus Nellen, Studienpreises, Körber- János M. Kovács, Per- (EHESS), Paris Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde Stiftung, Hamburg manent Fellow, IWM; Wiktor Osiatynski, Pro- Josef Haslinger, Writer, Professor of Economics, fessor of Law, University Alex Boraine, Vice- Vienna Eötvös Lorand of Chicago and CEU Chairman of South Friedrich Hoess, Bot- University, Budapest Budapest; Member of Africa’s Truth and schafter i.R., Vereinigung Marcin Krol, Professor the Board, Open Society Reconciliation der Österreichischen of History, University of Institute, New York Pierre Rosanvallon Commission; Global Law Industrie, Wien Warsaw; Member of the Irene E. Pipes, President, Sabine Rosenbladt, School Program, New Ivan Iltschev, Professor IWM Academic Advisory Jewish-Polish Historical Deputy Editor, Die Wo- York University of History, University of Board Society, Cambridge, che, Hamburg

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 ConferenceTHE MEMORY OF THE CENTURY

Fritz Stern, Professor of Radiowa ter Allgemeine Zeitung History Emeritus, Milan Ilic, Delo Hermann Schlösser, Columbia University, New Guido Kalberer, Tages- Wiener Zeitung York; Member of the anzeiger Ulrike Schmitzer, BR IWM Academic Advisory Stefan Karner, steirische Alpha TV / ORF Board berichte Jacques Schuster, Die Gerald Stourzh, Profes- Claudia Keller, Der Welt sor of History Emeritus, Tagesspiegel Christa Schwab, Austria University of Vienna Joanna King, Radio Presse Agentur Fürst Schwarzenberg, Kardinal König, Jerzy Szacki, Professor Austria International Karl-Peter Schwarz, Benita Ferrero-Waldner of Sociology, University Deniz Kite, Yeni Yazan of Warsaw; Member of Gazatesi Jacques Rupnik, Profes- the IWM Academic Hans Michael Kloth, Der sor of Political Science, Advisory Board Spiegel CERI – Fondation Natio- Lord Weidenfeld, Johann Kneihs, ORF nal des Sciences Publisher, London Radio Politiques, Paris Jon Westling, President, Franz Kössler, ORF Radio Wolf Schmidt, Member Boston University Eva Kovacs, Magyar of the Board of Dorothee Wierling Narancs Directors, Körber-Stif- Universität Erfurt, Ar- Florian Korczak, Berliner tung, Hamburg beitsstelle Historische Zeitung Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Anthropologie Julius Kratky, ORF TV / Vienna BR Alpha Dieter Simon, President, Journalists Martin Kugler, Die Frankfurter Allgemeine Berlin-Brandenburgi- Tagespost Zeitung sche Akademie der Samuel Abraham Susanne Kummer Andrea Seibel, Die Welt Wissenschaften, Berlin; Vyberovy Vzdeláváci Krzysztof Kuziel, Bulgari- Christian Semler, taz / 8 Member of the IWM Spolok sches Wirtschaftsblatt WDR Academic Advisory Board Evelyn Adunka, Zwi- Peter Lachnit, ORF Radio Michael Siegert, profil Jan Skórzynski, Deputy schenwelt / Israel Nach- Samuel Laster Martin M. Simecka, editor, Rzeczpospolità, richten Gabriele Lesser, taz / Der Domino Forum / SME Warsaw Camilo Antonio, Filipinos Standard Martha Simecka, SME Abroad Helene Maimann, ORF Ulrich Speck, Frankfur- Eldad Beck, Ma’ariv TV ter Rundschau Burkhard Bischof, Andreas Maislinger Hansjakob Stehle, Die Die Presse Vladislav Marjanovic, Zeit Andreas Breitenstein, ORF Radio Françoise Stonborough- Neue Zürcher Zeitung Peter Mayr, Der Stan- Blaser, Le Temps Lorenzo Cremonesi, dard Stephan Teichgräber, Corriere della Sera Walter Mayr, Der Spiegel Buchkultur Burgl Czeitschner, Margit Maximilian, ORF Friedrich Tietjen, ORF Kirch Media Group TV Radio Dieter Simon, Wolf Schmidt Marianne Enigl, profil Rudolf Mitlöhner, Die Mariann Unterluggauer, Yair Ettinger, Ha’aretz Presse ORF Radio Aleksander Smolar, Dieter Festl Rafael Newman, du Markus Wailand, ORF TV Professor of Political Michael Freund, Anna Niedzialkowska, Erika Wantoch Science, CNRS, Paris; Der Standard Radio Plus Ulrich Weinzierl, Die President, Stefan Batory Claudia Gabriel-Schneider, Elisabeth Nöstlinger, Welt Foundation, Warsaw Neue Zürcher Zeitung ORF Radio Marie Woodhams, Eugeniusz Smolar, Edi- Eugen Georgiev, Ver- Bernhard Odehnal, Die Tschechischer Rund- tor-in-chief, Polskie band der Auslands- Weltwoche funk Radio SA presse Karl Pfeifer, Kol Israel Peter Zajac, Vyberovy Robert Spaemann, Pro- Marta S. Halpert, Focus Radio / Searchlight Vzdeláváci Spolok fessor of Philosophy Karin Heitsch, United Tomasz Pompowski, Jacek Zakowski Emeritus, University of Nations, Vienna Radio Plus Munich, Member of the Ewa Holubowicz Hans Rauscher IWM Academic Advisory Polskie Radio Sa Der Standard / Format Board Informacyjna Agencja Henning Ritter, Frankfur-

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 WORKSHOP On 28 February 2001, IWM launched a new workshop series sponsored by the British Embassy and the British Council, and in cooperation with the Austrian Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Workshop debates focus on how identities are changing at regional, national and European levels in the context of European Integration and Enlargement. Particular attention will be devoted to various forms of citizen participation, “sense of belonging” and the inclusion/exclusion processes affecting ethnic minorities.

Citizenship, Identity and Ethnicity in Europe

THE FIRST WORKSHOP comprised of three sessions gers to bind a sense of European togetherness. A Gemeinsam mit der which took an overview of the major themes of the thorough analysis of European constitutions and Britischen Botschaft und workshop series. In the first session on Changing political systems will reveal that there is a common dem British Council in Europe – Changing Identities, Ash Amin (Uni- political culture in the European states, the differ- Wien und unterstützt versity of Durham, UK) posed the question of the ences being smaller than often claimed. Why not durch das österreichi- relevance of the ‘Idea of Europe’ in a multi-ethnic then focus our political discourse on these constitu- sche Außenministerium European Union. Does the idea of a common Eu- tional factors common to member States? It is al- hat das IWM am 28. rope woven around Enlightenment values, Chris- leged that people are not interested, and that such a Februar eine neue tian humanism, Roman Law, and liberal democracy discourse is highly abstract and a matter for legal Veranstaltungsreihe zu make sense any more in a cosmopolitan and multi- experts. Why then do citizens respond so favour- Staatsbürgerschaft, cultural Europe? This question is conceptually im- ably to the question about a European Constitu- Identität und Ethnizität portant because it raises interesting dilemmas about tion in the surveys of EUROSTAT etc, while in the ins Leben gerufen. Im how far territorial affiliation remain the central same polls they profess considerable scepticism as to Mittelpunkt steht die source of belonging and identity formation. the existing institutional arrangements? Frage, wie sich Identitä- Amin argued that the old ‘Idea of Europe’ Puntscher-Riekmann concluded that Euro- ten auf der regionalen, means very little to not only the growing ethnic pean citizens seem to want to express a voice in the der nationalen und 9 minority population in the EU, but also to sections process of the distribution of power on the Euro- insbesondere der euro- of the ‘majority’ population whose affiliations are pean level as they did in the struggles for national päischen Ebene vor dem increasingly forged around lifestyle and consump- democracies. To give them a voice is more, and Hintergrund der Euro- tion patterns constructed on varied and shifting ge- much more risky, than to announce elite strategies päischen Integration ographies of identification. However, the desire for of ‘getting closer to the citizens’ by explaining to und der bevorstehenden cultural difference, both within majority and mi- them the intricacies of the European treaties and Osterweiterung ver- nority cultures, remains strong and cannot be European policy-making. To find forums and pro- schieben. Der nächste brushed aside in discussions on what might make a cedures in which this voice can be articulated and Workshop der Reihe progressive Europe. Amin asserted that, paradoxi- mediated is the major task facing European elites. wird am 5. November – cally, a new universalism based on the offer of mate- The morning session concluded with a key wiederum in der Diplo- rial benefits to all citizens at the level of Europe note speech from Keith Vaz, UK Minister for matischen Akademie – might gather popular endorsement for the Euro- Europe, who outlined the British viewpoint on stattfinden und dem pean project and, at the same time, allow cultural Citizenship, Identity and Ethnicity. Starting with Themenkomplex „Migra- diversity to flourish. In short, therefore, he pro- the assertion that “Britain today is without doubt a tion, Multi-Ethnische moted the idea of a new European commons, but multicultural society”, Vaz, who himself is from an Gesellschaften und one based on rights that are neither reducible to ethnic minority background, overviewed both pro- soziale Stabilität“ gewid- deep ‘European’ values, nor confined to fixed no- gress achieved and the challenges remaining on met sein. tions of citizenship. these issues in the UK, and the European level ef- Sonja Puntscher-Riekmann (Austrian forts taking place to move forward these issues in Academy of Sciences) tackled the concept of the the interests of all EU citizens. The lively debate construction of a European Identity. She noted generated in the first session encouraged Vaz to de- that conventional wisdom asserted that there was part from his prepared text and speak personally of no such thing as European Identity. In spite of Eu- his own experience and expectations as a new mi- ropean citizenship enshrined in the Treaty on Euro- grant arriving in the UK, and those that he had for pean Union, Europeans did not feel themselves as his children today as UK and European citizens. Europeans or they did so only to a small degree. She After lunch, the second session focused on suggested that the idea of constructing a European Citizens’ Political Participation in Europe. identity might be better advanced by focussing on Paul Whiteley (University of Essex, UK) reported the processes of institution-building, rather than on the initial findings of the Citizen Audit of Brit- invoking ‘grand narratives’ of challenges and dan- ain, a national sample survey of the adult popula-

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Workshop CITIZENSHIP, IDENTITY AND ETHNICITY IN EUROPE

tion, focusing on the nature and meaning of citi- national culture and nationally-specific ideas of lib- zenship in contemporary Britain. He emphasised eral democracy. Favell argued that, in the context of four key aspects of citizenship: the balance between the wider trend towards European Integration, citizen demands for rights and their awareness of each country has in fact seized the challenge of new the obligations which come with those rights; citi- immigration or ethnic diversity to come up with zen participation in politics and the sense of efficacy new, often mildly nationalist versions of pluralism associated with this, or perceptions that participa- or multiculturalism that typically affirm a kind of tion can make a difference to outcomes; identities inbred national superiority in dealing with issues and perceptions that the individual belongs to vari- seen to be problematic elsewhere. National arro- ous communities and is loyal to place within those gance on this question has helped to prevent a Keith Vaz giving the keynote speech communities; and, trust in other people and in in- meaningful cross-national dialogue about common stitutions of the State. Preliminary evidence from issues faced by all West European countries. the audit supported recent theoretical work which Claire Wallace (Institute for Advanced suggested that trust is a key factor in determining Studies, Vienna) presented results of research on the willingness of citizens to participate in politics four Central European post-communist countries and voluntary activity, and to identify and support (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia). the political system. She emphasised that these countries have now de- Moving from micro to a macro level of analysis, veloped from being countries of emigration to be- Rainer Bauböck (Austrian Academy of Sciences) ing countries of immigration as out-migration has argued that the EU Treaties to date have broadened fallen and in-migration increased over the 1990s. the bundle of individual rights established within In this period, migration has also taken on some the European legal order but have failed to design a new dimensions. The traditional patterns of East- Hans Rauscher, Sonja Puntscher-Riekmann, proper ‘architecture’ of European citizenship. West permanent migration have been replaced by Ash Amin While political and legal integration of the Union shorter, circulatory flows and the possibilities of has had important impacts on domestic systems of maintaining cross-border lifestyles and identities. government, EU citizenship has been constructed Traditional notions of citizenship, tied to the nation in such a way that it leaves national conceptions of state, do not encompass these changes. 10 membership virtually unaffected. Majority nation- One consequence of this has been the growing alism is the most powerful obstacle to further inte- visibility of xenophobia in these countries, even gration and enlargement. With the introduction of though it has not been widely manifested in popu- a common currency and the abolition of internal lar politics. Migration issues have formed an impor- borders, national citizenship remains a strong sym- tant part of the “acquis communautaire” process for bol of member state sovereignty. EU enlargement. Under pressure from the EU, Bauböck argued for two key issues to be put on these countries have been forced to restrict migra- the European agenda. Firstly, a federal conception tion and impose limitations on migration from the Kenneth Newton, Raimund Löw of European citizenship which would be multina- East, even when they are reluctant to do so. Conse- tional rather than postnational; that is, instead of quently, migration policies are concerned increas- ignoring national affiliations, it would try to inte- ingly with closing rather than with the opening of grate and pluralize them within a federal frame- borders. work. Secondly, taking federal citizenship seriously Wallace argued that this has resulted in a series requires harmonising the nationality laws of the of tensions; inter alia, between a mono-cultural member states and opening citizenship to third ideal and a multi-cultural reality, and between eco- country nationals. nomic demand for migrant labour and their politi- The final session addressed the contemporary cal rejection. Such tensions will shape the kind of debate on migration, the integration of immi- Europe that will emerge and the extent and nature grants and the growing phenomenon of xenopho- of her borders, and pose challenges for the whole of bia. Adrian Favell (University of Sussex, UK) Europe and not just for the EU accession countries. elaborated on the paradoxies of integration where- The three workshop sessions were chaired re- by multiculturalism and nationalism tended to spectively by the series planning committee, Janos work hand in hand. In part this was because of the Matyas Kovacs (IWM, Vienna) Kenneth New- proximity of matters concerning integration, ie ton (University of Southampton, UK) and Karl policies on education, acculturation, social inclu- Müller (Institute of Advanced Studies, Vienna) to- sion and political participation, to traditional na- gether with journalists, Hans Rauscher, Raimund tion-building concerns in each country. Across Eu- Löw and Barbara Coudenhove-Kalergi. The rope, different nation-states had developed various workshop series is hosted at the Diplomatic Acad- ‘philosophies’ concerning how immigrants were to emy. The next workshop will be held on 5 Novem- be integrated, and how these issues can be recon- ber 2001 on the topic of “Migration, Multi-Ethnic ciled with longer standing historical conceptions of Societies and Social Stability”.

