Appendix: List of Interviews

The unification of

1) APELT Andreas, , 23 October 2007. 2) BERGMANN-POHL Sabine, Berlin, 13 December 2007. 3) BIEDENKOPF Kurt, Berlin, 5 December 2007. 4) BIRTHLER Marianne, Berlin, 18 December 2007. 5) CHROBOG Jürgen, Berlin, 13 November 2007. 6) EGGERT Heinz, , 14 December 2007. 7) EPPELMANN Rainer, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 8) GAUCK Joachim, Berlin, 20 December 2007. 9) GLÄSSNER Gert-Joachim, Berlin, 7 November 2007. 10) HELBIG Monika, Berlin, 5 November 2007. 11) HOFMANN Gunter, Berlin, 30 July 2007. 12) KERWIEN Antonie, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 13) KLINGST Martin, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 7 December 2006. 14) KLOSE Hans-Ulrich, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 15) KRAA Detlev, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 16) KRALINSKI Thomas, , 16 October 2007. 17) LENGSFELD Vera, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 18) LIPPERT Barbara, Berlin, 25 July 2007. 19) MAIZIÈRE Lothar de, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 20) MAIZIÈRE Thomas de, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 21) MECKEL Markus, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 22) MERTES Michael, Boston, Massachusetts, 17 November 2006. 23) MEYER Hans Joachim, Berlin, 13 December 2007. 24) MISSELWITZ Hans, Berlin, 6 November 2007. 25) MODROW Hans, Berlin, 28 November 2007. 26) MÜLLER Hans-Peter, Berlin, 13 November 2007. 27) NOOKE Günther, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 28) PAU Petra, Berlin, 13 December 2007. 29) PLATZECK Matthias, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 30) SABATHIL Gerhard, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 31) SARAZZIN Thilo, Berlin, 30 November 2007. 32) SCHABOWSKI Günther, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 33) SCHÄUBLE Wolfgang, Berlin, 19 December 2007. 34) SCHRÖDER Richard, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 35) SEGERT Dieter, Vienna, 18 June 2008. 36) SEITERS Rudolf, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 37) TELTSCHIK Horst, Munich, 29 April 2008. 38) TUSCHHOFF Christian, Berlin, 8 August 2007. 39) WAIGEL Theo, Munich, 30 April 2008. 40) WEICHSEL Volker, Berlin, 1 November 2007. 41) WEISS Konrad, Berlin, 29 November 2007.

189 190 Appendix: List of Interviews

42) WEIZSÄCKER Richard von, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 43) WEYRAUCH Martina, Potsdam, 16 October 2007. 44) ZIEL Alwin, Potsdam, 14 November 2007. 45) ZÜRN Michael, Berlin, 10 October 2007.

Eastern enlargement of the EU

46) AVERY Graham, , 24 January 2011. 47) BARTÁK Karel, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 48) BRODSKÝ Jiˇrí, , 26 February 2009. 49) BUSEK Erhard, Vienna, 2 June 2008. 50) CERNOCHˇ Pavel, Brussels, 3 March 2011. 51) CHRISTOFFERSEN Poul Skytte, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 52) DANIELSSON Christian, Brussels, 5 April 2009. 53) ERLER Petra, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. 54) FREUDENSTEIN Roland, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 55) FRIŠTENSKÁ Hana, Prague, 23 February 2009. 56) GREGER Petr, Prague, 8 August 2008. 57) HORÁCEKˇ Milan, Prague, 21 August 2008. 58) JACQUES Kateˇrina, Prague, 29 May 2008. 59) JARABˇ Josef, Prague, 2 July 2008. 60) JEŽEK Petr, Prague, 21 August 2007. 61) KAVAN Jan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 62) KOHOUT Jan, Prague, 16 May 2008. 63) KOVANDA Karel, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 64) KREUTER Josef, Prague, 7 April 2008. 65) KUBERNÁT Petr, Prague, 16 May 2008. 66) KUCHTA Tomáš, Prague, 5 January 2007. 67) KYAW Dietrich von, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 68) LAŠTUVKA˚ Vladimír, LázneBˇ elohradˇ u Jicína,ˇ 18 August 2008. 69) LEIGH Michael, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 70) MCDONAGH-PAJEROVÁ Monika, Prague, 28 May 2008. 71) MORNINGSTAR Richard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2 December 2008. 72) MRACEKˇ Milan, Prague, 29 May 2008. 73) RANSDORF Miloslav, Prague, 12 August 2008. 74) RINGROSE David, Brussels, 16 March 2011. 75) ROUCEKˇ Libor, Prague, 27 June 2008. 76) ROVNÁ Lenka, Prague, 8 April 2008. 77) RYCHETSKÝ Pavel, Brno, 18 February 2009. 78) SECKAˇ Libor, Prague, 15 August 2007. 79) SEFZIG Ludek,ˇ Prague, 12 August 2008. 80) SOBOTKA Pˇremysl, Prague, 1 July 2008. 81) ŠPIDLA Vladimír, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 82) SVOBODA Cyril, Prague, 8 April 2008. 83) TELICKAˇ Pavel, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 84) VAN DER PAS Nikolaus, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 85) VERHEUGEN Günther, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. Appendix: List of Interviews 191

86) WISSELS Rutger, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 87) WOLTE Wolfgang, Vienna, 24 June 2008. 88) ZAHRADIL Jan, Prague, 2 July 2008. 89) ZAORÁLEK Lubomír, Prague, 21 August 2008. 90) ZEMAN Miloš, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. Notes

3 The Unification of Germany: A Case of the Transplantation Model of Political Integration

1. My interview with , Berlin, 18 December 2007. 2. The masses were mobilized after the clear manipulation of the May 1989 municipal elections in which the communists were declared to have won over 90 percent of the vote (see e.g. Weidenfeld and Korte, 1999). 3. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 4. My interview with , Berlin, 28 June 2009. 5. The SED’s general secretary, Erich Honecker, was forced to resign for ‘health reasons’ after an intraparty coup on 18 October 1989 (see e.g. Fulbrook, 2005). 6. For video recording of the press conference (in German only), see http://youtu.be/TQiriTompdY (accessed: 7 February 2014). For the orig- inal German transcript of the press conference, see http://www.chronik -der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Media/TextPopup/day/9/id/1579592/month/ November/oldAction/Detail/oldModule/Chronical/year/1989 (accessed: 7 February 2014). For the English transcript, see Günter Schabowski, ‘Guenter Schabowski’s Press Conference in the GDR International Press Center,’ Making the History of 1989, Item #449, http://chnm.gmu.edu/ 1989/items/show/449 (accessed: 7 February 2014). For further details on 9 November 1989 (in German), see http://www.chronik-der-mauer .de/index.php/de/Chronical/Detail/day/9/month/November/year/1989 (accessed: 7 February 2014). 7. For a well-written example of such a scholarly account of a ‘bungled press conference,’ see Sarotte (2014). 8. For the German text of the travel law, see http://www.chronik-der-mauer .de/index.php/de/Media/TextPopup/day/9/id/1261627/month/November/ oldAction/Detail/oldModule/Chronical/year/1989 (accessed: 7 February 2014). 9. My interview with Günther Schabowski, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 10. My interview with Günther Schabowski, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 11. For the German text of ‘Schabowskis Zettel,’ the government mea- sure, see http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/ 618085/page/23 (accessed: 7 February 2014). 12. For Schabowski’s handwritten notes on the order of the agenda at the press briefing (in German), see a PDF file under the title ‘Schabowskis handschriftlicher Fahrplan at http://www.google.co.uk/url? sa= t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source= web&cd=1&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http% 3A% 2F%2Fwww.chronik-der-mauer.de%2Fsystem% 2Ffiles%2Fdokument _pdf%2F54241_cdm-891109-fahrplan.pdf&ei=YASVVc3EBYGvsQGP2pG IDA&usg= AFQjCNHr5SYM6EbF8WMq3yRjaOHzWqCyDA&sig2=vIxKIoW yuED7Ph1s5fp 4CA&bvm=bv.96952980,d.ZGU (accessed: 7 February 2014).

