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The Life and Letters of John Hay

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The Life and Letters of John Hay mmmmmm LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DDOmVTflTbl e > - ,r_ - , C> I .0 1 .Oo^ r A^^"^^.. ^>, '>, .0 .. ^:'b. ^„ aX- ^' ''^. '^ '' *.•--- -- .vV' -~f'^^^\ '^•<^ ^^.^^ - % S^ %. oN' .0- ^^' ^, ^^ .-^^ o^^.v ^/^ v^^ ^ -0- 'O ^-^ - A. ./> : .^'--^ -•>, .cr -0' .^ A-". Z^. .^N^ . 'oo^ vO o. ^^^/-T o5 -^ c>. /• V - ^. A <> S^ ''^.. -i. A O, 'A 'A "c. A^' -^^ V^ '-'o ^ " f. > o.'?- ' '' A- ^-^ A. ./> vA <^- c^ ^ -"syK^^ '/: o- .\\' •>A. 0',A .A < A' i^illiam Koscoc Cljaprr THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY. a vols. Illustrated. LIFE AND TIMES OF CAVOUR. 2 vols. Illustrated. ITALICA Studies in Italian Life and Letters. A SHORT HISTORY OF VENICE. THE DAWN OF ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE: Italy from the Congress of Vienna, 1S14, to the Fall of Venice, 1840. In the series on Conti- nental Historj'. With maps. 2 vols. THRONE-WIAKERS. Papers on Bi.smarck, Na- poleon III., Kossuth, Garibaldi, etc. POEMS. NEW AND OLD. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Boston and New Yohk THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME I ^^uU^^i^xnJi cry^ir/ A/J -/^fle/ai/i t^Y-too^a/i^^^^ y€€'i^f/y fL^ytir^,r THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY BY WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER VOLUME I BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY CLARA S. HAY COPYRIGHT, 1914 AND I9IS, BY HARPER & BROTHERS COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Pubh'slieJ October iqi^ THIRTEENTH IMPRESSION, DECEMBER, 1915 TO HELEN HAY WHITNEY ALICE HAY WADSWORTH AND CLARENCE LEONARD HAY CHILDREN OF JOHN HAY THE AUTHOR DEDICATES THIS BIOGRAPHY PREFACE IN order that readers may not be disappointed in their expectations, let me say at the outset that this is a personal biography and not a political his- tory. The time has not yet come when it would be proper to give the names of all witnesses and to cite by direct reference the official documents, as is re- quired in a formal history. There is also much ma- terial in the State Archives of England, France, Ger- many, and Russia, which may not be available for publication for a long time to come, if ever. So I have endeavored to let John Hay tell his own story, wherever this was possible. Being in many respects an ideal letter-writer, he recorded his impressions so freshly and so vividly that he never leaves us in doubt as to what he thought of persons, political affairs, or life's experiences. My part has been to sketch in a sufficient background to render intelli- gible each episode or situation, so that Hay's rela- tion to it would be clear almost at a glance. Shortly after Mr. Hay's death, Mrs. Hay assem- bled a considerable mass of his letters to his more in- timate correspondents, which she edited with selec- tions from his Diaries. She had a few copies of these vi' PREFACE memorials printed privately for distribution among friends. Her volumes form the basis of the present biography ; but I have drawn from a still larger store of material, including Mr. Hay's letter-books, docu- ments in the Department of State, and files, not only of his own letters, but also of those of his official colleagues and friends. In addition, many persons who knew him in his middle and later life have kindly given me their recollections of him. Wherever the actual form of word or phrase seemed to require exact reproduction, I have printed it as he wrote it; but in many cases he used abbrevi- ations, and in his Journals even short-hand symbols, which I have not hesitated to expand, always taking care, however, not to change his meaning. For the convenience of the reader should be kept in view, when it does not involve the sacrifice of essentials. In those volumes which Mrs. Hay edited she scrup- ulously substituted capital letters or dashes for all the proper names. I have been unable in several cases to recover the original letters which she used and so I have been obliged to rely upon the version which she printed. This will explain the appearance here of capital letters and dashes where I could not identify the original names; but occasionally I too have suppressed names where it seemed advisable to do so. PREFACE iix It is not possible for me to mention here, as I should like to do, all those persons who have assisted me in the preparation of this work, but I cannot close without making grateful acknowledgment to Mr. Hay's daughters, Mrs. Whitney and Mrs. Wads- worth; to the Honorable and Mrs. Charles E. Hay; to Mr. Samuel Mather; to President Theodore Roose- velt; to President William