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 KOLLOQUIUM „Der andere Weg in die Moderne“, das IWM-Projekt zu Jan Patockas Beitrag zur Erforschung der Frühen Neuzeit, führte das internationale Forschungsteam im März zur Arbeitskonferenz nach Prag.

Offene Seele – Harmonische Welt Die frühe Neuzeit in der ideengeschichtlichen Reflexion Jan Patockas

IM RAHMEN DES IWM-FORSCHUNGSPROJEKTS Der Pauline van Vliet andere Weg in die Moderne. Jan Patockas Beitrag zur Zwischen Konservatismus und Innovation Genealogie der Neuzeit fand vom 22. – 24. März in Ein kontrastiver Blick auf die Modernität bei Comenius Prag ein internationales Kolloquium statt, in dessen Mittelpunkt die ideengeschichtliche Auseinander- James Dodd setzung des tschechischen Philosophen mit der frü- Hope in Comenius, Descartes and Pascal hen Neuzeit stand. Das Leitmotiv eines „anderen Wegs in die Mo- Sigmund Bonk derne“ wird für Patocka maßgeblich von dieser Descartes’ Kritik an der Weltseele und die Aktualität Descartes Comenius Epoche mitbestimmt, weil er hier neben der mit seiner Theorie der Zeit dem Namen Descartes zu verknüpfenden Entste- hung der neuzeitlichen Philosophie und Wissen- Hans-Martin Gerlach IMW’s research project schaft bei dessen Zeitgenossen Comenius auch den „Das Zeitalter ist aufgeklärt – woran liegt es, dass wir “The Other Way into Ansatz einer anderen Modernität zu finden meint. noch immer Barbaren sind?“ Vom Nutzen und Nach- Modernity: Jan Die Referate gingen dieser Hypothese teils aus hi- teil der Aufklärung für das Leben: Aufklärung und Patocka’s Contribution to storischer, teils aus einer an der philosophischen Sy- Aufklärungskritik im 18. Jahrhundert the Genealogy of the stematik orientierten Perspektive nach. Modern Age” focuses Das Kolloquium wurde in enger Kooperation Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer on Patocka’s treatises on zwischen dem Prager Zentrum für phänomeno- the history of ideas, 11 logische Forschung (cfb) und dem IWM organi- Michele Basile, Mailand which are still largely siert und finanziell von der Volkswagen-Stiftung, Marta Becková, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prag unpublished. Patocka’s dem Bildungsministerium der Tschechischen Re- Helga Blaschek-Hahn, cfb Prag conception of the Re- publik sowie dem Österreichischen Ost- und Sigmund Bonk, Universität Regensburg naissance and the early Südosteuropa-Institut, Außenstelle Brünn, unter- Ivan Chvatík, cfb Prag modern age was the stützt. James Dodd, Boston University subject of an internatio- Hans-Martin Gerlach, Johannes Gutenberg-Universi- nal conference in Vorträge tät Mainz March, starting from Ludger Hagedorn, Berlin / IWM Wien Descartes and Elmar Holenstein Elmar Holenstein, ETH Zürich Comenius as Andere Wege in die Moderne. Versuch einer karto- Zdenek Kalva, CTS Prag antagonistic key figures graphischen Wegleitung Pavel Kouba, Karls-Universität / cfb Prag in Patocka’s genealogy Aleksandr Matoušek, cfb Prag of modernity. Josef Moural Dr. Jirí Michálek, Karls-Universität Prag The project is funded by Two Underappreciated Paths on the Way to Gerhard Michel, Heinrich Heine-Universität Düssel- the Austrian Science Modernity: Educational Reform(s) and Reception(s) of dorf Fund (FWF) and pursued Scepticism Josef Moural, Karls-Universität / cfb Prag in close cooperation Klaus Nellen, IWM Wien with the Patocka Archive Ludger Hagedorn Karel Novotný, Karls-Universität / cfb Prag at the Center for „Bewegung“ als Grundmotiv von Patockas Ideen- Inma Perez Rocha, Santiago de Compostela Phenomenological Study geschichte Francesca Perfetti, Mailand (CFB) in Prague. The Jirí Polívka, Karls-Universität Prag research will also serve Klaus Schaller Christian Rabanus, Wiesbaden as a basis for the Jan Patockas Philosophie der offenen Seele Anknüp- Klaus Schaller, Ruhr-Universität Bochum publication of selected fung an Comenius und weiterführende Wiederholung Vera Schifferová, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prag relevant texts in German. Hans Rainer Sepp, cfb Prag Vera Schifferová Jan Sokol, Karls-Universität Prag Über eine merkwürdige Interpretation der Philosophie Michael Staudigl, Universität Wien des Comenius Martin Steiner, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prag Pauline van Vliet, Gieten (NL)

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 CONFERENCE From April 20-22, an international conference on cultural encounters, in which global effects are being offset, distorted or moderated by local conditions, jointly organized by the Institute for the Study of Economic Culture at Boston University and IWM, took place at the Institute.

When Globalization Fails ... Patterns of Cultural Resistance and Compromise

IN CONTRAST TO THE CONVENTIONAL INTERPRETATION from Hungary to South Africa, the conference con- of globalization, which considers worldwide ho- centrated on Europe and – in line with the tradi- mogenization an accomplished fact or an iron law tions of the IWM – applied a special focus to East- of current history, the conference focused on those ern Europe. Nevertheless, for the sake of compara- cultural encounters in which global effects are be- bility, Asia, Africa, and Latin America were also rep- ing offset, distorted, or moderated by local condi- resented, not to mention the United States, the tions. The participants presented empirical cases in major driving force of cultural globalization. which global cultural goods have met considerable The conference began with a keynote speech resistance in the local environment and where their delivered by Peter Berger, in which he compared influence has become neutralized, attenuated, or the working hypotheses of the research project with mixed with local effects. its actual results. The next evening, conference par- Undoubtedly, “cultural compromise” has ticipants attended a panel discussion in which the Peter L. Berger more faces than these. The concepts of globaliza- “The Millennium Day Global Television Program tion, culture, success, failure, etc. were discussed in 2000,” the most ambitious live-broadcast under- great detail during the course of the conference. taken in the last century, was analyzed in terms of The speakers avoided buzzwords such as “global- conflicts between global and local aspirations. ization” and “hybridization” to describe a great vari- One of the co-producers of the event, Maria 12 ety of cultural mixes emerging from resistance on Leao, opened the panel by describing the content the local level. Internal proportions matter: there are guidelines of the program, which prohibited politi- essentially “globalized” and essentially “localized” cal and/or religious propaganda in addition to com- types of mixes, as well as a great many variants. mercial messages. Jyoti Mistry presented the ex- Globalization is not a one-sided game. One ample of South Africa, showing how the newly may find competitors on both sides of cultural ex- democratic nation took the opportunity to promote change, on that of the “exporters” and the “import- their political success through symbolic gestures Jyoti Mistry ers” – competitors, who can modify each other’s and the iconic personality of Nelson Mandela. Pal effects and form peculiar alliances. Cultural bor- Sipos discussed the Hungarian case, demonstrating rowing can take extremely different forms such as how the coverage from Budapest was not just Die Konferenz, die dem – enthusiastic identification, pragmatic imitation, or botched on account of a fog-covered city but as a ebenfalls global cynical simulation. The congruence of cultural sup- result of unimaginative production and political beobachtbaren – Wi- ply and demand is rare, a dose of resistance may be myopia. In the last presentation on Austria, Anita derstand gegen die observed with most encounters. Traninger delivered an analysis of cultural tourism, kulturelle Globalisierung Quite a few observers tended to celebrate local which was based on conventional images of Vienna gewidmet war, schloss self-defense against global impacts, and showed packaged for global consumption. inhaltlich an die Ergeb- sympathy with the recipient – the alleged “weaker” nisse des von Peter party in cultural transaction. However, the papers Keynote Speech Friday, April 20 Berger und Samuel did not rely on prefabricated value judgements, no Peter L. Berger Huntington geleiteten matter if they were of a “global is bad – local is Many Globalizations: Cultural Dynamics in the Projekts „Cultural good” style or of the opposite. Local resistance to Contemporary World Globalization“ an. Doch external pressures and temptations can be based on während dieses Projekt rather controversial pieces of tradition, indigenous Europe Saturday, April 21 zehn Beispielfälle von interest, or even on an intervention by another ex- Hansfried Kellner Taiwan bis Chile und von ternal actor. Resistance ranges from passive dissent Cultural Globalization in Germany Ungarn bis Südafrika to organized protest action that can even use global Jeanette Hofmann untersuchte, lag der techniques for anti-globalist purposes. Between Monoculturalism and Virtual Diversity: The Fokus der Konferenz am The conference was based on the results of the Interplay between Global Networks and Local Culture IWM – gemäß dessen Cultural Globalization project led by Peter Berger. Fuat Keyman Traditionen – auf den While that project aimed at a comparison of ten Cultural Globalization and Turkey: Actors, Discourses, spezifischen Problem- country cases ranging from Taiwan to Chile and Strategies stellungen in Osteuropa.

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Conference WHEN GLOBALIZATION FAILS ...

Thomas Fillitz Processes of Globalization and Austria

Eastern Europe Miklós Haraszti Western Patterns against Post-Communist Conditions: Media Democratization in Hungary Pál Nyiri Chinese in Hungary and Their Significant Others: Narrating the Incorporation of Non-Co-Ethnics in a Transnational Social Field Violetta Zentai Gifts of a Mercurial Donor or How Open Society Becomes Localized and Globalized Comments: Jacek Kochanowicz, Alexei Miller

Maria Leao, Jyoti Mistry, Pál Sipos, Anita Traninger Global versus Local? The Millennium Day Global Television Program 2000

Comparative Cases Sunday, April 22 Arturo Fontaine Talavera Trends toward Globalization in Chile Tulasi Srinivas ”A Tryst with Destiny.” The Indian Case of Cultural Globalization Ann Bernstein Globalization, Culture and Development: Can South 13 Africa be More Than an Offshoot of the West? James Hunter Among the Vanguard of Globalization: The World of American Globalizers

Participants Peter L. Berger, Institute for the Study of Economic Culture, Boston University Ann Bernstein, Center for Development and Enterprise, Johannesburg Thomas Fillitz, University of Vienna Miklós Haraszti, CEU, Budapest Jeanette Hofmann, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin James Hunter, University of Virginia Don Kalb, University of Utrecht Hansfried Kellner, University of Frankfurt Fuat Keyman, Bilkent University, Ankara Jacek Kochanowicz, University of Warsaw Janos Matyas Kovacs, IWM Maria Leao, WGBH, Boston Alexei Miller, INION, Moscow; IWM Jyoti Mistry, New York University; IWM Pal Nyiri, Oxford University Pal Sipos, Satelit Television, Budapest Tulasi Srinivas, Boston University Arturo Fontaine Talavera, Center for Public Studies, Santiago, Chile Charles Taylor, McGill University, Montreal; IWM Anita Traninger, IWM Violetta Zentai, OSI Budapest; University of Pecs

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 FELLOWS’ MEETING Das diesjährige Treffen der Mitglieder und Freunde des IWM am 30. März stand im Zeichen der Zukunft der Europäischen Union.