192 Notes 193

13. My interview with Günther Schabowski, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 14. The report on the ‘mysterious phone call’ was for the first time made pub- lic by German TV news broadcaster MDR on 19 April 2009 http://www .daserste.de/ttt/sendung_dyn∼datum,19.04.2009∼cm.asp (report no longer available). Cf. a Spiegel Online (in German) article on the same topic: Grothe and Kloth, 2009 http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/topicalbumbackground/ 3990/bei_anruf_mauerfall.html (accessed: 7 February 2014) and a Time arti- cle (in English) Kirchner, 2009 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0, 8599,1892408,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014). 15. See also Kirchner (2009) at http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0, 8599,1892408,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014). 16. The Time article at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171, 969637,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014). See also New York Times, Schmemann, 1990 at http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/13/world/ upheaval-east-2-german-chiefs-prepare-meet-steamroller-vs-lame-duck.html (accessed: 7 February 2014). 17. The text is also available at http://www.ddr89.de/ddr89/d/modrow.html (accessed: 7 February 2014). 18. My interview with , Berlin, 28 November 2007. Cf. Modrow (1999, p. 419). 19. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 20. My interviews with Christian Tuschhoff, Berlin, 8 August 2007 and Gert- Joachim Glässner, Berlin, 7 November 2007. 21. For the German text of Kohl’s speech, see Kohl (1989b) at http://www .2plus4.de/chronik.php3?date_value=10.11.89&sort=000-003 (accessed: 7 February 2014). 22. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 23. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 24. My interview with Richard von Weizsäcker, Berlin, 27 November 2007. Von Weizsäcker shared with me a story showing how the day after the came down was confusing for both the West and East German author- ities: President von Weizsäcker decided to walk alone across the Potsdamer Platz to see how he would be received and whether he would be let in and out. When he approached the police station, an East German offi- cer came out, saluted, and said: ‘Herr Bundespräsident, ich melde Ihnen keine besondere Vorkommnisse’ [Nothing extraordinary to report]. Von Weizsäcker commented that East Germans knew his face from TV and sim- ply did not know how to react to a West German president crossing the border. 25. My interview with , Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 26. My interview with Detlev Kraa, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 27. My interviews with Gunter Hofmann, Berlin, 30 July 2007 and Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. suggests just 500–800 people in the whole GDR prior to the demonstrations (my interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 28. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 29. The branch of NF had a much clearer and stronger line advocating unification by Gauck and others prior to November 1989 (Gauck, 2009, pp. 227–228). 194 Notes

30. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 31. My interviews with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007 and Alwin Ziel, Potsdam, 14 November 2007. 32. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 33. My interview with , Berlin, 29 November 2007. 34. Many thanks to Markus Meckel for providing me with a typewritten leaflet with the declaration. The German text is also available at http://www .chronikderwende.de/dateien/619_SPD__Erklaerung_zur_deutschen_Frage .pdf (accessed: 7 February 2014). 35. My interview with Richard Schröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 36. My interview with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007. The Round Table was chaired by three moderators from Catholic, Protestant, and small churches. From 7 December 1990 to 12 March 1990, it met 16 times (Korte, 1994, pp. 59–69). For a detailed discussion of the goals, functioning, and results of the Round Table, see Thysen, 1990. 37. My interviews with , Berlin, 3 December 2007 and Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 38. My interview with , Berlin, 20 December 2007. 39. At the Round Table the opposition comprised NF with three representatives, Vereinigte Linke (United Left (VL)), SDP, DJ, Grüne Partei (the Greens), Ini- tiative Frieden und Menschenrechte (Initiative Peace and Human Rights), Grüne Liga (the Greens No. 2), and Unabhängiger Frauenverband (Indepen- dent Women Group) with two representatives each. The old regime con- sisted of SED/PDS (communists), the CDU, the Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany (Agrarians, later a part of the CDU)), Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal Democratic Party of Germany, later a part of the FDP), and NDPD (Liberals No. 2, later a part of the FDP) with a pair of representatives each. In addi- tion, the old regime included members representing the mass organizations (trade unions) – that is, the Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (Free German Trade Union Federation) and the Vereinigung der gegenseitigen Bauernhilfe (Peasants Mutual Aid Association) – with two representatives each. For further details, see Thysen (1990, pp. 45, 47) and Korte (1994, p. 69). 40. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 41. In interview with me in Potsdam, 12 December 2007, Matthias Platzeck argued that Modrow agreed to bringing the elections forward in return for representatives of the opposition joining his government and creating the Government of National Responsibility. 42. Before unity, there was freedom. My translation. 43. My interview with Dieter Segert, Vienna, 18 June 2008. 44. My interviews with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007; Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007; Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 Novem- ber 2007; Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007; Martina Weyrauch, Potsdam, 16 October 2007; Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007; Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007; Heinz Eggert, Dresden, 14 December 2007; and Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007. 45. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. Notes 195

46. In interview with me, Berlin, 20 December 2007, Gauck referred to East Germans in this context as ‘revolutionaries against their own will’ (wider- willigere Revolutionäre). 47. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 48. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 49. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. Many thanks to Andreas Apelt who shared with me his article written at the end of October 1989 and published by L’Express, in which he argues that, after opening up the political system in the GDR, unification will be the inevitable next step. 50. My interview with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007. 51. Parts of the speech are available in English. See Kohl, 1989c; the remaining translations are mine. 52. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 53. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 54. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 55. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 56. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 57. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 58. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 59. Based on my interview with Michael Mertes, Boston, MA, 17 Novem- ber 2006. 60. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 61. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 62. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 63. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 64. Despite his annoyance about not knowing of Kohl’s plans until the last minute, Genscher allegedly told Kohl in his office after the speech: ‘Helmut, that was a big speech’ (Teltschik, 1991, p. 57). 65. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 66. My interview with , Berlin, 5 December 2007. 67. My interview with Hans Modrow, Berlin, 28 November 2007. 68. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 69. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 70. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 71. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 72. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. Moreover, Teltschik and others worried that given the possibly impeding break- down in , there was considerable danger unless the issue was grabbed and steered. Many of Kohl’s inner circle therefore encouraged him to get a firm grip of the situation. See also Chapter 7 on the opinion survey among the West German elites. 73. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 74. For a copy of the manuscript with Kohl’s handwritten comments, see Jäger and Walter (1998, pp. 26–46). 75. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 76. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 77. According to Martin Klingst, Kohl did not show the speech to Genscher until 5.00 am on the day of the budget debate. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 196 Notes

78. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 79. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 80. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 81. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 82. My interviews with, for example, Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008 and Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. Nonetheless, Joachim Bitterlich, another one from Kohl’s closest staff circle, omits Mitterand and emphasizes that ‘there are three people to thank for the German Unity – Bush, Gorbachev, Delors; we can forget the others.’ I should like to thank one of the series editors for bringing this to my attention. 83. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 84. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 85. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 86. Lecture by Douglas Hurd, 2 November 2010. ‘Welcoming the Inevitable: Reflections on German Unification.’ University of Birmingham. 87. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 88. My interview with Hans-Ulrich Klose, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 89. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 90. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 91. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 92. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 93. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 94. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 95. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 96. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 97. My own translation. 98. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 99. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 100. Many thanks to Andreas Apelt for providing me with a typewritten copy of the press statement produced by DA’s programmatic commission. 101. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007. Weiss claims that DJ was the first opposition group whose goal was from the very begin- ning unification even if in a different context, further in the future, and under different conditions. 102. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 103. My interview with Hans Modrow, Berlin, 28 November 2007. 104. I should like to thank one of the series editors for sharing this private conversation with me. 105. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 106. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 107. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 108. My interview with Kurt Biedenkopf, Berlin, 5 December 2007. 109. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 110. My interview with Kurt Biedenkopf, Berlin, 5 December 2007. 111. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 112. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. Cf. Schäuble (1991, p. 19). 113. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. Notes 197

114. My interview with Volker Weichsel, Berlin, 1 November 2007. 115. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007; cf. Kohl (2007, p. 39). 116. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 117. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 118. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. Cf. de Maizière (1996, p. 74). 119. In part thanks to the revelation on the eve of polling that , DA’s leader, was a agent. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 120. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 121. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 122. My interview with Michael Mertes, Boston, MA, 17 November 2006. 123. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 124. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 125. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 126. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 127. Joachim Gauck (2009, p. 232) remembers how his supporters from NF in Rostock had to collect money to be able to print Gauck’s election posters. 128. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 129. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 130. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 131. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 132. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. Cf. de Maizière (1996, pp. 78–79). 133. Brandt and Kohl nevertheless frequently met until Brandt’s death in 1992 (see e.g. Schwan and Jens, 2014, pp. 118–19). 134. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007. 135. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 136. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 137. The CDU/CSU received 41.0 percent, SPD 22.0 percent, PDS 16.5 percent, DSU 6.3 percent, FDP 5.3 percent, Bündnis ’90 () 2.9 percent, Agrarians 2.2 percent, the Greens 2.0 percent, DA 0.9 percent, NDPD 0.4 percent, the Women’s Association 0.3 percent and VL 0.2 percent. Of 400 seats, the CDU/CSU won 163, SPD 88, PDS 66, DSU 25, FDP 21, Bündnis ’90 12, Agrarians 9, the Greens 8, DA 4, NDPD 2 and the Women’s Association together with VL 1 seat each. For further details, see Jäger and Walter (1998, p. 414), Weidenfeld and Korte (1999, p. 189). 138. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 139. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007. 140. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007. Others, such as Martina Weyrauch (my interview in Potsdam, 16 October 2007), claimed that de Maizière could not take any autonomous decisions because of his Western advisors. 141. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 142. My interview with Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007. 143. My interview with Andreas Apelt, Berlin, 23 October 2007. 144. Stuhler (2010, pp. 20–21) recounts, for instance, a case of Herbert Schirmer (CDU minister of culture) who was appointed without any prior 198 Notes

