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Power and Identity in Early Medieval Benevento (570-899 CE)

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Power and Identity in Early Medieval Benevento (570-899 CE) THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Pavia’s Twin: Power and Identity in Early Medieval Benevento (570-899 CE) A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of History School of Arts & Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Martin Raymond Waldman Washington, D.C. 2017 Pavia’s Twin: Power and Identity in Early Medieval Benevento (570-899 CE) Martin Raymond Waldman, Ph.D. Director: Jennifer Davis, Ph.D. This dissertation surveys the development of the Duchy/Princpality of Benevento from its founding in 570 to its takeover by the Lombard counts of Capua in 899, focusing specifically on its Lombard inhabitants’ conceptions of their own identity and how these evolved in response to significant political events, most notably, the Frankish conquest of the Lombard Kingdom in the north in 774. It will argue that Benevento’s continued independence after 774 contributed to and rested, in part, on the development of a more clearly defined and politicized sense of Lombard identity, one which was deeply rooted in a strong degree of antipathy towards other groups and the belief that to be Lombard was to be, above all else, free and independent. Such perceptions were a product of efforts by members of the southern Lombard elite to maintain both their political power and the cultural distinctions between themselves and other groups. The Beneventan dukes, in particular, would undertake a number of important actions, such as assuming the title of princeps gentis Langobardorum, intended to elevate their own status within the gens and to leverage their people’s shared sense of identity as a force for greater political cohesion. These actions would help to foster a political and cultural climate which not only enabled the southern Lombards to maintain their own existing political and cultural practices, but also encouraged them to explore and more clearly define their traditions, values, history, and, ultimately, their sense of identity. Consequently, ethnicity would come to be increasingly emphasized in political and cultural discourse during the ninth and tenth centuries, with Lombard princes and authors frequently expressing their sense of pride in Lombard achievements (especially military victories), their antipathy towards other groups, and the belief that Benevento, its rulers, and its people were the inheritors of the Lombard Kingdom’s legacy. Such sentiments not only sometimes encouraged the southern Lombards to set aside their internal differences in order to resist outside attacks on their independence, but, more broadly, created a strong link between the southern Lombards’ ethnic and political identities. This dissertation by Martin Raymond Waldman fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in History approved by Jennifer R. Davis, Ph.D., as Director, and by Katherine L. Jansen, Ph.D., and Philip Rousseau, Ph.D. as Readers. _________________________________ Jennifer R. Davis, Ph.D., Director _________________________________ Katherine L. Jansen, Ph.D., Reader _________________________________ Philip Rousseau, Ph.D., Reader ii For My Parents iii Table of Contents List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………....... v List of Maps and Figures…………………………………………………………. viii List of the Beneventan Dukes and Princes (c.570 - 899 CE)…………………….. ix Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………. x Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter I: Connections of Memory………………………………………………. 45 Chapter II: Pavia’s Shadow………………………………………………………. 89 Chapter III: Following in the Footsteps of Kings………………………………… 136 Chapter IV: Better to Maintain Liberty by Arms………………………………… 192 Chapter V: Remnants of the Gens……………………………………………....... 253 Chapter VI: Pavia’s Memory……………………………………………………... 321 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… 331 iv List of Abbreviations Andr. = Andreas of Bergamo. Historia. MGH SS rer. Lang.: 220-30. Ann. Bert. = Annales de Saint-Bertin. Edited by F. Grat, J. Vielliard and S.V. Clémencet. Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1964. ARF = Annales Regni Francorum. Edited by F. Kurze. MGH SS. rer. Germ. VI. Hanover: Hahn, 1895. -- q.d. Ein. = Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi. BG = Procopius. History of the Wars, Books V - VIII. Translated by H.B. Dewing. Loeb Classical Library. 1919-28. Reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968-78. Carm. Var. = Carmina Varia (nos. 2-14). Edited by Ernest Duemmler. MGH Poetae Latini aevi II. Berlin: Weidmann, 1884: 649-61. CC = Codex Carolinus. Edited by Walter Gundlach. MGH Ep. III. Berlin: Weidmann, 1867: 469-657. CDC = Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis. Edited by Michaele Morcaldi, Mauro Schiani and Sylvano de Stephano. Vol. 1. Naples: H. Hoepli, 1873. CDL = Codice Diplomatico Longobardo. Edited by Luigi Schiaparelli, Carlrichard Brühl and Herbert Zielinski. 