Dilemmata der Europapolitik

IN WELCHE RICHTUNG soll sich die Europäische Uni- on entwickeln ? Die Aufnahme neuer Mitglieder, die eng damit verknüpften Fragen einer gemeinsa- men europäischen Identität und einer Reform der EU-Institutionen sowie die Zukunft der Arbeits- märkte disktuierten Bronislaw Geremek, früherer polnischer Außenminister und nunmehr Vorsit- zender der liberalen Freiheitsunion, und der Vorsit- zende der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Österreichs, Alfred Gusenbauer. Als Moderator fungierte Kardinal Schönborn Fürst Schwarzenberg Gerfried Sperl, Chefredakteur der österreichischen Tageszeitung Der Standard. Entscheidende Dilemmata sah Bronislaw Ge- remek zum einen in der andauernden Instabilität Bronislaw Geremek des Balkans und der Frage, welche Strategie für Europa hier zielführend sein würde. Das zweite sei die Formulierung einer europäischen „Ostpolitik“ gegenüber Russland, der Ukraine und Weißruss- land. Von diesen Ländern könne eine Gefahr für die gesamte EU ausgehen, es könnten sich aber Slavenka Drakulic auch echte Chancen der Zusammenarbeit eröff- Roger de Weck nen. Es liege vor allem an den EU-Institutionen, 14 wie diese sensiblen Beziehungen gestaltet würden. Priorität komme freilich der Frage der Erweite- On March 30, IWM held its annual Fellows’ Meeting. rung zu, wobei die Debatte darüber vielerorts von This year Bronislaw Geremek, Former Foreign Mini- nationalen Einzelinteressen und offener Fremden- ster of Poland and present leader of the Liberal feindlichkeit geprägt sei. Nach wie vor offen sei die Freedom Union, and Alfred Gusenbauer, Leader of the Frage, ob die am Gipfel von Helsinki präsentierte Austrian Social Democratic Party, discussed dilemmas Idee einer „Mega-Erweiterung“ mit 12 und mehr facing European Politics. The debate was chaired by neuen Beitrittskandidaten mehr Probleme oder Gerfried Sperl, Editor-in-chief of the Austrian daily Der mehr Chancen schaffe. Faktum sei, dass die Bevöl- Standard. kerung der meisten westeuropäischen Länder sich Alfred Gusenbauer vor dieser Perspektive eher fürchte. Dem hielt Geremek entgegen, dass aus polnischer Sicht kei- neswegs mit einer massiven Wanderungsbewegung zu rechnen sei, wenngleich gerade dies den Kern verbreiteter Ängste ausmache. Alfred Gusenbauer hielt für eine erstes und grundlegendes Dilemma der Europapolitik die Konzeption der Osterweiterung als räumliche Aus- dehnung der bestehenden Strukturen, nicht aber als Transformationsprozess hin zu einem neuen Europa. Zweitens werde die europäische Integrati- on gleichsam an den Kandidatenländern vorbei diskutiert, so dass diese den Eindruck haben müs- sen, zu spät in die Gemeinschaft vorgelassen zu werden. Die Herausforderung liege nun darin, die Beitrittskandidaten in geeigneter Weise in die lau- Im Vordergrund: Heinz Hofer-Wittmann und Ulrike Wittman, Dieter Simon, Gerfried Sperl fenden Diskussionsprozesse zu integrieren. In be- Miriam Rinderer zug auf eine Europäische Verfassung sprach sich Gusenbauer für eine föderalistische Konzeption aus und auch für eine stärkere Einbindung der Bürger.

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 SEMINAR Slavenka Drakulic, during her stay as a Milena Jesenská Fellow at IWM, began a new project on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague. In a seminar, held at IWM on April 2nd, the following article served as a starting point for the discussion. Michal Kopecek (Czech Republic), Janos M. Kovacs (Hungary), Alexei Miller (Russia) and Jyoti Mistry (South Africa) acted as commentators.

The Politics of Truth and Justice

THE NEW SERBIAN GOVERNMENT did not send a So much so, that even the new post-Tudjman par- single war criminal to the International Criminal liament had to make a declaration about the Home- Court for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The land War. Such statements repeat the same lies Hague, nor did the new Croatian government for about the war. that matter. In Serbia there is the same conflict between Mass demonstrations recently of some justice and truth, with similar consequences, where 100,000 people in Split, protesting against the ex- justice appears as injustice. Slobodan Milosevic is tradition of General Mirko Norac emphasize the accused by the ICTY of war crimes – not by the significance of The Hague as the center of political Serbian people. If tried in Serbia, he will be tried for controversy in Croatia. Now Serbs are afraid of the what he did to the Serbian people and that alone. same thing – splitting the nation along The Hague How can he be a war criminal, if the aggression of line. People in Split were protesting against the Croatia and Bosnia is never recognized? The war is extradition of the Croatians, which was seen as a not a topic in Serbian society, much less the truth Während ihres Auf- degradation of the Homeland War; however, this is about the war – 250,000 people died and two mil- enthalts als Milena only one aspect of the whole affair. In fact, the lion refugees in Bosnia alone. For a decade nobody Jesenská Fellow am HDZ party (Croatian Democratic Union) with the in Serbia disputed the official truth about the war. IWM begann die Schrift- help of war veteran organizations, whose aim was to The result is that now people have grown accus- stellerin und Journalistin provoke collapses of both the government, and the tomed to living with the lie. In both Croatia and Slavenka Drakulic ein 15 new elections, in a strategy to regain power, orches- Serbia there is a public consensus about the lie. neues Projekt zur Arbeit trated the event. Surprisingly, to put it mildly, the People protesting in Split firmly believe in the des Kriegsverbrecher- government’s reaction has been moderate. Appar- lie about the Homeland War. Just yesterday, they tribunals in Den Haag. In ently the government fearful of the demonstrators were decorated for killing civilians and burning einem Seminar am cannot contradict them. Such an ineffectual stance homes, yet today their actions are considered a 2. April stellte sie ihre shows the government as lacking any strength. crime. This change in perception is difficult for Thesen zur Diskussion – As of yet, the situation in Serbia is not as dra- them to understand – yesterday’s heroes are today’s Michal Kopecek, Janos matic. Serbian president Vojislav Kostunica is reso- criminals threatened with imprisonment? This con- Matyas Kovacs, Jyoti lute in his decision not to extradite Milosevic or fusion is possible because nobody bothers, let alone Mistry und Alexei Miller anyone else. But there are different signals as well. dares, to tell the truth about the Homeland War. kommentierten aus For example the internal battles in government are The truth is that in 1993/94 the Croatian tschechischer, ungari- reflected in the problems of the Minister of Justice. army was indeed the aggressor in Bosnia. Croats scher, südafrikanischer In fact it is hard to say if both governments have established 44 concentration camps for some bzw. russischer Per- enough power to extradite suspects, even if they 24,000 Muslims, in an attempt to ethnically spektive. decided to do so. (...) cleanse parts of Bosnia, as well as parts of Croatia. Mass protest in Croatia, and eventually in Of course, there are other reasons behind dem- Serbia against the ICTY should be taken seriously. onstrations in Split, such as preserving privileges of Not only because of its political significance, but veterans or the political calculations of the right- because the protests are revealing something impor- wing parties involved. However, as long as there are tant – the conflict between justice and truth. There no serious intentions within society to search for the is no truth about the war in these two societies, truth about the war both in Serbia and Croatia the justice seems like injustice. For ten years during its protests will continue, and any attempts to distrib- rule in the country, the HDZ propaganda machine ute justice, especially from abroad, will appear like created an undisputed ideology about the Home- the worst kind of punishment and humiliation. land War. It was not a war of ethnic cleansing, for The need to establish truth must come from dividing Bosnia and extending the borders of within. Until truth is determined, justice will have Croatia. In their interpretation it was a defensive to come from outside. Nobody on the inside sees war in which no Croatian soldier could have com- the need for prosecuting war crimes at all. The con- mitted a war crime. After ten years it is only to be sensus about the lie appears to make it impossible. expected that this ideology became official truth.

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 IWM TUESDAY LECTURES Every Tuesday evening, the IWM hosts a speaker, often a current fellow or monthly Tuesday Lectures guest, who holds a public

lecture related to one of the 6 FEBRUARY ences, published in Institute’s projects or research 1997. Communica- Michal Pawel Markowski tion and education fields. An e-mail information Desire, Time and Interpretation have been important themes for Serres, service on upcoming events is THE LECTURE DEALT with a „metaphysical“ whence his interest in available on IWM’s website understanding of the key concepts men- new technologies, dis- tioned in the title. It consisted of two tance learning and in- www.iwm.at parts: a story and an argument. The story formation technol- began with Plato and Hegel and ended ogy. Please see the with Levinas and Derrida. The argument Guest Contributions section for an ex- Jeden Dienstag ist die Bibliothek des IWM said that desire and interpretation are cerpt from his talk in French. Schauplatz eines öffentlichen Vortrags, rooted in an original dissymetry between gefolgt von einer informellen Diskussion. the Same and the Other. The real source of In cooperation with the Institut Français de Fellows und Gäste des Instituts sowie inter- desire is neither a lack (as in Plato) nor a Vienne. nationale Wissenschaftler und Intellektuelle negation (as in Hegel), but an affirmation werden eingeladen, ihre aktuellen For- of the never present Autre (as in Levinas schungsergebnisse zu präsentieren. and Derri- 20 FEBRUARY Einen e-mail-Informationsservice zu bevor- da). The in- stehenden Veranstaltungen bietet die terpretation Janos Matyas Kovacs Website des IWM, www.iwm.at is another Rival Temptations – Passive name for Resistance: On Cultural this affirma- Globalization in Eastern Europe 16 tion, which is concern- ACCORDING TO the conventional interpre- ed neither tation of cultural change under post-com- with a deci- munism, the vacuum left by Soviet civili- phering of zation has attracted Western cultures to the obscure, Eastern Europe and offered a chance for nor with a positing of meaning, but takes the revival of indigenous ones. The in- as its goal the impossible. coming culture is essentially American, which seems to defeat a new mix of com- Michal Pawel Markowski is Professor of munist and ethnic cultures easily. The re- Literary Anthropology and Cultural Studies at gion is rushing the Institute of Polish Studies at Jagellonian through a process University, Kraków, and was guest of IWM in of cultural global- February. ization that began with the collapse of communism. 12 FEBRUARY The “colonizer” is Palais Clam-Gallas, Vienna lucky: the irresist- ible invasion of Michel Serres low-quality mass Les nouvelles technologies culture has met a powerful drive of MICHEL SERRES, WRITER AND ESSAYIST, gave assimilation by a paper about the new technologies. the “natives” who Member of the Académie française, Pro- display the tragic fessor at the Sorbonne, philosopher and irony of nouveaux historian of sciences, he is an eclectic intel- riches. The speaker challenged these as- lectual whose work covers many aspects of sumptions on the basis of 14 case studies human activity: from the doctoral thesis made in Hungary during the past two on the German philosopher Leibniz sub- years. He presented a vast turbulence in mitted in 1968 to his dictionary of sci- the alleged vacuum and a clear tendency

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 IWM TUESDAY LECTURES for cultural resistance and compromise. relativistische Konnotationen hat und be- liebig instrumentalisierbar ist. Zur Zeit Janos Matyas Kovacs is Permanent Fellow droht die Instrumentalisierung im Dienst of IWM and member of the Institute of eines weltanschaulich-fundamentalisti- Economics, Budapest. schen Liberalismus, der mit einer liberalen Rechtsordnung unvereinbar ist.