consultation and Regine Hildebrandt (SPD minister for social affairs) who learnt about her nomination during a choir rehearsal. 145. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 146. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 147. My interview with Richard Schröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 148. My interview with Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 149. The Liberals also left the coalition on 24 July 1990; nonetheless, the two liberal ministers stayed in the government. 150. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 151. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 152. Although EMU is the widely used acronym for the process of European Economic and Monetary Union, which was in its nascent stages at the time of German Economic and Monetary Union, EMU in this book is used to refer to the German process. 153. My interview with , Munich, 30 April 2008. 154. Vertrag über die Schaffung einer Währungs-, Wirtschafts- – und Sozialunion zwischen der BRD und der DDR (Treaty establishing a monetary, eco- nomic, and social union between the FRG and GDR) or Staatsvertrag (State Treaty) was agreed on 18 May 1990 and approved by both German parlia- ments on 21 June 1990 (Weidenfeld et al., 1999: 162). The German text of the treaty is available at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/dokumente/ DieDeutscheEinheit_vertragWaehrungsWirtschaftsSozialunion/ (accessed: 7 February 2014); the English text is available at http://www.cvce.eu/ viewer/-/content/1b40b140-9898-48f3-b659-17b603099228/9847e49d-43 c7-4c0e-b625-ff732673a06e/en (accessed: 7 February 2014). 155. Lothar de Maizière even quipped that he felt like the administrator overseeing a company which had gone bust (Stuhler, 2010, p. 143). 156. The draft was written by Gert Haller, director in the ministry of finance. See Haller (1994). 157. A decision which was central to Haussmann’s decision to leave front line politics soon after. See Haussmann’s profile at http://www.spiegel.de/ wirtschaft/0,1518,606491,00.html (accessed: 7 February 2014). 158. On 6 February 1990, Pöhl met with the East German Staatsbank governor and reassured him that a quick monetary union was out of question. After Kohl’s announcement of the EMU the same day, Pöhl had to withdrew his previous statement (Sarrazin, 1994, p. 90). Kohl commended Pöhl’s perfor- mance on TV as ‘a particularly good example of how to “sell” well a difficult political decision’ (Teltschik, 1991, p. 133). 159. The slogan ‘Kommt die D-Mark nicht zu uns, gehen wir zu ihr!’ (If the Deutschmark does not come to us, we will come to get it!) has become no less famous than the previous slogans chanted at East German demonstrations. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 160. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 161. Although some economists considered the conversion rate to be irrele- vant as wages would have adjusted anyway. See Gros and Steinherr (2004, p. 167). 162. Children up to 16 years could have exchanged 2,000 Ostmarks, adults 4,000 Ostmarks, and pensioners over 65 years 6,000 Ostmarks. Cf. my Notes 199

interviews with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006 and Michael Mertes, Boston, MA, 17 November 2006. 163. Also my interview with Thilo Sarrazin, Berlin, 30 November 2007. 164. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007. 165. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 166. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 167. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 168. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008. 169. My interview with Martin Klingst, Cambridge, MA, 7 December 2006. 170. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 171. The SPD’s Inge Matthäus-Maier (1990) published her seven theses on EMU, leading to a joint German Währungsbund (monetary association). 172. My interview with Kurt Biedenkopf, Berlin, 5 December 2007. 173. My interview with Thilo Sarrazin, Berlin, 30 November 2007. 174. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008. 175. As Günther Verheugen told me in an interview in Potsdam, 6 June 2011, he is still proud of his decision. 176. Many thanks to Thilo Sarrazin for providing me with his Vermerk, an unof- ficial internal document from 29 January 1990. My interview with Thilo Sarrazin, Berlin, 30 November 2007. 177. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008. 178. Also my interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 179. My interviews with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007 and Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007. 180. My interview with Theo Waigel, Munich, 30 April 2008.

4 Negotiating the East German Accession: Act II of German Unification

1. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and Richard Schröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 2. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 3. My interview with Richard Schröder, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 4. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 5. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 6. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007. 7. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 8. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 9. Schäuble ‘psychologisch kein Mensch ist, der Streicheleinheiten verteilt’ (my translation). 10. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 11. My interviews with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007 and Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 12. My interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Berlin, 19 December 2007. 13. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 14. My interview with Detlev Kraa, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 15. My interview with Martina Weyrauch, Potsdam, 16 October 2007. 200 Notes

16. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 17. Although Telickaˇ in contrast with Krause cared about the terms of accession. 18. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 19. I will discuss the GDR’s accession to the EC later in this chapter. 20. The Justice Ministry was controlled by the FDP. 21. My interview with Jürgen Chrobog, Berlin, 13 November 2007. 22. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 23. My interview with Konrad Weiss, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 24. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 25. The German title for the treaty, ‘Einigungsvertrag,’ is not a proper word in German; it should be ‘(Wieder)vereinigungsvertrag’ (Stuhler, 2010, p. 110). Cf. my interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 26. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 27. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 28. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 29. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 30. For the full German text of the Unification Treaty, including appendices, see http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/einigvtr/index.html; the English text (without appendices) is available at http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/ sub_document.cfm?document_id=78 (both accessed: 8 January 2015). 31. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 32. Goetz (1993) argues that even though there was an institutional transfer from West to East Germany throughout the process of unification, it led not to uniform but to differentiated institutional results due to different admin- istrative arrangements among the West German Länder. Although we would be well-advised to insert some nuance into the account of institutional trans- fer, this book does not nevertheless explore further developments at the subnational levels after the unification was completed in October 1990. 33. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 34. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 35. The unwillingness to open up the Stasi files was also discussed by Marianne Birthler during her lecture ‘Dealing with the Communist Past in a Unified Germany,’ IEREES, George Washington University, 7 November 2011. 36. My interview with Michael Mertes, Boston, 17 November 2006. 37. My interview with Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007. 38. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. 39. For the minutes of several sessions, see Keller and Scholz, 1990. 40. My interview with Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Berlin, 13 December 2007. 41. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 42. Others, such as Bergmann-Pohl, provide slightly different figures, but all agree that the number of laws was immense. 43. My interview with Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Berlin, 13 December 2007. 44. My interview with Martina Weyrauch, Potsdam, 16 October 2007. 45. My interview with Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Berlin, 13 December 2007. 46. My interview with Matthias Platzeck, Potsdam, 12 December 2007. 47. My interviews with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007; Joachim Gauck, Berlin, 20 December 2007; and Rainer Eppelmann, Berlin, 21 November 2007. 48. My interview with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007. Notes 201

49. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 50. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007. 51. My interview with Günther Nooke, Berlin, 27 November 2007. 52. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 53. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 54. My interview with , Berlin, 13 December 2007. 55. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 56. My interview with Rudolf Seiters, Berlin, 28 June 2009. 57. My interview with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 18 December 2007. 58. In fact, the unified German Parliament agreed to few amendments to the Basic Law (on its legal analysis, see Pile, 2001), but it did not substantially change the original text so it was not worth invoking a plebiscite. 59. My interview with Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007. 60. The EC was transformed into the EU following the , which came into force in November 1993. Although at times it is appropriate to refer to the EC when discussing the broad process, this book refers to the EU. 61. For an analysis of the GDR’s accession to the EC, see Spence (1991, 1992) and Heisenberg (1991), and for the Eastern Bundesländer EU membership, see Lippert et al. (1993) and Krämer (2002). 62. My interviews with Lothar de Maizière, Berlin, 4 December 2007 and Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. 63. In addition, Kohl did not want to slow down the unification process by renegotiating Germany’s EC membership. Nonetheless, in the end, as a part of the Amsterdam Treaty, the number of MEPs for Germany did increase. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. 64. In the end, however, the new Bundesländer have been integrated into the EU’s solidarity structures, including the structural funds, although cities such as Berlin were soon removed from the ‘Objective I’ (i.e. the poorest) category. My interview with Monika Helbig, Berlin, 5 November 2007. 65. I should like to thank one of the series editors for bringing this to my attention. 66. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. 67. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. 68. My interview with Thomas de Maizière, Berlin, 20 November 2007. 69. My interview with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007. 70. My interview with Petra Pau, Berlin, 13 December 2007. 71. My interview with Thomas Kralinski, Potsdam, 16 October 2007. 72. My interview with Thomas Kralinski, Potsdam, 16 October 2007.