H. Taft; to Senators Henry Cabot Lodge and Elihu Root; to the Honor- able Henry White, late Ambassador to Italy and to France; to the Honorable Joseph H. Choate, late Ambassador to Great Britain; to General John W. Foster, former Secretary of State; to the Honorable Charlemagne Tower, late Ambassador to Germany and to Russia; to the Honorable Alvey A. Adee, Francis B. Loomis, and William Phillips, Assistant Secretaries of State; to the Honorable Herbert W. Bowen, former Minister to Venezuela; to Professor Harry L. Koopman, Librarian of the John Hay Li- brary at Brown University; to Professor Brander Matthews; to Admiral and Mrs. F. E. Chadwick; to the Honorable Wayne MacVeagh; to Mr. William D. Howells; to Mr. James Ford Rhodes; to Dr. W. W. Keen ; and to Miss Helen Nicolay. Needless to say, the responsibility for all statements and opinions rests with me, except in cases where my informants have authorized me to give their names. X PREFACE As I have been prevented from revising the final proofs, I shall be grateful to readers who will notify to me any errors they may find. The index has been made by Mr. George B. Ives, to whom I am also indebted for many suggestions. Cambridge, Massachusetts, August J, 1915. CONTENTS I. BEGINNINGS I II. LIFE AT BROWN UNIVERSITY 23 III. THE POET IN EXILE 52 IV. THE NEW LIFE 74 V. FIRST MONTHS IN THE WHITE HOUSE 90 VI. WAR IN EARNEST 115 VII. ERRANDS NORTH AND SOUTH 149 VIII. THE GREAT COMPANION 184 IX. THE ROVING DIPLOMAT— PARIS 221 X. WASHINGTON DURING RECONSTRUCTION 245 XL THE ROVING DIPLOMAT — VIENNA 274 XII. THE ROVING DIPLOMAT — SPAIN 314 XIII. JOURNALISM 329 XIV. AUTHORSHIP 353 XV. FRIENDSHIPS 383 XVI. POLITICS 418 ABBREVIATIONS Addresses == Addresses of John Hay. New York, 1907. N. & H. = Abraham Lincoln: A History. By John G. Nicolay and John Hay. 10 vols. New York, 1890. Poems = Poems. By John Hay. Revised Edition. Boston, 1890. Poet in Exile = A Poet in Exile. Early Letters of John Hay. Edited by Caroline Ticknor. Boston, 19 10. ILLUSTRATIONS LINCOLN AND HIS SECRETARIES, JOHN HAY AND J. G. NICOLAY {photogravure) Frontispiece m From a photograph, by L. C. Handy, of the original picture in the possession of Miss Nicolay in Washington. The original is a photograph retouched and with a background painted in watercolor under the direction of Mr, N icolay. JOHN HAY'S BIRTHPLACE, SALEM, INDIANA i6 UNIVERSITY HALL, BROWN UNIVERSITY 32 JOHN HAY WHEN A STUDENT AT BROWN UNIVER- SITY 48 SCHOOLHOUSE AT WARSAW, ILLINOIS 152 u JOHN HAY'S EARLIEST HOME AT WARSAW 152 PAGE OF HAY'S DIARY RELATING TO THE CONSE- CRATION OF THE MILITARY CEMETERY AT GET- TYSBURG, NOV. 19, 1863 206 DESCRIPTION OF NAPOLEON III IN HAY'S DIARY 236 CLARA STONE HAY 352 JOHN HAY AT THE TIME OF HIS MARRIAGE IN 1874 388 THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY CHAPTER I BEGINNINGS DURING the second half of the nineteenth cen- tury, the vicissitudes in the personal fortunes of Americans were so swift, and yet so common, that contemporaries took them almost as matters of course. In truth, however, not since the Eliza- bethan age, and then on a much smaller scale, had anything similar been seen. It was as if, in the ani- mal kingdom, not merely individuals but whole varieties should change their nature so rapidly as to become scarcely recognizable after the lapse of a single generation. The children of privation grew up to be masters of untold wealth. An obscure rail- splitter became President of the United States, wield- ing a power surpassing that of Europe's absolute monarchs. And as if the natural expansion over a vast continent did not offer sufficient opportuni- ties for individual development, there intervened a Civil War which served as a ladder for talents which lie dormant in peace. 2 JOHN HAY Among the many who were a part of this process of transformation was John Hay. Born the son of a frontier doctor, in a small dwelling on the edge of the Western wilderness, he lived, as Secretary of State, in a palace at Washington, in the midst of a world crisis which his counsel helped to direct. Hay himself, at a dinner of the Ohio Society of New York, on January 17, 1903, summed up in ' pleasant fashion the contrasts in his career. ' When I look back on the shifting scenes of my life," he said, "if I am not that altogether deplorable crea- ture, a man without a country, I am, when it comes to pull and prestige, almost equally bereft, as I am a man without a State. I was born in Indiana, I grew up in Illinois, I was educated in Rhode Island, and it is no blame to that scholarly community that I know so little. I learned my law in Springfield and my politics in Washington, my diplomacy in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
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