27 FEBRUARY In cooperation with Politische Akademie – modern politics. Michel Maffesoli Du drame moderne au tragique Robert Spaemann ist seit 1962 Professor für postmoderne Philosophie an den Universitäten Stuttgart, mankind. Between two such religiously Heidelberg und München sowie ALORS QUE LE FONDEMENT historique de la defined civilizations, theologically akin Honorarprofessor in Salzburg. modernité repose sur la potentielle résolu- and territorially contiguous, conflict was tion de tous les problèmes (individuels ou inevitable. Is it now? sociaux), ce dont la conception drama- 20 MARCH tique du monde rend bien compte, la In cooperation with Politische Akademie – postmodernité pour- modern politics. Regine Gildemeister rait bien reposer sur Von Geschlechtsunterschieden l’acceptation du mal Bernard Lewis is Professor Emeritus of Near zur Geschlechterunterscheidung: sous ses diverses Eastern Studies at Princeton University. Folgen eines Perspektiven- formes. D’ou le sen- wechsels in der (empirischen) timent tragique de Forschung l’existence qui tend 13 MARCH à répondre dans IN DEN 50ER JAHREN des letzten Jahrhun- l’ensemble du corps Werte in der Gesellschaft von derts hatte sich eine ganze Forschungs- social. heute II richtung darauf spezialisiert, Unterschiede 17 Robert Spaemann zwischen den Geschlechtern in Eigen- In cooperation with the Institut Français de Europa: Rechtsordnung oder schaften, Charaktermerkmalen und psy- Vienne. Wertegemeinschaft chischen Pro- filen zu unter- Michel Maffesoli ist Professor für Soziologie DIE REDE VON DER europäischen Werte- suchen und an der Sorbonne (Université René gemeinschaft ist zweideutig. Sie enthält nach Möglich- Descartes – Paris V) und Chefredakteur der die Gefahr, den zentralen Wert, der die keit messbar Zeitschrift «Sociétés». neue Freiheit definiert, schon im Anfang zu machen. In auszuhebeln: das Recht. Grund zu dieser der Frauenfor- schung der 6 MARCH 70er und be- ginnenden Werte in der Gesellschaft von 80er Jahre heute I stand wieder- Bernard Lewis um die Geschlechterdifferenz im Mit- Religion and the Meeting of telpunkt der Forschung; immer wieder ging Civilizations es auch darum, die besonderen Fähigkei- ten von Frauen zu unterstreichen und FOR A LONG TIME civilization meant us, mit einer positiven Wertung zu versehen. and the rest were barbarians; religion Gleichzeitig zeigt sich soziale Wirklichkeit meant ours, and the rest were infidels. immer weniger eindeutig hinsichtlich der Some religions, such as Judaism and most “Polarität” der Geschlechter – die Kodie- of the religions of Asia, concede that men rungen sind brüchig geworden, ihnen may use different religions to speak to Sorge sind u.a. die Weise der Rechtferti- entsprechen keine eigenen sozialen Wel- God, as they use different languages to gung des Kosovo-Krieges, die staatliche ten mehr, keine eindeutig voneinander ge- speak to each other. This relativist view Diskriminierung von „Sekten“, die zeit- schiedenen Sphären. Trotz vielfacher was rejected and condemned by Chris- weise Ächtung Österreichs wegen einer Grenzverschiebungen aber hat die “Natur tians and Muslims, who shared the con- demokratischen Regierungsbildung. Die der Zweigeschlechtlichkeit” ihre Selbst- viction that theirs was the one true faith, Zweideutigkeit liegt bereits im Begriff des verständlichkeit und Selbstevidenz nicht which it was their duty to bring to all „Wertes“, der ebenso absolutistische wie verloren. In den Forschungsresultaten der

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 IWM TUESDAY LECTURES

letzten Jahre zeigt sich, dass zwar Unter- organizations and civic initiatives and is the „negativen Ontologie der Gesellschaft“ schiede zwischen den Geschlechtern so author of numerous publications and stellte er seine Forderung, der unter dem einfach nicht mehr dingfest zu machen articles, including the chapter on the Czech Vorzeichen von Globalisierung fortschrei- sind, die soziale Ungleichheit der Ge- Republic in the European Commission tenden Inhumanität Widerstand zu lei- schlechter aber sich tagtäglich neu repro- publication „Democratization in Central and sten. duziert. Diesen Prozess zu analysieren, Eastern Europe“. stellt die empirische Forschung vor erheb- In cooperation with the Institut Français de liche Probleme. Im Vortrag ging es einer- Vienne. seits um diese Bewegung von Unterschie- 17 APRIL den zur Unterscheidung, andererseits um André Tosel is Professor of History of konkrete Fragen und Paradoxien in aktu- André Tosel Modern Philosophy and Director of the ellen empirischen Forschungsprojekten. Mondialisation et Philosophie Centre de recherches d’histoire des idées, Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis. Regine Gildemeister ist Professorin für ANDRÉ TOSEL MACHTE IN SEINEM VORTRAG “Soziologie der Geschlechterverhältnisse“ die Vorgänge, die in der aktuellen Diskussi- an der Universität Tübingen und war im März on unter den Titel von Globalisierung ge- 24 APRIL Gast des IWM. stellt wer- den, zum Werte in der Gesellschaft von Gegenstand heute III 27 MARCH philosophi- Józef Zycinski scher Refle- Church, Postmodernity and Martin Palouš xion. Den Human Values Freedom of Expression in the Ausgangs- European Context punkt bilde- THE CONTEMPORARY RADICAL critique of te die Kritik modernity follows the deep cultural trans- THE RECENT DE- an den ent- formations in which the basic values of the BATE on public gegengesetz- Enlightenment and of the Christian intel- 18 television in the ten Positio- lectual tradition are called into question. Czech Republic nen einer liberalen, formalistisch argu- In this approach, the classical concept of opened a series of mentierenden Rechtstheorie einerseits truth is regarded as major questions: und einer von Nietzsche und Heidegger useless whereas lib- Has freedom of ausgehenden Fundamentalkritik der Mo- eral democracy expression – one derne andererseits. with its social praxis of the funda- Beiden Richtungen warf Tosel man- is to provide prag- mental human gelnden Geschichts- und Gesellschafts- matic substitutes rights – been vio- bezug vor. Demgegenüber knüpfte seine for such basic val- lated or threat- eigene Analyse an den Kategorien von Ar- ues as truth and ened in this case? What does freedom of beit, Kapital und Produktionsverhältnis- beauty, justice and expression mean in the European legal sen an. Den derzeitigen Globalisierungs- compassion. After and political context? What is the under- prozess fasste er in diesem Sinn als neue considering the lining concept of the public space? What Entwicklungsstufe der kapitalistischen pragmatic critique policies have been successfully applied – Ökonomie auf, in deren Verlauf sich das of the traditional or can be recommended – to protect the Verhältnis von Politik und Wirtschaft hierarchy of values, as offered by Richard free flow of information in Europe? What deutlich verändere. Rorty, the paper introduced the axiology are its philosophical underpinnings and Trotz der eindeutigen Hegemonie, proposed by John Paul II. in his encyclical implications? The lecture tried to provide welche die Wirtschaft im Zuge dieser Ent- Fides et ratio. It directs our attention to the at least partial answers to these questions, wicklung über die Politik gewinne, könne grandeur of being which would be ig- taking at its point of departure the recent deswegen nicht von einem Verschwinden nored by someone who interprets reality Czech experience in this field. der Politik oder des Staates gesprochen in purely pragmatic terms. werden. Tosel bestand auf der Möglich- In Cooperation with the Institute for Eastern keit und Notwendigkeit einer radikalen In cooperation with Politische Akademie – and Southeastern Europe (department Kritik an einer auf den Punkt der Irrever- modern politics. Brno) and the Embassy of the Czech sibilität zulaufenden extremen Ungleich- Republic in Vienna. heit zwischen Subjekten, Nationen und Jozef Zycinski, Archbishop of Lublin, Grand Weltregionen, die zur völligen Verarmung Chancellor for the Catholic University of Martin Palouš is Deputy Minister of Foreign der großen Mehrheit und überdies zu ei- Lublin; Professor – Chair of the Relationship Affairs of the Czech Republic. He actively ner Bedrohung der planetaren Lebens- between Religion and Science. participates in many non-governmental grundlagen führe. Unter den Titel einer

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 FELLOWSHIPS On 30 March, the jury for the Milena Jesenská Fellowships for Journalists and the jury for the Paul Celan Fellowships for Translators met at the IWM to select the fellows for 2001 and 2002, respectively.

Fellowships for Journalists and Translators

THE MILENA JESENSKÁ FEL- representative forum for the Hungarian IWM AWARDS A SERIES of Visit- LOWSHIPS are awarded to en- extreme right. Title of the project: „Professio- ing Fellowships each year in able journalists from across nal, ethical and methodological analysis and support of the translation of Europe to work in Vienna for criticism of the Hungarian Public Radio pro- major works in the humanities three months in order to gram Sunday Journal“ or social sciences between complete long term projects (September – December 2001) Western European and East- while free of daily obliga- ern European languages, or tions. The program has been Anna Politkovskaia, a contributor to the from one Eastern European set up in cooperation with Russian periodical Novaza Gazeta, will language into another. The Project Syndicate (New explore the Chechen conflict through program, which was estab- Milena Jesenská York / Prague) and has been sup- portraits of her countrymen affected by the lished in 1987, has been Paul Celan ported by the European Cul- war in her book entitled, „Russians 2001. funded by the European Cul- tural Foundation from the beginning. In Russia after the Chechen War.“ tural Foundation for many years and by 2001, an additional fellowship could be (October – December 2001) the City of Vienna since 2000. awarded thanks to Austrian journalist In 2002, the following fellows will Hans Rauscher and publisher Oscar Paul-Christian Radu, an investigative join the IWM: Bronner (Der Standard). Rauscher, who reporter for the Romanian newspaper was awarded the Concordia Award for Evenimentul Zilei, will document organized Géza Horváth (Hungary) Freedom of the Press, donated the prize crime activity in his project “The New Inter- Friedrich Nietzsche: Menschliches, Allzu- money in order to make it possible for national Patterns of the Organized Crime in menschliches. Band 1 Zsofia Mihancsik to pursue her project on Central and Western Europe.” Translation from German into Hungarian a openly anti-Semitic radio program in (January – March 2002) 19 Hungary. Taras Korpalo (Ukraine) Mykola Riabchuk, co-founder and deputy Eric J. Hobsbawm: Nations and Nationalism The 2001 recipients and their projects are editor-in-chief of the Ukrainian bi-weekly since 1780 as follows: magazine Krytyka, will research problems Translation from English into Ukrainian that the media faces, and search for Reinhard Engel, an Austrian freelance effective solutions from both external and Adam Lipszyc (Poland) writer of economics whose articles have internal forces in his project “Not so free at Gershom Scholem: Essays, Briefe und ande- appeared in publications such as The last: Mass Media in Post-Communist re Texte. Eine Auswahl Financial Times and Newsweek. His project Countries: Perilous Way to Freedom.” Translation from German and Hebrew into entitled “The Economic Chances of the (October – December 2001) Polish Latecomers Among the CEECs on the Bal- kans” will focus on Bulgaria, Croatia, Jury David Mik (Czech Republic) Yugoslavia, and Romania. Roger de Weck, journalist, Zurich and Berlin Hans-Georg Gadamer: Wahrheit (July – September 2001) Sarmite Elerte, editor-in-chief of Diena, Riga und Methode. Helena Luczywo, managing editor-in-chief Translation from German into Czech Fatos Lubonja, a former political prisoner of Gazeta Wzborcza, Warsaw under Albania’s Hoxha regime, plans to Frank Schirrmacher, editor-in-chief of Zsuzsa Rakovszky (Hungary) retrace the steps leading up to the collapse Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurt Thomas Nagel: The View from Nowhere of pyramid investment schemes and their Gerfried Sperl, editor-in-chief of Der Stan- Translation from English into Hungarian aftermath in his native country in his project dard, Vienna (Chair) entitled “The False Apocalypse.” Lubonja Laura Starink, NRC-Handelsblad, Rotterdam Jury currently writes for the cultural journal Rüdiger Stephan, Secretary General of the Gottfried Boehm, Professor für Neuere Perpjekja. European Cultural Foundation, Amsterdam Kunstgeschichte, Universität Basel (July – September 2001) Anita Traninger, Program Coordination and Endre Bojtar, Ungarische Akademie der Public Relations, IWM Wissenschaften, Budapest Zsofia Mikancsik, free-lance journalist, Peter Demetz, Yale University translator and founder of the online- Malgorzata Lukasiewicz, Translator and magazine TINTA, is planning to analyze a literary critic, Warsaw Hungarian Public Radio program, Sunday Klaus Nellen, Permanent Fellow, IWM Journal, which is being considered a Stephan Sattler, Ressortleiter Kultur, Focus