5 Eastern Enlargement of the EU: A Case of the Adaptation Model of Political Integration

1. Lecture and book launch by Zbigniew Brzezinski, 8 February 2012. ‘Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power.’ Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. 3. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 202 Notes

4. Cf. Chapter 4. My interviews with Markus Meckel, Berlin, 29 November 2007 and Hans Misselwitz, Berlin, 6 November 2007. 5. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 June 2011. 6. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 7. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 8. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011; Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008; and Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 9. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 10. My interviews with Kateˇrina Jacques, Prague, 29 May 2008 and Monika McDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008. 11. My interview with Monika McDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008. 12. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 13. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 14. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 15. My interview with Richard Morningstar, Cambridge, MA, 2 December 2008. 16. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 17. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 18. My interview with Josef Jaˇrab, Prague, 2 July 2008. 19. applied for and negotiated accession, but the Norwegians rejected EU entry in a referendum. 20. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 21. My interviews with Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008 and Graham Avery, Brussels, 24 January 2011. 22. My interview with Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008. 23. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 24. My interviews with Gerhard Sabathil, Berlin, 31 October 2007 and Antonie Kerwien, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 25. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 26. ‘Agreement on Trade in Industrial Products,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:1989:088:SOM:EN:HTML (accessed: 14 May 2014). 27. ‘Agreement between the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the One Part, and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, of the Other Part, on Trade and Commer- cial and Economic Cooperation,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:21990A1023(04)&rid=3 (accessed: 14 May 2014) and ‘Interim Agreement between the European Economic Community and the European Coal and Steel Community, of the One Part, and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, of the Other Part, on Trade and Trade- Related Matters,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/? uri=CELEX:21992A0430(02)&rid=1 (accessed: 14 May 2014). 28. My interview with Josef Kreuter, Prague, 7 April 2008. 29. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 30. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 31. My interview with Vladimír Laštuvka,˚ LázneBˇ elohradˇ u Jicína,ˇ 18 August 2008. Despite its eventual rejection in referenda, inclusion of represen- tatives from the CEE candidate state into the convention gatherings drafting the European Constitution in the 2000s provided similar training Notes 203

experience; see my interviews with two Czech members of the convention. My interview with Lenka Rovná, Prague, 8 April 2008 and Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008. 32. There is a large body of literature on the break-up of . See, for example, Innes (2001), Stein (2000), Henderson (1995) and Rychlík (2002). 33. ‘Europe Agreement, Establishing an Association between the and their Member States, of the One Part, and the , of the Other Part,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:21994A1231(34)&rid=3 (accessed: 14 May 2014) and ‘Europe Agreement Establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the One Part, and the Slovak Republic, of the other Part,’ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:21994A1231(30)&qid=1400089135115&from=EN (accessed: 14 May 2014). 34. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 35. The last application was submitted by on 10 June 1996; this late application was, however, due to the political turmoil in the Balkans and the Slovenes did so at the first moment available to them – on the day of the signing of the Europe Agreement. For the dates of the applications and Europe Agreements, see Cernochˇ (2003, p. 62). 36. My interviews with Jiˇrí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009; Josef Kreuter, Prague, 7 April 2008; and , Prague, 7 August 2008. 37. My interview with Josef Kreuter, Prague, 7 April 2008. 38. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; Lubomír Zaorálek, Prague, 21 August 2008; Libor Roucek,ˇ Prague, 27 June 2008; and Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 39. See also my interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 40. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 41. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 42. Rome Treaty, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documents/ treaties/rometreaty2.pdf (accessed: 14 May 2014). 43. Maastricht Treaty (on ), 1991, http://www.eurotreaties .com/maastrichtec.pdf (accessed: 14 May 2014). 44. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 45. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 46. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 47. ‘ in Copenhagen 21–22 June 1993, Conclusions of the Presidency,’ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/copenhagen/co _en.pdf (accessed: 14 May 2014). 48. , 1997c, see http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/ enlargement/2004_and_2007_enlargement/l60001_en.htm (accessed: 14 May 2014). 49. ‘European Council in 12–13 December 1997, Conclusions of the Presidency,’ http://www.cvce.eu/viewer/-/content/8719c6c3-776a -4d6e-8ee5-95dec39eae37/en (accessed: 14 May 2014). 50. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007 and , Prague, 8 April 2008. 51. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 204 Notes

52. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 53. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 54. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 55. My interviews with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007 and Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 56. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 57. The United States encouraged the EU to enlarge, but expressed no prefer- ence as to how it should be arranged and how many countries in how many steps should join. My interview with Richard Morningstar, Cambridge, MA, 2 December 2008. 58. The Visegrad Group consists of the Czech and Slovak republics, , and (Dangerfield, 2008). 59. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. 60. My interviews with Cyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008; Lubomír Zaorálek, Prague, 21 August 2008; and Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008. 61. My interview with Jiˇrí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009 and Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 62. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 63. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 64. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 65. Until then, enlargement matters were dealt with by a special task force on enlargement within DG RELEX and led by Nikolaus van der Pas. 66. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 67. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 68. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 69. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 70. My interview with Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008. 71. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 72. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 73. EU member states receive most of their payments in the second half of the year, while they have to pay in at the beginning of the year. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 74. My interview with Pavel Cernoch,ˇ Brussels, 3 March 2011. 75. My interviews with Jiˇrí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009; Josef Kreuter, Prague, 7 April 2008; and Lubomír Zaorálek, Prague, 21 August 2008. 76. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 77. My interviews with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007 and Libor Secka,ˇ Prague, 15 August 2007. 78. My interviews with Jiˇrí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009 and Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 79. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 80. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 81. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 82. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 83. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 84. My interview with Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008. 85. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. Notes 205

86. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 87. My interviews with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and also with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 88. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 89. There is some disagreement among the officials as to where the balance of the writing lay. While an official from the EU delegation in Prague empha- sized the reports were written by the desk officer in Prague (Ringrose), others based in Brussels were keener to stress the role of Brussels-based offi- cials (Erler). Wherever the emphasis is placed, both views stress that the process was collective, involving both Brussels-based officials and the dele- gations. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 and Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 90. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 and Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 91. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011; and Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 92. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 93. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 94. The chief negotiator for the Czech Republic, Telicka,ˇ however, felt that his country was looked at more strictly than the other candidates (Telickaˇ and Barták, 2003, p. 75). 95. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011; Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; and Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 96. My interviews with Jiˇrí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009 and Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 97. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 98. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 99. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011. 100. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 101. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. 102. My interview with Karel Barták, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 103. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 104. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. 105. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011. 106. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009. 107. My interview with Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008. 108. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011. 109. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 and Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008. 110. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008. 111. My interview with Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008. 112. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011. 113. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011. 206 Notes

114. Instrument for Structural policy for Pre-Accession, see http://europa.eu/ legislation_summaries/enlargement/2004_and_2007_enlargement/l60022 _en.htm (accessed: 14 May 2014), focused particularly on the envi- ronmental issues and Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development, see http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/ agriculture/enlargement/l60023_en.htm (accessed: 14 May 2014), focused particularly on agriculture. 115. Between 1998 and 2004 there were around 700 twinning projects in the candidate states (Christoffersen, 2007c, p. 39). Cf. Phinnemore (2004). 116. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 117. The United States also offered significant aid for similar purposes in this period. My interview with Richard Morningstar, Cambridge, MA, 2 December 2008. 118. My interview with Milan Mracek,ˇ Prague, 29 May 2008. 119. My interview with Hana Frištenská, Prague, 23 February 2009. 120. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 121. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009. 122. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009. 123. My interview with Jiˇrí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009. 124. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 125. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009. 126. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009. 127. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008.

6 Negotiating the Czech Accession to the EU: Act II of EU Eastern Enlargement

1. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 2. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 3. My interviews with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009; and Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008. The exception among those interviewed by me was the European Commission’s David Ringrose who worked at the European Commission Delegation in Prague and was keen to stress accession was not a ‘one-way process’ dic- tated by Brussels. My interview with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011. 4. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 5. My interview with Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 6. My interviews with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008; Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007; and Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 7. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 8. My interviews with Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008 and Lenka Rovná, Prague, 8 April 2008. Participation of Czech parliamentarians in the Joint Committee (of candidate states’ parliaments and the EP representatives) and observer status in the EP a year before the accession had analogous effects. My interview with Vladimír Laštuvka,˚ LázneBˇ elohradˇ u Jicína,ˇ 18 August 2008. 9. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. Notes 207

10. I am grateful to Jakob Thomsen from the General Secretariat of the Coun- cil (see official website at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/general -secretariat/) for providing me with the General EU Position on the Czech EU accession as well as other EU common positions, notably in Chapter 20, culture and audiovisual policy, and Chapter 22, environment. 11. After 2007 enlargement there are currently 35 accession chapters. See http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/conditions-membership/chapters- of-the-acquis/index_en.htm (accessed: 7 February 2014). 12. The 31 accession chapters covered 1 (free movement of goods), 2 (free movement for persons), 3 (freedom to provide services), 4 (free move- ment of capital), 5 (company law), 6 (competition policy), 7 (agricul- ture), 8 (fisheries), 9 (transport policy), 10 (taxation), 11 (EMU), 12 (statistics), 13 (employment and social policy), 14 (energy), 15 (indus- trial policy), 16 (SMEs), 17 (science and research), 18 (education and training), 19 (telecom and information technologies), 20 (culture and audiovisual policy), 21 (regional policy and coordination), 22 (environ- ment), 23 (consumers and health protection), 24 (justice and home affairs), 25 (customs union), 26 (external relations), 27 (common for- eign and security policy), 28 (financial control), 29 (financial and bud- getary provisions), 30 (institutions), 31 (other). Based on the list of chapters provided on the European Commission, DG Enlargement’s archives, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/ future_prospects/negotiations/eu10_bulgaria_romania/chapters/index_en .htm (accessed: 17 December 2014). 13. My interview with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 14. A diplomat from the COREPER who wishes for professional reasons to remain anonymous, 5 April 2009, Brussels. 15. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 16. I have formulated Figure 6.1 on the basis of the multiple interviews. 17. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 18. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 19. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 20. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 21. A diplomat from the COREPER who wishes for professional reasons to remain anonymous, 5 April 2009, Brussels. 22. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 23. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 24. I have formulated Figure 6.2 on the basis of multiple interviews. 25. My interviews with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007 and a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 26. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 27. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 28. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 29. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 30. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 31. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 208 Notes

32. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 33. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 34. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 35. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 36. An interesting point is that many of the lead negotiators for the Luxembourg Six were of a similar age – in their 30s. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 37. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; and Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009. 38. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009; and Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 39. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 40. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 41. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 42. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 43. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 44. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 45. My interview with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 46. My interview with a leading official who wishes to remain anonymous. 47. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 48. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 49. My interview with Cyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008. 50. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 51. There was a late-night impromptu meeting between the Czech negotia- tors and the Danish Presidency on this issue (Telickaˇ and Barták, 2003, p. 221). My interviews with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007; Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007; and Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007. 52. However, the only time when hardball tactics did pay off was at the Copenhagen Summit to which this chapter will return. My interviews with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007 and Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 53. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 54. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 55. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 56. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 57. My interviews with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague and Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007. 58. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 59. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 60. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 61. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 62. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 63. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 64. My interview with Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague. 65. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. Notes 209

66. My interviews with David Ringrose, Brussels, 16 March 2011 and Libor Roucek,ˇ Prague, 27 June 2008. 67. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 68. My interview with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008. 69. My interviews with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008; Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague; Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007; and Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007. 70. My interview with Barbara Lippert, Berlin, 25 July 2007. 71. My interview with Libor Roucek,ˇ Prague, 27 June 2008. 72. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 73. My interviews with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009 and Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 74. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 75. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. Even the hard-line communists did not exercise much by way of resistance. My interview with Miloslav Ransdorf, Prague, 12 August 2008. 76. My interview with Pˇremysl Sobotka, Prague, 1 July 2008. 77. My interview with Libor Roucek,ˇ Prague, 27 June 2008. 78. My interview with Ludekˇ Sefzig, Prague, 12 August 2008. 79. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008; Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008; Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009; Lubomír Zaorálek, Prague, 21 August 2008; Petr Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague; and a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 80. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 81. My interviews with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008. 82. My interviews with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008; Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008; and Libor Secka,ˇ Prague, 15 August 2007. 83. My interviews with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007 and Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007. 84. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 85. My interview with Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009. 86. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 87. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 88. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 89. My interview with Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008. 90. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 91. My interviews with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008 and Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 92. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 93. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 94. My interviews with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011 and Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 95. My interview with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 96. My interviews with Michael Leigh, Brussels, 15 April 2009; Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009; Petr 210 Notes

Kubernát, 16 May 2008, Prague; and a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 97. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 98. My interview with Graham Avery, Brussels, 24 January 2011. 99. Based on Lippert (2004, p. 53), modified and translated by me. 100. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 101. At the time of the publication of this book, all transition periods for the 2004 EU entrants are nearly over. 102. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008 and Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 103. My interviews with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008 and Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007. 104. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 105. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 106. My interview with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009. 107. My interviews with Petra Erler, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; Gerhard Sabathil, Berlin, 31 October 2007; and Antonie Kerwien, Berlin, 31 October 2007. 108. My interview with Libor Secka,ˇ Prague, 15 August 2007. 109. There are a number of studies which deal with the impact of the CEE migra- tion (Traser, 2005; Summa, 2008; European Commission, 2009; Guardia and Pichelmann, 2006; Coats, 2008; Hillion, 2004). Despite large num- bers of particularly Polish workers in the UK, all of the studies agree that migration from CEE countries has had largely positive effects (e.g. HM Government, 2014a, p. 6). 110. My interviews with Erhard Busek, Vienna, 2 June 2008 and Dietrich von Kyaw, Berlin, 7 August 2007. 111. My interviews with Nikolaus van der Pas, Brussels, 15 April 2009 and Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 112. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 113. Since 1993 there has been a bilateral agreement between the Czech Repub- lic and Germany allowing a certain quota of Czech temporary workers into the German job market. These quotas were filled only by about half in the 1990s and by a tenth in the 2000s. I am grateful to Cyril Svoboda for provid- ing me these statistics and the text of his speech on this topic. My interview with Cyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008. 114. Purchase of land by foreigners has always been possible in the Czech Repub- lic, provided that a foreign company created a joint venture with domestic owners residing in Czech territory. My interview with Libor Secka,ˇ Prague, 15 August 2007. 115. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 116. My interviews with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008; Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008; and Vladimír Laštuvka,˚ LázneBˇ elohradˇ u Jicína,ˇ 18 August 2008. 117. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 118. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 119. My interview with Rutger Wissels, Brussels, 16 July 2008. 120. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 121. My interview with Milan Horácek,ˇ Prague, 21 August 2008. Notes 211

122. My interviews with Erhard Busek, Vienna, 2 June 2008 and Wolfgang Wollte, Vienna, 24 June 2008. 123. My interview with Milan Horácek,ˇ Prague, 21 August 2008. 124. The French stance was well known to Zeman and Telickaˇ and was a factor in their negotiating tactics (Telickaˇ and Barták, 2003, p. 164). My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. 125. My interview with Libor Secka,ˇ Prague, 15 August 2007. 126. My interview with Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 127. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 128. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. 129. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 130. For the list and some texts (in Czech) of the Decrees, see http://www.psp .cz/docs/laws/dek/ (accessed: 7 February 2014). 131. Initially, on 15 April 1999, the EP passed a resolution (, 1999) asking to repeal the Beneš Decrees. 132. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 133. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. 134. An e-mail correspondence between me and Rutger Wissels, 24 June 2008. 135. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 136. An e-mail correspondence between me and Rutger Wissels, 24 June 2008. 137. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 138. The other two reports were written by Ulf Bernitz from and Christopher Prout from the UK (Müller, 2004, p. 46). 139. My interview with Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011. 140. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008; Pavel Rychetský, Brno, 18 February 2009; and Jan Kavan, Prague, 7 August 2008. 141. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008; Cyril Svoboda, Prague, 8 April 2008; Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007; Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007; Libor Secka,ˇ Prague, 15 August 2007; Jan Kohout, Prague, 16 May 2008; Günther Verheugen, Potsdam, 6 August 2011; Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011; and a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 142. Two notable exceptions to this general trend were written by key partici- pants (Vassiliou, 2007) and a close observer of European summits (Ludlow, 2004). 143. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 144. My interview with Karel Barták, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 145. My interview with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008; Pˇremysl Sobotka, Prague, 1 July 2008, and Miloslav Ransdorf, Prague, 12 August 2008. 146. My interview with Petr Ježek, Prague, 21 August 2007. Cf. Yakova, 2007. 147. My interview with Pavel Telicka,ˇ Berlin, 21 November 2007. 148. It is interesting to note that in the unification negotiations there were only four rounds, while in EU accession negotiations only the final summit was completed within four rounds. 149. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 150. My interview with Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Brussels, 10 February 2011. 151. My interview with a senior diplomat from an EU member state who for professional reasons wishes to remain anonymous. 212 Notes

152. My interviews with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008 and Jiˇrí Brodský, Prague, 26 February 2009. 153. My interview with Jan Zahradil, Prague, 2 July 2008; Pˇremysl Sobotka, Prague, 1 July 2008; and Miloslav Ransdorf, Prague, 12 August 2008. 154. Czech accession was approved by 489 out of 565 voting MEPs on 9 April 2003. Although a clear majority in favor of Czech entry, thanks to the votes of the CSU MEPs and their allies, Czech accession received the lowest level of support in the EP (Müller, 2004, p. 48). My interview with Vladimír Laštuvka,˚ LázneBˇ elohradˇ u Jicína,ˇ 18 August 2008. 155. In fact, two prominent ODS politicians, Ivan Langer and Martin Ríman,ˇ publically declared they would vote against the Czech EU accession (Hanley, 2004b, p. 702). 156. My interviews with Tomáš Kuchta, Prague, 5 January 2007 and Petr Greger, Prague, 8 August 2008. 157. My interview with Vladimír Špidla, Brussels, 15 July 2008. 158. My interview with Miloš Zeman, Nové Veselí, 22 August 2008. 159. My interview with Pˇremysl Sobotka, Prague, 1 July 2008. 160. Exit polls indicated 86 percent of ODS voters voted yes (Balík, 2004, p. 106). 161. My interview with Monika McDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008. 162. From the late 1990s until 2003, when asked ‘What would be your deci- sion in case there was a referendum on the EU accession?’, 40–48 percent of the Czech respondents tended to support the EU accession. However, from early 2003, public opinion ‘in favour’ of EU accession increased to 59 percent in March 2003, 58 percent in April 2003 and 63 percent in May 2003. This period corresponds with the Yes for Europe campaign. For the results of public opinion polls, see Uhrová (2003), Rezková (2003a, 2003b). 163. Yes for Europe organized 25 percent of its events in places with a popu- lation of more than 500,000 inhabitants; 10 percent with a population of 100,000–500,000; 20 percent with a population of 50,000–100,000; 23 per- cent with a population of 10,000–50,000; 8 percent with a population of 5,000–10,000; 7 percent with a population of 2,000–5,000; 5 percent with a population of 1,000–2,000 and 2 percent with a population of less than 1,000 inhabitants. I am grateful to Monika McDonagh-Pajerová for provid- ing me with internal Yes for Europe materials. My interview with Monika McDonagh-Pajerová, Prague, 28 May 2008. 164. Not least because of the money and access to Phare projects. See Chapter 5. 165. Poland was perhaps more of an exception in massive celebrations. My inter- view with Roland Freudenstein, Hamburg, 15 November 2007. 166. The winning ODS received 30 percent of votes (9 seats), the Communists came second with 20 percent (6 seats) and they were followed by the Lib- erals (Sdružení nezávislých kandidátu˚ – Evropští Demokraté (Association of Independent Lists – European Democrats (SNK/ED)) with 11 percent (3 seats), the Christian Democrats (KDU-CSL)ˇ with 10 percent (2 seats) and the Social Democrats with 9 percent (2 seats). In addition, two independent candidates crossed the threshold and won seats. For detailed results, see the Czech Statistical Office, http://www.volby.cz/pls/ep2004/ep11?xjazyk= EN (accessed: 7 February 2014). 167. Nevertheless, Špidla was made an EU Commissioner. Notes 213

168. See http://www.heritage.org/events/2011/09/vaclav-klaus (accessed: 7 February 2014; the video is no longer available).

