Annual Report 1997–1998

Okehampton Exeter

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British Geological Survey

Annual Report 1997–1998

Natural Environment Research Council Foreword

The British Geological Survey Review; a review which, as you will have seen, produced a very (BGS) is an important part of positive outcome in terms of funding for science. the Natural Environment I am pleased to see that the new management arrangements put in Research Council (NERC) place at the BGS are already having an impact. Recommendations and I take pleasure in con- from the reviews of 1997 have been taken on board throughout the tributing this Foreword to organisation and measures are being put in place to meet them. The their Annual Report for reviews did identify two programme areas which required strength- 1997/98. ening and in these areas Programme Development Groups have During the past four and a half been established by the BGS Board to do just that. On top of this, years I have made numerous the new Director has set in motion a wide-ranging strategic enjoyable visits to Keyworth planning exercise. Involving staff at all levels within the BGS and and Edinburgh to learn of the also customer consultation, this process is designed to position the work in progress there. This BGS to meet the challenges facing the geosciences at the start of the year I was especially privileged new millennium. to be invited to join the Despite this year of change, the BGS has continued to deliver against Director and BGS staff on a the agreed programme objectives in both its Core Strategic and field trip to the Lake District; this provided me with insight into the Commissioned Research programmes. The fact that progress was skill, enthusiasm and dedication of those working in the field on maintained against targets during this period is a testament to the pro- mapping programmes. fessionalism and dedication of every member of BGS staff. This report The period covered by the report has been one of great change for the clearly sets out that progress, illustrating the relevance of the science, BGS. It underwent a major, five-yearly review of its entire Core the benefits it brings to society, and the contribution it can make Programme of public-good science. This review culminated in a toward achieving the goal of sustainable development. And geoscience thorough Science and Management Audit and I am happy to say that clearly has a vital role to play in achieving that goal: in finding the the BGS came out of the review process with its stock riding high. At resources that society needs; in helping to dispose safely of the waste the same time there were changes at the management level with the society produces; and in understanding the risks and hazards associ- arrival of a new Director, Dr David Falvey, and the establishment of ated with both these activities. It is a role which puts the BGS at the the BGS Board, under its Chairman Dr Eric Hassall. These changes heart of the science that the NERC must deliver for the nation. occurred against a backdrop of change at the national level, with the new Labour Government taking a very active interest in science, and Professor John Krebs FRS its contribution to society, as part of their Comprehensive Spending Chief Executive of the Natural Environment Research Council.

Main cover photograph Small cover photographs This shows the effect of volcanic ash on the centre of Plymouth, the former capital town Thick Ordovician sandstone turbidites (pale) interbedded with mudstones (dark) north of of Montserrat in the Eastern Caribbean. In the picture, a phone box and the war Ceibwr Bay, west of Cardigan, SW Wales. A study in the architecture and dynamics of memorial on the seafront are partially covered these rocks, which were strongly folded during the Caledonian Orogeny, is being under- by ash and debris deposited by pyroclastic taken as part of the primary survey of the Cardigan area (page 5). (Photo by R A Waters). flows and subsequent mudflows since June Cenozoic amber from a Baltic tree containing a fungus gnat and a spider is one of the 1997. Volcanic activity since July 1995 has illustrations in the new BGS Popular Publication Fossils–– the story of life (page 18). rendered a large part of the south of (Photo: BGS/Sedgwick Museum). Montserrat uninhabitable. Numerous pyroclastic flows have travelled down all flanks of The Permian trace fossil Umfolozzia longula, found during the Falkland Islands the Soufrière Hills volcano (background to mapping (page 23), is one detail in the evidence linking the islands' rock formations photo), destroying a large part of several with those of South Africa. (Photo by D T Aldiss). towns, including Plymouth, and inundated The macroseismic survey for the magnitude 2.8 ML Dartmouth earthquake, 16 October valuable agricultural land. 19 people were 1997, 00:19 UTC, see Geophysical Monitoring (page 10). Areas of EMS intensities 3 and killed by pyroclastic flows in the summer of 4 are depicted. The epicentre is shown as a yellow star. 1997. The BGS has been involved in the monitoring programme of the Montserrat Volcano Observatory since early in the crisis Bibliographical reference as part of a multidisciplinary and multi- BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1998. organisation project funded by DFID Annual Report of the British Geological Survey 1997–1998. (page 27). (Photo by G E Norton). (Swindon, Wiltshire: Natural Environment Research Council). Editor: Martin Litherland Design & Production: Adrian Minks

The maps of Great Britain used in this report which are based on Ordnance Survey Mapping, are Print Production: John Stevenson reproduced with permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown copyright. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/1998. © NERC 1998. All rights reserved. 10/98 C30 ISBN 0 85272 322 9 Report of the British Geological Survey 1997–98

The Mission of the British Geological Survey is to:

Advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its adjacent continental shelf by means of systematic surveying and data collection, long-term monitoring and high-quality research.

Provide comprehensive, objective, impartial and up-to-date geoscientiﬁc information, advice and services which meet the needs of customers in the industrial, engineering, governmental and scientiﬁc communitiues of the UK and overseas, thereby contributing to the economic competitiveness of the United Kingdom, the effectiveness of public services and policy, and quality of life.

Enhance the UK science base by providing knowledge, information, education and training in the geosciences, and promote the public understanding of the relevance of geoscience to resource and environment issues.

Natural Environment Research Council Contents

Director’s Introduction ...... 1 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES Geological Mapping of Britain ...... 2 Minerals and Geochemistry ...... 8 Geophysics ...... 10 Hydrogeology ...... 12 Marine and Coastal Geology ...... 14 Records and Databases ...... 16 Science for All ...... 18 Northern Ireland ...... 20 Isotope Geosciences ...... 21 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME International Development and Assistance: — Mapping and Minerals ...... 22 — Groundwater and Pollution ...... 24 — Hydrocarbons ...... 26 — Geohazards ...... 27 — Environmental Geoscience ...... 28 Resources: — Minerals ...... 30 — Oil and Gas ...... 31 Geology and Geohazards ...... 32 Environmental Geoscience ...... 34

C F Adkin APPENDICES 'Gene' Shoemaker died tragically only 1. Organisation ...... 38 months after delivering our Distinguished 2. Finance ...... 39 Lecture of 1997 and receiving his medal (above). He was probably the most inﬂuen- 3. Publishing ...... 40 tial planetary geologist of our age. His ashes 4. Staff List ...... 50 are on board Lunar Prospector, and will 5. Academic Collaboration ...... 56 eventually land on the Moon. 6. Business Collaboration ...... 58 7. Committees ...... 60 8. Acronyms ...... 61 9. Core Strategic Programme Achievements ...... 62 10.The BGS Board ...... 70

British Geological Survey

Dr John Carney demonstrates hand-augering as part of an orientation course for those BGS staff without formal geological training. P A Tod Director’s Introduction

It is far easier to build from a position of partnership approach will take various strength than from one of decline. For forms, from user panels for the BGS’s this reason I concluded that 1998, being public-good programme to more formal the first year without a major external consortia with industrial and commercial review for some considerable time, partners, where appropriate. The second presented the BGS with a golden oppor- element can be summarised as a change in tunity to plan for a successful future. I emphasis from data acquisition to data therefore initiated a major strategic exploitation. Of course, there will be a planning exercise, a process which has continuing need to acquire new and better now been running for eight months. It data, but in the future the emphasis will has involved contributions from all kinds be placed firmly on providing solutions to of people, from junior staff to the BGS problems and helping customers to realise Board, and will increasingly involve our opportunities. stakeholders in Government, industry These two key elements of the new and the universities, too. Its aim is to strategy are linked intimately, because it produce a new Strategic Plan for the is through closer relationships with BGS which will set the context for future customers that the BGS will develop a Business and Programme Planning and fuller understanding of the problems and guide the organisation into the new mil- I am delighted to have this opportunity opportunities facing society. In this lennium. to introduce the BGS Annual Report for respect, the new strategy will focus the 1997/98, the first during my term of The process is not yet complete, but it is BGS on the delivery of ‘outcomes’ which office as Director. It gives me a chance to possible to set out a few of the emerging match BGS data, knowledge and reflect on a busy first year in the job and elements of the new strategy. I will expertise to society’s needs. This to look forward to some of the things I confine myself to just two. Firstly, the promises an exciting future for the BGS hope to achieve during what I am sure BGS will become more and more closely — for the problems may be great but the will be a long and happy association with allied with the needs of its customers, opportunities are many. the BGS. working in partnership with David A Falvey When I became Director in January them to set the direction for BGS Director of the British Geological Survey 1998, I inherited a successful organisa- November 1998. tion which was emerging from a series of science. This demanding reviews with great credit. My predecessor, Peter Cook, working with a proactive Programme Board, laid the foundations for that success. Since the start of 1998 the Board has been re- constituted as the BGS Board, with responsibility across all BGS activities. I look forward to building on these foundations with the new Board. I must say that I have been impressed with the range of expertise and the quality of the science to be found in the BGS. The breadth and depth of the staff’s capabilities, when combined with the unique data and knowledge held by the BGS, present a significant opportunity to provide the nation with both scientific and economic benefits. The contents of this report show that the BGS has much to offer across a range of overlapping issues: energy, minerals, water and land resources; geological hazards and risks; waste and pollution; and the impacts of global change. Winter at the Keyworth site (photo: P A Tod).

1 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The BGS is dedicated to CORE STRATEGIC PROGRAMME provide, on maps and in This, the principal business task of the BGS, entails long- databases and written term mapping/surveying, monitoring, databasing, support- accounts, geological ing scientific research and the provision of scientific advice. The Core Strategic Programme contains the underpinning information for all parts scientific activity which provides geoscientific information in of Great Britain and her support of decision making by public and private bodies at territorial waters, com- national to local levels on broad issues relating to resources, mensurate with the land use, geohazards and the environment. A small, but key needs of the whole user element of the Core Strategic Programme is the promotion of community. the public understanding of science. The programme’s primary funding is from the Science Budget. Geological Mapping of Britain

The 15-year programme of geological ● Southern Highlands: mapping efforts mapping carried out within the have concentrated on the turbiditic Multidisciplinary Regional Surveys sub- Southern Highland Group (below left). programme was started in 1990/91. The The work has been particularly useful in cumulative output over the seven years is developing theories relating to 159 resurveyed or revised 1:50 000 geo- Dalradian structural development, both logical maps, 62 memoirs, three new in terms of proposing mechanisms for editions of regional guides and two sub- cleavage growth, and reﬁning the larger surface memoirs. During the current year scale tectonic collisional models that 3303 square kilometres were resurveyed imply movement towards the north-east or revised; 299 1:10 000 maps were during the peak of the Grampian View looking north-north-west from Ben released to the public (including 24 orogeny. Collaboration with the univer- Venue over Loch Katrine. The hills in the digital maps) and 103 technical reports sities of Edinburgh and Leicester, and foreground are underlain by Southern written. Eight shallow boreholes, the East Kilbride Reactor Centre aims Highland Group rocks, giving way to pro- totalling 667 metres, were drilled. to characterise an important volcaniclas- gressively older rocks northwards. tic unit, termed the Green Beds. Preliminary Green Bed geochemical data suggests that they originate from a mixed plume- and N-MORB* basaltic source. Stream sediment geochemistry is helping to unravel the original basin architecture of the Southern Highland Group turbidite sediments. ● East Grampian: cathode luminescence work on thin sections from Dalradian metacarbonate rocks collected in the Tomintoul area has enabled mapping of detailed variations in their strontium content. Preliminary results from the Tayvallich Limestone in the south- western part of the Grampian Highlands suggest that Sr87/86 ratios may be compatible with Neoproterozoic sea water curves. This technique allows an assessment of the age of the meta-

C W Thomas limestone to be made independently of

*See list of Acronyms (Appendix 8).

2 GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME

This is an extension of the Core Strategic Programme, consisting of research activities co-funded by the BGS from Science Budget appropriations, and by partners in the private and public sectors (including the EU). Co-funded projects address surveying and generic research issues relevant to the BGS Core Strategic Programme and to the strategic interests of the co-funding partners. Co-funding helps demonstrate speciﬁc customer support for elements of our core strategic programme and is expected to expand in the future.

other isotopic and stratigraphical con- Fell Sandstone groups. The occurrence straints. of large calcite petrifications of Cordaites trees from the Middle Coal Measures, ● Monadhliath: with more than 65% of found in an opencast coal mine near the Central Highlands now covered at Chester-le-Street (Sheet 20 Newcastle the 1:50 000 scale, regional syntheses upon Tyne) was investigated in collabo- and a multi-disciplinary approach have ration with staff of Durham and been successfully combined to identify a London universities (right). Proposals to series of marine rift basins of investigate the nature and distribution Proterozoic age. Ongoing detailed of mine gas emissions, mainly the Quaternary mapping and microstruc- mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide tural studies of glaciolacustrine known as ‘stythe’, in the sediments (bottom right) have provided Northumberland Coalfield has new data and ideas on the patterns of attracted media attention. ice movement and deglaciation in the Spey valley and across the Central ● Lake District: the Borrowdale Highlands. Volcanic Group has been traced to the Appleby district (Sheet 30). Many ● Midland Valley: work continued on andesite sheets have been recorded in the revision of the Lanark district (Sheet the dominantly volcaniclastic upper 23), where new opencast mining explo- part of the group. Farther south, in the ration data has enabled the compilation Kendal district, detailed work on the B Young of a complete Carboniferous sequence upper part of the sedimentary Large petrified Cordaites trunk in in the Coalburn-Douglas area. In the Windermere Supergroup has estab- sandstone above High Main Coal, Prior’s Kilmarnock district (Sheet 22), comple- lished systematic lithological variation Close North Opencast site, Great Lumley, tion of the survey has enabled a revision which will necessitate a partial revision near Chester-le-Street, County Durham. of the lithostratigraphy and the clarifica- of the local lithostratigraphy. tion of the volcanic processes that produced the Clyde Plateau Volcanic ● East Midlands: research into the sub- Formation. A regional Midland Valley surface geology of the Loughborough project was initiated to produce a 3-D district (Sheet 141) continued with the computer model of geological surfaces drilling of a 175 metre-deep hole at across the region from digital data sets. Worthington, just west of the Carboniferous Limestone inlier at ● Southern Uplands: in the Leadhills Breedon Cloud. The borehole proved district (Sheet 15E) conodont evidence Lower Coal Measures, down to the has proved three new localities of Arenig Subcrenatum Marine Band, resting on rocks. Detailed revision of the 117 metres of Namurian strata of the Llandovery graptolite biostratigraphy Millstone Grit Group. The resurvey of continues to provide invaluable input to the Melton Mowbray district (Sheet the core mapping programme, particu- 142) commenced at the beginning of larly in understanding the plexus of the year. Mapping in the western and tract-bounding faults within the Gala southern parts of the sheet has consid- Group in the Thornhill (Sheet 9E) and erably refined the complex drift Moffat (Sheet 16W) districts. geology of the Wreake valley; the F I MacTaggart ● Tyne Alston: revision mapping of the Bytham Sand and Gravel of pre- Small-scale compressional fault with Rothbury district (Sheet 9) concen- Anglian age is overlain by interbedded sheared mudstone and disrupted trated mainly on a reinterpretation of tills, glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial bedding: glaciolacustrine deposits, the outcrops of the Cementstone and deposits of Anglian age. Raitt’s Burn, Spey Valley.