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 FELLOWS AND GUESTS

Visiting Fellows

The following Visiting Fellows have begun their stay at the IWM: Galia I. Valtchinova Die folgenden Wissenschaftlichen Mitglieder haben ihren Research Fellow Senior at the Aufenthalt am IWM angetreten: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Thracology; Associate Fellow of the I.S.T.A – University of Abigail Gillman Franche-Comté, Besançon, Andrew Assistant Professor of German and Hebrew, Boston W. Mellon Visiting Fellow University Length of stay April – June Length of stay March – June IWM Project Women’s Ways to Religion in the Balkan Context: Specialization Viennese modernism; German-Jewish literature and The Christian-Orthodox Patriarchal Setting thought Publications Local Religion and Identity in Western Bulgaria (in IWM Project Inventing Memory in Turn-of-the Century Vienna Bulgarian, extensive French abstract), Sofia 1999; Publications “The Jewish ‘Bildung’ of a Viennese Baron: Arthur Généalogie de l’Europe, Paris 1994 Schnitzler’s ‘Der Weg ins Freie’”, in: Festschrift for Jeffrey Sammons, forthcoming 2002; “Between Religion and Culture: Mendelssohn, Buber- Rosenzweig, and the Enterprise of Biblical Transla- The following Visiting Fellows have been continuing their stay at the IWM: tion”, in: Biblical Translation in Context, forthcoming Die folgenden Wissenschaftliche setzten ihren Aufenthalt am IWM fort: 2001; “Ich suche ein Asyl fuer meine Vergangenheit: Arthur Schnitzler’s Poetics of Memory”, in: Arthur Schnitzler: Contemporenaities/Zeitgenossenschaften, Catalin Cioaba forthcoming 2001; “Hofmannsthal’s Jewish Panto- Doktorand an der Universität Bukarest; Paul Celan mime”, in: Deutsche Vierteljahresschrift fuer Visiting Fellow 20 Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte 1997 Length of stay January – June 2001 Specialization Philosophie, Phänomenologie im Alexei Miller 20. Jahrhundert Research Fellow at the Russian Academy of Sciences; IWM Project Übersetzung von Heideggers Research Fellow at the Russian State Humanitarian „Prolegomena zur Geschichte des University; Guest Professor at Central European Zeitbegriffs“ ins Rumänische University, Budapest Publications Timp si temporalitate, Bukarest 2000; Length of Stay February – June Übersetzung der Monographie Der Specialization History of ideas Denkweg Martin Heideggers von IWM Project Nationalism in Eastern and Central Europe in 19th Otto Pöggeler, Bukarest 1998; „Die Century; National and ethnic stereotypes in post- mannigfache Bedeutung des Begriffs Eigentlichkeit“, Communist European countries in: New Europe College Jahrbuch, Bukarest 2000 Publications Imperial Authorities, Russian Public Opinion and the Ukrainian Question in the Second Half of the 19th Todorka Mineva-Pramatarova Century,(in Russian), Moscow 2000; Nation and Lecturer of French at the Sofia University Kliment Nationalism, (ed., in Russian), Moscow 1999 Ohridski; Paul Celan Visiting Fellow Length of stay January – June 2001 Charles Taylor Specialization Translator of contemporary French philosophy and in Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, McGill University, the field of the history of religion Montreal; Chairman of the IWM Advisory Board, IWM Project Translation of Emmanuel Levinas’ Autrement qu’être Robert Bosch Visiting Fellow ou au-delà de l’essence into Bulgarian Length of stay April – June Publications Several translations from French into Bulgarian Specialization Philosophy of social science, philosophy of language, (Bachelard, Levinas, Derrida, philosophy of history and epistemology, philosophy Bergson, Eliade, Lyotard, Sartre, of action Comte; Perrault, A. Dumas, St. IWM Project The Sources of Violence Exupéry, Camus) Publications A Catholic Modernity, New York 1999; Multicultural- ism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, Princeton 1994; Hegel and Modern Society, New York 1979

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 FELLOWS AND GUESTS

Mieke Verloo epistemologische Transformation des Historischen Lecturer in Political Science and Gender Studies at the rund um 1900 University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands Publications Clio verwunde(r)t. Hayden White, Carlo Ginzburg und Length of stay January – June 2001 das Sprachproblem in der Geschichte, Wien 2000. Specialization Gender Equality Policies; Feminist movements IWM Project Gender mainstreaming in Central and Eastern Andrew J. Bove Europe Ph.D. candidate in Philosophy, Boston Publications (with Y. Benschop, S. Eyckmans, H. van Roost) College “Gender in Balance: an action research to integrate Specialization Political Science gender in the personnel policy of the Flemish IWM Project How is Universal Education Possible? government administration”, in: S. Nelen & A. Hegel’s Critique and Reconception of Hondeghem (eds.), Equality oriented Personnel Policy the Idea of Culture in the Public Sector, Amsterdam 2000; “Gender Publications Reviews of Franco: Hegel’s Philosophy Mainstreaming: Practice and Prospects”, Council of of Freedom and Pinkard: Hegel. A Europe (1999); (with C. Roggeband) “Global Biography, in: Review of Metaphysics, Sisterhood and Political Change. The unhappy March 2001. marriage of women’s movements and national contexts”, in: C. van Kersbergen, R. Lieshout & G. Chien-yu Julia Huang Lock (eds.), Expansion and Fragmentation. Interna- Ph.D. candidate in Anthropology, Boston University tionalization, Political Change and the Transformation Specialization Anthropology of Religion; Gender; Transnationalism of the Nation State, Amsterdam 1999 and Globalization; Chinese Cultures IWM Project Gender, Ethnicity, and Globalization in a Taiwanese Transnational Buddhist Movement Publications (with Robert P. Weller) “Merit and Mothering: The following Visiting Fellows ended their stay at the IWM: Women and Social Welfare in Taiwanese Buddhism”, Die folgenden Wissenschaftliche Mitglieder haben ihren in: Journal of Asian Studies 57, no. 2 (May 1998); Aufenthalt am IWM beendet: “Charitable Women’s Movements in 19th-Century Western Societies and 20th-Century Taiwan” (in 21 Chinese), in: H. H. Michael Hsiao and Kuo-ming Slavenka Drakulic Lin (eds.),Taiwan de shehui fuli yundong (Social Novelist and Journalist, Vienna / Stockholm; Milena Welfare Movements in Taiwan), Taipe 2000 Jesenská Visiting Fellow Length of stay January – March 2001 Michal Kopecek IWM Project Working on a book of essays on Europe and Ph.D. candidate in International Relations, Charles xenophobia University, Prague; Robert Bosch Junior Publications u.a. Als gäbe es mich nicht, Berlin 1999; Marmorhaut, Visiting Fellow Berlin 1998; Café Paradies oder die Sehnsucht nach Specialization Contemporary history of Central Europa, Berlin 1997 Europe; political philosophy IWM Project “Revisionism” in Marxist Thought and its Political Role in Central Junior Visiting Fellows Europe in the 1950s and 1960s Publications Several articles in the Czech historical journals Soudobé dejiny Junior Visiting Fellows for the first half of 2000 (January – June) (Contemporary History) and Dejiny a and their research topics: soucasnost (Past and Present) Die Junior Visiting Fellows der ersten Hälfte 2000 (Januar – Juni) und ihre Projektthemen: Kamila Kulik Ph.D. candidate at the Graduate School for Social Research Institute of Alessandro Barberi Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Doktorand der Geschichtswissenschaften, Stipendiat im Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; Robert Rahmen des Doktorandenprogramms der Bosch Junior Visiting Fellow and Jan Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; Lektor Patocka Junior Visiting Fellow am Institut für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte der Specialization Contemporary philosophy Universität Wien IWM Project The Problem of Truth in the Specialization Historische Epistemologie, Diskursanalyse und Philosophy of Hannah Arendt Mediengeschichte IWM Project Nietzsche, Freud, Saussure. Eine historisch-

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 FELLOWS AND GUESTS

Katarina Leppänen The following Junior Visiting Fellows have continued their stay at Ph.D. candidate in History of Ideas, Göteborg Univer- the IWM sity, Sweden Die folgenden Junior Visiting Fellows setzen ihren Aufenthalt am Month of stay April 2001 IWM fort Specialization Gender Studies IWM Project Elin Wägner – Matriarchy and Sexual Difference in Jyoti Mistry the Light of European Feminism, 1920-1940 Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Cinema Studies, Publications „Ekofeminismin mahdollisuudet feministisenä New York University kritiikkinä (Ecofeminism as Feminist Critique)“, in: Specialization Cinema Studies and Film Policy Naistutkimus Kvinnoforskning 1998; “Feminist IWM Project The Use of Cinema in Imagining a New National Critique of the Notion of Scientific Objectivity”, in: Identity in a Post-Apartheid South Africa Ingemar Nilsson (ed.), Vetenskap och historia: 7 essäer, Filmography anOther ny story (USA/SA/A 2000), co-production Göteborg 1999; “Internationella feministiska samtal: commissioned by South African Broadcasting att läsa Elin Wägners Väckarklocka som en replik Corporation (SABC-TV); paw-paw (USA/A 1998), (International feminist dialogue: Reading Elin B.E.D. (USA 1998) Wägner’s Alarm Clock as a Re-joiner)“, in: Ulla Holm (ed.), Filosofiska samtal – Samtalsfilosofi Inna V. Naletova (forthcoming) Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Religious Studies, Boston University Meike Schmidt-Gleim Specialization Religion und Culture in Russia Doktorandin am Institut für Philosophie der Universität IWM Project Religion in Contemporary Russia: The Orthodox Wien; Stipendiatin im Rahmen des Doktoranden- Church and its Impact on Russia’s Political and Meike Schmidt-Gleim programms der Österreichischen Akademie der Cultural Life Wissenschaften Publications Hermeneutics (a textbook for graduate students), Specialization Political Philosophy Novosibirsk 1995; Changing Values of the Modern IWM Project Dissertation “Grenzlogiken und Europa” World, Novosibirsk 1995; Hermeneutics and Publications „Ich will Teil einer Antirassismusbewegung sein“, in: Rhethoric, Novosibirsk 1994 (all in Russian) 22 Agenda 2000; „Das Unpolitische am Rassismus“, in: Kulturrisse 1999; „Die Demonstration der Veronika Wittmann Demokratie“, in: Springerin 5, Heft 4 (1999) Doktorandin der Soziologie, Universität Linz; Stipendiatin im Rahmen des Doktorandenprogramms Tatiana Zhurzhenko der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, V. Karazin Specialization Gender Studies und Politik in Afrika Kharkov National University, Ukraine IWM Project Gender Empowerment im Transformationsprozess Specialization Gender studies, Social Theory, Philosophy of der Post-Apartheidgesellschaft Südafrikas Economics Publications Nehandas widerspenstige Töchter. Eine Analyse IWM Project Ukrainian Feminism as a Political Project: from zimbabwenischer Frauenorganisationen, Linz 1999; Importation to Domestication „Kritik am tanzanischen Modell des Ujamaa- Publications “Free Market Ideology and New Women’s Identities Sozialismus“, in: From Ujamaa to Structural Adjust- in Post-Socialist Ukraine”, in: European Journal of ment, Linz 1997 Women’s Studies, 8.1 (2001); “Gender and Identity Formation in Post-Socialist Ukraine: the Case of Women in the Shuttle Business”, in: R. Anderson, S. Guests Cole, H. Howard-Bobiwash (eds.), Feminist Fields: Ethnographic Insights, Broadview Press 1999; Ukrainian Women in the Transition Economy”, in: Michal Pawel Markowski Labour Focus on Eastern Europe 60 (1998) Professor at the Chair of Literary Anthropology and Cultural Studies, Jagellonian University, Kraków Month of stay February

Regine Gildemeister Professorin für „Soziologie der Geschlechterverhältnisse“, Institut für Soziologie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Month of stay March Tatiana Zhurzhenko

