DOCSLIB.ORG

The Life and Letters of John Hay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

mmmmmm LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DDOmVTflTbl e > - ,r_ - , C> I .0 1 .Oo^ r A^^"^^.. ^>, '>, .0 .. ^:'b. ^„ aX- ^' ''^. '^ '' *.•--- -- .vV' -~f'^^^\ '^•<^ ^^.^^ - % S^ %. oN' .0- ^^' ^, ^^ .-^^ o^^.v ^/^ v^^ ^ -0- 'O ^-^ - A. ./> : .^'--^ -•>, .cr -0' .^ A-". Z^. .^N^ . 'oo^ vO o. ^^^/-T o5 -^ c>. /• V - ^. A <> S^ ''^.. -i. A O, 'A 'A "c. A^' -^^ V^ '-'o ^ " f. > o.'?- ' '' A- ^-^ A. ./> vA <^- c^ ^ -"syK^^ '/: o- .\\' •>A. 0',A .A < A' i^illiam Koscoc Cljaprr THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY. a vols. Illustrated. LIFE AND TIMES OF CAVOUR. 2 vols. Illustrated. ITALICA Studies in Italian Life and Letters. A SHORT HISTORY OF VENICE. THE DAWN OF ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE: Italy from the Congress of Vienna, 1S14, to the Fall of Venice, 1840. In the series on Conti- nental Historj'. With maps. 2 vols. THRONE-WIAKERS. Papers on Bi.smarck, Na- poleon III., Kossuth, Garibaldi, etc. POEMS. NEW AND OLD. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Boston and New Yohk THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME I ^^uU^^i^xnJi cry^ir/ A/J -/^fle/ai/i t^Y-too^a/i^^^^ y€€'i^f/y fL^ytir^,r THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY BY WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER VOLUME I BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY CLARA S. HAY COPYRIGHT, 1914 AND I9IS, BY HARPER & BROTHERS COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Pubh'slieJ October iqi^ THIRTEENTH IMPRESSION, DECEMBER, 1915 TO HELEN HAY WHITNEY ALICE HAY WADSWORTH AND CLARENCE LEONARD HAY CHILDREN OF JOHN HAY THE AUTHOR DEDICATES THIS BIOGRAPHY PREFACE IN order that readers may not be disappointed in their expectations, let me say at the outset that this is a personal biography and not a political his- tory. The time has not yet come when it would be proper to give the names of all witnesses and to cite by direct reference the official documents, as is re- quired in a formal history. There is also much ma- terial in the State Archives of England, France, Ger- many, and Russia, which may not be available for publication for a long time to come, if ever. So I have endeavored to let John Hay tell his own story, wherever this was possible. Being in many respects an ideal letter-writer, he recorded his impressions so freshly and so vividly that he never leaves us in doubt as to what he thought of persons, political affairs, or life's experiences. My part has been to sketch in a sufficient background to render intelli- gible each episode or situation, so that Hay's rela- tion to it would be clear almost at a glance. Shortly after Mr. Hay's death, Mrs. Hay assem- bled a considerable mass of his letters to his more in- timate correspondents, which she edited with selec- tions from his Diaries. She had a few copies of these vi' PREFACE memorials printed privately for distribution among friends. Her volumes form the basis of the present biography ; but I have drawn from a still larger store of material, including Mr. Hay's letter-books, docu- ments in the Department of State, and files, not only of his own letters, but also of those of his official colleagues and friends. In addition, many persons who knew him in his middle and later life have kindly given me their recollections of him. Wherever the actual form of word or phrase seemed to require exact reproduction, I have printed it as he wrote it; but in many cases he used abbrevi- ations, and in his Journals even short-hand symbols, which I have not hesitated to expand, always taking care, however, not to change his meaning. For the convenience of the reader should be kept in view, when it does not involve the sacrifice of essentials. In those volumes which Mrs. Hay edited she scrup- ulously substituted capital letters or dashes for all the proper names. I have been unable in several cases to recover the original letters which she used and so I have been obliged to rely upon the version which she printed. This will explain the appearance here of capital letters and dashes where I could not identify the original names; but occasionally I too have suppressed names where it seemed advisable to do so. PREFACE iix It is not possible for me to mention here, as I should like to do, all those persons who have assisted me in the preparation of this work, but I cannot close without making grateful acknowledgment to Mr. Hay's daughters, Mrs. Whitney and Mrs. Wads- worth; to the Honorable and Mrs. Charles E. Hay; to Mr. Samuel Mather; to President Theodore Roose- velt; to President William H. Taft; to Senators Henry Cabot Lodge and Elihu Root; to