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN 3 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES Geological Mapping of Britain (continued)

● West Midlands: modelling of the features. Our research, in collaboration Triassic aquifer (right) has benefitted with Royal Holloway, University of from a suite of recently released maps London and the University of Brighton, covering part of the Stafford Basin. The is targeted at determining the prove- integration of seismic data with nance, depositional environment and age ● Yorkshire: The five kilometre- downhole geophysics and surface of these gravels. long Standedge Canal Tunnel mapping has led to a better understand- ● (below), built over 200 years ago, ing of the subsurface structure of the London Basin: mapping west of was formerly an important trans- Basin, and of the distribution of the London has enabled the pre-Anglian Pennine transport route. In Permo-Triassic formations that are an courses of the rivers Blackwater, Kennet advance of remedial work to important source of groundwater for and Thames to be determined. A model reopen the tunnel for use in time public consumption. incorporating outcrop and borehole data for the new millenium, British has led to the determination of dominant ● Waterways provided the BGS an Hampshire Basin: mapping of the north-west-trending faults in the region. unique opportunity to access the Alresford area (Sheet 300) was completed They are thought to be the surface entire tunnel. The section records ahead of schedule. This was greatly expression of basement structures (one an upward transition from the assisted by the interpretation of 1:25 000 underlies the Windsor dome) that may turbidites of the Shale Grit and scale stereo air photography using the have significant implications for assess- Grindslow Shales, deposited in a ImageStation system to produce ‘headup’ ment of the Variscan front. prodelta or delta slope environ- screen images in stereo on which digital linework was interpreted. This new The Quaternary deposits of the ment, to the dominantly fluvio- Reading area (Sheet 268) have been deltaic Kinderscout Grits, approach to field mapping considerably reclassified into a series of river terrace deposited on a delta top. This enhances the production rate in the field deposits relating to the drainage of the work represents part of an ongoing and allows targeting of difficult ground. proto-Kennet and Thames rivers, programme of resurvey of four Work has started on ImageStation pro- together with periglacial weathering 1:50 000 Series maps in West cessing of the photographs for the and mass-movement deposits. Data Yorkshire. The resurvey of the Winchester area (Sheet 299). from two boreholes have allowed con- Wakefield and Bradford sheets is ● Cotswolds: the first detailed survey of siderable refinement of the Palaeogene now complete; Huddersfield is the Moreton-in-Marsh area (Sheet 217) stratigraphy. nearing completion, and Leeds has is nearly complete. Two hitherto been started. ● Cornwall and South Devon: mapping unknown outliers of the Middle Jurassic of the Torquay region (Sheet 350) has Cornbrash and Kellaways formations revealed a ‘high’ at least 20 kilometres have been discovered. The pattern of wide to the north of the Looe Basin in faulting reflects the deep-seated ‘Vale of the Variscan rifted passive margin of Moreton Axis’, on the eastern margin of central Cornwall and south Devon. the Worcester Basin. Cambering and Multiple reef and carbonate complexes gulling are widespread in the district, developed during the Mid to Late and are important in relation to con- Devonian on this ‘high’, where it was struction projects. They have been shielded from clastic sedimentary supply mapped and investigated using geophys- by the formation of a faulted sedimen- ical methods including ground penetrat- tary basin to the north. ing radar and the NERC’s Airborne Thematic Mapper. Collaborative BGS/Durham University CASE research on the Lizard (Sheet ● East Anglia: the Cromer region (Sheet 359) has established that different peri- 131) lies at the interface between dotites of the ophiolite complex are deposits of three ice sheets: the British related to changing pressure and tem- Eastern Ice Sheet, the Scandinavian Ice perature conditions during tectonically Sheet of Anglian age, and the younger controlled mantle uplift. The distribu- Devensian Ice Sheet. Remarkably fresh tion of peridotite types has been C N Waters landforms, such as the Blakeney ‘esker’ mapped out in detail. View of Marsden Portal at the entrance and smaller isolated gravel outcrops in of the Standedge Tunnel. the Glaven valley, are considered by ● Lyme Bay to Bristol Channel: the some to be constructional glacial survey of the Triassic, Cretaceous and landforms, and by others as erosional Tertiary rocks of the Sidmouth area

4 GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN (CONTINUED)

● Cardigan: the Moylgrove Group D M Bridge is a poorly known, late Rock strata which comprise part of the Staffordshire Basin Triassic aquifer: the photograph Ordovician, deep-water turbidite shows the junction between the weakly-cemented Wildmoor Sandstone and the overlying basal sequence that is splendidly conglomeratic unit of the Bromsgrove Sandstone, Tong Forge, Staffordshire. exposed in the sea cliffs between Cardigan and Newport in south- west Wales (below). A study of (Sheet 326) continued. Around Beer, an compile digital field information and the architecture and dynamics of extensive layer of partially dissolved other datasets such as mine plans, using this deformed sandy turbidite Chalk is underlain by intact Chalk and PC-based Microstation software. The system is being undertaken as overlain by Tertiary Clay-with-flints. system is fully compatible with that part of the primary survey of the The position of the partially decalcified used by Cartographic Services to Cardigan area (Sheet 193). layer, which is 15 to 20 metres thick, produce 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 scale suggests that it is a Tertiary feature. It maps and will enable the rapid develop- may represent an intermediate stage in ment of customised map-based products the formation of Clay-with-flints. for commercial applications. Similar, large-scale, pervasive, karstic features are preserved beneath chalk ● Continuous revision: the purpose of valleys throughout southern England this programme, which is of consider- and are probably related in origin to the able long-term strategic importance, is Beer occurrences. Their recognition has to address the on-going needs of the important geotechnical and hydrogeo- geoscience map and data-using logical implications. community for areas both within and outside the map sheets designated ● Swanage: mapping of the Swanage area within the 15-year plan. It is carried (Sheet 343) has been completed. The out by a process of focused data acqui- dominant feature of this district is the sition, databasing and subsequent map approximately east – west Purbeck revision at scales of 1:10 000 and Monocline and associated fault, which has resulted in a narrow belt of steeply 1:50 000 for areas, mainly urban, where dipping, locally overturned strata. The the demand is high. Revised maps are Palaeogene basin that lies on the north now available for the Sheffield, side of this structure comprises a thin Bristol/Bath, Beaconsfield/Reigate and London Clay and a much thicker Poole Glasgow areas. Formation. Within the Poole In Scotland, a proactive policy of data R A Waters Formation, a series of clay members acquisition was pursued, with three BGS geologists landing by inflatable to include internationally important ball- BGS boreholes and 30 commercial collect graptolite fossils, necessary for the clay deposits. Close to the monocline boreholes examined and data incorpo- correlation of these Moylgrove sequences. the host clays occupy a narrow, struc- rated in correction copies. In addition, The inaccessibility of the cliffs has turally complex area. 22 non-coal mine plans, 3100 mine precluded a detailed study until now, ● Research and Development: the entries and 14 000 records of quarries but the survey is totally dependent on highlight was the completion of a were researched, validated and entered access from the sea. prototype system to enable geologists to into digital datasets.

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN 5 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES Geological Mapping of Britain (continued)

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME Ground level change in the Thames Estuary: a review was made of potential causes of ground movement and rates of change that may inﬂuence the risk of ﬂooding in the next millennium and D G Tragheim and M R Bowker beyond. The study (in the second year of three) is being carried out for the Environment Agency, in collaboration with the Institute of Engineering Survey and Space Geodesy, Nottingham University.

Afon Teifi Catchment Survey: this St Bees area, Lake District: an oblique perspective looking north-east showing Quaternary geology project, co-funded by a consortium draped over a terrain model produced by digital photogrammetry. Drift-free solid geology is in of Local Authorities and the purple, Boulder Clay in light blue, glaciofluvial deposits (sand and gravel) in pink, river alluvium in Environment Agency, was pale yellow, marine alluvium in dark yellow, and peat in orange-brown. The cross section shows completed this year. It has involved imbricate slices of sand and gravel wedges caused by glaciotectonics. The area of the image is 34 km2. the production of 1:25 000 scale maps of the catchment, together with six thematic maps and a Remote Sensing Digital Photogrammetry Technical Report. Most of the effort Remote sensing covers a wide range of Earth focused on the Quaternary deposits. A major focus in recent years has been observation techniques from satellite and The study, together with two deep the development of new applications of airborne imagery (below) to classical photo- boreholes, drilled in abandoned digital photogrammetry aimed at geology and digital photogrammetry. The segments of the Teifi valley, has improving the efficiency of the UK geo- BGS programmes are designed to utilise thrown new light on the Quaternary logical mapping programme. These tech- these techniques to help improve productiv- history of the area (far right). niques enable on-screen interactive geo- ity and cost-effectiveness. morphological interpretation to be carried out of 3-D stereomodels and oblique perspectives derived from high resolution aerial photographs (above). Photogrammetry reduces the amount of time needed for fieldwork and thus can improve the speed and cost-effectiveness of mapping programmes. Inputs have been provided to several mapping projects including Alresford, Melton, Winchester and Huddersfield.

View of an original 1: 5000 scale orthophoto draped over a DTM, near Bourton-on-the- Water, Cotswolds, southern England. It shows an unusual pattern of topographic depressions in Middle Jurassic limestones. Rock exposures in the railway cutting, combined with ground penetrating radar, show that the hollows are related to extensional half-graben faults due to mass movement of the limestones above D G Tragheim weaker clays at depth.

6 GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN (CONTINUED)

Namurian Flooding Events and uplift of pre-Permian strata during the (Realising Our Potential Variscan Orogeny. In the southwest and Award) around Milton Green the Warwickshire Group (Erbistock to Ruabon Marl forma- Studies of catastrophically rapid tions) are unconformable on Coal Measures, glacioeustatic marine flooding events in Millstone Grit, Carboniferous Limestone the Namurian of the Central Pennine and older rocks. This relationship persists in Basin reveal that they provide the time the subsurface. Subsurface mapping in framework upon which Namurian Derbyshire shows evidence of Dinantian sequence stratigraphy and lithostratigraphy tilt-blocks dipping southwest. is interpreted. Engineering Behaviour of Graphic correlation indicates that flooding British Rock and Soil surfaces are sensitive to differential subsidence, and provides a tool for constraining Formations subtle changes in syndepositional tectonics ● The analysis of the geotechnical and differential compaction. Transgressive database of the Mercia Mudstone for deposits are rare. Many of the fluvial the effects of regional variation, strati- sediments belong to the highstand phase graphical position and weathering grade rather than the early transgressive phase of has been completed. marine flooding; this is contrary to some ● recently published models. A report on the geotechnical shrinking and swelling properties of the Mercia Small-Scale Maps Mudstone has been finalised. ● Regional contour maps at 1:1.5 million The first draft of the monograph on the Glaciolacustrine clays, exhibiting silt scale of the Top Chalk/Base Tertiary of Engineering Geology of the Mercia laminae, soft sediment deformation and the entire UK (onshore and offshore), the Mudstone has been completed. dropstones (pebbles dropped from base Chalk of the North Sea (partial) and ● Compilation of a geotechnical database icebergs), from a cored borehole (67.9 to the base Cretaceous of the North Sea for the Palaeocene Lambeth Group is well 71.65 m depth) near Cardigan. The (partial) have been compiled from a advanced. clays form the lower part of a very thick variety of sources. Preliminary work for ● Field visits to exposures of the Lambeth sequence of glaciolacustine sediments the production of GIS coverages for these deposited in a major proglacial lake, structural surfaces has begun, together Group (below) have yielded disturbed samples for geotechnical testing and ponded by the onshore advance of an with rudimentary procedures for generat- Irish Sea ice sheet during the last ice age. ing cross-sections and fault displacement highlighted the engineering complexity statistics from these coverages. A prelimi- of the group. nary 3-D model of major crustal faults and ● A survey of leading engineering geolo- Moho surfaces in southern England is gists in commerce and academia showed Alum Bay, Isle of Wight. The vertical- nearing completion continuing support for the Engineering dipping Reading Formation of the Properties Project and indicated that Lambeth Group is bounded to the left by Minehead Mapping Lias Clay, Coal Measures Mudrocks London Clay and to the right by Chalk. An earth-flow in the clay of the Reading Following work in the Bristol Channel and the London Clay should be given high priority for future study. Formation is ‘moving’ down the cliff, (1:50 000 Sheet 278 Minehead) an alter- towards the viewer. native explanation has been advanced for a prominent seismic reflector, originally identified as pre-Devonian metamorphic basement. This reflector is interpreted as the top of the Carboniferous Limestone. This interpretation produces geological relationships which are best explained by reviving Ussher’s theory of the Cannington Park Thrust, which has emplaced Devonian and older rocks on Carboniferous Limestone and overlying Silesian, south of Cannington Park and extending westwards offshore. Cheshire-Staffordshire- Derbyshire Project Two unconformities are recognised in the subsurface of the Cheshire Basin. The main regional unconformity lies at the base of the Collyhurst Sandstone, caused by folding K J Northmore

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF BRITAIN 7 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The BGS carries out Minerals and systematic geochemical surveying of the UK and maintains national Geochemistry databases of geochemical, radiometric and mineral Striking the balance between the need for The geochemical atlas for North-west data. a sustainable environment and the need England and North Wales was completed. A for mineral products requires authorita- hydrogeochemical atlas of Wales (the first of tive, systematic information. Technology its kind) is in preparation, containing stream Foresight has identified the problems and water chemistry at a resolution of one sample challenges associated with the stages of the per two square kilometres. A thematic section natural resource cycle, from exploration, to this atlas illustrates how the data may be through the identification, extraction, pro- used to interpret key issues such as regional cessing and industrial use of resources, to controls on trace-element speciation, acid the disposal of waste and the remediation rain and eutrofication. G-BASE data are and aftercare of contaminated land. being used to assist in geological interpreta- Collectively, the projects that make up the tion in Scotland (below left). (Below) Three-component map for Minerals and Geochemistry Core Strategic On the international level, the BGS zirconium (red), strontium (green) and Programme offer the impartial expertise, continued to take the lead in initiatives to rubidium (blue) in stream sediment over knowledge and information on which harmonise geochemical maps and part of the central Highlands of Scotland. sound economic and environmental mapping in Europe and worldwide. The highly evolved Cairngorm Granite decisions can be based at every stage of the cycle. They also provide fundamental data (A) is clearly defined by high levels of MINGOL (Minerals GIS On-Line) rubidium and low strontium and in support of geological mapping. zirconium. The Strath Tummel Basin The basic structure for this minerals infor- (B), part of the Glen Spean–Strath G-BASE mation system is now complete, and a CD- Tummel Subgroup of the Grampian The Geochemical Baseline Survey of the ROM is available for demonstration Group, is marked by high levels of Environment (G-BASE) provides baseline purposes. Data from the DETR-commis- zirconium and rubidium (pink hues), geochemical data for soils, stream sioned county Mineral Resource Planning reflecting the predominance of K-feldspar sediments and waters for economic and maps for Staffordshire and South Wales and detrital mineral assemblages. The environmental applications. In 1997, were successfully incorporated into outcrop of this subgroup to the north-east, suites of geochemical samples (stream MINGOL during the year, and additional the Cromdale Basin (C), has a similar sediments, stream waters and soils) were maps will be added as they are published. signature (the darker colours indicate collected over an area of 5200 square kilo- Maps showing the Economic Planning lower values) but shows less contrast with metres in the East Midlands, including Regions and production data for construc- the geochemistry of the surrounding both rural and urban areas. tion minerals are now available, as well as a rocks. The A9 road is shown in black. national index of mineral exploration data. Revision and updating of the BRITPITS dataset was completed, providing information for a new edition of the Directory of Mines and Quarries (DMQ). Work continued on the 1:250 000 mineral resource map series: the first map, covering the Lake District, is well advanced. Further commodity chapters and a glossary were drafted for a new publication, Mineral Resources of Britain. Gold in Extensional Basins A new project on the metallogeny of gold in the Dalradian of the Scottish Highlands involves the multidisciplinary study of various types of gold mineralisation in order to understand its distribution in terms of the sedimentary, magmatic and tectonic development of the Dalradian basin. It is planned to develop a unifying predictive model for the identification of prospective targets in this and similar terrains elsewhere in the world.