5 vols. Rome: Istituto storico Italiano, 1929-2003. CMC = Die Chronik von Montecassino. Edited by Hartmut Hoffmann. MGH SS XXXIV. Hanover: Hahn, 1980. Cod. Goth. = Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani. MGH SS rer. Lang.: 7- 11. CSBC = Cronicae Sancti Benedicti Casinensis. Edited and translated into Italian by Luigi Andrea Berto. Florence: Sismel - Edizione del Galluzzo, 2006. Chron. Sal. = Chronicon Salernitanum: A Critical Edition with Studies on Literary and Historical Sources, and on Languages. Edited by Ulla Westerbergh. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell, 1956. v CSS = Chronicon Sanctae Sophiae: Cod. Vat. Lat. 4939. Edited by Jean- Marie Martin. 2 vols. Rome: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, 2000. CV = Chronicon Vulturnense del Monaco Giovanni. Edited by Vincenzo Federici. 3 vols. Rome: Tipografia del Senato, 1925. Ep. Lang. = Epistolae Langobardicae Collectae. Edited by Walter Gundlach. MGH Ep. III. Berlin: Weidmann, 1892. Erch. = Erchempert. Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum. MGH SS. rer. Lang.: 231-64. Gatt. Acc. = Gattola, Erasmo, ed. Ad historiam abbatiae Cassinensis accessiones. 2 vols. Venice: Sebastian Coleti, 1734. Gest. Ep. Neap. = John the Deacon. Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum. MGH SS. rer. Lang: 398-435. Gatt. Hist. = Gattola, Erasmo, ed. Historia abbatiae Cassinensis. 2 vols. Venice: Sebastian Coleti, 1733. Greg. Ep. = Gregory the Great. Gregorii Magni Epistulae. Edited by Paul Ewald and Ludo Moritz Hartmann. MGH Ep. I-II. Berlin: Weidmann, 1887-91. (Latin Edition) Gregory the Great. The Letters of Gregory the Great. Translated by John R.C. Martyn. 3 vols Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2004. HL = Paul the Deacon. Storia dei Longobardi. Edited and translated into Italian by Lidia Capo. Milan: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 1992. --. History of the Lombards. Translated by William Dudley Foulke. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1907. (English Translation) Ep. Lang. = Epistolae Langobardicae Collectae. Edited by Walter Gundlach. MGH Ep. III. Berlin: Weidmann, 1892. vi LL = Le Leggi dei Longobardi: Storia, memoria e diritto di un popolo germanico. Edited and translated into Italian by Claudio Azzara and Stefano Gasparri. 2nd ed. Rome: Viella, 2005. -- Roth. = Edictum Rothari: 13-128. --Grim. = Grimualdi Leges: 129-36. --Liut. = Liutprand Leges: 137-245. --Ratch. = Ratchis Leges: 259-78. --Aist. = Ahistulfi Leges: 279-96. --Ar. = Arichis Leges: 298-307. --Adel. = Adelchis Leges: 306-13. LP = Le Liber Pontificalis. Edited by Louis Duchesne. 2nd ed. 3 vols. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1955. MGH = Monumenta Germaniae Historiae --DK = -- Diplomatum Karolinorum I - Pippini, Carlomanni, Carlo Magni Diplomata. Edited by E. Mühlbacher. Hanover: Hahn, 1906. --DLII = -- Diplomatum Karolinorum IV - Ludovici II Diplomata. Edited by Konrad Wanner. Munich: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1994. --DO I = Otto I. MGH Diplomatum Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae I. Hanover: Hahn, 1879-84: 80-638. --SS. rer. Germ. = -- Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. --SS. rer. Lang. = -- Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI - IX. Edited by Georg Waitz. Hanover: Hahn, 1878. Neff = Neff, Karl, ed. Die Gedichte des Paulus Diaconus. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1908. PL = Patrologia Cursus Completus. Series Latina. Edited by J.P. Migne. Paris: Migne, 1844-1864. Vit. Barb. = Vita Barbati episcopi beneventani. MGH SS rer. Lang.: 555-63. vii List of Maps and Figures Map 1 (Italy, c.600 CE)…………………………………………………………... 68 Map 2 (Italy, c.700 CE).………………………………………………………….. 95 Map 3 (Benevento, 8th Century)………………………………………………….. 118 Map 4 (Lombard Principalities, c.850 CE)……………………………………….. 259 Figure 1 (Charter Collections)……………………………………………………. 26 Figure 2 (8th Century Charters)…………………………………………………… 93 Figure 3 (Duchies in Paul the Deacon’s Historia Langobardorum)……………... 227 viii List of the Beneventan Dukes and Princes (c.570 – 899 CE) Zotto 570 – 590 Arichis I 590 – 640 Aio I 640 – 641/2 Radoald 641/2 – 646/7 Grimoald I 646/7 – 671 Romoald I 671 – 687 Grimoald II 687 – 689 Gisulf I 689 – 706 Romoald II 706 – 731/2 Audelais 731/2 Gregory 732 – 739/40 Godescalc 739/40 – 42 Gisulf II 742 – 751 Liutprand 751 – 758 Arichis II 758 – 787 Grimoald III 788 – 806 Grimoald IV 806 – 817 Sico 817 – 832 Sicard 832 – 839 Radelchis I 839 – 851 Radelgar 851 – 854 Adelchis 854 – 878 Gayderis 878 – 882 Radelchis II 882 – 885 Aio II 885 – 891 Ursus 891 – 892 Radelchis II 898 – 899 ix Acknowledgements This work has been shaped by countless individuals, ranging from those who helped me to craft my specific arguments to others whose care and support gave me the determination necessary to see
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