the Honor- able Henry White, late Ambassador to Italy and to France; to the Honorable Joseph H. Choate, late Ambassador to Great Britain; to General John W. Foster, former Secretary of State; to the Honorable Charlemagne Tower, late Ambassador to Germany and to Russia; to the Honorable Alvey A. Adee, Francis B. Loomis, and William Phillips, Assistant Secretaries of State; to the Honorable Herbert W. Bowen, former Minister to Venezuela; to Professor Harry L. Koopman, Librarian of the John Hay Li- brary at Brown University; to Professor Brander Matthews; to Admiral and Mrs. F. E. Chadwick; to the Honorable Wayne MacVeagh; to Mr. William D. Howells; to Mr. James Ford Rhodes; to Dr. W. W. Keen ; and to Miss Helen Nicolay. Needless to say, the responsibility for all statements and opinions rests with me, except in cases where my informants have authorized me to give their names. X PREFACE As I have been prevented from revising the final proofs, I shall be grateful to readers who will notify to me any errors they may find. The index has been made by Mr. George B. Ives, to whom I am also indebted for many suggestions. Cambridge, Massachusetts, August J, 1915. CONTENTS I. BEGINNINGS I II. LIFE AT BROWN UNIVERSITY 23 III. THE POET IN EXILE 52 IV. THE NEW LIFE 74 V. FIRST MONTHS IN THE WHITE HOUSE 90 VI. WAR IN EARNEST 115 VII. ERRANDS NORTH AND SOUTH 149 VIII. THE GREAT COMPANION 184 IX. THE ROVING DIPLOMAT— PARIS 221 X. WASHINGTON DURING RECONSTRUCTION 245 XL THE ROVING DIPLOMAT — VIENNA 274 XII. THE ROVING DIPLOMAT — SPAIN 314 XIII. JOURNALISM 329 XIV. AUTHORSHIP 353 XV. FRIENDSHIPS 383 XVI. POLITICS 418 ABBREVIATIONS Addresses == Addresses of John Hay. New York, 1907. N. & H. = Abraham Lincoln: A History. By John G. Nicolay and John Hay. 10 vols. New York, 1890. Poems = Poems. By John Hay. Revised Edition. Boston, 1890. Poet in Exile = A Poet in Exile. Early Letters of John Hay. Edited by Caroline Ticknor. Boston, 19 10. ILLUSTRATIONS LINCOLN AND HIS SECRETARIES, JOHN HAY AND J. G. NICOLAY {photogravure) Frontispiece m From a photograph, by L. C. Handy, of the original picture in the possession of Miss Nicolay in Washington. The original is a photograph retouched and with a background painted in watercolor under the direction of Mr, N icolay. JOHN HAY'S BIRTHPLACE, SALEM, INDIANA i6 UNIVERSITY HALL, BROWN UNIVERSITY 32 JOHN HAY WHEN A STUDENT AT BROWN UNIVER- SITY 48 SCHOOLHOUSE AT WARSAW, ILLINOIS 152 u JOHN HAY'S EARLIEST HOME AT WARSAW 152 PAGE OF HAY'S DIARY RELATING TO THE CONSE- CRATION OF THE MILITARY CEMETERY AT GET- TYSBURG, NOV. 19, 1863 206 DESCRIPTION OF NAPOLEON III IN HAY'S DIARY 236 CLARA STONE HAY 352 JOHN HAY AT THE TIME OF HIS MARRIAGE IN 1874 388 THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY CHAPTER I BEGINNINGS DURING the second half of the nineteenth cen- tury, the vicissitudes in the personal fortunes of Americans were so swift, and yet so common, that contemporaries took them almost as matters of course. In truth, however, not since the Eliza- bethan age, and then on a much smaller scale, had anything similar been seen. It was as if, in the ani- mal kingdom, not merely individuals but whole varieties should change their nature so rapidly as to become scarcely recognizable after the lapse of a single generation. The children of privation grew up to be masters of untold wealth. An obscure rail- splitter became President of the United States, wield- ing a power surpassing that of Europe's absolute monarchs. And as if the natural expansion over a vast continent did not offer sufficient opportuni- ties for individual development, there intervened a Civil War which served as a ladder for talents which lie dormant in peace. 2 JOHN HAY Among the many who were a part of this process of transformation was John Hay. Born the son of a frontier doctor, in a small dwelling on the edge of the Western wilderness, he lived, as Secretary of State, in a palace at Washington, in the midst of a world crisis which his counsel helped to direct. Hay himself, at a dinner of the Ohio Society of New York, on January 17, 1903, summed up in ' pleasant fashion the contrasts in his career. ' When I look back on the shifting scenes of my life," he said, "if I am not that altogether deplorable crea- ture, a man without a country, I am, when it comes to pull and prestige, almost equally bereft, as I am a man without a State. I was born in Indiana, I grew up in Illinois, I was educated in Rhode Island, and it is no blame to that scholarly community that I know so little. I learned my law in Springfield and my politics in Washington, my diplomacy in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Recommended publications
  • Presidents Worksheet 43 Secretaries of State (#1-24)