8 MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY

Trace-element Distributions: a NERS (Natural Environmental New Approach Radioactivity Survey) A novel approach to the measurement of Revised versions of the Liverpool Bay trace-element distributions in soils and 1: 250 000 scale radon potential and gamma- sediments is being developed, which is ray-dose maps were prepared. The radon Basin Maturity simpler to carry out than traditional extrac- sheet now incorporates the effect of uncon- Basin maturity surveys of UK tion schemes and is more flexible and solidated drift deposits as well as the solid Palaeozoic basins have shown that selective in identifying the presence of rocks, a major advance on earlier products. distinctive patterns of metapelitic different physico-chemical components. The Similar revision of the Lake District maps zones indicated by clay-mineral crys- method uses nitric acid as a non-specific was brought close to completion and work tallinity are the result of burial and extractant. Under different experimental con- commenced on the East Midlands sheet. heat flow in different geotectonic ditions, different proportions of metals are Studies were continued into the influence of settings. Deep-burial and low-heat- extracted from different phases. After mineralogy on radon emanation for selected flow conditions are characteristic of chemical analysis of the resulting solutions, rock units, e.g. being the Northampton Sand the Scottish Southern Uplands chemometric processing is used to identify Formation which is known to have relatively terrane and the Windermere and quantify the various components. high radon emanation. Supergroup. The Welsh Basin and the Skiddaw Basin in the Lake District are high-heat-flow exten- PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME sional basins. The Variscan basin of south-west England represents Interlaboratory comparison: a project Metal-contaminated canal mud: a col- passive-margin sequences which supported by the EU has been set up to laborative study with the University of acquired a pattern of burial metamor- improve collaboration between the geo- Nottingham investigated metal contami- phism prior to the development of a chemical laboratories of geological surveys nation of muds from the Birmingham fold-and-thrust belt . in western and eastern Europe canal system. Cryogenic SEM tech- (Netherlands, Finland, UK, Estonia, niques have been developed to provide Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovak detailed petrographic information on Republic, Poland, Romania, Russia and the nature of the anthropogenic Cu, Zn, Hungary). The aim of the project is to Pb, Fe and P in the unconsolidated assess the comparability of data provided by sediments. The BGS cryoSEM enables each laboratory for geochemical mapping the muds to be examined wet and purposes, to facilitate data interpretation reduces the disruption of primary fabrics across national borders. During the first associated with sample drying for con- year, each laboratory has provided data for ventional SEM. This approach has an interlaboratory proficiency testing enabled the processes controlling the Metapelitic Zone Kubler Index Late scheme and information on their analytical ‘early diagenetic’ mobilisation and Diagenetic LDZ Tectonic Zone 0.42 °20 transport direction Low LA Younging Anchizone methods as the basis for detailed assessment fixation of the metals to be evaluated. 0.30 direction High HA Anchizone Thrust plane of appropriate analytical strategies. 0.25 Mineral deposit evaluation: the Epizone E UK coal resources: the preparation of a principal aims of this partnership project map of UK coal resources at a scale of between the BGS, who acted as project 1:1 000 000, for completion in 1998, was leaders, DTI, KRJA Systems Ltd and Block diagram showing inverted pattern undertaken with the support of the Coal Anglesey Mining plc were to test a of metapelitic zones developed in a Authority. The map will illustrate the mineral exploration methodology based typical fold-and-thrust belt. Such extent, as projections to surface areas, of on the PIMA (Portable Infrared Mineral patterns are found in low-grade meta- different categories of resources and Analyser) and the VULCAN 3-D morphic terranes on the flanks of major former resources of coal and coal-bed modelling system, and transfer the alpine-type orogenic belts. methane. The map will include coals of all methodology to minerals-sector SMEs. ages, with an indication of the sub-surface The PIMA was successful in detecting geometry of the resources, both onshore distinctive mineral assemblages related to and offshore. The objective of the map is lithology and hydrothermal alteration at to provide a synopsis for the benefit of Parys Mountain (right), and 3-D both initial environmental assessment and modelling with integrated geological and resource management. All the data, geochemical data is assisting in metallo- including detailed information on produc- genetic studies and the delineation of ore tion sites, will be integrated into the BGS zones. The results also indicate that both minerals GIS system (MINGOL). PIMA and VULCAN have more general Midland Valley of Scotland: a digital applicability to mineral exploration in database of Mineral Resources in the other geological environments in Britain. Midland Valley was prepared in collabo- Together they form a powerful combina- ration with Scottish Natural Heritage. tion, with the potential to suggest where T B Colman Data includes sand and gravel, hard rock a borehole has passed close to a buried PIMA analysing altered volcanic rock at aggregate, limestone and coal. ore deposit without intersecting it. outcrop, Parys Mountain.

MINERALS AND GEOCHEMISTRY 9 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The studies of the physical Geophysics properties of rocks are applied to the solutions of engineering, geotechnical, geomagnetic, and seismic problems, to the exploration for mineral deposits and National Geophysical Mapping packages have all been upgraded. Further and Databank major upgrades have been made to the 3-D hydrocarbons, and to the gravity and magnetic modelling programs understanding of 3-D Gravity measurements were made over the (Gmod/Bmod), including magnetic layer Orkney Islands to bring the coverage of optimisation and experimental, combined crustal structure. this area up to the national standard; the gravity/magnetic optimisation routines. data have been incorporated into the The 3-D software is now being integrated National Gravity Databank. Two maps at into a workstation-based seismic/gravity/ 1:1 500 000 scale were published showing magnetic interpretation package under an gravity and magnetic anomalies over agreement with Ark Geophysics. Britain, Ireland and adjacent areas using colour shaded-relief presentation (left). Geophysical Monitoring Two 1:1 000 000 magnetic anomaly maps were prepared for cartographic enhance- The UK magnetic observatories at ment. A prototype graphical interface was Lerwick, Eskdalemuir and Hartland, and developed to browse information held in the 141-station UK seismic network the Geophysical Surveys databank; this were maintained, and improvements provides access to line-based ground and made to instrumentation and data collec- airborne surveys. tion. Geomagnetic and seismic data were retrieved to Edinburgh automatically Regional Crustal Structure under computer control and data The regional gravity and magnetic data products published in electronic form on acquired over the UK are being interpreted the World-Wide-Web, providing a systematically and the results presented on seven-day, 24-hour service to academia, interactive CD-ROMs. An important government and commerce. Co- input to the interpretation for the current operation with other European institu- Southern Scotland/Northern England tions to promote the rapid exchange of study (below left) has been a model for the seismic data continued and, through the structure of the cover sequence based on INTERMAGNET programme, data I F Smith seismic reﬂection data and developed from a global set of magnetic observato- Gravity and magnetic maps of Britain, during earlier BGS projects. Integration of ries were exchanged in near real time Ireland and adjacent areas, published seismic, gravity, magnetic and geological with agencies in the US, Canada, Japan as part of the BGS 1:1 500 000 scale data allows the development of a more and France. map series. complete, three-dimensional model for the crust. Work has commenced on the inves- Multicomponent Seismology tigation of the Southern and Eastern England region. Studies of the effects of large faults and fractures on seismic waves have demon- Interpretation strated the potential for the theoretical Software techniques developed to be used to assess The Colmap (geophysical the sealing capacity of faults in hydrocar- imaging), Ararat (track-data pro- bon reservoirs. cessing), Wellog (borehole data Geotechnical Capability processing and display) and Gravmag (2.5-D modelling) ‘Civil Engineering uses of Geophysics’ users’ input is now being incorporated into the second draft of this report for the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) and the (Left) Geophysical data from Geological Society. G S Kimbell southern Scotland and northern England displayed using an A database has been designed to enable interface that allows rapid access geophysical properties to be used in geo- to a wide range of images and logical ground models at the desk study models for the region. phase of geotechnical site investigations.

10 GEOPHYSICS GEOPHYSICS

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME

Hi-RES: the BGS is leading an initiative to sortium supported the production of the fly a new airborne High-Resolution Resource 1997 revision of the BGS Global and Environmental Survey (Hi-RES) of the Geomagnetic Model (BGGM) which UK. In collaboration with World incorporates observatory, satellite, land Geoscience, surveying has commenced on survey and marine magnetic data collected the first phase of this project, which involves by organisations world-wide. The BGGM magnetic, radiometric and electromagnetic provides magnetic reference data for direc- measurements along closely spaced (400 tional drilling of oil and gas wells, helping metres) survey lines covering a 200 x 70 kilo- to achieve geological targets and avoid well metres swathe across central England. This collisions. A UK magnetic model was phase of data acquisition is due to be produced, using data from the UK repeat completed during 1998. station network, to provide the magnetic information required for Ordnance Survey Rock mass research: hydrocarbon explo- maps. ration and waste disposal research need to understand the mechanisms of fluid flow Earthquake Monitoring and Information through low-permeability fractured rocks. Service: the UK seismic monitoring and Boreholes provide a detailed one-dimen- information service has been supported for sional examination of the rock mass, but, to nine years by a broadly-based group of determine the distribution of rock proper- customers led by the DETR, including the ties away from boreholes, wireline measure- nuclear, water and oil industries together ments and core sample determinations need with a number of public bodies. Seismic to be linked to the broad data coverage activity is monitored throughout the UK Courtesy of Geophysical Survey of Slovenia provided by seismic surveys. Recent BGS using a network of 141 seismometers with Damage from the 1998 Bovec earth- research has led to new techniques for esti- information about significant earthquakes quake, Slovenia — a reminder that mating porosity and permeability from disseminated rapidly. The data are damaging earthquakes can strike acoustic impedance. compiled into monthly and annual outside areas normally regarded as EUROPROBE: has been supported by the bulletins and reports, which are used to earthquake-prone. European Science Foundation since 1992. develop the database for seismic hazard The BGS provides scientific management assessment. of the TESZ project. Three project Seismic risk for the reinsurance industry: symposia were held. The BGS participates together with Hiscox Syndicates Ltd, the in the ‘PACE’ TMR research network, BGS launched a new system to enable rein- funded by the EC’s Human Capital and surers to assess earthquake risk (above right), Mobility Programme; two teams are in terms of monetary losses, to insurance studying the potential field geophysics and portfolios. The system, called MONICA, isotopic history of the TESZ. Regional consists of a PC-based seismic risk program magnetic, gravity (geoid) and topographic and a set of regional data files for different maps have been generated, and magnetic parts of the world. The reinsurance under- and gravity modelling has been integrated writer can handle the program from the with seismic and structural interpretation insurance viewpoint without needing to with particular emphasis on the East understand the geophysical side of the European Craton/Magnitogorsk volcanic system. arc collision zone. Sea-bottom Seismic URALIDES: this project investigates the Edinburgh Anisotropy Project: the EAP Ural Orogen, and BGS participation in the consortium grew to include 15 operating, ‘URO’ TMR research network is providing service and software companies sponsoring important new information on the research into advanced seismic methods. evolution of the fundamental boundary Processing algorithms and interpretational between the crust of Europe and Asia. techniques were developed for application to data from vertical cable and sea-bed Enterprise Oil (LAMBDA II): the impact sensors (right) and issues affecting the of fine scale sedimentary structure on petro- quality of data acquired on the sea bed physical properties, used to define the were explored. New processing methods reservoir model, has been demonstrated, were devised for application to towed and the need to image downhole core at the streamer data. Ideas on using converted same scale has been established. shear waves to image beneath basalts, Fractured carbonate core: a novel accounting for multiple reflections and technique has been developed for mapping other processing problems, were developed Vertical Cable Seismic connected fractures, and demonstrated and tested. using core from a tight carbonate reservoir. C D MacBeth Magnetic modelling: the UK Health and A report has been completed and a patent Seismic data acquisition using sea-floor Safety Executive and an oil industry con- application filed. and vertical cable sensors.

GEOPHYSICS 11 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

Research into Britain’s Hydrogeology groundwater occurrence, movement and quality is applied to groundwater assessment, development National Groundwater Survey studying the movement of water and solutes from the land surface into the The aim of this survey is to produce a and management. Chalk aquifer. At the field site in series of comprehensive descriptions of the Hampshire, sampling of groundwater for major British aquifers and their ground- pesticides during recharge events has water resources. This is carried out in close continued, and data from a more collaboration with the Environment restricted range of soil instrumentation Agency, water companies and universities has been collected and interpreted in in the study areas. The regional survey relation to the timing and amounts of programme has initiated studies of the preferential flow in the Chalk unsatu- Chalk aquifer in the Wessex Basin and the rated zone. Further unsaturated coring North Downs. The detailed chalk stratig- was undertaken to look for pesticide raphy developed over the last few years in residues and an applied bromide tracer in the core mapping programme is to be the Chalk matrix. In the laboratory, linked to flow horizons in the chalk microcosm experiments by both the BGS aquifer to improve the understanding of and IH to determine the factors control- chalk hydrogeology. ling pesticide degradation in the unsatu- Groundwater Data rated zone have continued. Dissemination Minor Aquifers The BGS is the custodian of several This project on the physical properties of groundwater datasets of national impor- the minor aquifers of England and Wales tance, including 100 000 well records and follows on the success of the manual and data on aquifer properties, water CD-ROM database of major aquifers chemistry, water levels and geophysics. To properties data which was published early provide users of this data with improved in 1998. access, the Groundwater Data Dissemination project concentrated on Geosphere Waste developing an integrated database, Containment bringing together existing digital information with key elements of the paper A radial array of instrumented boreholes archives. The new WellMaster database is in the Mercia Mudstone Group under the complemented by on-line storage of Keyworth site was successfully used for a scanned images of well records, and forms series of in-situ, gas-injection experiments. the basis both for answering routine High-quality test data have been obtained enquiries and for developing a new genera- which match observations made previously Groundwater – our hidden asset tion of digital hydrogeological maps and in the laboratory. The field results have a booklet to increase awareness of derivative products such as CD-ROMs added to our understanding of how gases groundwater among the public. and on-line databases. move through mudrocks, and have demonstrated that the application of con- Geophysical Logging Activities ventional two-phase flow theory does not Geophysical logs of 93 boreholes have best describe the transport of high-pressure been completed during the year. Nine gases through clay-rich media. boreholes were logged for BGS stratigraphical purposes, and 23 for other Fluid-rock Reactions and purposes, mainly hydrogeology; 61 were Properties completed for water companies (left), envi- The rate and mechanism of reactions ronment agencies and engineering consul- between fluids and minerals have tancies. New software has considerably important consequences for the extractive enhanced interpretation and allowed the (e.g. hydrocarbons, metallic minerals) and group to provide sealed cross-sections disposal (e.g. landfill, nuclear) industries. employing the logging data. New experimental equipment has been D K Buckley developed to study these reactions and Geophysical logging and geochemical Transport and Fate of Pesticides enhance our ability to predict pollution sampling at the Lytchett Minster ASR In this joint project with the Institute of problems and help improve extraction trial, Dorset. Hydrology, work has continued on technologies.

