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Elmberg 1968 Balance.Pdf Balance and Girculation Aspects of tradition and change among the Mejprat of Irian Barat THE ETHNOGRAPHICAL MUSEUM, STOCKHOLM (ETNOGRAFISKA MUSEET) Monograph Series • Publication No. 12 JOHN-ERIK ELMBERG BALANCE AND CIRCULATION Aspects of tradition and change among the Mejprat of Irian Barat STOCKHOLM 1968 Printed in Sweden Tryckeri AB Skandia Stockholm 1968 For Annika, Mans and Lisen Preface This book is based on fieldwork carried out during two periods by the writer in the Doreri part of Irian Barat (Bird's Head peninsula of Western New Guinea). In 1953 my application for a visa to do anthropological research in the Mamberamu—Baliem area was first granted, then countermanded a few days before my departure from Sweden. On arriving in Hollandia I was advised by the Dutch governor to start working instead around Ajamaru, a government station recently established in the interior of the Bird's Head peninsula. No information on its people was available to me before I was flown in. I spent the months May and June there, then af ter sick leave (July— September) also the next six months (September 28th—March 15th, 1954). I returned for three months in 1957 (September 26th—January lst, 1958). During elaboration the data soon appeared suitable for a demonstration of the interconnectedness of significant aspects in a socio-cultural system. These aspects also evidenced a process of change, stimulated by external influences which to some extent appear to have been sought, incorporated and adopted by the Mejprat. It should be mentioned that in my fieldwork I had not been intent upon testing a theory or solving some specific anthropological problem. I trust, however, that the principles of balance and circulation will shed some light on the nature of social cohesion in this kind of socio-culture, which has sometimes been labelled "open" or "loosely structured" (v.d. Leeden 1960; Power 1960). In my descriptions and analyses of Mejprat norms and behaviour I have utilized some concepts that may be of interest also for conditions outside the Mejprat world, but the character of these studies is largely descriptive and interpretive, with some asides on how I aquired a certain knowledge, which process appears to posess a certain didactic value. If some day a Mejprat should read this book, I hope he will accept my gratitude to his people for the part they played in making this book possible. Some, like Semer Sarosa, Safom Isir and Kasom Karet became keen and optimistic helpers without whom I should not have managed to cover the area the way we did. Others, like Ghawer Sarosa, and his wife Wefo Kampuwefa, Pum Isir and Rupasa Tanaw have patiently tried to make me grasp the reality of their social and cultural world. Acknowledgements are due to shipowner Sven Salén, Stockholm, and to Erik Grate, then Professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm, whose friendly resourcefulness made my trips to New Guinea possible. The following institutions and funds have supplied financial support to my field work and subsequent studies: Helge Ax:son Johnssons Stiftelse, Huma- nistiska Fakulteten (Stockholm University), Humanistiska Forskningsradet, Karl-Eric Levins Stiftelse, Konung Gustaf VI: e Adolfs 80-arsfond för Svensk Kultur, Swedish Broadcasting Corporation, Syskonen Wesséns Stiftelse Sall- skapet för Antropologi och Geografi, Wenner-Greenska Samfundet and finally also the Forum Publishing House. Fil. dr. Ingvar Andersson, retired Archivist to the King, and Professors Bernhard Karlgren, Stockholm, and Carl-Gustav Izikowitz, Gothenburg, have shown a warm and active interest in my work in many ways, for which I remain deeply grateful. I have also profited from discussions or correspondence with Professor Alfred Bühler of Basel, the late Professor J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong of Leiden, Professor Otley Beyer of Manila, Dr Agnes Geijer of Stock- holm and Mr. J. Langewis of Castricum, Holland, and from prolonged visits to the ethnographic museums and institutions of Basel (Museum für Völker- kunde), Leiden (Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde), London (British Museum) and Lisbon (Instituto Portugues de Aryueologia, Historia e Etnografia). While in New Guinea, parts of my stay were made much more pleasant through the endeavours of Professor J. van Baal and his wife (he was then the Governor of Western New Guinea), Controlleur V. v. d. Veen and his family, Controlleur J. Massink, Aspirant-Controlleur G. Honnef, and Bestuur- assistent W. Achmat. I must also thank Professor Sigvald Linné of the Ethnographical Institution of the University of Stockholm for the patience and sympathy he has been able to offer me and Docent Gösta Montell for the working space he made available. To Docent C. Ehlert (Institute of general linguistics) I owe thanks for the time he took to discuss the Mejprat linguistic situation, and to my present