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Departament of State 1789-1939. Pierwsze 150 Lat Udziału W Polityce

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Departament of State 1789-1939. Pierwsze 150 Lat Udziału W Polityce Department of State 1789-1939 Pierwsze 150 lat udziału w polityce zagranicznej USA Prace Amerykanisłyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redaktor naukowy serii prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania Andrzej Mania Department of State 1789-1939 Pierwsze 150 lat udziału w polityce zagranicznej USA Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Seria: Prace Amerykanistyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redaktor naukowy serii: prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania RECENZENT prof. dr hab. Jadwiga Kiwerska PROJEKT SERII Maciej Kwiatkowski OPRACOWANIE GRAFICZNE OKŁADKI Marcin Bruchnalski Na okładce gmach Departamentu Stanu w latach 1875–1946, tzw. State-War and Navy Building, a dziś nazywany Eisenhower Executive Offi ce Building lub Old Executive Building. Zdjęcie z początku XX wieku Na tylnej stronie okładki autor na tle The George Washington Masonic Memorial w Aleksandrii, Wirginia Książka dofi nansowana przez Uniwersytet Jagielloński ze środków Instytutu Nauk Politycznych i Stosunków Międzynarodowych © Copyright by Andrzej Mania & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2011 All rights reserved Książka, ani żaden jej fragment, nie może być przedrukowywana bez pisemnej zgody Wydawcy. W sprawie zezwoleń na przedruk należy zwracać się do Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego ISBN 978-83-233-2956-5 www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 12-631-18-81, tel./fax 12-631-18-83 Dystrybucja: tel. 12-631-01-97, tel./fax 12-631-01-98 tel. kom. 0506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA, nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Książkę dedykuję moim uczniom, współpracownikom, koleżankom i kolegom, którzy współuczestniczyli w procesie budowy programu badań i dydaktyki dotyczącej Stanów Zjednoczonych, a potem obu Ameryk na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. Wyrażam wdzięczność tym, którzy w Instytucie Nauk Politycz- nych i Stosunków Międzynarodowych oraz w Instytucie Ameryka- nistyki i Studiów Polonijnych wspierali mnie w tych działaniach. Autor Spis treści Wstęp .................................................................................................................................... 9 Rozdział I. Dyplomacja amerykańska do czasu zwołania Konwencji Konstytucyjnej 1787 roku ........................................................................................................................ 15 I. 1. Dyplomacja okresu kolonialnego ............................................................................ 15 I. 2. Instytucje kierowania polityką zagraniczną w okresie 1775–1781 ......................... 18 I. 3. Pierwsi dyplomaci ................................................................................................... 25 I. 4. Rozwój instytucji zarządzania sprawami zagranicznymi państwa 1781–1789. Czas R. Livingstona i J. Jaya ................................................................................... 32 I. 5. Początki służby konsularnej .................................................................................... 41 Rozdział II. Konstytucja USA i miejsce Departamentu Stanu w systemie politycznym USA ............................................................................................................ 47 II. 1. Konwencja Konstytucyjna ..................................................................................... 48 II. 2. Sprawy zagraniczne w konstytucji z 1787 roku ..................................................... 60 II. 3. Powstanie Departamentu Stanu .............................................................................. 64 II. 4. Wewnątrzpaństwowe funkcje Departamentu Stanu ............................................... 69 A. Strażnik Wielkiej Pieczęci ................................................................................ 71 B. Promulgacja i publikacja dokumentów ............................................................ 74 C. Wydawanie patentów i ochrona praw autorskich ............................................. 74 D. Cenzus .............................................................................................................. 75 E. Publikowanie Biennial Register ........................................................................ 77 F. Publikowanie sprawozdań Commercial Relations of the United States ............ 78 G. Wydawanie listów kaperskich dla okrętów walczących po stronie USA ......... 78 H. Udział w wyborach prezydenckich .................................................................. 78 I. Funkcje związane ze sprawowaniem urzędu prezydenta ................................... 79 J. Funkcje związane z wprowadzaniem poprawek do konstytucji ........................ 79 K. Udział w międzynarodowych wystawach ........................................................ 80 Rozdział III. Funkcjonowanie Departamentu Stanu w polityce USA, 1789–1829 .............. 81 III. 1. Organizowanie Departamentu Stanu i służby konsularnej oraz dyplomatycznej w okresie rządów federalistów .............................................................................. 81 III. 2. Departament Stanu w obliczu konfl iktu w Europie i wojny z Wielką Brytanią ... 98 III. 3. Departament Stanu w ostatnich latach rządów „dynastii z Wirginii” ................... 104 Rozdział IV. Departament Stanu, dyplomaci i konsulowie w latach rosnącej potęgi Ameryki w XIX wieku .................................................................................................... 113 IV. 1. Departament Stanu i pierwsze reformy ................................................................. 113 IV. 2. Departament Stanu w okresie zwiększania aktywności międzynarodowej USA od lat trzydziestych ............................................................................................... 120 8 Spis treści IV. 3. Departament Stanu czasu wojny secesyjnej i Rekonstrukcji ................................ 134 IV. 4. Czas wielkich reform Departamentu Stanu. Profesjonalizacja służby .................. 138 Rozdział V. Departament Stanu w okresie progresywizmu i I wojny światowej ................. 155 V. 1. Aktywność Departamentu Stanu w latach budowy profesjonalnych służb zagranicznych na początku XX wieku .................................................................... 155 V.2. Departament czasu I wojny światowej .................................................................... 179 Rozdział VI. Departament Stanu i Foreign Service w okresie międzywojennym ................ 193 VI. 1. Okres Hughesa ...................................................................................................... 194 VI. 2. Ustawa Rogersa – powstanie zunifi kowanej Foreign Service of the US .............. 199 VI. 3. Departament Stanu w ostatnich latach prosperity ................................................ 211 VI. 4. Departament doby Wielkiego Kryzysu ................................................................. 216 VI. 5. Okres New Deal .................................................................................................... 225 Podsumowanie ...................................................................................................................... 239 Bibliografi a ........................................................................................................................... 251 The Department of State, 1789–1939. The First 150 Years of Its Participation in US Foreign Policy (Summary) .............................................................................................. 265 Aneks nr 1 ............................................................................................................................. 275 A. Sylwetki poprzedników Sekretarzy Stanu, szefów jednostek zajmujących się sprawami zagranicznymi, działających przed rokiem 1789 ................................ 275 B. Sylwetki Sekretarzy Stanu w latach 1789–1939 ....................................................... 276 C. Wykaz osób pełniących czasowo funkcję Sekretarzy Stanu (Secretary of State ad interim lub Acting Secretary of State) w latach 1789–1939................................. 293 Aneks nr 2 ............................................................................................................................. 295 A. Undersecretaries of State, 1919–1939 ...................................................................... 295 B. Counselors, 1912–1939 ............................................................................................ 296 C. Legal Advisers, 1931–1939 ....................................................................................... 296 D. Chief Clerks, 1789–1939 .......................................................................................... 296 E. Assistant Secretaries of State, 1853–1924 ................................................................ 297 F. Second Assistant Secretaries of State, 1866–1924 .................................................... 299 G. Third Assistant Secretaries of State, 1875–1924....................................................... 299 H. Assistant Secretaries of State, 1924–1939 ................................................................ 300 I. Chiefs of Protocol, 1928–1939 ................................................................................. 301 Indeks nazwisk ...................................................................................................................... 303 Wstęp Niniejsza monografi a zrodziła się z przekonania o tym, że wiedza o Stanach Zjednoczo- nych Ameryki, ich instytucjach, polityce jest coraz bardziej przydatna
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