12 HYDROGEOLOGY HYDROGEOLOGY

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME Major-aquifer properties: the Aquifer Lowﬂows, groundwater and wetland Properties Manual has now been interaction: this project (funded by the published. This is the product of a three- EA, UKWIR and NERC) developed a year collaborative study between the BGS framework aimed at achieving environ- and the Environment Agency. It describes mental sustainability based on considera- the physical hydraulic properties of six tion of the driving forces causing river major aquifers in England and Wales, and and wetland degradation and the con- is accompanied by a CD-ROM containing straints on groundwater management. summary data (pumping tests and core Scottish hydrogeology: the BGS, along 100 analyses) for over 2000 sites. Calcium Magnesium with the Scottish Environment Protection Sodium 80 Potassium Chloride Nitrate in the Yorkshire Chalk: a project, Agency and the water authorities, is co- Sulphate Alkalinity co-funded by the BGS and Yorkshire funding both a study of the major Devonian 60 Nitrate as N Water, to predict groundwater nitrate con- aquifer in Fife and the development of a 40

centrations in the Chalk aquifer of East groundwater database for Scotland. Cumulative Frequency % Frequency Cumulative Yorkshire has been completed. 20 Effect of old landﬁlls on groundwater 0 PALAEAUX: this European Union- quality: boreholes into the Middle Chalk 0.1 1 10 100 1000 funded project, involving partners from outside a landﬁll are sampled bimonthly Concentration (mg l-1 ) Estonia, Denmark, France, Belgium, The and are automatically logged for water

100 Netherlands, United Kingdom, levels and electrical conductivity in order Barium Boron Switzerland, Spain and Portugal, has been to calibrate a contaminant transport Copper 80 Fluoride Iodide investigating the geochemical and other model. The boreholes have been used for Iron (total) Manganese 60 Molybdenum evidence for palaeowater occurrence as pesticide monitoring for the Environment Nickel Phosphorus Silica background to improved management of Agency. 40 Strontium

groundwater resources in coastal regions Zinc Cumulative Frequency % Frequency Cumulative under severe pressure due to human settle- National Groundwater Survey–tracer 20 studies: following a three year project co- ments, industry and tourism. 0 funded by the Environment Agency, a 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 -1 Natural baseline quality of UK ground- Manual of Tracer Testing has been Concentration (µg l ) waters: phase I of a joint project with the produced. Environment Agency has been completed Cumulative frequency plots are being covering seven areas of the main UK Hydraulic conductivity in tills: in the used to display baseline concentrations of aquifers which should be the pilot project Cottingham area of East Yorkshire, solutes in UK aquifers. for a nationwide study. These regional groundwater is abstracted from adits in the Chalk. The Chalk is overlain by tills, and studies will serve as references against Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) utilises work is under way, cofunded by the which current and targeted groundwater the vast capacity of aquifers to store Environment Agency and Yorkshire Water, quality may be measured (right). potable water which is injected during to provide the regulator and operator with periods of excess (winter) for use in times Natural attenuation of organic pollutants information on clay thickness and clay per- of shortage. This technique can use in groundwater: in conjunction with the sistence which will enable an informed aquifers that contain poor quality native University of Shefﬁeld and the Institute of judgment of which areas might be more at water by creating a ‘bubble’ of fresh Freshwater Ecology, redox zones have been risk from pollution near the adits. water in the aquifer for later recovery. mapped out in the contaminant plume in the Triassic sandstone aquifer beneath a coal treated water WATER distillation plant in the Midlands. to supply TREATMENT WORKS UK Groundwater Forum: this forum provides a creative meeting ground to source of raw water promote wider understanding of groundwater recovered to meet 'summer" water issues and identify national priori- demand ASR surplus "winter" ties. The recent publication (left) of the BOREHOLE treated water to book Groundwater – our hidden assetwill groundwater storage increase awareness of groundwater among the public

CONFINING Potential for ASR in Britain: BGS/EA/ CLAY LAYER UKWIR co- funded a study to review the potential for Aquifer Storage Recovery in Britain (right), highlighting the issues "bubble" of treated water poor quality native involved through seminars and wide con- stored in aquifer goundwater displaced SANDSTONE by injected water OR FRACTURE sultation. Regulatory issues were addressed LIMESTONE AQUIFER and generic research needs were identiﬁed.

HYDROGEOLOGY 13 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

Geological studies of Marine and Britains coasts and beneath her seas are important for the Coastal Geology economic development and environmental planning of the nation.

Offshore Map Series As part of the continuing map revision programme revisions of the 1:250 000 series sheets for Sula Sgeir Solid Geology, Shetland Sea Bed Sediments and Shetland Quaternary Geology have been C D R Evans completed. These maps include sig- Deep wave-cut notch into Late Pleistocene limestone on the south-east coast of Barbados. nificant amounts of new data, mainly from the hydrocarbon industry, which has become Coastal and Estuarine sedimentary history and geomorphological available in recent years. The maps Evolution Project evolution of the Humber estuary and the cover areas of direct interest to the erosion of the Holderness coast. oil industry in its exploration and The scientific objective of the Coastal and development to the north-west of Estuarine Evolution Project is to produce The reconstruction of past changes in geo- Scotland. innovative methods and conceptual models morphology, climate, pollutants and land-use that can be used in the fields of coastal of the coastal zone are important in order to erosion and sediment budgets, estuarine place modern records into a long-term geomorphological change, and sediment context. Geoscience data covering the last few consolidation and flood risk. New technolo- centuries, linking the sedimentary record and (Below) Fine-scale sediment heterogene- gies used include GIS, digital photogram- archival data, can produce detailed and ity has been investigated in three dimen- metry, and LIDAR. Particular areas that accurate reconstructions of the coastal envi- sions in collaboration with the US Navy have been developed during the year are the ronment for use in predictive models. using a novel resistivity technique. Databases compiled under the LOIS programme for the English North Sea coast are being enhanced by the addition of greater detail on sediment properties and geotechnical data. Many aspects of the Holocene sequences in coastal lowlands of eastern England and offshore areas of the North Sea have already been examined, and other regions will be considered in the future. Holderness Digital photogrammetry has been successfully applied in a study designed to understand and quantify the nature of coastal erosion along the east coast of England. This has provided detailed information on the nature of the processes and their variations in space and time.

14 MARINE AND COASTAL GEOLOGY MARINE AND COASTAL GEOLOGY

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME

Nearshore Zone Strategic Survey: the novel approach to determining sea-floor project is co-funded by the Department of sediment heterogeneity and pore style using a the Environment. Transport and the combination of X-radiography and 2-D resis- Regions, and aims to provide guidance to tivity imaging. Push-in probes were also those formulating and evaluating the proce- developed and deployed in dense sands (left). dures for the licensing of marine aggregates. ENAM II: work in this second year of the A digital compilation of geological data has EU funded European North Atlantic Margin been completed for a zone, up to 20 kilo- project has focused on the analysis of data metres wide, offshore from Portland Bill to from the Traenadjupet slide off Norway, cor- Flamborough Head. relation of UK and Norwegian Tertiary and Barbados Coastal Conservation Pleistocene stratigraphies around the Programme: an evaluation of the coastal southern margins of the North Sea Fan, and zone off eastern Barbados was carried out the extension of the UK Rockall seismic by Sir William Halcrow and Partners, with stratigraphy southwards into the Irish sector. the BGS providing a geological overview CORSAIRES: this programme is a EU (left). Onshore, digital geological maps Concerted Action intended to encourage were prepared using the mapping of the use of offshore coring and drilling to Professor Robert Speed. Offshore, new ground truth seismic surveys and to con- bathymetric, seismic and sampling data tribute across a broad spectrum of scientific were interpreted, allowing the identifica- investigations. tion of major canyons within a few hundred metres off the eastern coast of the Equipment development: two major island, and an extensive cover of Holocene successes were achieved with the comple- sediments off the Scotland district. tion and successful testing of the EU- funded Hammer Corer and the develop- Gdansk Gulf Basin: this two-year project is A C Skinner ment of the BRIDGE drill as part of the co-funded by the EU, and is in its final year. The BGS six metre rockdrill/vibrocorer NERC BRIDGE programme. In a further The project is aimed at the harmonisation of being deployed from the NERC ship, RRS EU funded project (HYACE) work started marine environmental monitoring methods James Clark Ross, off the Antarctic on the construction of a pressure core between Central and Eastern European Peninsula during a coring programme sampler and laboratory chamber for the Countries (CEEC) and EU countries and being conducted for the British Antarctic recovery and examination of gas hydrate involves partners from Poland and and other cores under in situ conditions. Survey. Lithuania. Sampling and analytical method- Design improvements, based on the ologies are being tested on two transects, BRIDGE drill development, were incorpo- each about 50 kilometres long, in the rated into the BGS six metre rockdrill/vibro- E E Gdansk Gulf Basin. E 000 000 000 525 530

corer (above right) for work in Antarctica 535 North West European Gas atlas: geological and the Indian Ocean. N61°22 institutes from ﬁve countries in north-west Rockall Consortium: now comprising 14 Europe, funded by the EU, have prepared companies, it sponsored a major seismic an atlas of natural gas composition in the N61°20 experiment aimed at improving the ability 6800000N North-west European Gas basin, supported to image structure beneath the thick by large national databases. Standard proce- Tertiary basalt cover in the Rockall area. dures were established for determining This synthetic aperture experiment molecular and isotopic composition, using involved two ships simultaneously ﬁring N61°18 samples from across the project area, and

and receiving data at fixed offsets while 6795000N recommendations were made on the docu- additional information was collected using mentation of new international standard ter- a string of ocean bed seismometers (OBS) minology for natural gases. N61°16 laid along the ship’s track. Regional revision: offshore stratigraphic Western Frontiers Association: now com- nomenclature revision continued with the 6790000N prising 15 oil companies and the HSE, the publication of three volumes: ° WFA sponsored projects to investigate the N61 14 Lithostratigraphic Nomenclature of the Triassic, 28 32 24 ° ° nature of the seabed, its stability and ° W2 W2 Permian and Carboniferous of the UK Offshore W2 potential hazards which may affect oil East Irish Basin (sponsored by a consortium of D Long/J Bulat development. Studies included investiga- four oil companies); Pre-Tertiary tions of the nature and extent of shallow The AFEN slide, situated some 90 km Lithostratigraphy of the UK North West gas and potential distribution of gas north-west of Shetland on the Margin and Lithostratigraphy and Sequence hydrates which theoretical studies suggest Faeroe/Shetland Channel slope at 500 m Stratigraphy of the Early Palaeogene of the UK may be present over large areas of the slope water depth. The slide is 13 km long and North West Margin (both sponsored by a con- west of Shetland and in the Faeroe three km wide on a slope of one degree. sortium of eleven companies). Channel. A mosaic was prepared covering The image has been created using the first US Navy (Geotech sea-floor image sub- the whole of the eastern slope of the (seabed) acoustic signal return from a con- surface): a paper was prepared describing a Faeroe–Shetland Channel (right). ventional 3-D exploration seismic data set.

MARINE AND COASTAL GEOLOGY 15 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The National Geosciences Records and Databases Information Service provides access to, and data and advice from, collections of biblio- BGS-geoIDS Project capable of being published on paper or on the Internet. The London memoir has been graphic and cartographic The aim of the project is to build an inte- used as a test document with some sections grated geoscience digital database system. being ‘marked-up’ using SGML. All material, records, BGS has been building digital databases relevant 1:10 000 scale maps have been for many years but the majority of these samples, and digital input to the ArcView GIS for linking to the address specific problems or support indi- text. This allows text to be classified both databases. vidual projects. The result is that the BGS spatially, through the map, and on the basis has numerous ‘island databases’ which are of one or more subject topics, through not linked to each other. At the simplest, SGML. As a result it becomes possible to the BGS-geoIDS Project intends to map The BGS Web Site retrieve the relevant pieces of text from, these islands and build bridges between potentially, a range of original reports; this The BGS Internet web site them. The envisaged benefit is that the is the first step to reconstructing them into underwent a comprehensive wealth of digital data that the BGS holds a new user-specified report. redesign using up-to-date tech- will be more readily available to staff who niques. In order to ensure the site is will be able to develop new products and Geochemistry Databases and kept up-to-date all pages are services for the customers of the BGS. reviewed at least every three Software Development months. The site has been designed Year 2000 Project These databases are increasingly compre- to an overall corporate style which hensive, containing data for the UK on: has been documented as a set of Like many other major organisations the BGS is actively addressing the Year 2000 standards and guidelines – thus ● geochemistry of stream sediments, Problem, in both the way it will affect the individual Groups in BGS produce panned concentrates, waters, soils, rocks BGS and the way that it will affect our their own pages which fit together and drill core; into the overall framework. Some customers. During 1997, a team has been investigating the likely impact of this free products are provided as down- ● petrology of rock samples; loadable files on the site: these problem. We are confident that all our include the BGS Rock Classification products and services will be Year 2000 ● mineral occurrences. Scheme (Volume 1, Igneous Rocks); compliant. a lithostratigraphical framework of Digital Report Generating These databases have been implemented the Carboniferous Rocks of the on an ORACLE server and the user can Midland Valley of Scotland; and a System (DRGS) retrieve information via PC programs, stratigraphical framework for the The aim of the DRGS is to develop a such as Access. GIS is being used to Ordovician of Snowdonia and the system for producing customer-specified visualise the data in a spatial context and Lleyn Peninsula. reports for customer-specified areas, linked to combine it with other BGS datasets, through a GIS to the geological map, and such as the digital geological map, (Below) The BGS Web Site allowing better integration and new Home Page. approaches to prospectivity and geological mapping. Collections Administration There were a number of major acquisi- tions to the core archive including the last tranche of released onshore hydrocarbon material from DTI, and further onshore drillcore and samples donated by SOCO UK Limited and Edinburgh Oil and Gas. Material from a total 194 boreholes was received during the year.