    Presidents Worksheet 43 Secretaries of State (#1-24)

    PRESIDENTS WORKSHEET 43 NAME SOLUTION KEY SECRETARIES OF STATE (#1-24) Write the number of each president who matches each Secretary of State on the left. Some entries in each column will match more than one in the other column. Each president will be matched at least once. 9,10,13 Daniel Webster 1 George Washington 2 John Adams 14 William Marcy 3 Thomas Jefferson 18 Hamilton Fish 4 James Madison 5 James Monroe 5 John Quincy Adams 6 John Quincy Adams 12,13 John Clayton 7 Andrew Jackson 8 Martin Van Buren 7 Martin Van Buren 9 William Henry Harrison 21 Frederick Frelinghuysen 10 John Tyler 11 James Polk 6 Henry Clay (pictured) 12 Zachary Taylor 15 Lewis Cass 13 Millard Fillmore 14 Franklin Pierce 1 John Jay 15 James Buchanan 19 William Evarts 16 Abraham Lincoln 17 Andrew Johnson 7, 8 John Forsyth 18 Ulysses S. Grant 11 James Buchanan 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 20 James Garfield 3 James Madison 21 Chester Arthur 22/24 Grover Cleveland 20,21,23James Blaine 23 Benjamin Harrison 10 John Calhoun 18 Elihu Washburne 1 Thomas Jefferson 22/24 Thomas Bayard 4 James Monroe 23 John Foster 2 John Marshall 16,17 William Seward PRESIDENTS WORKSHEET 44 NAME SOLUTION KEY SECRETARIES OF STATE (#25-43) Write the number of each president who matches each Secretary of State on the left. Some entries in each column will match more than one in the other column. Each president will be matched at least once. 32 Cordell Hull 25 William McKinley 28 William Jennings Bryan 26 Theodore Roosevelt 40 Alexander Haig 27 William Howard Taft 30 Frank Kellogg 28 Woodrow Wilson 29 Warren Harding 34 John Foster Dulles 30 Calvin Coolidge 42 Madeleine Albright 31 Herbert Hoover 25 John Sherman 32 Franklin D.
  • CW/VFM-67: ​John George Nicolay Letter​,​1861 November 29

    CW/VFM-67: ​John George Nicolay Letter​,​1861 November 29

    CW/VFM-67: ​John George Nicolay Letter​,​ 1861 November 29, Executive Mansion, to C. A. Walborn, Philadelphia. ALS, 1 page. Tipped into a bound copy of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address Nicolay was originally born in the Rhineland in 1832, and immigrated to the United States in 1838 with his father. Later, he would become the assistant secretary of state of Illinois; where he met Abraham Lincoln. In 1861, Lincoln appointed Nicolay his private secretary and remained so until Lincoln’s assassination in 1865. Just prior to his death, Lincoln appointed Nicolay the US Consul at Paris, France. He served in this position until 1869, and a few years later was appointed as the US Supreme Court marshal; he The held this position for about five years. He also wrote books, his first was called ​ Outbreak of the Rebellion, ​ and was published in 1881. Later, he and John Hay (who was also assistant secretary to Lincoln) collaborated on a biography of the president and it Century Magazine appeared serially in the ​ ​ from 1886 to 1890 before it was issued in a ten-volume book set in the 1890s. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: Girard’s Topics of the Town Article glued in cover:​ ​ Account of the wounding of General H.S. Huidekoper th Huidekoper served in the 150​ ​ Pennsylvania Volunteers as an officer (colonel). While at Gettysburg, he was wounded twice and lost his right arm. He was so prostrated from his wounds he could not return to active duty, and instead served in the National Guard of Pennsylvania. He was appointed to Major General in 1870 by Governor Geary.
  • Rlchard Watson Gilder: a Study of a Notable American Editor