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Publications

Transit 20 Philipp Steger Vortrag „Reform oder Revolution? Polen und Europa Junior Visiting Fellow, 1998 Feministische Kritik auf dem langen siehe Seite 24 Abschied vom katholischen Land? Polens Marsch durch die Institutionen“ beim Kirche nach dem Kommunismus. Direktionsbereich Soziale Arbeit, Brugg/ Slavenka Drakulic Wien: Braumüller 2001 Schweiz (16. Februar). Milena Jesenská Visiting Fellow, 2001 “Diese andere Welt“, Konkreter Untersuchungsgegenstand des Teilnahme an einer Diskussion im ZDF in: Kafka. Zeitschrift für Mitteleuropa, 1/2001 vorliegenden Buches ist ein katholisches Nachtstudio zum Thema „Romantik – Land par excellence: die Republik Polen. Die Herzschlag der Moderne“ in Berlin (12. März). John K. Glenn Darstellung orientiert sich an den Kernfragen Junior Visiting Fellow, 1997 des Konkordats und der Abtreibung und Vortrag “The Subject of Politics and the Framing Democracy: Civil society and dokumentiert die Entwicklung der Politics of the Subject”. Plattform 1 civic movements in Eastern Europe polnischen Kirche seit 1989. Grundlage sind Documenta XI: Democracy Unrealized, Stanford University Press 2001 intensive dreijährige Recherchen vor Ort. Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien (7. Untersucht werden zum einen die Hinter- April). “How was the founding of democratic states gründe der realen politischen Macht der in Eastern Europe affected by the ways Kirche, andererseits die Manifestationen Teilnahme an einer Podiumsdiskussion communism fell? In a penetrating compari- dieser Macht und der konkrete Einfluß auf „Multikulturalismus und Fremdenfeind- son of Poland and Czechoslovakia, John politische Prozesse und Inhalte. lichkeit – Braucht Europa eine Leit- Glenn answers this question through a kultur?“, Universität Linz (25. April). careful analysis of two main mechanisms, Anita Traninger mobilization and bargaining. By emphasizing Program Associate Vortrag „Die Sehnsucht nach Identität. the role of key cultural institutions – the ”Lullismus” Zwischen Einschluss und Ausschluss im Church in Poland, the theater in Czechoslo- (gemeinsam mit Roger Friedlein), in: Historisches Vorzeichen von Globalisierung“, München, vakia – he shows how future paths toward Wörterbuch der Rhetorik. Hg. von Gert Ueding. Bd. Philosophische Nachtgespräche im Café 23 democracy were shaped by the processes 5. Tübingen: Niemeyer 2001. Muffathalle (27. April). within each country that led to the collapse of their regimes. And by examining the trope of “civil society,” not as an outcome but as a IWM Junior Fellows’ Conferences Janos Matyas Kovacs framing and mobilizing strategy, he connects New series published on the IWM Website Permanent Fellow the study of contentious politics to that of www.iwm.at Teilnahme an der Podiumsdiskussion democratization. A must-read.” – Sidney „Europäische Kulturzeitschriften – Tarrow, Cornell University Vol. XI Kulturelle Intergration Europas“ im Stephen Dawson, Jyoti Mistry, Thomas Österreichischen Kulturinstitut, Budapest Cornelia Klinger Schramme and Michael Thurman (eds.) (4. April). Permanent Fellow Extraordinary Times „Wann war Moderne – wo war Moderne? IWM 2001. Überlegungen zur Datierungsproblematik Krzysztof Michalski von Moderne im Lichte ihres möglichen Permanent Fellow and Director Endes“, Travels and Talks Gast in der Ö1-Radiosendung „Von Tag zu in: Moderne als Konstruktion. Debatten, Diskurse, Tag“ anlässlich des 10jährigen Bestehens Positionen um 1900. (= Studien zur Moderne 14). der Zeitschrift Transit; Moderation: Peter Hg. v. Antje Senarclens de Grancy und Heidemarie Uhl. Huemer (27. Februar). Wien: Passagen Verlag 2001. Cornelia Klinger Permanent Fellow Participation in the Third Session of the Jyoti Mistry Vortrag: „Von der weiblichen Logik zum Reflection Group Meeting on “Diversity Junior Visiting Fellow 2000/2001 devenir-femme der Philosophie. Frauen- and Unity in the Enlarged European “Über Vergewaltigung in Südafrika”, und Geschlechterforschung in der Union: What Influences the Process of in: Le Monde Diplomatique, March 2001 Philosophie“, Universität Freiburg/Breisgau Transition and Adaptation in Central and (deutschsprachige Ausgabe der (14. Februar). Eastern Europe?: The Nation, Democracy französischen Monatszeitung) and the State”, Brussels (1-2 March). Lehrveranstaltung zum Thema „Feministische Wissenschaftskritik“ beim Vortragsreihe: “Drei Vorträge zu Nachdiplomkurz Sozialpädagogik, Zürich Nietzsche“: “I. Vernunft, die weh tut”, „II. (16. Februar). Inkarnation”; Krakau, Theaterhochschule

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 (6. März, 5. April) und Universität Warschau (7. März, 4. April).

Seminar zu Nietzsches Zarathustra an der Polen und Europa Theaterhochschule in Krakau (6. April).

Hanna Krall Gespräch über die Unnormalität der Welt John Smith Aleksander Smolar 1989 - Gedächtnis und Geschichte Executive Director Marcin Krol Am Rande Europas represented IWM at the launching of the European Pawel Spiewak Politik und Demokratie in Polen heute Movement’s “Contact Group of Research Centres Jacek Kucharczyk Polens Weg nach Europa and Think Tanks” contributing to the Debate on the Jacques Rupnik Die Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union Future of Europe held in Brussels (21-22 March).

Kinga Dunin Die junge Generation in Polen

Umweltpolitik in Polen T. Podgajniak im Gespräch mit R. Pilat Anita Traninger Photographien Ein Tag im Leben der Polen. Program Associate Vortrag: “Im Keller. Zur architekturalen Visuali-

Andrzej Stasiuk Mein Europa sierung von Gedächtnis im 17. und frühen 18. Jahrhundert“ im Rahmen der Konferenz „Gehäuse Jurij Andruchowytsch Mittelöstliches Memento der Mnemosyne“, Universität Gießen / Schloss Rauischholzhausen (23.-24. März). Samanta Stecko Ideologie und Erinnerung

Jozef Tischner Solidarität der Gewissen Presentation: “Austria’s Contribution to The

Krzysztof Michalski Jozef Tischners Philosophie Millennium Day Global Television Program 2000”, at the conference “When Globalization Fails … Charles Taylor Überlegungen zur Idee der Solidarität Patterns of Cultural Resistance and Compromise”, 24 jointly organized by the Institute for the Study of verlag neue kritik 20 Economic Culture, Boston University, and IWM (20-22 April). o Ich abonniere Transit–Europäische Revue ab Heft ____ (2 Hefte pro Jahr zum Preis von DM 36,-).

Transit feiert im Jahr 2001 sein 10-jähriges Bestehen. Wenn Sie sich bis 31. 03. 2001 für ein Transit-Abo entscheiden, erhalten Varia Sie als Jubiläumsgeschenk

Piotr Wandycz: Die Freiheit und ihr Preis. Eine Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas, Wien 1993. Julia Huang, IWM Junior Visiting Fellow, passed

Ich möchte meine Bibliothek ergänzen und bestelle her defense on March 30, 2001 at the Department o das Transit-Paket Nr. 6-10 zum Preis von DM 30,- of Anthropology, Boston University. Her disserta- (plus Porto). o aus dem Paket die Nr.____ zum Heftpreis von DM tion examines the Ciji (Tzu-chi) Gongde Hui (Com- 10,- (plus Porto). passionate-Relief Merit Society), a Taiwanese trans- o aus den Heften 11-19 die Nr.____zum Heftpreis von DM 20,- (plus Porto). Für Abonnenten DM 18,-. national Buddhist humanitarian foundation with a charismatic female leader. o Senden Sie mir bitte kostenlos Ihr Gesamtverzeichnis. Huang conducted an anthropological study based on twenty months ethnographic fieldwork Ort, Datum Unterschrift______in Taiwan (1997-99 in Jiayi, Hualian, and Taipei) and shorter periods of field research among its over-

Adresse: seas branches. Research methods included partici- Name pant-observation, individual interviews of devo- Straße PLZ, Ort tees, foundation employees, and monastic disciples, and a review of Ciji’s publications and local press

Transit (ISSN 0938-2062) ist zu bestellen über: coverage. Verlag Neue Kritik, Tel. +49-69-72 75 76, Fax +49-69-72 65 85 The study employed Max Weber’s theory of Kettenhofweg 53, D-60325 Frankfurt a.M. oder online: www.univie.ac.at/iwm/transit charisma to examine how participants maintained their charismatic emotional commitments to the Herausgegeben am Preis: Abo DM 36,- / öS 262,- Verlag neue kritik movement as religious devotees while simulta- Institut für die Zwei Hefte pro Jahr Kettenhofweg 53 Wissenschaften Einzelheft DM 20,- / öS 146,- D- 60325 Frankfurt neously rationalizing their practices to become a vom Menschen portofrei (in Dt und Ö) Tel. (069) 72 75 76 powerful modern transnational nongovernmental or- ganization (NGO).

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Notes on Books

Exploring the Legacy of Ioan Petru Culianu the sense of a more critical reading of sev- at all simply clones of the original Sorin Antohi eral canons, ranging from epistemology Western variant. and cognitive science to political theory, Provincializing Europe, the ON MAY 21, 1991, Ioan from cultural studies to the history of sci- fascinating book by Bengali his- Petru Culianu, a Romani- ence and the history of religions. This is torian Dipesh Chakrabarty, is an an-born Professor of Reli- the personal reason behind my project of a attempt to give some depth and gion at the University of Culianu Festschrift, on which I embarked concreteness to this idea. This Chicago’s Divinity more than one year ago, while a Fellow at Chakrabarty attempts on two School, was shot in the the Center of Advanced Study in the Be- levels, and that is the great back of his head, at close havioral Sciences, Stanford, and which I strength of the book. He not only range, in the restroom was able to finish here, at the IWM. tries to offer a theoretical account next to his office. He died The volume has more than thousand of the way in which these processes can be instantly. He was 41. pages, and is in fact two volumes. Forty understood in a language of universal Ten years on, the riddle of his un- authors from seven countries revisit Culia- theory, but at the same time have to com- timely death remains unsolved, and his nu’s lives and works: the precocious stu- pose in different contexts with quite dif- killer, or killers, are still at large. Local po- dent and the struggling immigrant; the ferent understandings of time, agency and lice, the FBI, his family and friends, the path-breaking scholar and the haunting the sacred. He also fills in some of “thick” author of a book on this enigmatic case fiction writer; the smiling mentor and the context for certain groups and movements (Ted Anton, Eros, Magic, and the Murder of challenging colleague; the radical political in modern Bengali history. Professor Culianu, Northwestern Univer- journalist and the iconoclastic cultural The problem with which the book sity Press, 1996), and many journalists be- critic; the spiritual pilgrim and the all-too- starts is the assumed universal validity of lieve that Culianu was killed by one or human being. Thus, the memory of a man languages of history and social science de- more people linked to the (vestiges of the) and the presence of his mind are compre- signed to make sense of European history. Iron Guard – a far right movement in in- hensively celebrated and critically exam- The aim of the argument is to resist the terwar Romania –, in cooperation with the ined. resultant attempt to translate without re- 25 (heirs to the) Securitate – Romania’s infa- Ioan Petru Culianu’s many publica- mainder all the phenomena of extra-Euro- mous ‘secret police’. Why? tions include: Eros and Magic in the Re- pean societies into these paradigm lan- On this point, speculations flourish, naissance (University of Chicago Press, guages. It is not that they are no use at all; just as the alternative causal scenarios of 1987); Out of This World: Otherworldly on the contrary, to the extent that moder- the killing. One strong line of argument Journeys from Gilgamesh to Albert Einstein nity is a project wich spreads they capture suggests that Culianu was made into a (Shambhala, 1991); The Eliade Guide to some of what is going on. But something symbolic scapegoat and warning because World Religions (with Mircea Eliade, and crucial only comes to light when we can he was vehemently and convincingly put- the collaboration of Hillary S. Wiesner, articulate exactly what in different con- ting the finger on the continuity between HarperCollins, 1991); The Tree of Gnosis: texts resists this translation; what shows Romania’s worst nightmares and their na- Gnostic Mythology from Early Christianity the side of the universal which is provin- tive architects/builders/successors, from to Modern Nihilism (HarperSanFrancisco, cially European – hence the title. The the Iron Guard to the post-communist re- 1992). great value of this book lies in Chakra- gime. In the process, Culianu was also en- barty’s exceptional ability to bring to light gaging in a radical critique of Romania’s Sorin Antohi (ed.) what constantly gets glossed over and for- most cherished idols of the tribe, from ide- Religion, Fiction, and History. Essays in gotten when we can only speak the stan- ologies to personalities. For instance, Culi- Memory of Ioan Petru Culianu dard languages of the academy. To do this anu was starting to expose the Iron Guard Nemira, Bucharest 2001 requires the kind of bilingual conscious- connections of his role-model, teacher, ness which can bring into illuminating re- and rather reluctant protector, Mircea lation Adam Smith and Tagore. Chakra- Eliade (1907-1986). Provincializing Europe barty makes you regret that so few are ca- Ioan Petru Culianu’s multifaceted Charles Taylor pable of doing this with a high degree of and seminal legacy lives on. It has also had eloquence and insight. a major impact on my own modest intel- WE OFTEN TALK THESE DAYS of “multiple lectual pursuits, ever since the days in modernities” – how modernity can be un- Dipesh Chakrabarty: 1980 when I was able to first read him. As derstood both as a single constellation of Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial a historian of ideas, theorist of history, Ro- developments happening globally, i.e. in- Thought and Historical Difference manian studies specialist, and public intel- dustrial economies, markets, bureaucra- Princeton University Press 2000 lectual, I was deeply influenced by cies, universities, etc., and also as inhabited Culianu’s quite different ideas, experi- and sustained by quite different cultural ences, and research agenda, especially in forms in different parts of the world, not

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 GUEST CONTRIBUTION “The Memory of the Century”, the international conference organized by the IWM in March, was dedicated to the new relevance of the past. Pierre Nora, Professor of History and Political Philosophy at EHESS (Paris), looked into the reasons for the current upsurge in memory.