Signiﬁcant new additions to the records archive included prospect and interpreted data from the ex-British Coal archives and two large donations of 1200 road and site investigation reports. A total of 3200 separate donations including geological data were received from over 100 companies.

16 RECORDS AND DATABASES RECORDS AND DATABASES

Borehole Database the walkover survey. Additional information records whether any damage has been The project to eliminate the backlog of observed and if any relevant ground inves- registered borehole records is proceeding tigation reports are available for the to schedule. In this second year a total of landslide area. 118 000 boreholes were registered, reducing the total backlog in Keyworth Stratigraphic Surfaces and Edinburgh by 39%. Database The borehole index has now been made This underpins the production of contour available to a number of Value Added maps, and continues to be developed and Resellers (VAR) and records can now be populated. One-way travel times are selected and purchased over the Internet included. Recovery and integration of PARTNERSHIP through a service provided by Intergraph various old or defunct databases, in combi- Limited. There has been a significant nation with new entries, has resulted in this PROGRAMME number of new enquiries generated by database containing location data for The Geological Electronic VAR products. 11 000 boreholes, both onshore and Information Exchange offshore, with depths to 6000 stratigraphic Database Development surfaces in 4000 boreholes. Initial results of System (GEIXS) integration of this database with the BGS Effort was directed during the year This two year project, led by BGS, WELLOG database of geophysical logs are towards strategic addition to and improve- involves as partners all 15 encouraging, promising the automatic ment of the content of the BGS Lexicon Geological Surveys of the EU, along determination of physical properties in of named rock units, a vital dictionary with EuroGeoSurveys, the Surveys’ user-selected stratigraphic intervals. underpinning several other BGS systems. umbrella organisation, and Matra An application was developed to allow High Resolution Stratigraphy Datavision as an industrial partner. The project is 50% funded under external users to access Lexicon data via Project the World Wide Web, and proved to be a the EU Fourth Framework ESPRIT programme and aims to gather popular site amongst the growing number This project has focussed on the develop- metadata on the geoscience data of the BGS free products on the WWW. ment of hypertext-linked files containing stratigraphic information for electronic holdings of the Surveys and make National Offshore Database publication. Files on chronostratigraphy, these available through a free user- lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, ben- friendly interface on the Internet. Since the offshore mapping programme tonites, isotope stratigraphy and important Key aspects of the first year of the ceased in the early 1990s acquisition of new sections have been compiled for the type project have involved the develop- data has been greatly reduced. Recently, Ludlow Series, and have been linked to ment of a single metadata format to large amounts of seismic data have been provide what is literally a web of informa- be used by all Surveys, the develop- released. Initial data acquisition is focused tion. Further compilations are in hand on ment of a common data entry on projects to investigate the nature, stratig- aspects of Lower Cretaceous, Upper interface, and the incorporation in raphy and thickness of the Tertiary basalts Jurassic, Upper Triassic and Tertiary the application of a multilingual in the Rockall area and to attempt to image stratigraphy. The Ludlow study is a pilot thesaurus to make retrieval language the underlying sediments. Transfer of study, leading the way to the interactive independent. marine cores and samples to the Edinburgh publication of stratigraphic information offshore archive is almost complete; this on the BGS website. (Below) A schematic representation collection is being augmented by donations of geoscience data. from industry and Government Departments. New digital databases and products have been developed and a GEIXS EU Industry, ★ ★ ★ POSC-compliant database index of hydro- ★ ★ Government, ★ ★ carbon wells has been created. ★ ★ Public ★ ★ ★ BGS Landslide Database The landslide database is updated continu- Catalogue (What type of data?) ally as additional data becomes available. Details of all UK onshore landslides iden- Index (Whereabouts) tified as part of the mapping programme GEIXS 2D GIS and other BGS landslide investigations are 3D GIS Meta-data (About the data) recorded on this database.

The database is created in Microsoft Geo-data (digital) Access. Currently, it holds information on National Geo-data (physical) nearly 300 landslides, and records such Geological details as location, grid coordinates, geo- Surveys logical materials involved in the movement, classiﬁcation details and whether active or non-active at the time of

RECORDS AND DATABASES 17 CORE AND PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMMES

The BGS is pledged to Science for All bring science to the people.

Publications Enquiry points, providing a comprehensive service to the members of the public, These are listed in Appendix 3 and industry and geoscience communities. The included the following: number of enquiries handled by Central ● 16 new 1: 50 000 scale maps to advance Enquiries and Borehole Records has copy release in digital and plot-on- increased over the past year by 29%. All demand form. were handled within the customer response targets. ● 24 new 1: 50 000 scale maps to release in printed form. The number of chargeable enquiries has increased by 6% and there has been an ● Two 1: 1500 000 scale geophysical increase in the total income derived from image maps. enquiries of 22%. ● 11 new memoirs. Library ● Earthwise magazines on Geology for the Community and The BGS and Europe. Two externally funded projects to scan geological photographs in the BGS col- Popular Publications lections have been approved. The Scottish Cultural Resources Access The following publications were produced Network (SCRAN) project will digitise under the EarthwiseTM label (see left): over 3000 images of Scotland while the ● Three more Holiday Geology guides — JISC Image Digitisation Initiative (JIDI) Westminster, St Paul’s and Mining in will cover several classic geological areas West Cornwall. in the UK. Once completed these digital images will form the first phase of the ● Two Holiday Geology maps — North BGS digital image databank providing York Moors and Lake District. access to BGS resources over the ● One Fossil Focus guide — Foraminifera. Internet. ● Three books: Earthquakes — our A full review of Commercial Library trembling planet; Fossils — the story of Management Systems was completed life; and Groundwater — our hidden asset during the year with the objective of (see page 12). replacing the current LIBERTAS system during the next ﬁnancial year. Customer Services Copyright New flyers and catalogues continue to be produced to promote new products, the Continuing priority has been place on new catalogue of Popular Products with enforcing the Survey’s rights under the a print run of 8000 has been most suc- Copyright Act. An increasing number of cessful. Emphasis has been placed on companies are recognising the legal promoting the more popular EarthwiseTM necessity of acquiring copyright licences publications in magazine advertisements. for use of analogue and digital materials. Innovative promotions such as magazine The IPR manager is now processing over led competitions and prize draws, spon- 55 copyright enquiries a month and soring and the use of advertorials have income has increased by 10% over the taken place. Sales stands were taken to year. several special events such as geology fairs. Business relationships with agents Media Fellowship for the BGS and EarthwiseTM publica- J M West was awarded a Media tions were strengthened. The Approved Fellowship from the British Association Suppliers’ network increased to 65 re- for the Advancement of Science and spent sellers. eight weeks working with the BBC Radio Information and Advice Science Unit at Broadcasting House London. She is now in regular contact During the year approximately 25 000 with producers, providing geological Popular Publications. enquiries were received, of these 17 600 stories which have been used in national were handled by the Information Services and World Service programmes.

18 SCIENCE FOR ALL SCIENCE FOR ALL

PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME Archaeometric Petrology Modern mineralogical and petrological techniques were used as part of a study into the provenance of Scottish medieval pottery, in collaboration with the Royal Museum of Scotland and members of the Medieval Archaeological Research Group. Examination of thin sections of pottery shards has been used as part of an intergrated study to locate the clay source areas around ancient kiln sites. This work A thin section from an 8-mm chip of the Stone of Destiny. This sample, collected in 1865 by Sir has also provided potentially A C Ramsey, was re-investigated following the popular interest that arose during the return of important microtextural informa- the Stone of Destiny to Scotland. Petrographical analysis shows that the Stone is similar to the tion concerning the mode of manu- Lower Old Red Sandstone from the Perth area, in particular that exposed near Scone Palace. facture of the pottery. Between crossed polars, the mineral constituents of the Stone (quartz, feldspar and mica) show a range of white and grey colours; the bright blue areas of resin impregnation indicate the porosity. Quarries of Scotland An illustrated guide to Scottish geology and stone working methods 50th Anniversary Public Understanding of based on the BGS photographic In 1997, to mark its formation in 1947, Science archive was prepared for Historic Scotland and published by them. the GSNI launched a major exhibition The BGS welcomes opportunities to illustrating its role and the importance of promote the earth sciences generally and the earth sciences to the economic and to publicise its activities. Public under- social life of Northern Ireland. The exhi- standing of science activities included: .. Press Office .. Press Office .. bition will tour venues throughout ● Ireland until 1999. The seventh successful season of an The office continued to issue news evening class given in conjunction with releases for science stories on a Training the University of Nottingham regional, national and international Department of Continuing Education. basis, and to encourage geoscience ● BGS staff attended over 211 in-house ● awareness in the media. The BGS and other training courses. Talks on the work of the BGS to community groups such as The has worked in cooperation with the ● An IT training strategy was successfully University of the Third Age (U3A) and BBC and many other media during introduced. Probus. the year. ● A language training strategy was success- ● Numerous guided tours of the Keyworth A total of 66 news releases were fully implemented. site including an introduction to the issued, and coverage was obtained in all media. From January 1998 a ● history and current activities of the BGS. Several new courses were brough on- new system of media quantification ● stream including instruction in ICP- Support for schools on request in the was adopted using the system OTV AES, Visual Basic for Applications and form of visits, provision of information (opportunity to view). VB for Programming, PowerPoint and and participation in the NERC Schools Prince 2. Liaison Officer Network. Regional and specialist news releases are adapted into ‘information sheets’ ● ● An IT training room was brought on- Provision of careers information and for MP’s to enable them to keep stream in Murchison House. attendance at careers fairs. abreast of their local geological issues. ● ● An Open University-accredited, internal Participation in national and regional Earthnews summarises news releases PhD programme was successfully PUS events such as Scottish Geology monthly and is circulated to jour- launched. Week and the Edinburgh Science nalists, the BGS Board, PR ‘allies’ Festival. ● BGS staff contributed successfully to and all staff. ● the new MSc Course in Contaminated Development of the relaunched BGS The in-house Diary is circulated to Land Management run by Nottingham Web Site as a major source of informa- all staff monthly. Trent University. tion on the earth sciences.

SCIENCE FOR ALL 19 NORTHERN IRELAND

The Geological Survey of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland (GSNI) is an ofﬁce of the Department of Economic Development. It is led and ● The GSNI continued to advise the Mineral and Petroleum Unit of the staffed by BGS scientists. Department of Economic Development and to monitor all licensed mineral and hydrocarbon exploration activities in Northern Ireland.

● Hydrocarbon exploration continued in counties Antrim, Tyrone and Fermanagh. Exploration for gold and base metals continued at a high level; almost all prospective areas in counties Londonderry, Tyrone and Fermanagh were held under licence or subject to Storing data on the GSNI database. licence application by the year end.

● With the assistance of the BGS, the 1998. Fieldwork was completed on GSNI continued to develop a range of Maghera (Sheet 19) and Ballymena databases (above right). This project will (Sheet 20), and both maps are currently improve storage and handling of being compiled. extensive data holdings and enable the Survey to develop new services for ● The new Geophysical Atlas for customers in future. Northern Ireland was published. This ● Work was completed on a new contains 30 digitally-processed images ● edition of the 1: 50 000 Series A new edition of the Geological Map of (1: 250 000 scale) of the Northern Causeway Coast Sheet 7 (below). Northern Ireland (1: 250 000 Solid Ireland regional gravity and aeromag- This map combines a tradition- Edition) was published. The new map netic data sets. This product is aimed at ally styled map face with general incorporates the most up to date potential markets in the hydrocarbon information of interest to linework from the 1: 50 000 series maps, and mineral exploration sectors. tourists. It includes photographs, with some contributions from academic block diagrams and text (in three sources. ● A pilot study of landslips on the Antrim languages) explaining the coast was successfully completed. This ● Detailed mapping continued in the formation of the Giant’s project involved classifying landslips northern Sperrin Mountains in the area Causeway, which is a designated and assessing stability. It is hoped that around Dungiven (Sheet 18). The World Heritage Site. in the near future, similar work will be discovery of gold mineralisation in the extended to all landslip areas in southern Sperrins and to the west of Northern Ireland and will be of particu- Omagh continues to act as an lar use to planners. important impetus to commercial gold exploration throughout the area, and ● The GSNI and the Geological Survey of highlights the requirement for the Ireland continued to work closely on GSNI to provide detailed geological tourism, mineral and related projects maps of these structurally complex funded through the European Union, Dalradian strata. the International Fund for Ireland and ● The Plateau Resources Project involves local councils. These projects are reconnaissance mapping and compila- designed to develop the rural economies tion of new editions for four 1: 50 000 in the border counties. sheets covering much of the area of ● Work continued to develop and market Palaeogene basalts in County Antrim. It the concept of ‘Landscape Tourism’. has beneﬁted greatly from the availability of recently reprocessed geophysical During the year, a number of ‘Drives data which has improved modelling of and Walks’ packages were published, the Mesozoic basins that lie beneath the and work is now nearing completion on Antrim Lavas. the Landscapes from Stone map, a 1: 250 000-scale tourist map of the ● During 1997/98, work progressed on north of Ireland showing features of three sheets. Coleraine (Sheet 13) was geological and geomorphological completed and will be published in interest.

20 NORTHERN IRELAND ISOTOPE GEOSCIENCES

Isotope Geosciences The NERC Isotope Geoscience Laboratory (NIGL) is administered by the BGS and funded from The NERC Isotope Geoscience logical and environmental science in ways the NERC Science Laboratory (NIGL) is one of the largest not possible before. and most comprehensive environmental Programmes Directorate. geoscience isotopic laboratories in the Changes in Sulphur Pollution United Kingdom, with both stable and over 140 Years radiogenic isotopic analytical facilities. It The contribution of anthropogenic atmos- is funded by a science budget allocation pheric sulphur, mainly from coal burning, from the Science Programmes has been revealed in grasses using sulphur Directorate of NERC. In July 1997 the isotopic measurements. This work, in col- BGS became responsible for its adminis- laboration with ICAR-Rothamsted, used tration. NIGL undertakes collaborative the irreplaceable 140-year collection of research into stable (H, C, N, O, S) and annual grass cuttings at the Park Grass radiogenic (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, U- Experiment Site. Samples from the last 30 Th-Pb) isotope geochemistry and envi- years record the sulphur isotopic signature Backscattered Scanning Electron ronmental chemistry. NIGL has for many of major reductions in sulphur emissions Microscope image of a zircon grain, years provided isotopic research services due to tighter environmental controls. showing complex growth zones. U-Pb to the BGS. Kimberlites studies of such minerals provided Advanced Analytical Facilities evidence for Precambrian metamor- A study with Durham University into the for the Millennium phism (c. 800 million years ago) in the origin, mantle dynamics and geochemistry central Highlands of Scotland. State of the art mass spectrometry at the of oceanic basalts and kimberlites, has NIGL includes a new acquisition, the ICP used Hf and Nd isotopes and the new multiple collector mass spectrometer ICP-MC-MS to identify the ancient, rela- Strontium Isotopes in tively non-radiogenic Hf and Nd isotopic (ICP-MC-MS) (below). This new instru- Hydrogeology ment was paid for by contributions from characteristics of a postulated mantle geo- NERC Science Programmes Directorate, chemical component to kimberlites. Strontium isotopes are playing an the BGS, the British Antarctic Survey and increasing role in hydrogeological the University of Leicester. The instru- Uranium Fuel Quality studies. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio has ment will provide the ability to make U and Th isotopic measurements conducted been used as a natural tracer to high-precision isotopic measurements on with VG Elemental and URENCO UK Ltd determine weathering rates and many elements much more cost effectively using the new ICP-MC-MS have provided ﬂow routes through an upland than with conventional methods, and a more cost-effective and precise method to catchment in Wales and to study together with the laser micro-sampling monitor uranium-fuel quality procedures the evolution of groundwater in the capability (to be established in 1999), will for the nuclear industry. This work has been Grand Erg Oriental basin of north allow the BGS and collaborating research an unexpected beneﬁt of the U-Pb Africa and in the chalk aquifer partners to use isotopic methods in geo- geochronology programme. systems of the UK. As part of a larger hydrogeochemical project in the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russian Far East, Sr, Pb and S isotopes were used to study travertine deposits, thermal and recharge waters and the local host- rock environment. The results provided valuable information on both the active and the palaeowater systems in the Rodnikovoe area.