7 Evaluating the Unification of Germany and the Eastern Enlargement of the EU

1. The ‘don’t knows’ were 9 percent among West Germans and 3 percent among East Germans. The question asked was: ‘Are you personally in favour of, or opposed to, unification ...?’ The fieldwork took place in late October 1990. For further details, see European Commission (1991). 2. The fieldwork for Eurobarometer 62 (European Commission, 2004, p. 68) took place in October-November 2004. The question asked was: ‘Member- ship of the EU is ...’ with possible responses being ‘a good thing,’ ‘neither good nor bad,’ and ‘a bad thing.’ The responses by new EU member states from CEE were the following: a good thing (45 percent in the Czech Repub- lic, 52 percent in , 49 percent in Hungary, 69 percent in , 40 percent in , 50 percent in Poland, 57 percent in , 52 per- cent in Slovenia); neither good nor bad (42 percent in the Czech Republic, 36 percent in Estonia, 36 percent in Hungary, 22 percent in Lithuania, 43 per- cent in Latvia, 37 percent in Slovakia, 38 percent in Slovenia) and a bad thing (10 percent in the Czech Republic, Estonia and Hungary, 6 percent in Lithuania, 14 percent in Latvia, 8 percent in Poland, 4 percent in Slovakia, 5 percent in Slovenia). Don’t know answers are not included. 3. The question asked was: ‘the unification of Germany was ...’ with the options being ‘right decision,’ ‘wrong decision’ (12 percent among West Germans and 8 percent among East Germans) and ‘no answer’ (3 percent and 1 percent, respectively; my translation). The fieldwork took place in October 2009. For further details and polls, see appendices to Petersen (2009). 4. The question asked was: ‘is the German unification rather a reason for joy or rather for concern?’ with the options being ‘rather for joy,’ ‘rather for con- cern’ (5 percent among East Germans and 8 percent among West Germans) with the remaining answers undecided (my translation). The fieldwork took place in November 2014. For further details and polls, see Petersen (2014). 5. The remaining options are that the unification benefitted nobody (12 per- cent among West Germans and 14 percent among East Germans) and don’t know (2 percent among both West and East Germans; my translation). The fieldwork took place in October 2009. For further details and polls, see appendices to Petersen (2009). 6. The question asked was: ‘Would you say that the German unification brought you overall more rather advantages or disadvantages?’, to which 15 percent of East Germans and 26 percent of West Germans chose the answer ‘rather disadvantages’ and 9 percent of East Germans and 18 percent of West Germans answered that the balance was about equal. The remain- der of respondents provided no answers (my translation). The fieldwork took place in August-September 2014. For further details and polls, see Infratest Dimap (2014). 7. In German: ‘Vierzig Jahre Teilung brauchen vierzig Jahre Heilung.’ My inter- view with Marianne Birthler, Berlin, 4 December 2007. 214 Notes

8. The Eurobarometer survey discontinued the longstanding question about the benefits of EU membership in 2011. 9. The question asked was: ‘taking everything into consideration, would you say that your country benefitted from EU membership?’ The proportions of respondents answering ‘benefitted’ were 54 percent in the Czech Repub- lic, 68 percent in Estonia, 40 percent in Hungary, 67 percent in Lithuania, 47 percent in Latvia, 73 percent in Poland, 72 percent in Slovakia and 53 per- cent in Slovenia. The proportions of respondents answering ‘not benefitted’ were 39 percent in the Czech Republic, 24 percent in Estonia, 49 percent in Hungary, 20 percent in Lithuania, 47 percent in Latvia, 18 percent in Poland, 22 percent in Slovakia, and 42 percent in Slovenia. The remaining answers were ‘don’t know.’ The fieldwork took place in May 2011. 10. The question asked was: ‘are you satisfied with membership in the European Union’? The respondents answered each April as ‘very satisfied’ with 6 per- cent in 2005, 7 percent in 2006, 5 percent in 2007, 8 percent in 2008, 6 percent in 2009, 7 percent in 2010, and 4 percent in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014; ‘fairly satisfied’ with 24 percent in 2005, 29 percent in 2006, 27 per- cent in 2007, 32 percent in 2008, 34 percent in 2009, 29 percent in 2010, 24 percent in 2011, 21 percent in 2012, 22 percent in 2013, and 24 percent in 2014; ‘neither satisfied nor dissatisfied’ with 39 percent in 2005, 41 per- cent in 2006, 36 percent in 2007, 39 percent in 2008, 38 percent in 2009, 39 percent in 2010 and 2011, 31 percent in 2012, 37 percent in 2013, and 38 percent in 2014; ‘rather dissatisfied’ with 13 percent in 2005, 14 percent in 2006, 18 percent in 2007, 12 percent in 2008 and 2009, 15 percent in 2010, 20 percent in 2011, 27 percent in 2012, and 22 percent in 2013 and 2014; ‘very dissatisfied’ with 5 percent in 2005 and 2006, 9 percent in 2007, 3 per- cent in 2008 and 2009, 6 percent in 2010, 10 percent in 2011, 14 percent in 2012, 12 percent in 2013, and 9 percent in 2014. The remaining percentages cover the ‘don’t know’ answers. The fieldwork took place in April each year (my translation). 11. The Czech government commissioned the Ipsos polling agency in 2012 and 2015 to ask: ‘to what extent do you think that the Czech Republic benefits from its membership in the European Union?’ The Czechs found their EU membership to be ‘very beneficial’ with 4 percent in 2012 and 7 percent in 2015, ‘fairly beneficial’ with 26 percent in 2012 and 44 percent in 2015, ‘not very beneficial’ with 38 percent in 2012 and 31 percent in 2015, ‘not bene- ficial at all’ with 20 percent in 2012 and 10 percent in 2015. The remaining percentages cover the ‘don’t know’ answers (my translation). The fieldwork took place in January 2012 and 2015. For further details, see Úˇrad vlády Ceskéˇ republiky (2015). 12. That is: ‘unification went smoothly without any problems,’ ‘went as expected,’ and ‘went well although there were some unavoidable mistakes made.’ 13. I have formulated figures 7.1–7.17 on the basis of the multiple interviews. 14. That is: ‘enlargement went smoothly without any problems’ (answered by 53 percent of EU officials and by 48 percent of the Czechs), ‘went as expected’ (answered by 27 percent of EU officials and by 33 percent of the Czechs) and ‘went well although there were some unavoidable mistakes made’ (answered by 20 percent of the Czechs but no EU officials). About 19 percent of the Notes 215

Czechs mention avoidable mistakes while no EU officials were aware of any avoidable mistakes. 15. My interview with Horst Teltschik, Munich, 29 April 2008. 16. My interview with Vera Lengsfeld, Berlin, 3 December 2007.