    Rlchard Watson Gilder: a Study of a Notable American Editor

    Rlchard watson Gilder: A Study of a Notable American Editor by Flora Aki:ns B. s., Kansas State Tenahers College, Emporia, 1921 Gubmitted to the Department of English and the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Univer- siLy of Kansas in partial ful- fillment of the requirements for the degree of Llaster 0£ Arts. Approved by: May 8, 1929. I PREFACE Since the work of Richard ~atson Gilder was :Cinished nearly twenty years ago and no complete study of r it has been made.., it has seemed worth while to give atten- tlon to his aor1tribution to 11merican life and literaturel) t'i th thut. end ln v1ev1 tti.e following paper has been prepal"ed. The biography or this notable American editor ls based 011. brief accounts of Gllder's 11.fe as found in various magazine articles, in Appleton's pyclo~odia of_ymerican }3iosr.a2lly, and Gilder"s journal, an infomal sketch of his e~rly life uritten for his children. His journal wao begm1 April 7, 1909, and added to from time to time. It was found amoll8 his papers and uaa publlshed in 1916 as the first ch~ptera o:f the book, Letters o.f Richard \.''atson Gilder, whieh was edited by his daughter, Rosamond Gilder. Gilder's informal let~ers and hls daughter's comments .found in this boolt th.('IOW into clear perspective Gilder's life, t;;is uork, and his personality.. The book, Remembe:red Yestcrdu~s, v1:ritten by Hobert Underwood Johnson, who .for thirty-slx years t9as associated ,'1ith Gilder in his editoriu1 and public ~ork, gives many interesting facts about Gilder as an edl tor and a public benefactor.
  • CONGRESSIONAL Recoltd-HOUSE. DECEMBER 3

    CONGRESSIONAL Recoltd-HOUSE. DECEMBER 3

    . 2 CONGRESSIONAL RECOltD-HOUSE. DECEMBER 3, .Ma.ssa;chusetts-Henry L. Dawes and George F. Hoar. ARKANSAS. Clifton R. Breckinridge. John H. Rogers. JJ!ichigan-Omar D. Conger and Thomas W. Palmer. Poindexter Dunn. Samuel W. Peel. Minnesota-Samuel J. R. McMillan and Dwight 1\I. Sabin. James K. Jones. Mi.ssissippi=-James z. George and Lucius Q. C. Lamar. CALIFORNIA. Missouri-Francis M. Cockrell and George G. Vest. Charles A. Sumner. James H. Budd. John R. Glascock. Barclay Henley. Nebraska-Charles F. l\Ianderson and Charles H. VanWyck. WilliamS. Rosecrans. Pleasant B. Tully. Nevada-James G. Fair. New Hampshire-Henry W. Blair and Austin F. Pike. COLORADO. New Jersey-John R. McPherson and William J. Sewell. James B. Belford. New York-Elbridge G. Lapham and Warner Miller. CONNECTICUT. North Carolina-Matt. W. Ransom and Zebulon B. Vance. William W. Eaton. John T. Wait. Ohio-George H. Pendleton and John Sherman. Charles L. 1\fit.<Jhell. Edward W. Seymour. Oregon-Joseph N. Dolph and James H. Slater. DEL.AW .ARE. Pennsylvmtia-J ohn I. Mitchell. Charles B. Lore. Rhode Jslan~Nelson W. Aldrich. FLORIDA.. Sottth Camlina-M. C. Butler ~d Wade Hampton. Robert H. M. Davidson. Horatio Bisbee, jr. Tennessee-Isham G. Harris and Howell E. Jaekson. GEORGIA. Texas-Richard Coke and Sam. Bell Maxey. Thomas Hardeman. James H. Blount. Vermont-George F. Edmunds and Justin S. Morrill. John C. Nicholls. Judson C. Clements. Virginia-William .Mahone and Harrison H. Riddleberger. · Henry G. Turner. Seaborn Reese. N. Charles F. Crisp. Allen D. Candler. West Virginia-Johnson Camden and John E.
  • Nicolay Collection Finding