(Left) New mass spectrometer facilities will open new avenues in isotopic studies in the earth and environmental sciences. Featured (left to right) are Prof A Saunders and Dr K Edwards (Leicester University) Prof J Plant and Dr D Falvey (BGS) and Prof R Parrish (BGS/Leicester University).

ISOTOPE GEOSCIENCES 21 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

The synergy between UK- COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME based work and overseas These short- and medium-term activities, undertaken in response operations is one of the to direct commissions from customers in both the private and BGS’s greatest strengths. public sectors, are fully funded by them. Projects utilise and build on expertise developed within the Core Strategic Programme and return knowledge and skills to it. The commissioned programme helps the BGS maintain strong scientiﬁc depth and expertise.

International Development and Assistance — Mapping and Minerals DFID Mining Adviser The Mining Adviser for the Department for International Development (DFID) has continued to work in the former Soviet Union — in Russia, in Western Siberia and the Eastern Donbass. Work in the Western Donbass (Ukraine) also continued, with sub- stantial success. A new phase of cooperation provides direct assistance to the Ministry of Coal in Kiev. In Egypt, the Maghara Coal Project is now drawing to a close and will bring over eight years of effort to an end. The Adviser remained involved with the DFID-funded elements of the World Bank’s environmentally concerned minerals project in

Ecuador. P N Dunkley An increased amount of time has Moving camp in the Western Cordillera of southern Ecuador. The serrated peaks of Cerro been devoted to the DFID’s Escaleras (4400 metres), seen in the background, are composed of Early Oligocene andesite lavas Knowledge and Research (KAR) pro- and breccias intruded by dykes. grammes, which have expanded during the year. Bolivia Ecuador BGS, in cooperation with SERGEOMIN, Five residential BGS staff based in Quito Mining-licence the National Geological and Mineral have, with their counterparts, been Information System Service of Bolivia, was supported by the concerned with geological and geochemi- World Bank in the design and installation cal mapping of the Western Cordillera The aim of this project, funded by of a geological and minerals database. (above) since 1995. DFID support for this the DFID, is to promote efﬁcient project is complemented by World Bank procedures for the management of Botswana funding for a separate investigation: the mineral-exploration and mining During the year the DFID-funded Adviser Assessment of Ore Districts, to which three licences, thereby encouraging to Director, BGSD, ﬁnished his contract, BGS geologists are currently assigned. investment in the mining sector of thus closing 33 years of continuously Guyana developing countries. A generalised maintained support by the BGS. He model of a PC-based, licence-man- completed the new 1:1 000 000 geological The Guyana Geology and Mines agement system was produced after map of Botswana, currently in press. The Commission (GGMC) maintains the detailed study of the systems used Adviser was responsible for the geological national archives of geological information in Botswana, Guyana and Malaysia, mapping programme of the Botswana and regulates the activities of the mining for implemention as a working PC Geological Survey Department and also sector. The BGS has been assisting the database in Guyana. liaised with exploration companies in the GGMC in the development of computing design of their prospection programmes. facilities, databasing and training with

22 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE

support from the Commonwealth the Geological Survey & Mines Bureau Secretariat via the Commonwealth Fund with support from the World Bank was for Technical Cooperation. completed in 1996/97. During 1997/1998 a compilation map at 1: 250 000 was Indonesia Hong Kong produced with the aid of funding from the British High Commission. A BGS geophysicist undertook a The Head of the Hong Kong Geological mission for the Asian Development Survey and one other staff member are on Suriname Bank in connection with a ‘leave of absence’ from the BGS and working proposed aerogeophysical Two senior BGS geologists participated in under contract at the Geotechnical programme for Kalimantan and an EU-funded contract to provide recom- Engineering Office of the Civil Engineering Sulewesi. Department of the Hong Kong Special mendations for setting up a Minerals Administration Region of China. They will Institute, and advice on changes of legisla- continue to work for the new administration tion for the mining sector. Peru until 1999. Zambia An Honorary Research Associate of the BGS, Dr John Cobbing, was Jordan A two year project to edit, produce and presented with a commemorative publish a backlog of geological maps and An institutional twinning relationship medal at the Peruvian National reports is being undertaken with exists between the Natural Resources Geological Congress for his years of EU/SYSMIN funding and follows a Authority (NRA) and the BGS, stemming work in the country. The congress previous World Bank-supported publica- from work started in 1984 on the visited Iskay Cruz zinc mine, origi- tion project. 1: 50 000 national geological map series. nally discovered by BGS geologists and geophysicists whilst undertak- Namibia The World Bank is now supporting a multidisciplinary geoscientific survey in northern ing work financed by the DFID. A project supported by EU/SYSMIN Zambia undertaken jointly by the BGS and funding to set up an industrial minerals the Zambian Geological Survey Falkland Islands laboratory and to prepare a related modern Department. The project will involve geo- inventory and database, had acknowledged logical mapping, geochemistry, data-basing, The geologist resident in Stanley success by 1997. One BGS geologist is training and assessment of the mineral since 1996 returned to Keyworth to now on a residential assignment to resources and economic mineral potential of complete the compilation of complete a follow-on project to provide a the region to encourage investment in the 1: 250 000 geological maps covering broad-based counterpart training Zambian minerals sector. The BGS is the islands, and to prepare the maps programme and an improved information providing a two-man residential team and report for printing. The work service to the mining industry. supported by a number of short-term inputs. was commissioned by the Falkland Islands Government and under- Pacific Islands The BGS, in collaboration with the taken in cooperation with the first Zambian Geological Survey and The Training Coordinator of the South Falkland Islands geology graduate. Intermediate Technology Zimbabwe, Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission undertook a DFID-supported project (SOPAC) is a BGS staff member on sec- aimed at encouraging the development of ondment, funded by CFTC for two years affordable lime for agriculture and water from 1997. His duty is to arrange training treatment. Results were disseminated at a for young geoscientists in most of the Workshop. South Pacific island states. The primary objective of SOPAC is to assist its member Geochemical Atlases countries in the identification and assessment of the marine and other non-living Southern Sumatra: this volume, the resource potential of their respective second in a series of Indonesian national offshore areas. Geochemical Atlases, is the final product from a long period of collaborative work Papua New Guinea between the Indonesian Ministry of Mines (Directorate of Mineral Resources) and the Training in remote sensing, image analysis BGS, supported by the DFID. The atlas and GIS formed a major component of a shows geochemical images for 15 elements project funded by CCOP under their determined in over 13 000 stream-sediment Coastplan programme. The project samples collected over a period of ten years. utilised a time series of Landsat imagery to study changes in the coastal zone around Hong Kong: the BGS made a significant D T Aldiss Lae, the country’s second city, in order to contribution to the production of the Hong understand the dynamics affecting this Kong Geochemical Atlas, under contract to A multiple Jurassic dolerite dyke region. the Hong Kong government. Geochemical intrudes gently dipping, Siluro- Devonian, marine sandstones at Sri Lanka images for 36 elements determined on stream sediments were produced, accompa- Rockhopper Penguin Rookery on New A series of full colour 1:100 000 scale geo- nied by a detailed account of the geochem- Island, Falkland Islands. logical maps produced in cooperation with istry of each element.

MAPPING AND MINERALS 23 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

International Development and Assistance — Groundwater and Pollution

Eritrea pillow lavas and sedimentary sequences and the techniques are being further developed A variety of geophysical techniques was to take account of this. applied successfully to groundwater studies in Eritrea as part of an EU-funded Mexico appraisal of regional water resources. This has been the final year of a joint Electromagnetic, resistivity and magnetic project — Impact of Wastewater Re-use on profiles identified fracture zones and varia- Groundwater Quality in the Mezquital tions in overburden thickness within Valley — with the National Water basaltic and basement terrains which were Commission of Mexico funded by the tested by drilling. DFID. The overall objective was to Jordan determine the effects of wastewater reuse on groundwater resources. Irrigation with The Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) is wastewater (right) from Mexico City has undertaking a study of domestically used been established for many years and the groundwater containing natural radionu- large volumes of water imported into the clides. The DFID is facilitating the BGS valley have raised groundwater levels, to cooperate in this project. created new groundwater discharge points Urban Areas and provides water supplies for up to 500 Mediterranean Region 000 people in the valley. Sampling has Many cities in developing countries Azimuthal resistivity and electro-kinetic shown that the groundwater underlying the are dependent on groundwater sounding methods were used in Cyprus and irrigated part of the valley is affected by aquifers as a source of water supply. Israel as part of an integrated geophysical deep percolation from wastewater in the However, uncontrolled ground- approach to the rational management and irrigation canals and from fields. water development and waste exploration of groundwater resources in ‘at Nigeria disposal is leading, in many places, risk’ aquifers of the Mediterranean region. to serious groundwater degradation. Initial results from this collaborative The Oju LGA Benue State Water Supply Against this background the BGS, CEC/INCO project showed the difficulty Project is funded by the DFID; the BGS is and seven overseas partners, have in acquiring consistent data over both working with WaterAid to help develop begun work on a DFID-funded sustainable village level water supplies in an project entitled Tools for Assessing area with the worst health and poverty indi- and Managing Groundwater cators in Nigeria. The hydrogeology of the Pollution Threats in Urban Areas. area is complex and has required detailed investigations (left). These have included drilling, test pumping; geophysics and hydrochemical surveys. Groundwater devel- Small Island Water opment maps that can be readily used by Information System the Local Government Authorities and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) Working in collaboration with the have been produced and appropriate well Commonwealth Science Council an siting methods devised. information system for water professionals working in Small Island Palestine Developing States has been developed. Small islands present par- As part of the DFID programme of assis- ticular challenges to the hydrogeolo- tance to the Palestinian National gist, with limited groundwater Authority, the BGS has continued work resources under increasing stress from on developing an understanding of the population growth and industrial hydrogeology of the West Bank mountain and tourist developments. Using a aquifer. This is the source of most of the combination of Internet and CD- water to local populations and will be a ROM the network is expected to key element in the final settlement with commence operation in 1998. D M J MacDonald Israel. The BGS arranged study tours of Exploration borehole being drilled at the UK by Palestinian professionals, and a Odaleko village, Eastern Nigeria plan for hydrometric monitoring to

24 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE

M E Stuart River transporting untreated wastewater to the irrigation area, Rio Salado, Mezquital, Mexico. improve long-term aquifer management supply and agricultural use. Guidelines for has been prepared. Future projects are managing the impact on groundwater at aimed at a better understanding of the such sites have been developed. Pollution Risk overall water resource and the social and economic implications of water scarcity. ARGOSS This DFID-funded research project aims to assess the risk to deep urban The provision of safe drinking water and South Pacific groundwaters used for public supply sanitation are key elements for the from the on-site disposal of urban A BGS Hydrogeologist is currently improvement of health in many develop- wastewaters. Employing detailed seconded to the Secretariat of the South ing countries. As resources are rarely field studies conducted with local Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission adequate to provide water supplies and project partners (a government (SOPAC) where he is the Training sewerage systems universally, the most agency, a regional university and a Coordinator. The Secretariat represents geo- cost-effective solution is often to water services cooperative) in Hat scientific interests for 17 member countries. construct low-yielding boreholes and on- Yai, Thailand, and Santa Cruz, Duties include organising scholarships and site sanitation. The BGS is undertaking a Bolivia, the project studied the two fellowships, the lecturing of certificate DFID-funded project Assessing Risk to main alluvial aquifer settings courses and seminars, the convening of Groundwater from On-Site Sanitation (shallow and deep water-tables). workshops and advising on hydrogeological (ARGOSS) with the aim of preparing activities. guidelines for the siting of on-site sanitation in relation to water supply wells. Vanuatu Groundwater Dependent Areas A BGS Hydrogeologist, funded by the DFID, is supporting the Department of Although the need for an integrated DFID Hydrogeological Geology, Mines and Water Resources. His approach to rural water supply and sanita- Adviser duties are principally concerned with tion is now widely accepted, guidance on ensuring adequate domestic water supply how to achieve it is universally lacking. A The BGS has continued to provide to communities on outlying islands. The collaborative project between WEDEC at advice to the DFID and to agencies main source of potable water in the urban Loughborough University and the BGS of the UN system, to colleagues and rural areas of Vanuatu is groundwater. aims to prepare and field test guidelines that from developing countries and to will enable a government to design an inte- NGOs through the post of Groundwater Protection grated programme. The draft guidelines Hydrogeological Adviser to the Infiltration of wastewater to aquifers fre- have so far been field tested in Zimbabwe DFID. In particular, the Adviser quently occurs as an unplanned conse- and will shortly be taken to Zambia. participated in a meeting of UK and International NGOs working quence of activities such as agricultural World Bank Policy Paper irrigation with wastewater or disposal to on emergency settlements and #390 surface canals. This study — Protecting disaster relief, for which rapid provision of safe drinking water is Groundwater beneath Wastewater Recharge As part of the UK’s multilateral aid often a major concern. The Adviser Sites — funded by the DFID, has focussed programme, funded by the DFID as part has continued to participate on on the pollution of groundwater by both of its Knowledge and Research initiative, behalf of the BGS in the Water organic and inorganic compounds at and at the request of the World Bank’s Focus Group of the DFID, and to recharge sites in Mexico, Jordan and Transportation Water and Urban manage and promote the continu- Thailand. Little evidence for the transmis- Development Strategy Division, the BGS ing research programme in the sion of toxic anthropogenic compounds to has produced a major review of urban water sector. groundwater was found, although salinity groundwater issues, focused specifically on can be a serious problem for both potable cities of the developing world.