The Tidal Wave of Memory

EVERY COUNTRY, every social, ethnic or family group This “acceleration of history” also leaves us cut has undergone a profound change in its relations off, communing with the past only through ves- with the past in recent decades. This change takes tiges. We recover the past by reconstructing it in many forms: criticism of official histories and recov- detail, aided by documents and archives; a form of ery of repressed ones; demands for confiscated or memory once called “history.” But this is a radical, suppressed pasts; interest in “roots” and genealogy; indeed, dangerous alteration in meaning, for commemorative events and new museums; open- “memory” now means something so all-inclusive ing archives to the public; fondness for what En- that it tends to be used as a substitute for “history” glish-speakers call “heritage” and the French “patri- and places the study of history at the service of Pierre Nora moine.” memory. If France was the first to embark on this almost A second reason for this outbreak of memory is Die Vorstellung, die eine fetishistic “memorialism,” this is because its memo- a pronounced emancipatory trend among peoples, Gesellschaft, Gruppe ries of WWII are so divided. After the death of Gen- ethnic groups, and even certain classes of individu- oder auch Familie von eral de Gaulle, France witnessed a fascination for its als – the emergence of all those forms of memory ihrer Zukunft hatte, wartime Vichy government and the birth of a form bound up with minority groups for whom reha- bestimmte traditionell ihr of Jewish “memory” unseen before. But others soon bilitating the past reaffirms identity. Verhältnis zur Vergan- followed. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Minority memories mainly arise from three genheit. Die Erwartun- Soviet Union, Eastern Europe underwent its own types of decolonization: international decoloni- gen an die Zukunft leg- “recovery of memory,” followed in turn, after the zation, which provided societies stagnating in colo- ten fest, was erinnert fall of military dictatorships in Latin America and of nial oppression with access to historical conscious- werden musste. Dieser 26 apartheid in South Africa, by a global settling of ness and the rehabilitation (or fabrication) of Zugang zur Vergangen- scores with the past. memories; domestic decolonization of sexual, social, heit sei heute schlecht- This upsurge in memory intersects with pow- religious and provincial minorities for whom reaf- hin verunmöglicht, argu- erful historical phenomena. Call one the “accelera- firming their “memory” – in fact, their history – is a mentierte Pierre Nora im tion of history,” which suggests that the key feature way of having their “particularism” recognized by a Rahmen der IWM-Kon- of modernity is not continuity but change – an community that refused them that right; and ideo- ferenz „Das Gedächtnis accelerated precipitation of all things into a swiftly logical decolonization, which reunited people with des Jahrhunderts“. Weil retreating past. This change shattered the unity of memories confiscated, destroyed or manipulated wir nicht mehr wissen, historical time, that straightforward linearity which by totalitarian regimes. wie unsere Zukunft traditionally bound the present and the future to This explosion of minority memories pro- aussehen wird, horten the past. foundly altered the status and reciprocal nature of wir die Erinnerungen als The way in which a society, nation, group or history and memory. Indeed, it enhanced the idea Zeugnisse unserer family envisaged its future traditionally determined of “collective memory,” once little used. Identität. Aber Nora what it needed to remember of the past. This gave History used to be in the hands of public au- identifiziert noch weitere meaning to the present, which linked the two. thorities, scholars, and specialized peer groups Gründe für die plötzliche Broadly speaking, the future could be envisaged as which used it to mold the collective meaning of a Flutwelle des Gedächt- a form of restoration, a form of progress, or a form of nationhood. It taught children to be (good) nisses... revolution. Frenchmen, Germans, and Englishmen. Although Diese Kurzfassung ist Teil Today, these ways of interpreting the past are founded on memory, history, as a discipline aspiring einer gemeinsam mit discarded because we do not know what form the to scientific status, was in the past built up in oppo- Project Syndicate, einem future will take. Because we cannot anticipate what sition to memory, which was thought to be idiosyn- internationalen Verband our descendants will need to know about us in or- cratic and misleading. History was the sphere of the unabhängiger Zeitun- der to understand themselves, we stockpile – pi- collective; memory of the individual. The idea that gen konzipierten Reihe ously and indiscriminately – any visible trace that memory can be collective, emancipatory, and sacred von Kommentaren und might testify as to what we are or what we will have turns its meaning inside out. Individuals had Analysen zu brennen- become. It is this dissolution of any teleology of memories, collectivities had histories. den Fragen von Politik history – the disappearance of a history whose end History in this sense has now been replaced by und Gesellschaft. Der is known – that creates an urgent “duty to remem- memory, which acquired the prestige of a popular vollständige Text er- ber,” a sense more mechanical and heritage-based protest movement and resembles the revenge of the scheint in deutscher than moral, and linked, not to the idea of “debt” underdog and outcast, the history of those denied Übersetzung in Transit 22 but to “loss,” a very different matter altogether. history. Hitherto, if history did not have truth, it at (Winter 2001).

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Pierre Nora GUEST CONTRIBUTION least had loyalty on its side. But the last tity implies a group category, a way of de- overlaid with awareness of its own history century’s sufferings incited demands for a fining us from without. “One is not born a allows for several possible versions of the truth more “truthful” than history, the woman,” Simone de Beauvoir remarked, past. truth of personal experience and indi- “one becomes one.” It might serve as a The second effect of this change in vidual memory. catch-phrase for all identities created by the way memory is organized deprives his- The idea that collectivities have a self-assertion. torians of their monopoly on interpreting memory implies a far-reaching transfor- So identity, like memory, becomes a the past. In a world in which you had col- mation in the status of individuals and form of duty. I am asked to become what I lective history and individual memories, the their relations to the community. Here lies am: a Corsican, a Jew, a worker, an Alge- historian exercised exclusive control. To- the secret of that mysterious shift in our rian, a Black. It is at this level of obligation day, historians share their duties with understanding of identity, without which that the decisive tie is forged between judges, witnesses, the media and legisla- it is impossible to understand this upsurge memory and social identity. The two be- tors. in memory. For identity has gone from come almost synonymous; their near The problem raised by memory’s sac- being an individual and subjective notion merger reflects a change in the way history ralization comes in recognizing the mo- to a collective, quasi-formal and objective and society interact. ment at which emancipation becomes ex- one. How is “memory” now organized? clusion. For to claim the right to memory Traditionally, identity characterized Two patterns are visible. The first consists is to call for justice, but this proliferation of all that is unique about an individual – so of a dramatic increase in the uses made of moral claims can degenerate into a call to much so that it acquired an essentially ad- the past. Many reasons exist for today’s murder. It is this message of memory that ministrative sense: our fingerprints ex- proliferation of commemorative events, we must also remember. pressed our “identity,” we carried “ident- but each shows that the past has ceased to ity”papers. Nowadays, expression of iden- have a single meaning and that a present

27

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 GUEST CONTRIBUTION In his IWM Tuesday Lecture organized together with the Institut Francais de Vienne, French philosopher and historian of sciences Michel Serres reflected on human memory which seems to be threatened by the new technologies. But is it really?

L’Homme Cognitif et Collectif

L’exemple de la mémoire A revenir aux neiges d’antan, n’hésitons pas à Der französische Philo- CHANGER DE TEMPS HISTORIQUE et de lieu d’habitat remettre en scène le processus même d’homini- soph Michel Serres ne laisse pas, en effet, l’homme invariant. Autre ma- sation, tel que le décrivait le préhistorien Leroy- weigert sich, in das nière encore d’interpréter le geste de stocker : dé- Gourhan, par exemple. A mesure, disait-il, que des Gejammer jener einzu- poser de l’information sur un parchemin, du papier ancêtres lointains se levèrent, de la position quadru- stimmen, die die imprimé ou un support électronique consiste à pède à la station debout, évolution qui dura sans menschliche construire une mémoire. Nos ancêtres ressem- doute des milliers d’années, leurs membres an- Gedächtnisfähigkeit blaient aux acteurs d’aujourd’hui qui peuvent térieurs perdirent la locomotion. Certes, mais la main durch die neuen Medien réciter par cœur des milliers de vers ou de répliques. y gagna de nouvelles performances : prendre sup- endgültig für obsolet De tels exploits dépassent désormais notre capacité. pose, en effet, une dédifférenciation grâce à laquelle erklärt sehen. Vielmehr A mesure que nous construisons des mémoires cet organe devint, peu à peu, celui du matelotage ou singt er das Loblied der performantes, nous perdons la nôtre propre, celle de la charpente, de la chirurgie ou du clavecin, de la Erleichterung – befreit que les philosophes appelaient une faculté. Peut-on règle et du compas, de la prestidigitation… Mais vom Ballast der Erinne- vraiment dire : perdre ? Pas tout à fait, car le corps dès lors que les deux mains s’adonnèrent à cette rung sind wir endlich frei dépose, peu à peu, dans ces supports changeants, préhension raffinée, qui conditionne la compréhen- zu denken. cette ancienne faculté ; cervicale et subjective, elle sion, la gueule, jusqu’alors prognathe, parce que les Der vollständige Beitrag s’objective et se collectivise. Une stèle de pierre, un dents en avant favorisaient la prise, perdant à son erscheint in deutscher rouleau de papyrus, une page de papier, voilà des tour cette fonction, vint en retrait, de sorte que Übersetzung in Transit – mémoires matérielles, propres à soulager la nôtre, l’angle facial changea ; le crâne se remodela, libérant Europäische Revue 21 corporelle. Déjà vrai pour les bibliothèques, cela le des espaces antérieurs, où le cerveau put développer (Sommer 2001). 28 devient plus encore pour la Toile, mémoire globale des lobes frontaux … et la bouche se mit à parler. et encyclopédie collective de l’humanité. Le bilan de ces changements fait paraître de Voici quelques siècles, griots ou aèdes, les petites déperditions : portage sur les deux membres apôtres de Jésus, les interlocuteurs d’un dialogue de antérieurs, préhension par les lèvres et la mâchoire, Platon, même un étudiant de la Sorbonne au face à des profits sans rapport avec ces pertes : fabri- Moyen Age, pouvait restituer, des années après, cations multiples de la main, langages divers et sans en omettre une syllabe, les propos d’un maître raffinés, dialogues et objets. Du coup, mieux vaut ou d’un récitant, ouïs pendant sa jeunesse. Sauve dire : les bras se libérèrent de l’écrasante obligation des erreurs de copistes trop intelligents, la tradition de porter, la bouche s’allégea de l’épuisante nécessité orale traçait une voie plus sûre que la transmission de prendre, la main devint experte et le cerveau écrite. Nos prédécesseurs cultivaient donc leur réfléchit. Lorsqu’un appauvrissement induit un mémoire et disposaient de fines stratégies mnémo- meilleur investissement, la privation d’une fonction techniques. A mesure que nous prîmes des notes ou signifie plutôt que l’on s’en délivre et que l’on lûmes des imprimés, nous perdîmes moins cette invente du nouveau. faculté que nous ne la déposâmes sur les livres et les Ainsi la perte de la mémoire, à l’époque qui pages. De même que la roue appareilla du corps, des suivit celle où l’on chantait par cœur les poèmes chevilles et des rotules en rotation dans la marche, d’Homère, libéra les fonctions cognitives de la de même le stockage de l’information appareilla de charge impitoyable de millions de vers ; alors appa- fonctions cognitives antiques. Contrairement aux rut, dans sa simplicité abstraite, la Géométrie, fille animaux, verrouillés dans un organisme sans « sé- de l’Ecriture. De même, à la Renaissance, une crétion » de cette sorte, nous ne cessons de verser déperdition plus forte encore soulagea les savants de nos performances corporelles dans des outils pro- l’écrasante obligation de la documentation, appelée duits à partir de celles-ci. Nous perdons la mémoire alors doxographie, et les ramena brusquement à parce que nous en construisons de multiples. l’observation nue, qui fit naître les sciences expérimentales, filles de l’imprimerie. Au bilan, les Perdre, gagner ? bénéfices l’emportent de manière transcendante sur Nous rejoignons ici les pleureurs anciens et les préjudices, puisque naissent dans ces modernes, dont les discours et les textes déplorent la circonstances deux autres mondes, qui permirent de perte de l’oralité, de la mémoire, de la conceptuali- comprendre celui-ci. Savoir consiste alors non plus à sation et de tant d’autres choses, précieuses à nos se souvenir, mais à objectiver la mémoire, à la aïeux. déposer dans des objets, à la faire glisser du corps