8 Lessons Learnt from the Transplantation and Adaptation Models of Political Integration: A Conclusion

1. The first countries that may join the EU in future may in fact be the ‘microstates,’ such as Andorra and San Marino. 2. Nevertheless, Gauck only became president in March 2012 thanks to a finan- cial scandal surrounding his predecessor, Christian Wulff, who had actually beaten Gauck in the last presidential vote two years previously. Bibliography

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accession date, 35, 186 building (of institutions, elites), 3, 6, East German, 79, 94, 171, 186 12–13, 17, 21, 93, 111 EU (enlargement), 68, 93–5, 109–10, , 69, 93, 95, 106, 108, 110, 152, 175, 186 122, 186 acquis, 10, 92, 97, 102, 103, 117, 120, Bundesbank, 55, 57, 60, 62 121, 133, 135, 137, 143, 145, 175, Bundesrat, 69, 78 178 Bundesrepublik, see FRG adaptation, 2–3, 6–7, 10–11, 12–22, Bundestag, 37–8, 68–9, 77–8, 99, 120, 24, 56, 90–1, 93, 95, 97–9, 101–3, 182 105, 107, 109–10, 118, 119–22, Bush, George, 40, 49 134, 140, 150–4, 155–6, 159, 162, 166–7, 176, 179–81, 183–8 CAP (Common Agricultural Policy), African Union, 187 77, 97, 100, 126, 137, 141, 147 Agenda 2000, 94, 105–6 cashflow facility, 149 Alexanderplatz, 26, 61 CDU (Christian Democratic Union) Allianz für Deutschland, 46, 48, 51–2 East, 8, 46–52, 53, 58, 59, 74, 82 Allies, 3, 30 West, 30, 35, 40, 46–9, 52, 53, 57, American Civil War, 21, 185 69, 72, 77, 156, 164 applicability, 185–6 application for EU membership, 100 chapters (of accession negotiations), Article 23, 54, 67, 72, 78, 83 123, 124, 135, 137, 147 Article 146, 72, 83–5 closing, 134, 135–6, 147 ASEAN (Association of Southeast difficult, 135, 136 Asian Nations), 3, 187 easy, 135 Association Agreement, see Europe opening, 124, 129, 135–6, 186 Agreement character Austria, 97, 130, 141, 143 consensual, 12, 15 procedural, 12, 14 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 54, 67, 68, chief negotiator, 5, 58, 74, 79, 94, 101, 69, 75, 76, 83, 85, 157 110, 114, 119, 124–5, 127–9, 131 Beitritt, 42, 54, 72, 83–4, 94 Chirac, Jacques, 110, 141 Beneš Decrees, 92, 112, 135, 137, 142, Christoffersen, Poul Skytte, 9, 105, 144–5, 153, 182 118, 122, 126, 127, 145, 146, 149 Berlin Wall, 1, 7, 8, 23, 24, 25–6, 28, Commissioner, 5, 62, 94, 95, 100, 107, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 42, 108, 109, 119, 127, 141, 142, 143 44, 51, 54, 64, 79, 91, 157, 158, Commission, see European 182 Commission Birthler, Marianne, 4, 158 common position, 9, 124, 125, 127 Blair, Tony, 108, 129 conditionality, 2, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, blizzard of legislation (state of 93, 100, 101–3, 121, 143, 186 legislative emergency), 81, 115, confederation, 7, 37 118, 133 confederative structures, 7, 37 Brandt, Willy, 30, 31, 37, 46, 50, 89 continuum, 7, 11, 21, 22, 162

230 Index 231 contractual community, see DG (Directorate General) Vertragsgemeinschaft ENL (Enlargement), 112, 113, 115, Cook, Robin, 123 117 coordination RELEX (External Relations), 112, abroad, 9, 119, 129, 131–3 121 at home, 119, 129, 134–5 dissident, see oppositionist Copenhagen DJ (Democracy Now), 32, 42, 43, criteria, 8, 93, 100, 101–4, 105, 106, 46, 50 108, 121 DSU (German Social Union), 48, 1993 summit, 10, 94, 95–6, 100, 69, 83 104, 105, 118 proposal (for immediate Beitritt), 2002 summit, 8, 109, 111, 120, 122, 83–4 126, 128, 135, 141, 143, 145–50, 152, 153, 154 East German government, see de COREPER (Committee of Permanent Maizière, Lothar government Representatives to the EU), 124, EFTA (European Free Trade 126, 131 Association), 96, 97, 103 correlation (negative), 7, 19, 24 elections Council of Economic Advisors, 55, 62 Bundestag December 1990 Council (of the European Union), 9, (common, federal all-German), 87, 94, 95, 99, 101, 106, 109, 118, 67–71, 80, 82, 152, 154, 156, 122, 124, 127, 147, 148 163 , 1, 93, 145 EP June 2004, 10, 68, 109, 152, 154, ˇ CSSD (Czech Social Democratic Party), 165 151, 152, 154 , 68, 71 CSU (Christian Social Union), 57, 69, municipal, 52, 57 72, 77, 144, 150 March 1990, 7, 23–4, , 3, 104, 106, 122, 136 29, 32, 33, 34, 43, 45–6, 47–8, Czechoslovakia, 21, 26, 90, 98, 99, 51–2, 53, 56, 58–9, 64–5, 68, 69, 100, 144, 185 166, 167, 188 electoral DA (Democratic Awakening), 32, 42, law (Wahlgesetz), 67, 79 43, 48 threshold, 51, 67–70 Danish EMU (Economic and monetary package, 147–8 union), 7, 23, 24, 52, 54–64, 66, Presidency, 10, 109, 146–8 76, 77 Delegation (EC/EU), 115–16 enlargement, 2–3, 21 Delors, Jacques, 87, 104 big bang, 1, 95, 108–9, 112 de Maizière, Lothar EU (Eastern), 1–2, 4–5, 7–10, 13, government, 48, 52–4, 133 20–4, 35, 39–40, 50, 54–5, prime minister, 4, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 59–60, 64, 68–9, 77, 87–9, 90–8, 52–4, 59, 60, 61, 70, 71, 73–6, 102–15, 117–18, 119–24, 126, 78–82, 86–9 128–9, 135–6, 141–5, 150, 153, de Maizière, Thomas, 41, 88 155–6, 158–61, 164, 167–71, democratization, 2–3, 14–15, 24, 25–6, 174–80, 181–2, 185–7 31, 32, 33, 34, 64, 65, 178, 182 regatta, 107 Deutschmark (DM), 24, 56, 61, 62, wave(s), 93, 100, 103–4, 107–8, 110, 160, 183 122 232 Index entity (unit, part, side) Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 30, 37, 40, accepting (admitting), 2, 6–7, 46, 86–7, 89 14–17, 21, 25, 34, 39, 40, 44, Gorbachev Mikhail, 40, 59, 86 45, 65, 72, 77, 91, 93, 102, 104, grand coalition, 53–4, 131 118, 119, 122, 152, 155, 156, , 3, 87, 104, 152 166, 171, 178, 183–4 Grundgesetz, see Basic Law entering, 2, 6, 9, 11, 14–19, 21, 23–4, 64, 66, 91, 102, 110, harmonization, 55, 88, 117–18, 120, 118–20, 133, 142, 152, 155–6, 134–5, 150 166, 178, 183–4, 187–8 Honecker, Erich, 27, 43, 61 EP (European Parliament), 69, 109, Hungarian(s), see Hungary 111, 144, 150 Hungary, 26, 27, 97, 98, 100, 106, 107, 2004 elections, 10, 68, 109, 152, 110, 111, 127, 133, 134, 136, 144, 154, 165 147, 148, 149, 158 Eppelmann, Rainer, 48, 54, 56 Estonia, 106, 108, 133 ideal type (case), 7, 11, 13, 19, 20–2, European Commission, 5, 8, 9, 74, 87, 24, 26, 162, 180, 186 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 105, 108, IGC (intergovernmental conference), 109, 111–18, 119, 121, 124, 9, 111, 112, 122 126–7, 128, 133, 141, 143, 145, Ignalina power plant, 136, 147 146, 147, 149, 153, 164, 182 issues (during enlargement) European Council, see Council political, 9, 92, 112, 119, 142–4 Europe (Association) Agreement, 8, technical, 119, 128, 135, 142 93, 97–9, 100, 118 euroskeptic, 2, 100, 114, 121, 132, Kavan, Jan, 5, 115, 129, 133 ˇ 158, 188 KDU-CSL (Czech Christian exchange rate, 56, 58, 60, 63 Democrats), 132, 134 Kinkel, Klaus, 61, 96 Klaus, Václav, 99, 100, 101, 114, 117, FDP (Free Democratic Party), 37, 38, 131, 145, 151, 154, 179, 188 40, 53, 55, 57, 69, 72, 86 Kohl, Helmut, 7, 26, 28, 29–31, 34–45, Finanzausgleich/Finanzverfassung, see 46, 47, 48–52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, transfer union 63, 64, 70–1, 72–3, 79, 80–1, 1 July 1990, 56, 66 84, 86–7, 89, 107, 110, 152, 153, flourishing landscapes, 49, 61, 183 182 free movement Korea, 3, 187–8 of capital, 137, 141–2 Kosovo, 1, 108, 165 of labor, 15, 63, 112, 137, 141–2 Krause, Günther, 8, 59, 73–4, 75, 76, for persons, see free movement, of 80, 84, 127 labor Krenz, Egon, 27, 28 FRG, 8, 75–6, 78, 80, 82, 84–5, 87, 120 KSCMˇ (Czech Communist Party), 150, funds (structural and cohesion), 77, 160 104, 117, 149 Lafontaine, Oskar, 51, 62, 71, 89 Gauck, Joachim, 4, 33, 59, 81, 188 Latvia, 102, 106, 108, 156 GDR, 3–4, 27, 31, 36, 39, 41, 43–4, 49, Leigh, Michael, 5, 9, 128 55, 58–9, 62, 68, 70–1, 75–6, 79, Leipzig demonstrations, see Monday 82, 84–8, 157 demonstrations accession to the EU, 85–8 Lengsfeld, Vera, 35, 163 Index 233 leverage, 6, 94, 175, 187 new constitution, 42, 72, 83–5, 160 Lithuania, 106, 136, 147, 156 see also Article, 146 lobbying in the capitals, 10, 129, NF (New Forum), 32, 46, 50 130–1 1918, 3, 21 see also spanilé jízdy 9 November 1989, 27, 32, 33 local (domestic) actors (players) Nooke, Günter, 33, 41, 81 impact of, 2, 6–7, 10, 12, 18–22, 23–5, 55, 64, 66–7, 72, 76–7, ODS (Civic Democratic Party), 114, 80–1, 83, 85–7, 89, 93, 110, 131, 132, 134, 150 120–1, 123, 129, 134, 137, 140, older brother strategy, 129, 131 155, 159, 162, 164, 166–71, Opposition Agreement, 131, 132, 150 174–6, 178–9, 182–3 oppositionist (dissident), 31, 39, 41–2, 48, 51, 53, 61, 70, 163 , 106, 122, 136 ownership (sense of), 40, 83, 157, 159, Meciar,ˇ Vladimír, 100, 134 167, 187 Meckel, Markus, 53, 85, 86 PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism), Melk agreement, 129, 143 47, 51, 70, 82, 85, 88 memorandum, 100–1 PHARE program, 87, 112, 115–17 MENA (Middle East and North Africa), see also pre-accession programs 3, 187 Platzeck, Matthias, 4, 31, 33, 44, 61 Mertes, Michael, 29, 34, 36 Poland, 29, 52, 97, 98, 106, 107, 108, Mitterrand, François, 40, 43, 87 110, 112, 114, 129, 132, 134, 136, Modrow, Hans, 4, 28–9, 33, 37, 38, 41, 141, 149, 158, 181 42, 43, 53, 56, 57 Polish, see Poland Momper, Walter, 27, 30 power asymmetry, 5, 55, 93, 121, 144, Monday demonstrations, 27, 31, 33, 145, 153, 168, 171, 174, 176, 182, 79, 163 183 pre-accession programs, 8, 93, 111–12, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty 116, 118 Organization), 3, 21, 52, 84, 86, see also PHARE program 96–7, 135, 185 Presidency negotiation, 2, 4, 5, 8–9, 18, 97–8, Danish, see Danish Presidency 119, 170–1, 184 rotating, 94, 99, 109, 119, 122, 123, accession to the EU, 5, 7, 8–10, 59, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146–8, 158, 74, 77, 81, 87, 91–101, 104–9, 182 111–12, 116–18, 119–37, progress reports, 94, 112–15, 133, 147 140–50, 152–3, 156, 167, 174, see screening; regular reports 176, 182 purchase of property by foreigners, chapters, see chapters 137, 141–2 tactics, 127, 129–30, 146, 149–50, see free movement of capital 153 team, 5, 9, 54–5, 57–9, 72, 75–6, 78, Rasmussen, Anders Fogh (Danish 98, 127–8, 129–31, 133, 141, prime minister), 128, 148, 149 147–8, 149, 153 ratification (of EU accession treaties), unification, 7, 8, 23, 45, 53–6, 107, 109, 144, 151 58–61, 63–4, 66–7, 70–81, 83, referendum, 6, 10, 14, 42, 50, 83, 120, 85–8, 94, 98, 120–3, 140, 153, 151–2, 154 167, 170–1, 174–6, 182 reform communists, 27–8, 49 234 Index regular reports (annual progress), 94, West, 30, 32, 37, 38, 49, 50, 51, 55, 112–15, 133, 147 62, 63, 69, 71, 73, 74, 78, 84, restitution (of property in East 85, 89, 112 Germany), 56, 58, 60–1, 78, 142, speech by Kohl 160 in Dresden (Frauenkirche), 43–4 return to Europe, 8, 90, 95, 153 at Rathaus Schöneberg, 29–30, 49 revolution speed, 1, 6–7, 9, 12–14, 16, 18–22, in CEE, 96, 103, 129 23–5, 29, 64, 66, 69, 72, 80, 83, peaceful (democratic) in East 91, 93–4, 110, 118, 119, 123, 126, Germany, 25, 34, 42, 84, 157 131, 153–4, 155–6, 159, 162, 164, Velvet, 95 166, 171, 176, 178–9, 182–3, 186, rhetorical trap, 103 188 Romania, 11, 69, 93, 95, 106, 108, Špidla, Vladimír 110, 122, 133, 167, 186 coalition government, 132, 151 Romberg, Walter, 59, 71, 78 prime minister, 5, 95, 114, 128–9, Round Table, 31, 33, 56, 85 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 151, Russia, 96, 187 152, 153, 154 Stasi law (dealing with Stasi files), 9, Sarrazin, Thilo, 60, 62–3 78, 80–1, 182, 188 Schabowski, Günter, 4, 27–8, 30 state of legislative emergency, see Schäuble, Wolfgang, 4, 8, 32, 38, 41, blizzard of legislation 45, 47, 52, 54, 55, 69, 72–81, 85–6 Summit, 99 Schröder, Gerhard, 62, 84, 129, 141 Copenhagen, 8, 10, 94, 96, 100, Schröder, Richard, 49, 61 104, 109, 120, 122, 126, 128, Schüssel Wolfgang, 143 135, 143–9, 153 screening, 105, 112, 117, 118 Helsinki, 8, 93, 94, 105, 108–9, 110, SDP (Social Democratic Party)-East, see 118, 122, 156 SPD East Luxembourg, 8, 94, 105–6, 108, 110, SED (Socialist Unity Party of 118, 122, 156 Germany), 27, 33, 36, 45, 47 Nice, 8, 93, 111, 118 Seiters, Rudolf, 5, 35, 38–40, 43, 46, 78 regatta, 107 Serbia, 1, 108 wave(s), 93, 100, 103–4, 107–8, 110, see also Kosovo 122 shock therapy, 52, 62, 63 Svoboda, Cyril, 5, 129, 160 Slovakia, 3, 21, 100, 106, 108, 134–5, 136, 144, 147, 148, 156, 158, 185 Telicka,ˇ Pavel, 5, 9, 74, 101, 114, 124, Slovak(s), see Slovakia 126, 127–9, 130, 133–6, 145, 147, Slovene(s), see Slovenia 149, 153, 160 Slovenia, 106, 110, 145, 147, 148 Teltschik, Horst, 35, 37–40, 44, 52, 162 Sobotka, Bohuslav, 145, 159 Temelín nuclear power plant, 92, 112, Soviet 129, 135, 137, 142–5, 153, 182 bloc, 63 10-Point Program, 7, 23, 24, 28, troops, 84, 86 34–45, 50, 57, 64, 101, 166, 182 Union, 58, 90, 96 Thatcher, Margaret, 40 spanilé jízdy, 10, 129, 130–1 theoretical framework, 6–7, 10, 12–13, see also lobbying in the capitals 15, 22, 91, 179 SPD (Social Democratic Party) 3 October 1990, 66, 88, 89 East, 32, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, Tietmeyer, Hans, 57–9 61, 70–1, 74, 78, 85, 86, 171 Toleration Patent, 115, 132 Index 235