GROUNDWATER AND POLLUTION 25 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

International Development and Assistance — Hydrocarbons

Caspian Sea consents. Work started on the first of five commitment wells by Amerada Hess. The An assessment of hydrocarbon potential has BGS monitored these activities for the been made in five existing fields offshore FIG, and provided technical advice to the from Baku as part of rehabilitation pro- FIG in the South West Atlantic grammes of the older oil fields in Azerbaijan. Hydrocarbons Commission in tripartite This involved on site analysis of data as well talks between the UK, Argentina and the as UK based studies and presentations to oil FIG. The BGS undertook environmental companies to promote the area. baseline studies in collaboration with China other NERC and Argentinian institutes as part of its work for the South West A study of coalbed methane production, Hydrocarbon Commission. commissioned by the Asian Development Bank, reviewed the present utilisation of Indonesia coalbed methane in China and identified Seabed Project and prioritised potential projects and The final Indonesian petroleum geology locations where further ADB assistance student at Heriot-Watt University This is a joint industry collaborative completed her MPhil, thus concluding the project between a group of would be environmentally significant, £5 million DFID programme of support companies who hold deep-water technically feasible, and economically for LEMIGAS (Indonesian State licences in the Norwegian sector. viable. The study found that large Hydrocarbon organisation). BGS assisted in the interpretation amounts of methane are vented from of seismic data, identified potential Chinese coal mining operations (below). Papua New Guinea hazards to oil development and Some is drained to enhance mine safety established a Cenozoic stratigraphy and allow uninterrupted mining. The petroleum exploration and develop- for the area. This work is helping to Although mixed with air, it is sufficiently ment technical assistance project for the develop a unified understanding of rich to form effectively a free source of fuel Government of Papua New Guinea, the Cenozoic geology of the North at the pithead, and is best used for funded by the World Bank will run until European Atlantic Margin from the domestic supply and electricity generation. late 1999. The BGS has managed a multi- South West Approaches to the A favourable location for a mine gas utili- disciplinary team of petroleum geoscien- Barents Sea. sation project was identified, where the tists, legal and fiscal experts, pipeline, domestic supply market is saturated and drilling and production engineers and there is scope for optimising usage by elec- information technology specialists. The tricity generation. team is supported by a variety of short- Basin Assessments term expertise integrated with the residen- Falkland Islands A number of projects have been tial input. Team members provided carried out for individual Technical and management support was general training and legal and economic companies and groups of companies provided to the FIG’s offshore explo- guidance. Specifically, they have assisted to provide hydrocarbon assessments ration programme. Licensees completed decisions on the PNG Refinery Bid; pri- of sedimentary basins in a number initial seismic acquisition programmes vatisation of the government share of oil of locations around the world. In and presented drilling proposals. The and gas field equity; landowner issues; addition, speculative seismic surveys BGS interpreted the data and advised the drafting of oil and gas legislation; and have been designed for contracting FIG on the proposals and issue of well model agreements. companies in the North Sea, the Faroes, UK and Irish Rockall areas and in the Porcupine Seabight, and the data have been subsequently interpreted and reports prepared for clients. Companies use this information in their prioritising of basin potential and development of licence bidding strategies.

(Right) Coalbed methane production at Jincheng, Shanxi Province, North China. S Holloway

26 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE

International Development and Assistance — Geohazards Montserrat There is continuing concern by the British Government for the people of this British Dependent Territory. The eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano has led to evacuation of the population from the southern part of the island (see cover photo) and to devastation of a number of villages and farm land on all flanks of the volcano, with loss of homes and livelihoods. The eruption has been monitored throughout by the BGS and the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) which advises on the activity of the volcano and the hazards that it poses. The BGS is contracted by the DFID to manage the scientific staff and equipment inputs to the observatory. Computer-generated view of Nevados de Chillán volcano, Chile, produced by draping a false- colour composite of a Landsat image (bands 4-5-7) on a digital elevation model. The red colour The BGS has also been working on the volcano is actually snow: the black deposit in the valley (centre) is an old lava flow. with the Montserrat Volcano Observatory, the Institute of Occupational Medicine Chile tent approach to describing and interpret- (Edinburgh) and the Universities of ing more than 400 borehole cores, Bristol and Cambridge in a collabo- The preparation of volcanic hazard maps enabling interpretation of archival for the Chillán (above) and Villarica rative study, funded by the DFID, borehole logs and core photographs to be on the composition of ash from the volcanoes in Chile continued as part of a made with greater confidence than research study being carried out for DFID. recent eruptions. Chemical and hitherto. The BGS has completed a physical analyses have been under- The approach combines geological infor- Seismic Monitoring Network for Hong mation on past volcanic activity with infor- taken using various techniques to Kong and are engaged in engineering classify ashes related to the different mation derived from interpretation of geology studies of the New Airport. satellite imagery and digital elevation data phases of the eruption. Studies have to model the likely course of future eruptive Geotechnical surveys of landslip hazards in revealed unusually high levels of events. GIS data combinations and perspec- Hong Kong have been supported by min- crystalline silica (cristobalite), which tives are used to present the information in eralogical and microtextural studies. The is known to be injurious to health. an easily comprehensible manner. landslips occur in kaolinised volcaniclastic Colombia rocks which show high proportions of hal- loysite in clay gouges and slip clays Landslide Hazards A BGS engineering geologist has been developed along slip planes. Microtextures working with the Colombian authorities in the clay gouges indicate that a series of Remote sensing and GIS analysis concerned with coal mining engineering movements occurred along some slip form the basis of a study funded and mine stability. In conjunction with the planes, separated by static intervals associ- under the DFID Knowledge & Geological Survey of Colombia he was ated with deposition of ferromanganese Research programme aimed at involved in urban landslide hazard investiga- minerals. developing a strategy for producing tions and with the Manizales Volcanological rapid landslide hazard maps for use and Seismological Observatory on volcano Jordan in developing countries. The study is being carried out in collabora- slope instability problems. The DFID-funded programme came to a tion with partners in Jamaica and close in April 1998. It focussed on training Hong Kong Slovakia. It builds on earlier work in environmental thematic mapping and which showed that general The Tung Chung Project, funded by the hazard assessment, concentrating on the landslide susceptibility could be Hong Kong Government, investigated coastal area in and adjacent to the city of determined by correlating past complex ground conditions that pose Aqaba, and included advice on the estab- events with geological and land use problems for foundation design and con- lishment of an associated database. The factors, and modelling the relation- struction of Tung Chung New Town, project was considered a great success by ships using a GIS. sited near to the new Hong Kong airport. the Jordanian authorities and further work The cornerstone of the work was a consis- is planned in other urban centres.

GEOHAZARDS 27 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME

Environmental problems International Development and cause increasing concern Assistance — Environmental to developing countries and the BGS is well Geoscience qualified to carry out research and seek solutions. Environmental Arsenic Exposure A study of mining-related arsenic contamination in the Ron Phibun district of Thailand, funded by the DFID has shown that shallow groundwater contains high arsenic concentrations, precluding its use as a supply of drinking water. The source of Geological Disposal of the arsenic in groundwater was considered CO to be arsenopyrite in alluvial sediments. 2 Bedrock tin mining and attendant process- BGS participates in projects ing were not thought to be causative factors, promoting the geological disposal but it is possible that the mobilisation of of CO2 which at present is emitted arsenic was exacerbated by dewatering into the atmosphere in vast quanti- during the mining of alluvial tin. ties where it enhances the natural High concentrations of arsenic in ground- greenhouse effect. water in Bangladesh pose a potentially Geological disposal of CO2 is serious health problem. The arsenic is already a reality. Statoil and their ‘natural’ in the sense that it is derived from C A Milne partners are currently disposing of 1 the alluvial sediments that exist in much of Flushing a hand-pump tubewell prior million tonnes of CO2 a year at the Bangladesh. There is still is a lack of reliable to sampling, Bangladesh. Sleipner West gas field in the information about the scale of the problem Norwegian sector of the North Sea. in terms of the size of population at risk, its The CO2 is injected into a geographical extent, underlying causes, the million. Many of these are likely to be unaf- absolute concentrations of arsenic in sandstone reservoir above the fected, but defining those that are, presents a groundwater and future trends. Basic geo- natural gas reservoir. BGS is major challenge for all concerned. involved in a major proposal to the logical, hydrogeological and geochemical EU THERMIE programme to data are needed to assess these issues and to Agricultural Pollution in the monitor the underground disposal define appropriate solutions. The problem is Caribbean of CO2 at the Sleipner West gas made all the more difficult because of the field. large number of shallow tubewells (above) in A review of currently available information the affected areas, perhaps as many two on movement of sediments and pollutants (Below) CO2 injection project at of agricultural origin into the coastal zone in Sleipner West. the Caribbean and their impact on coastal zone resources was prepared for the DFID Land-Water Interface Programme. Land Ocean Contaminant Study (LOCS) As part of this DFID-funded study, chemical analysis of samples of surface waters, suspended particulate matter and sea-bed sediments in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil showed that land-derived anthropogenic fluxes of most heavy metals are low relative to the natural detrital sediment loading. At present, zinc and cadmium are the only metals present at levels that are potentially hazardous to marine life and humans. Most contaminants are stored in the sediment delta systems at the mouths of the main dis- tributaries entering the bay, or down current from them; consequently, little anthro- Courtesy: Statoil pogenic metal has reached the Atlantic.

28 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE

Prediction and Remediation of Human Selenium Imbalances A DFID-funded investigation of the The BGS display on monitoring environmental change at the Royal Society Exhibition. relationship between environmental selenium and oesophageal cancer in the Cixian area of China showed Pollution in East Africa world is considered to be mainly the result that selenium concentrations in soil, of drinking contaminated water. However, drinking water, grain and human As part of the UNEP GPA (Global collaborative studies with the Center for hair increase from the low to high Programme of Action), a report was International Child Health (Great cancer incidence villages. This compiled by the BGS on land-based Ormond Street, London) and Mulago suggests that selenium deficiency is sources of pollution and their impacts on Hospital (Kampala, Uganda), funded by not a causative factor in oesophageal the marine, coastal and freshwater environ- the DFID, have shown that exposure may cancer here. A study in Sri Lanka ment of East Africa, in conjunction with also result from the deliberate ingestion of evaluated the relationship between the Institute of Marine Sciences, Zanzibar. soil or the contamination of food during environmental and dietary levels of A workshop was held in October 1997, at preparation. Such contamination exposes selenium and iodine and the which a draft was prepared for a Strategic the population to increased levels of incidence of goitre, an iodine-defi- Action Plan to minimise the impacts of potential toxic trace elements and patho- ciency disease. Levels of iodine in pollution in East Africa. genic organisms from the soil, but it also drinking water and rice are much lower in villages where goitre is a Fish Ear-bones as increases the concentration of essential elements such as iron and magnesium in problem than in villages where Environmental Monitors the diet. An understanding of both the goitre does not occur. Selenium Skills developed for the microanalysis of geochemistry of the soil and nutritional deficiency and potential goitrogens geological materials have been applied to the status is therefore important in targeting in red rice may also be potentiating otoliths (ear-bones) of fish from Bangladesh, remedial measures. factors in the aetiology of goitre in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, in work south-west Sri Lanka. carried out for the Marine Research Mayak Project Division of CSIRO (Australia). The compo- Under its EC-funded Mayak project with sitions of otoliths reflect the water chemistry AEA Technology, Harwell, the BGS is in which the fish have grown, and therefore helping Russian experts to assess the variations may be used to track the radioactive waste arising from previous movement of fish between saline and fresh nuclear programmes and disposal options water or to monitor contamination. at the large nuclear-fuel reprocessing site, This work also formed part of a major pre- formerly Chelyabinsk-65, in the foothills sentation entitled Aquatic Life Charts east of the Ural Mountains. Environmental Change shown at the annual Royal Society Frontiers in Science Mitigation of Mining-related Exhibition in London (above) attended by Mercury Pollution Hazards senior figures from the world of science, A DFID-funded assessment of human government, industry and, perhaps most mercury exposure on the Philippines, important, our ultimate sponsors, the based on analysis of hair samples, showed F M Fordyce general public. that ballmill operators and workers pro- Woman suffering from goitre, one of Trace Elements in Food cessing mercury-contaminated tailings in the primary health effects of iodine cyanidation plants are prone to elevated deficiency. Exposure to potentially toxic trace exposure, for which appropriate remedial elements and pathogens in the developing strategies may be required.

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE 29 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Resources — Minerals

PIMA Minerals Programme organisations, was updated and the publication World Mineral Statistics 1992-96 This programme, funded by the DTI, Spectral geology, as a service to the produced from it. The United Kingdom comprises a minerals information and minerals industry and BGS projects, Minerals Yearbook 1997, which provides advisory service and activities aimed at stim- is an area of increasing importance more detailed statistics for the UK and ulating the creation of wealth from Britain’s for the BGS in terms of both includes commentary and graphics, was mineral resources. Work on the wealth- ground-based systems and new also published with the assistance of creation aspects included publication of a satellite sensors. The PIMA (Portable funding from the DETR and DTI. report describing new evidence of minerali- Infrared Mineral Analyser) is a hand- sation in the Lewisian supracrustal rocks of held shortwave infrared spectrometer Mineral Resource Information north-west Scotland. Sulphide-bearing and capable of identifying a range of banded iron formation rocks were found to This DETR-funded project has developed clays, sulphates and carbonates — contain local gold and merit further investi- systems for the collection and display of minerals typical of hydrothermal gation for their economic potential. data on mineral resources and the environ- alteration assemblages. The PIMA mental constraints that may affect their has been used in commercial investi- Another report on the mineral potential of extraction, for selected areas of England gations in Anglesey, Devon, Ochills the Dalradian rocks of north-east Scotland and Wales. Such information is essential and Ecuador. for stratabound (SEDEX) deposits for the preparation and review of Mineral contained a review of existing data plus new Local Plans. Maps, and associated reports, geochemical and geophysical information on Cornwall (below left) and South Wales interpreted in the light of recent geological Trace Elements in Cement were published during the year and work mapping. The most promising area for the on a further six counties is well advanced. Philips Analytical X-ray (Cambridge) discovery of stratabound base-metal deposits A primary objective of the work is to commissioned a complete calibration was considered to be in the Upper Deveron provide baseline data on mineral resources package for the analysis of trace near Wellheads. in a consistent format for the long term. elements in cement products and by- The information and advisory service All the data are held in digital form, products, using X-ray fluorescence provided information to Government and enabling easy revision and customisation (XRF) spectrometry. The package Industry on all aspects of minerals explo- to meet individual user needs. consists of 16 standards, two drift ration, development, production and correction samples and two XRF trade, making extensive use of databases Minerals of East Dorset software applications capable of cali- supported by the programme. Work brating a Philips XRF spectrometer The BGS started a multidisciplinary study included participation in the International for 11 major and 34 trace elements. on behalf of the DETR, to provide up-to- Strategic Metals Issues (ISMI) Working date information on the mineral resources Group and in an International of the Tertiary Basin of east Dorset and Consultative Group in Non-ferrous Metal their relationship to planning issues. The (Below) Part of the Mineral Resources Statistics. The World Mineral Statistics area contains nationally important Map of Cornwall, showing resources, database, which is compiled from official resources of ball clay as well as sand and sources and in consultation with major planning permissions and planning con- gravel. It is also highly valued for its producers, traders and other international straints in the St Austell china clay area. habitats of national and international significance, particularly the heathlands. Computer-based 3-D Modelling Using VULCAN software, work was undertaken on modelling metalliferous mineral and coal prospects in Britain and overseas for SMEs. The models generated by this powerful system assisted the clients in estimating the resources present, highlighting information gaps, and identifying and helping to resolve geological and other problems. Building Stones A study, commissioned by CADW Welsh Historic Monuments, investigated the sources of building stone used in the Cistercian Tintern Abbey, Gwent.

