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The Relationship Between Geology and Grade Distribution in the Baluba Centre Limb, Zambian Copperbelt

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The Relationship Between Geology and Grade Distribution in the Baluba Centre Limb, Zambian Copperbelt THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GEOLOGY AND GRADE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BALUBA CENTRE LIMB, ZAMBIAN COPPERBELT Chama Charles Kapumpa B.Sc. (Hons.) A thesis submitted for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) of the University of London and the Diploma of Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (DIC). Department of Geology Royal School of Mines Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine London SW7 2BP July, 1995 ProQuest Number: 11010334 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010334 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Dedicated to my late sister Joyce ‘Katnfiva %apumpa ABSTRACT Copper and cobalt mineralisation at Baluba are hosted in tremolite schists and argillites. The principal copper bearing minerals are chalcopyrite, bornite and chalcocite and cobalt occurs as carrollite in the schists and as cobaltiferous pyrite in the argillites. The primary mineralisation is envisaged to be synsedimentary. The 1% copper assay footwall is found to be coincidental with the geological footwall defined by the contact between conglomerates and schists, but the assay hangingwall does not have a corresponding geological marker. A vertical zonation of the orebody into ore mineral groups is noted in the Baluba orebody. A mathematical model that possibly describes the vertical copper grade distribution prior to diagenetic and metamorphic effects is presented. Petrographic examinations of the Baluba Centre Limb rocks indicate that the rocks have undergone metamorphism of the greenschist facies. The recrystallisation and remobilisation of the metallic minerals has affected the distribution of the copper and cobalt grades within the Baluba Centre Limb rocks. The geochemistry of the Basement suggests that the Basement schists and granites are possible sources of the rock forming and metallic minerals of the Baluba Centre Limb sediments. Whereas the copper and iron geochemical patterns in the Baluba Centre Limb can be adequately explained by the Basement geochemistry there is a notable deficiency of cobalt in the Basement. The geochemical patterns displayed in the Baluba Centre Limb rocks appear complex when all the samples are treated together without applying any geological controls to separate them. Clearer geochemical relationships are obtained when the samples are grouped according to lithological and mineralogical classes. The close correlation between cobalt and iron in the pyrites in the hangingwall region signifies the cobaltiferous nature of the pyrite. Statistically it has been observed that the distributions of copper grades are positively skewed and the histograms exhibit frequency distributions which deviate from the normal (gaussian) model. The skewness is, however, not strong enough to fit the log-normal model. The deviation from the normal distribution is attributed to the co-existence of several copper-bearing minerals through the Baluba Centre Limb orebody. 1 The analysis of variance indicates that the chip sampling method practised at Baluba gives rise to higher sampling variances compared to diamond drill sampling. It is shown that the sampling variance due to chip sampling accounts for about 20-40% of the total variance whereas the sampling variance contribution to total variance in diamond drill sampling is about 10-20%. Evaluation of the precision of copper and cobalt analysis by the AAS procedure at the Baluba mine laboratory indicate detection limits of 0.111% copper and 0.062% cobalt. Variograms have been constructed in the down-hole direction and in the horizontal plane. The spherical model with a nugget effect is used to fit the experimental variogram data. The fitted variogram models indicate a zonal anisotropy (between the down-hole and horizontal planes), but a geometric isotropy within the horizontal plane. In the down-hole direction the range of influence has been evaluated to be 1.6m in the schist and 8m in the argillites. In the horizontal plane the modelled variograms are isotropic with a range of 100m. The optimisation of the position of the hangingwall has been evaluated by assessing the influence of internal and hangingwall dilution. Using the effects of internal dilution only, a cutoff grade of 0.75% copper is found to optimise the hangingwall location. If hangingwall dilution is allowed for, in addition to the internal dilution, then a higher cutoff grade of 1.25% copper optimises the hangingwall position. A density of 2.779t/m3 is obtained for the mineralised sediments of Baluba. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research project was sponsored by a scholarship from the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited, Luanshya Division. I am grateful for their financial support and for the permission to use the materials and data. The support and assistance provided by the Luanshya Division Geology Department during the field work at Baluba mine is acknowledged. The Chief Geologist, geologists and the staff of the Geology, Mining, Analytical and Concentrator departments who provided their assistance in several ways during the field work are sincerely thanked. The senior geologist in charge of the Baluba Centre Limb section, Chalwe Mapoma, was especially a handy colleague to work with during the field work. His assistance with the organisation and management of the numerous mapping and sampling activities is greatly appreciated. My thanks are extended to Professor Dennis Buchanan for supervising the research. My secondary supervisor, Mr. Colin Dixon, provided field supervision during my first field trip to Baluba mine, in the summer of 1992. His guidance and advice are acknowledged and gratefully appreciated. I am thankful to Dr. Michael Ramsey for advice on the geochemical analyses. Dr. Chris Halls was helpful with petrographic work and is sincerely thanked. Alban Doyle and Barry Coles provided practical guidance and assistance on geochemical analyses. Other members of the technical staff who provided assistance include Liz Morris, Gillian Ragg, Dick Giddens, Nick Royall and Mark Thompson. They are all gratefully acknowledged. The late Tony Brown offered invaluable advice and assistance with computer-based cartography. He is fondly remembered and his help is acknowledged with deep gratitude. Paul Suddaby and Ella Ng Chieng Hin are thanked for their help with computing facilities. Geostatistical modelling was achieved mainly with the assistance and guidance provided by the Centre de Geostatistique of the Ecole des Mines de Paris based at Fontainebleau, France. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Margaret Armstrong and her colleagues at the Centre for their expert advice and help. I would like to sincerely thank the staff at Techpro Mining and Metallurgy, Asford, Kent, who, in the latter stages of my research, provided updated information on the mining operations in the Baluba Centre Limb. 3 Logistical and administrative support during my stay in London was provided by Zambia Appointments Limited who are the United Kingdom based agents of the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited. Messrs. Hilton Kelly, Roger Thomson, Ted Avery and Mrs. Sue Gibbs are thanked for their assistance with all the technical and social welfare matters. I enjoyed the company I shared with fellow members of the Mining Geology research group: Paul Smith, Xingchun Zhang, Dr. Rujian Zhao, Dr. Tom Serenko, Dr. Sean Mulshaw. Wayne and Diane Jennings and family, Francis and Hannah Katakwe and family, Steve Kazumba and other friends and colleagues provided a warm and sincere friendship to me and my family during the period of this study. Finally, but by no means the least, I wish to acknowledge the company and love I received from my wife Mutinta, and children (Chama Jr. and Changu) and commend their endurance. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS A B STR A C T.................................................................................................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................ 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................................... 12 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 16 1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................. 16 1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ........................................................................... 19 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ...............................................................................
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