Topolánek, Mirek, 158, 175 Ukraine, 187 transfer (of institutions, elites), 2–3, 6, unit (accepting, entering), see entity 9, 12, 15–16, 18, 21, 65, 79, 157, (accepting entering) 160, 171, 183, 186 transfer union van den Broek, Hans, 100, 107 (Finanzausgleich/Finanzverfassung), van der Pas, Nikolaus, 5, 121 76, 78–9, 84, 116 Verheugen, Günther, 5, 62, 94, 108–9, transition to democracy, 3, 13–14 112–13, 127, 129, 141–3 see also democratization Vertragsgemeinschaft (contractual transition periods (arrangements), 9, community), 29, 36, 38, 41 59, 75, 78, 87–8, 97, 125, 127–31, Visegrad Group (V4), 108, 134, 135, 135–42, 153, 182 149 transplantation, 2–3, 6–7, 9–11, von Kyaw, Dietrich, 31, 95, 107 12–22, 23–4, 34, 39, 44–6, 48, 50, von Weizsäcker, Richard, 4, 31, 79, 89 52–6, 60–1, 64–5, 67, 72, 76, 79, 88, 90–1, 93, 97–8, 100, 110, 119, Wahlgesetz, see electoral law 120, 133, 152, 155–60, 162, Waigel, Theo, 4, 55–, 59–60, 62, 64, 77 166–7, 175–6, 179–80, 181–8 Weiss, Konrad, 32, 42 travel law, 26–30 Western Balkans, 1, 3, 108, 136, 186 Treaty West German chancellor, see Kohl Accession, 72, 95, 143–5, 150, 152, West German Länder, 52, 72–8, 144, 154 153, 182 Amsterdam, 111 Wissels, Rutger, 5, 9, 137 Lisbon, 111, 145 Wolfgangsee, 70–1, 76 Maastricht, 97, 103, 111 Nice, 105, 111 Rome, 87, 103 Yes for Europe, 50, 151–2 State, 7, 54–6, 58, 61 Unification, 8, 23, 55, 66–7, 72, Zeman 73–4, 76–80, 83, 91 minority government, 114, 117, Treuhandanstalt (THA), 61 118, 131, 133, 134, 137, 150 , 3, 186 prime minister, 5, 81, 108, 114, 127, 2+4, 75, 79, 85–6 128, 132, 133, 134, 143