    Nicolay Collection Finding

    LINCOLN LIBRARY Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection at Allen County Public Library For additional material on Helen and John G. Nicolay, NICOLAY COLLECTION see the manuscript collection Lincoln’s Secretaries— 6 boxes; 3.8 cubic feet Hay, Nicolay, Stoddard; 1 box, 0.5 cubic feet. For extensive correspondence between Helen Nicolay Biographical Notes and others regarding a copy of the Gettysburg Address, see Gettysburg Address Correspondence; 1 box, 0.25 cubic feet. Helen Nicolay (1866-1954) Helen Nicolay was born in 1866 to John G. Nicolay and Therena Bates Nicolay in Paris, where her father served as American Consul. In 1869, the Nicolay family returned to the United States. Helen’s academic training was overseen by her father as well as private tutors. Little is known about Helen Nicolay as a young woman, other than that she helped her father and John Hay write their 10-volume Lincoln biography by taking dictation. She began writing her own books after her father’s death in 1901 and had a summer retreat studio in New Hampshire she used for painting and writing. Her best known work is Lincoln’s Secretary: A Biography of John G. Nicolay. In all, she wrote more than 20 books, mostly history and biography, many of which were intended for children. She described her reason for writing in a letter to a young fan—she wrote books to make “history seem alive and interesting to young people.” Helen Nicolay was also a recognized artist. The Lincoln Museum Collection includes two oil paintings of John G. Nicolay painted by Helen Nicolay.
  • The Life of Abraham Lincoln

    The Life of Abraham Lincoln

    Mr. Lincoln: The Life of Abraham Lincoln Professor Allen C. Guelzo THE TEACHING COMPANY ® Allen C. Guelzo, Ph.D. Henry R. Luce Professor of the Civil War Era and Director of Civil War Era Studies, Gettysburg College Dr. Allen C. Guelzo is the Henry R. Luce Professor of the Civil War Era and Director of Civil War Era Studies at Gettysburg College in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He is also the Associate Director of the Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College. He was born in Yokohama, Japan, but grew up in Philadelphia. He holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in history from the University of Pennsylvania, where he wrote his dissertation under the direction of Bruce Kuklick, Alan C. Kors, and Richard S. Dunn. Dr. Guelzo has taught at Drexel University and, for 13 years, at Eastern University in St. Davids, Pennsylvania. At Eastern, he was the Grace Ferguson Kea Professor of American History, and from 1998 to 2004, he was the founding dean of the Templeton Honors College at Eastern. Dr. Guelzo is the author of numerous books on American intellectual history and on Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War era, beginning with his first work, Edwards on the Will: A Century of American Theological Debate, 1750– 1850 (Wesleyan University Press, 1989). His second book, For the Union of Evangelical Christendom: The Irony of the Reformed Episcopalians, 1873–1930 (Penn State University Press, 1994), won the Outler Prize for Ecumenical Church History of the American Society of Church History. He wrote The Crisis of the American Republic: A History of the Civil War and Reconstruction for the St.
  • Prohibition Enforcement : Its Effect on Courts and Prisons Association Against the Prohibition Amendment

    Prohibition Enforcement : Its Effect on Courts and Prisons Association Against the Prohibition Amendment