chief Bengt Danielsson, Director of the Ethnographical Museum, Stockholm, for his understanding and encouragement. Mr. Keith Bradfield has earned my gratitude for his efforts to turn the language of the manuscript into English. It is my pleasant duty also to thank also my friends and collegagues in social anthropology at the Ethnographical Institution, Stockholm, who like me took an interest in the field work, and were ever ready to share their knowledge and experiences, and to discuss the implications. I am indebted to all of them, but most to B. A. Bob Dreher, Fil. kand. Camilla Hollander, Elisabet Lind, Pekka Niamela and Björn Raming who shows his fine craftmanship in the drawings. Finally I should like to thank Fil. kand. Annika Elmberg, my wife, for the work she has done for me over many years, typing and retyping sections of the manuscript, making entries in the vocabulary file and typing out texts and translations. Mrs Rut Oldenburg has typed most of the final version including the Appendix and Mrs Sibylla Haasum typed the notes; I am very grateful for their help with this onerous task. CONTENTS Preface 7 Gontents 9 List of illustrations 11 Introduction 13 Orthography 15 The setting 16 Previous research 21 Field work and theoretical considerations 26 PART I. Principles of social organisation Principles of kinship organisation 33 1. Kinship terminology 34 2. Two approaches to kinship terminology 40 3. Rules on Kin behaviour 52 4. Residential organisation 61 5. Order of descent 63 Kinship groups 1. Introduction: the importance of the couple 66 2. The nuclear family 69 3. The consanguineal family 75 4. Review 78 Marriage 1 A situation of changc 80 2. Bride-giver and bride-taker 82 3. The principle of "mixture" 83 4. The meeting of the ropes 87 Principles of local unit adherence 1. Dual organisation 90 2. Region of the Tu dema 94 3. Social and geographical polarity 97 4. Partition and partitional units 112 a) The spirit home 113 b) The name 117 c) The totem 121 PART II. Balance and circulation in goods exchange Traditional contacts with Indonesian trade cycles 125 Categories of cloth 136 Po 139 Po Pajm 140 Mon 147 Chafach 151 On safe 154 Sarim 157 Oonkek 158 Serach 159 Topa 161 Pokek 162 Mejprat patterns 163 Aspects of Mejprat exchange 171 1. "Raw" and "good" 177 2. The importance of the Fajt tree 180 3. Cycles of exchange 184 4. Categories of exchange 192 5. Initiative and domination 197 PART III. Balance and circulation in cosmological thought Cosmology 207 1. Cha and an 208 2. Manipulation of energies 212 3. The upper cycle 216 4. The lower cycle and the dema 221 PART IV. Summary 242 Appendix 1. Myths 253 2. Mejprat texts 282 3. Rates of exchange 285 4. Vocabulary 286 List of references 312 Index 321 List of illustrations Fig. 1. Position of the Doreri part (Bird's Head) of Irian Barat. Fig. 2. Sketch showing position of Mejprat villages. Fig. 3. Main march routes. Fig. 4. Combined data showing marriages of the Popot type. Fig. 5. The marriages of four important exchange leaders. Fig. 6. A model of the Popot marriage system. Fig. 7. A model of the Nesim marriage system. Fig. 8. The meeting of the ropes. Fig. 9A. Regional organisation: primary model. Fig. 9B. Regional organisation: secondary model. Fig. 10. Drawings termed "The tunnel system". Fig. 11A. Regional organisation: tertiary model of the Pres type. Fig. UB. Position of certain partitions near Mefchatiam. Fig. 11C. Ideogram of the super-region of Chawer Sarosa. Fig. 12. Patola patterned Tora cloth. Fig. 13. Patola patterned Pajm Woké cloth. Fig. 14. Patola patterned Pajm Siwiach cloth. Fig. 15. Pajm Siwiach cloth. Fig. 16. Mon Siaf ikat cloth. Fig. 17. Mon Ako ikat cloth. Fig. 18. Mon Aju Charen ikat cloth. Fig. 19. Alta Quolo of the Chafach class. Fig. 20. Recha Mofle of the Chafach class. Fig. 21. Par Musa of the Chafach class. Fig. 22. Charen Nafan of the Oan Safe class. Fig. 23. Cho Wor of the Oan Safe class. Fig. 24. Toch Tat of the Sarim class. Fig. 25. Sukek of the Oan Kek class. Fig. 26. F ra M'po of the Serach class. Fig. 27. Topa Furfur and Pokek Wach. Fig. 28. Bark-cloth in the collections of the Rijksmuseum, Leiden. Fig. 29. Bark-cloth from Umupas. Fig. 30. Embroideries on bark-cloth from Mefchatiam, Siti, Seja and Fuok. Fig. 31. The Fajt tree at Tuwer. Fig. 32. Ideogram of some traditional exchange activities near the lakes. Fig. 33. Transformations in the upper cycle. Fig. 34. The bronze tympanon Posonapi. 11 Introduction Orthography The transcription of Mejprat used in this book is based on a tentative phone- matic analysis1. According to this analysis Mejprat contains 6 vowel- and 11 consonant phonemes. The vowels arranged according to their phonetic reali- sation are: i u e o ii a The relevancy of the differentiation between /e/ and /a/ is demonstrated in e.g.: f e, "skilful", fa, "not"; ke, "fruit, harvest", ka, "hollow"; ne, "give, emit", na, "miss, lack"; se, "entire", sa, "empty".
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