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Michel Serres GUEST CONTRIBUTION dans des artefacts, laissant la tête libre pour mille velle science et une nouvelle culture dont les grands découvertes. récits produisent une autre cognition qui les repro- J’ai mis longtemps à comprendre ce que voulait duit, enrichis en retour. Ce changement d’en- dire Rabelais lorsque mes professeurs m’obligeaient tendement eut lieu plusieurs fois dans l’histoire, par à disserter sur sa phrase fameuse : Préférez une tête exemple lorsqu’advinrent les modèles abstraits de la bien faite à une tête bien pleine. Avant de pouvoir Géométrie ou les expérimentations, en Physique, ranger des livres dans leur librairie, Montaigne et ses justement quand changeaient les technologies. ancêtres les doctes devaient apprendre par cœur Ainsi l’histoire de la philosophie et l’histoire tout l’Iliade et Plutarque, l’Enéide et Tacite, s’ils voulaient court, tributaires de celle de la connaissance, en disposer pour méditer. L’auteur des Essais les cite suivent-elles celle des supports. désormais en se souvenant seulement de leur place Michel Serres sur les étagères pour les consulter : quelle économie ! Supplice de saint Denis Du coup, la pédagogie que cette Renaissance sou- Lorsque les soldats déchaînés lui tranchèrent la tête haite videra la tête, naguère pleine, et en modèlera la et que celle-ci tomba par terre, il se pencha, tout forme sans souci du contenu, désormais inutile décapité, pour la ramasser, puis la tint un moment puisque disponible dans des livres. Libéré de la dans ses bras levés. Ce geste formidable fit, dit-on, mémoire, un entendement bien fait se tournera vers reculer même ses persécuteurs. Ainsi des Actes les faits du monde et de la société pour les observer. légendaires, d’après Grégoire de Tours, racontent le En réalité, Rabelais loue, dans cette sentence, l’in- martyr, vers 250, de l’évêque de Paris, nommé vention de l’imprimerie et en tire des leçons édu- Denis. Vous pouvez voir cette scène au Panthéon, catives. représentée, en 1888, par Léon Bonnat, peintre Décidemment, il faut récrire Pantagruel ou les pompier. Essais. Comme des vieillards caducs, les enfants Cueillir des fleurs, prendre à la main roche ou d’aujourd’hui ne se souviennent même plus de motte sur le sol, pour les examiner, cela nous arrive l’émission vue hier au soir, à la télévision. Quelle parfois, et suppose que nous les apercevions science immense cette autre perte de mémoire va-t- d’abord, puis que le corps s’accroupisse et se plie, elle promouvoir ? Ce savoir récent, vous pouvez enfin que le bras les rapproche des yeux ; que, donc, déjà l’apprendre ou au moins le visiter, sur la Toile, siège du regard, de l’ouïe, de l’odorat, du goût, de la 29 tel que le nouvel oubli l’a déjà modelé. Oui, langue qui parle et du cerveau dont on dit qu’il trie l’encyclopédie, dont le réseau mondial ruisselle et décide, la tête serve, en tout, de référence su- d’informations singulières, vient de changer de pa- prême, puisqu’elle paraît commander de se baisser, radigme, sous l’effet de la nouvelle libération. Notre de saisir, d’approcher d’elle ce qui la captive. Cette appareil cognitif se libère encore de tous les souve- instance, juge ou chef, la philosophie la nomme : nirs possibles pour laisser place à l’invention. Nous sujet. Ce qui traîne à terre et que les doigts serrent voici donc livrés, tous nus, à un destin redoutable : s’appelle, alors, un objet, que, s’ils le peuvent, la libres de toute citation, libérés de l’écrasante obligation main prend et le sujet comprend. Cette figure, si des notes en bas de page, nous voici réduits à devenir ordinaire de l’exercice de la perception et de la intelligents ! connaissance, le supplice ici relaté la transforme, merveilleusement, puisque l’objet à ramasser, à L’homme sans facultés rapprocher du tribunal pour examen, y devient le Ce long raisonnement se reconduit, invariant, pour juge lui-même, exactement le chef, et que les doigts les autres fonctions cognitives. Les calculettes, la qui s’en saisissent le présentent à une instance ab- mosaïque moirée des pixels sur écrans et mille logi- sente et décollée. Quelle sainteté permit à Denis ciels ad hoc libèrent de même autant de fonctions décollé de repérer sa tête à terre ? opératoires, ainsi que l’imagination, en partie. Les L’objet, mal reconnu pour tel par l’assemblée nouvelles technologies rendent collectives et objec- terrifiée, s’élève, soudain, au-dessus des regards tives les anciennes facultés cognitives, que nous assassins et fascinés : oui, la tête même de la victime croyions personnelles et subjectives. Nous perdons tenue par ses mains, soulevées au-dessus de son pro- celles-ci, nous gagnons celles-là. Ne raisonnons plus pre cadavre ancéphale, demeure encore un sujet. comme si restait vraie la psychologie des facultés. De Mais quelle autre tête, absente, la voit sans yeux, la quel miroir magique, de quelle lampe frontale hume sans odorat, l’entend sans ouïe claquer des d’alpiniste ou de mineur disposaient donc les dents et sangloter de souffrance, qui, sans cerveau, philosophes qui les avaient inventées, après avoir la juge et, sans bouche, la proclame ? Aveugle, la prétendu explorer en détail les couloirs noirs et les tête-fantôme regarde la tête réelle, séparée après sommets de l’entendement humain ? Pour parodier décollation. Le voyez-vous, enfin, le sujet nu et Robert Musil, je nomme volontiers celui qui naît ce vide, sans faculté, que Bonnat peignit dans un matin : l’homme sans facultés. nimbe éclatant de transparence, face au cognitif Comme à la Renaissance, adviennent une nou- objectivé ?

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Michel Serres GUEST CONTRIBUTION

IWM-Vorlesungen zur A quoi ou à qui comparer votre con- physiques, lorsqu’il s’agit de l’énergie ordi- modernen Philosophie sole, votre ordinateur et sa mémoire im- naire, et cognitives, lorsqu’il s’agit de l’in- mense, son écran aux images, sa puissante formation, se transforment donc. Du rapidité de calcul, son classement fou- coup, les individus changent, en même droyant des données… à quelle tête bien temps que les échanges nécessaires à leur pleine et bien faite, maximalement dense et vie, mais aussi les transmissions parmi les génialement fabriquée ? A quelle lumière collectivités. transparente comparer, alors, votre propre tête vide face à ses facultés matérialisées sous verre et plastique, en silicium et fibres optiques ? Tous devenus des saints Denis, nous nous saisissons désormais tous les jours, pour nous en servir, de cette tête bien pleine et bien faite qui gît devant nous, porteurs d’une tête vide et inventive sur le cou.

L’autre sens du verbe perdre Bernard Lewis Etrange pouvoir du corps humain de se Kultur und Modernisierung transformer pour parties en objets ! Nous im Nahen Osten peuplons le monde d’outils en forme de Passagen Verlag, Wien 2001 poing : masse ou marteau, de coude: levier DM 24,80/öS 178 ou poulie, d’œil : loupe ou télescope, puis ISBN 3-85165-483-8 de mille combinaisons de fonctions de- 96 Seiten, Broschur venues, dehors, méconnaissables ; nous les mesurions même avec des pouces, des Lewis, der international als einer coudées ou des brasses… sans nous dem- 30 der besten Kenner des Nahen ander jamais comment ces machines sor- Ostens und der langen, komple- tirent de nos organismes. A ma connais- xen Beziehungen zwischen sance aucune explication ne rend compte Orient und Okzident gilt, unter- de cette perte, prise alors dans un second sucht in seinen Vorlesungen das sens ; par bonheur, mythes ou hagio- traumatische Verhältnis zwi- graphies suppléent ce manque de théorie schen der muslimischen und der rationnelle. Car le corps perd, comme un westlichen Welt. Einst eine politi- vieux tonneau percé. Comme celui de sche Macht und eine Kultur, die l’évêque perd sa tête avant de la reprendre, ihren Nachbarn in fast jeder il laisse sortir de soi des fragments, des Hinsicht überlegen war, befindet membres épars qui, tout aussitôt, se sich der Islam seit dem Ende des transsubstantient en objets techniques ou 17. Jahrhunderts auf dem Rück- en substituts. Avant que l’on explique les zug. Lewis geht drei Leitfragen fonctions corporelles et l’organisme par les nach, die sich die muslimischen machines, les appareils eux-mêmes appa- Reformer im Laufe der Ge- reillent du corps ; ce cercle sans arrêt s’ali- schichte angesichts dieses mente de soi. Seuls animaux dont le corps Problems stellten: Zunächst perd, les hommes produisent des tech- suchten sie nach den eigenen niques, dont l’histoire promeut l’homini- Fehlern: „Was haben wir falsch sation. L’irruption des nouvelles technologies gemacht?“, dann nach den marque donc une ère de cette dernière. Stärken des Gegners: „Was ist Ainsi l’évolution qui sculpte les autres das Geheimnis des westlichen vivants épargne notre organisme, car le Erfolgs?“. Heute stehen sie vor temps humain se mesure moins sur les der Frage „Modernisierung oder changements de notre corps que sur ceux Verwestlichung?“. Von der de ses produits, c’est-à-dire de ces pertes, Möglichkeit eines eigenständi- qui entrent alors dans l’histoire et la gen Weges der Modernisierung construisent, en évoluant à leur manière, hängt die Zukunft des Islam und d’une façon, si j’ose dire, exo-darwini- seines Verhältnisses zum Westen ab. enne. Par ces pertes qui forment un monde évoluant hors des corps, nos performances

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 POLITICAL COMMENTARY

What Happened to Parliaments?

SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED to parliaments. Parliaments were the key institutions of repre- sentative democracy. They translated the voice of the people into reasoned debate and ultimately into law. They also held governments to ac- count; of all the checks and balances of power they were the most effective. They symbolized the con- stitution of liberty. For my father – and later for me – becoming a member of parliament was an affir- mation of our deep belief in democracy. Much of this however has to be said in the past tense today. A number of developments have con- spired to weaken parliaments:

Governments have increasingly used orders, regu- lations and other secondary legislation which is not subject to parliamentary scrutiny. There is also a tendency for governments to turn directly to the people – by referenda, but more ominously by relying on polls and the views of 31 „focus groups“. This process goes hand in hand with phenomena like celebrity politics (candidates have to be tele- genic), and snapshot or throwaway politics (what counts ist the moment, not the extended debate). Self-elected crowds and groups, demonstrations in the streets, non-governmental organizations, in- creasingly claim to be the people, to speak for the people. All this happens at a time at which important deci- sions have emigrated to political spaces for which there are no parliaments anyway. This is as true for international decision-making as it is for the role of economic markets.

Do we have to accept such trends which carry fore- bodings of a creeping authoritarianism? I think not, but the answers are not simple. Strengthening par- liaments is still a worthwhile task for democrats. Beyond that we need to apply our imagination to the creation of institutions which apply the prin- ciples of democracy without necessarily copying its traditional institutions. Few tasks can be more chal- lenging for think tanks in the years to come.

Lord Dahrendorf

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001 Upcoming events

In June, a new lecture series on the question „What is Social Justice today?“ will be launched at IWM in cooperation with the Renner Institute.

June 19 John Roemer Impressum Professor of Political Responsible for the Science and Economics, contens of the IWM Yale University Newsletter: Equality of Opportunity Institute for Human Sciences © IWM 2001 September 18 Stephen Holmes Editor Professor at the New York Anita Traninger University School of Law; Visiting Scholar at the Editorial Assistance Carnegie Endowment for Joan Avery, 32 International Peace Rachel Hart, When do the Rich Nadja Lobner Care about the Poor?

Production Manager, November 6 Gerald A. Cohen Layout Iris Strohschein Professor of Social and Political Theory, All Souls Photos College, Oxford Renate Apostel, IWM Why Not Socialism?

Design December 11 Gerri Zotter Michal Boni Chief Advisor to the Address Polish Deputy Prime IWM Minister and Minister of Spittelauer Lände 3 Labor and Social Policy A - 1090 Wien Equality of Opportunities Tel. (+431) 31358-0 as a Chance for the Fax. (+431) 31358-30 New Model of Social [email protected] Policy in Poland: How www.iwm.at Can We Do It? The IWM Newsletter is published four times a year. Current circulation: 6200. Printed by RemaPrint.

IWM NEWSLETTER 72 Spring 2001