    Bangor Public Library Bangor Community: Digital Commons@bpl Books and Publications Special Collections 1930 Prohibition Enforcement : Its Effect on Courts and Prisons Association Against the Prohibition Amendment Follow this and additional works at: https://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/books_pubs Recommended Citation Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, "Prohibition Enforcement : Its Effect on Courts and Prisons" (1930). Books and Publications. 144. https://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/books_pubs/144 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at Bangor Community: Digital Commons@bpl. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books and Publications by an authorized administrator of Bangor Community: Digital Commons@bpl. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROHIBITION OR CEMENT Its Effect on Courts and Prisons Prepared by the i\SSOCIATION AGAINST THE PROHIDITION AMENDMENT ' - ""71-~ NATIONAL PRESS BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C . • ." , ,. o.-. .... "' •~'~ CI., ... ~ ') ~ ~a"'' ... .,~ ......· ., ~ .,<:).. ... ~ " .- ... ~ I) .. .. ~ .. .... .. l ... .. • 'J • ,. ")., .., ... ... ~ : :: ~ ~ ~~~>... ~ ; .~ ....... ; "'C' ji":•o• "'""~ ,_;..,. ~ r .:~., ~ ~~ :: ,. ~· :> ... ., i:l -' 111 .. .........~.. .. ., "' 0 :; ".., ! ~"'\ ... }"" ' '\ :}' ' ·~ " ........................ ,...... .. .. ~:~ .......' ... ~ : ~~; r~~ ...: :~: ~ "".., '' " ......... .., Research Department JOHN C. GEBHART, Director Publlahed December, 1930 Association Against the ~rohibition Amendment f) EXECU'TIVE COMMI'T'TEE
  • President Buchanan's Minister to China 1857-1858

    President Buchanan's Minister to China 1857-1858

    WILLIAM B. REED: PRESIDENT BUCHANAN'S MINISTER TO CHINA 1857-1858 BY FOSTER M. FARLEY* A PRESIDENT'S administration is usually evaluated by some A great occurrence, good or bad, and other aspects of his term of office are forgotten. Martin van Buren and Herbert Hoover are generally charged with beginning the depressions of 1837 and 1929; Ulysses S. Grant and Warren G. Harding are usually thought of in connection with the various scandals and corruption during their administrations; and James Madison and James Buchanan with beginning the War of 1812 and the American Civil War. james Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the United States 'remains one of the least known statesmen of the American Nation."' According to Buchanan's latest biographer, Philip S. Klein, "many people remember Buchanan as the bachelor in the Ahite House who either caused the Civil War or who ought, some- how to have prevented it."2 Few people realize that the fifteenth President was singularly well qualified to occupy the White House. Born in 1791, a native of Pennsylvania, Buchanan graduated from Dickinson College in 1809. and was admitted to the bar three years later. With a good knowledge of the law, he served first in the Pennsylvania house arid then for the next ten years as Congressman. After serving as United States Minister to Russia from 1831-1833, he was elevated to the United States Senate.3 By 1844 he had be- come a leading contender for the Democratic nomination for President, and when James K. Polk was elected, the new Presi- dent appointed Buchanan Secretary of State mainly due to the *The author is Associate Professor of History at Newberry College.
  • The Gettysburg Address - a History Lesson

    The Gettysburg Address - a History Lesson

    THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS - A HISTORY LESSON The year was 1863. America was two years into the bloodiest war in its history. The previous September, at Antietam Creek, Maryland, America lost more sons in battle than any day before or since in our history. At the beginning of 1863 the war had no end in sight, with bloody battle after bloody battle being fought. But by the end of 1863, not only had the fate of the war been decided but the character of a nation was forever changed. That was also the year President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in January, the first powerful blow to the institution of slavery. There could be no turning back for America. Those first three days of July 1863 where three days that changed the course of the civil war, and in turn changed future of the Nation. The decisive battle of the Civil War was fought in a small south central town in Pennsylvania. Gettysburg, a sleepy little town of 3500 was the county of seat of Adams County, Pennsylvania and was a light manufacturing center in addition to its agriculture commerce. At one time it was home to a shoe factory. The Confederates knew this and where in desperate needs of food and supplies. They headed for Gettysburg to see if they could find some shoes. Embolden by their past victories the Confederates had daringly come North to force peace on the North. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and Meade’s Army of the Potomac converged on Gettysburg almost by chance.
  • Of-Biography - of $ -.*«*; Tubffo

    Of-Biography - of $ -.*«*; Tubffo

    ! Of-Biography - Of $ -.*«*; Tubffo tive from South Carolina, born in JOHN C. CALHOUN Charleston January 2, 1797; at John CaJdvvell Calhoun was Portraits of Two South Carolinians tended Charleston College and the born at "the Long Canes set i •• ©© school of the Rev. Moses Wad- tlement" In what became Abbe- dell at Abbevule; was graduated ville County, March 18, 1782; V from the College of South Caro was graduated from Yale in lina (USC) in 1814; studied law 1804 and from Litch field law In State Department Collection 1814-1817; further pursued stu School, 1806, admitted to the bar dies in Paris and Edinburg in in 1807 and commenced prac 1818 and 1819; admitted to the By Kathleen Leicit tice In Abbeville; married Flo- bar in 1822 and commenced ride Bonneau Calhoun in 1811; practice in Charleston; member TN THE Department of State the works of those less promi Washington on February 28,1844. gave up the practice of law and of the State House of Repre 1 in Washington, there is a nent. Some are by unknown or James Gillespie Blaine con established himself as a plant sentatives 1820-22 and 1924-30; little-known collection of por obscure artists. j vened and presided over the er; member of the House of one of the founders and editor traits in oils of the men who All appear to be painted on first Pan American Conference Representative 1808-09; Repre of the Southern Review 1828-32; canvas. in 1889. Robert Bacon, mem sentative from South Carolina have served our country as attorney general for South Caro The title "Secretary ol State" ber of Genend Pershing©s stalf, 1811-17; was Secretary of War in Secretaries of State.
  • John Hay, Author and Statesman

    John Hay, Author and Statesman

    JOHN HAY Author and Statesman BY % LORENZO SEARS * NEW YORK DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY 1914 TO PROFESSOR HARRY LYMAN KOOPMAN, A.M., LiTT.D. WHO AS LIBRARIAN OF BROWN UNIVERSITY PRESIDES OVER THE JOHN HAY LIBRARY » > , . 'Jt' PREFACE It is singular but not entirely exceptional that John Hay and his career should have re- ceived no extended treatment within a decade after his death. Doubtless the subject is dif- ficult by reason of rare qualities and of far- reaching diplomacy, but these need not have prevented a plain narrative of his personal, lit- erary, and political life. In the lack of such an account thousands pass the John Hay Memorial Library or read in its rooms without understand- ing its full significance, and thousands more all over the land are equally uninformed as to the position this scholar and statesman occupied. Many know that his name is the most distin- guished on the graduate roll of Brown Univer- sity; a goodly number will recall the authorship of the "Pike County Ballads" and other "Poems"; also the partnership with John Nic- olay in "Abraham Lincoln, a History." Fewer will remember the "Castilian Days," the anony- Preface mous "Breadwinners," or the occasional ad- dresses which complete and crown the output of John Hay as a man of letters. With regard to the statesman, some will rec- ollect that he was Secretary of Legation in three European cities, an Ambassador at the Court of St. James, and Secretary of State of the United States; but not many will recall the capitals and kingdoms to which he was sent, the administrations during which he served, and above all what he accomplished for his country and the world by his masterly diplomacy.
  • Chapter 3: the Patrician Response

    Chapter 3: the Patrician Response

    3 The Patrician Response On the north side of Washington Square, on the square itself and on streets adjacent to lower Fifth Avenue, were the homes of the upper- class Villagers. These patricians were Protestants of Dutch, English, and French stock, some of them heirs to old wealth and to the handsome resi- dences that their parents or grandparents had built before the Civil War. Culturally, religiously, and politically, the north Village gentry had little in common with most of their near neighbors, the working-class and immi- grant Villagers who lived south and west of the square. Italian immigrants and Irish Americans worshipped at Catholic churches, while the gentry at- tended Sunday services at Protestant edifices along lower Fifth Avenue, elite congregations such as the First Presbyterian Church and the Episcopal Church of the Ascension. Irish, Italian, and African American Villagers gathered to drink and socialize in the numerous working-class saloons of the west and south Village, while the Protestant elite socialized in the ele- gant drawing rooms of their homes. These cultural and class contrasts were reflected in political rivalries, especially between the Irish Villagers loyal to the Democratic machine and the patrician Villagers who deeply distrusted Tammany rule. Again and again the Village gentry, whether they were Re- publicans, Independents, or Democrats, organized to challenge Tammany’s control of the city. By the turn of the twentieth century, the future of this upper-class north 77 78 chapter three Village enclave seemed increasingly uncertain. Tenementhousing and Ital- ian immigrants were invading the Village from the south, and commercial buildings were encroaching on the square from the east.