30 RESOURCES — MINERALS RESOURCES – OIL AND GAS Resources — Oil and Gas

FieldBank DTI – Oil and Gas Division In collaboration with ARK Geophysics, A BGS team of geologists and seismic inter- Petroleum Exploration Computer preters provide advice to the Oil and Gas Consultants (PECC) and the Petroleum Division of the DTI to assist the Open Software Corporation (POSC), and Department in the management of the UK Geophysical Image Atlas with part-funding from Department of oil and gas resources. The work is carried An Interpreters’ Supplement to the Trade and Industry (OSO), the BGS has out in strict confidence. Data provided by Geophysical Image Atlas was developed an extension to the POSC the industry under the various petroleum developed as an aid to hydrocarbon Epicentre data model for gravity and regulations are used by the BGS team to exploration in the UK Atlantic magnetic data, and set up a commercial assess field and basin potential, to estimate margin. Volumes 9S (Shetland- database service for the oil industry. The reserves and provide broadly based geologi- Faeroes) and 10S (Hebrides-Rockall) system is now established at Keyworth cal advice to the DTI’s own technical team. were supplied to customers and using the PECC PetroVision data browser volume 11S (Hatton Bank) was as a fully commercial venture and is acces- Atlantic Margin taken to production stage. The main sible to customers via ISDN lines and the Oil companies commissioned 2-D and 3-D elements are: combined images of Internet. gravity and magnetic modelling, which was gravity and magnetic anomaly data; IIFR integrated with seismic reflection interpre- anomaly source locations from Euler tation in the investigation of the Atlantic deconvolution; and apparent basin The IIFR (Interpolation In-Field margin. thickness maps derived from 3-D Referencing) technique, co-developed gravity modelling of the lithosphere with Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, Reservoir Mineralogy and to depths of 40-45 kilometres. provides accurate estimates of the Fracturing 222

6209 6208 6207 strength and direction of the geomag- 6206 218 6205 6204 6203 6202 netic field at drilling locations to The results of studies into the distribution 217 improve the accuracy of well-bore of the natural radioactive elements U, Th,

and K in North Sea reservoir rocks has 6109 surveys made using magnetic survey 6108 6107 6106 6105 6104 214 208 209 tools. For UK offshore fields this is enabled gamma-ray wireline logs to be

achieved by combining the BGGM, local more realistically interpreted. 213

Relationships between fracturing history, 6009 aeromagnetic survey measurements and 6008 6007 6006 6005 1 data from the BGS magnetic observato- fracture mineralisation and diagenetic 205 206 207

ries. IIFR was applied at eleven offshore effects have been explored by detailed pet- 204 oil fields in the North Sea region, and rographic analysis in order to evaluate

202 203 5 6 7 163 164 the BGS commissioned aeromagnetic their inﬂuence on reservoir properties. 165 166 surveys over three 50 x 50 kilometre Clients include Shell UK Exploration and areas. On or close to land conventional Production Limited and BP Exploration 3 154 155 156 magnetic survey techniques are applied. Operating Company Limited, and there 201 11 12 13 Commissioned surveys were carried out has been close collaboration with the uni- R M Carruthers in Germany and Alaska (below). versities of Aberdeen and Leeds. An interpretation of the apparent basin thickness off northern Britain as derived from 3-D gravity modelling. The Faeroe Islands (to the NW) and the Orkney and Shetland Islands (to the SE) are outlined in white. Areas with shallow basement and igneous complexes are indicated by orange shades whereas the thicker basins appear in blue. The modelling was carried out using the BGS Gmod software.

(Left) Magnetic survey measurements being made at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, in support of oil industry operations. J G Carrigan

RESOURCES – OIL AND GAS 31 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Geology and Geohazards

Seismic Properties of Marine Geomagnetically Induced World Stratotype Sediments Currents (GICs) The contract to supervise the acqui- The study of the acoustic properties of The National Grid Company needs assess- sition of rock cores and geophysical marine sediments is of interest in under- ment of hazards posed to its electricity dis- logs through the full thickness of the standing the processes of wave propagation, tribution networks by GICs which, during Kimmeridge Clay forms part of the refraction, and reflection at boundaries in magnetic storms, may cause transformer NERC Rapid Global Geological the vicinity of the sea floor. Understanding overheating or even trip safety devices. In Events (RGGE) special topic to how these properties change in a normally March 1989, close to the last solar activity study past climatic changes in as consolidated sediment is essential in the for- maximum, magnetic storm-induced GICs great detail as practicable in a mulation of improved ‘seismo-acoustic in the Hydro-Quebec system caused cata- selected interval of the geological propagation-loss models’ of the marine sub- strophic failure. Magnetic storms will column. The Kimmeridge Clay surface. Many models of the near sea bed become more frequent over the next few provides an unbroken sequence of tend to simplifications as there is far more years as the next solar maximum approaches highly fossiliferous marine structure, especially in the Quaternary and so the GIC hazard will increase. The mudstones, about 150 million years sediments, than appears on these models. BGS has begun a study of GICs including old, which represent about three Information gathered from sampling and the development of a new 3-D electrical million years of Earth history. They laboratory testing programmes can improve conductivity model of the British Isles. contain rhythmic variations in clay these models by providing both seismic and mineralogy, fauna and organic geotechnical property data. Rockall Margin content that reflect past climatic and sea-level changes. The aim of the The Defence Evaluation and Research Site specific studies have been carried out project is to try to identify climatic Agency (DERA) recognised this need and for a number of companies, particularly changes that resulted from variations commissioned a collaborative project associated with the possible presence of in the radiant heat received from the between Reading University, Postgraduate shallow gas, gas hydrates or unstable sun, which are thought to occur in Research Institute for Sedimentology slopes. This work has been done either for 21 000 to 250 000-year cycles. The (PRIS) and the BGS to develop a database Environmental Impact Assessments or as RGGE results will enable long-term with acoustic, mineralogical and geotech- part of the site investigation during field climatic cycles to be recognised, nical information pertaining to the rocks development which cannot be identified from the and sediments of the offshore UK. This Radon available short-term historical database would provide the key relation- climatic records. ships used to produce seismic property The DETR has contracted the BGS, as pseudo-sections used in scenario models part of a joint project with the NRPB, to (Below) World stratotype for the for the detection of anomalous bodies produce geological radon-potential maps Kimmeridigian – Portlandian Stage using sonar techniques. for selected parts of England which will Boundary: Houns-tout, identify areas where radon concentrations Isle of Purbeck, Dorset. are most likely to have greater than 5% probability of being above the Action Level. The main objective of the project is to identify with greater precision the location of homes likely to be above the Radon Action Level and to inform any future radon measurement campaigns. GHASP GHASP (Geo-Hazards Assessment and Susceptibility Programme) is a Geographical Information System (GIS) describing the components of subsidence hazard in a format suitable for use by insurance under- writers. The system is based on expert inter- pretations of five risk layers with the user interface being postcode sectors. Numerical values of hazard can be exported for incor- R W Gallois poration into the user’s database.

32 GEOLOGY AND GEOHAZARDS GEOLOGY AND GEOHAZARDS

Commercialisation of BGS Borehole Seismic R D Ogilvy Sources Deployment of RESCAN electrode cable assembly on lake floor by divers. The BGS has developed a range of borehole seismic sources for the generation of compressional and Resistivity Imaging and can be better utilised in the planning vertically polarised shear-wave and execution of major development ini- On behalf of DERA, the BGS was com- signals. The designs are unique to tiatives. Case studies, the views of user missioned by Ultra Electronics to carry the BGS and a marketing communities and a guide to best practice out trial RESCAN resistivity measure- agreement has been concluded with are the core of the output. ments on the floor of an artificial marine Allied Associates Geophysical Ltd lake, Horsea Island, Portsmouth — the Geotek Core Imaging System to promote and sell these devices first attempt to use the system in a marine for site-investigation surveys, environment (above). The experiments A non-contacting resistivity system is including cavity detection, fault and were designed to map the lake-bottom being developed in conjunction with fracture delineation, rock-mass sediments below 6 – 7 metres of highly Geotek (to sell as additional sensor for characterisation for the radwaste conductive sea water. The results their core logger) for imaging slabbed core industry and the determination of confirmed that while the sea water and whole core while still in its liner. in-situ geomechanical properties. A shear-wave source was recently sold dominates the measured resistivities at Commercial Geophysics short electrode spacings, advanced tomo- to the Institute of Engineering graphic inversion techniques permitted the Commercial cross-borehole seismic surveys Seismology and Earthquake successful imaging of structure, degree of have been designed and undertaken for Engineering (ITZAK), Greece. fracturing and sea-water saturation levels, clients in the UK and Hong Kong. in the underlying chalk. Electrical resistivity imaging has been Cuttings Mounds undertaken on the seabed for the Defence Research Agency and used as part of a Several studies have been undertaken for Shell UK to sample and core cuttings piles study into the stability of Edinburgh near or under drill platforms. Castle (right). Operationally this can be difficult, as in SW England the case of investigation under the Fulmar A platform in the North Sea, where cores Contract work by the University of East were collected using the BGS’s six metre Anglia on the magnetostratigraphy of the vibrocorer deployed from a rig supply ‘New Red Sandstone’ (Permo-Triassic) of vessel between the legs of the working south-west England has resulted in the platform. Here a number of cores were establishment of a sequence of magneto- successfully collected which sampled zones in the biostratigraphically barren through the cuttings pile and into the Aylesbeare Mudstone, indicating the first original sea bed. They were logged and definitive evidence of a Triassic sub-sampled for detailed geochemical (Smithian-Spathian) age for that unit. analysis, providing evidence of the levels of The important consequence is that the diffusion from the mud and cuttings pile. base of the Mesozoic must now be sought in the upper part of the Exeter Group, Department of the which underlies the Aylesbeare Mudstone Environment Transport and Group. L J Donnelly the Regions Mid-winter work on the Edinburgh Work has continued on the geological Castle landslide: a BGS geologist laying Three reports for the DETR discuss how assessment of Devonport Dockyard in geophysical lines. earth science information is presented association with the Babtie Group.

GEOLOGY AND GEOHAZARDS 33 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Environmental Geoscience

Nirex Resistivity Imaging

The BGS has continued to provide The BGS-designed RESCAN resistivity extensive geoscience consultancy services imaging system was successfully applied, to United Kingdom Nirex Limited, under contract to Nirex, to mapping the despite the termination of the Sellafield spatial heterogeneity and volumetric distri- investigations following the Secretary of bution of the Quaternary sequence at State for the Environment’s rejection of Sellafield. Sufficient geoelectric contrast their proposal to build an underground existed between boulder beds, gravels and Radioactivity in the Irish laboratory as a precursor to construction clays to differentiate these horizons. The Sea of a deep repository for intermediate level results confirmed that the Quaternary radioactive waste. Much of the work was sequence can exhibit a high degree of het- A MAFF-funded study of radionu- concerned with the ‘mothballing’ of the erogeneity, particularly in the stream flood clides in Irish Sea intertidal Sellafield studies and comprised the finali- plain where depositional patterns are con- sediments was completed. This sation of open-file reports on the results of stantly changing. provided detailed information on 137 recent investigations and the completion the distribution of Cs in the of the Nirex Digital Geoscience Database Fluid-rock Reactions sediments of the eastern Irish Sea (NDGD) and related GIS addition, which Pore fluids leaching from a cement- and showed clear reductions in the 137 contains all the basic earth-science data dominated waste repository can be highly Cs content over time as dis- collected during the programme. charges from Sellafield have reactive towards the rocks hosting the repos- reduced. Estimation of the relation- Rock Fractures itory. The BGS has spent several years inves- ships between 137Cs, 241Am and Pu tigating these reactions for Nirex by a variety isotopes in the sediments enabled Petrographic characterisation of fractured of laboratory experiments and computer inventories of these relatively long- rock and associated mineralisation from modelling studies. Recent work has lived radionuclides in the sediments the Sellafield site has continued as part of included the continued improvement of to be calculated. the completion of the Nirex site investiga- computer codes capable of predicting alkali tion programmes. Much of the work fluid-rock reaction, and the revision of focussed on the mineralogical characterisa- (Below) Estimated inventories of numerous reports detailing recent work. tion of fractures and porous rock associ- radionuclides in Irish Sea Intertidal ated with active groundwater flow. Analcite Dissolution Kinetics sediments (TF, tidal flat; SM, salt marsh). The construction of caverns for the deep underground disposal of radioactive waste is likely to use significant quantities of cement. The interaction of highly alkaline cement pore fluids with clay minerals is likely to 45 form the mineral analcite, for which few

40 kinetic and thermodynamic data exist at present. Understanding the rate and 35 magnitude of reactions involving analcite is 30 important for the accurate prediction of T Bq 25 long term reactions in the vicinity of the waste. The BGS is currently conducting 20 experiments, funded by PNC to determine 15 the rate at which analcite reacts over a range 10 137 Cs of temperatures and ﬂuid compositions.

5 241 Am REX Project 0 239/240 Pu TF SM This project, funded by the Power Reactor TF SM Wigtown, Fleet TF 238 Pu TF and Nuclear Fuel Development Kirkcudbright Solway N TF S SM Firth Corporation, Japan, involved a study of W Cumbria Duddon, TOTAL Morecambe, microbial effects on redox conditions in Estimated intertidal inventories Ribble relation to the geological disposal of radioactive waste, linked to the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden.

34 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE

R D Ogilvy EQUIP Pumping of coal-tar to remediate a former gasworks site. Work commenced on an EC- supported international project to Extraction and Characterisation the microbiological safety of drinking investigate how deep groundwater of Pore-waters in Clays waters; removal of microbiological conta- systems at potential repository sites minants across septic tanks and package have responded to changes in In the construction of underground repos- treatment plants; and the effects of biore- climatic and hydrogeological condi- itories for the disposal of radioactive waste, mediation on groundwater quality in tions during the Quaternary. an understanding of the chemical compo- terms of microbiology and chemistry. EQUIP (Evidence from Quaternary sition of groundwaters flowing through Infills for Palaeohydrogeology) the proposed geological formation is Marine Survey, California extends work undertaken by the critical. The target formation is usually Modifications to the BGS towed seabed BGS for UK Nirex Ltd at Sellafield chosen to have a low permeability to help gamma-ray spectrometer (EEL) system in west Cumbria, and uses miner- minimise the risk of long-term transport enabled it to be used at much greater alogical features to provide informa- of radionuclides into the biosphere.The depths than previously, for collaborative tion on how the modern deep BGS has carried out three contract work with the US Geological Survey and groundwater system has evolved. research projects with European nuclear the US Environmental Protection Agency The work reveals a close relation- waste agencies (NAGRA, who lead a con- in a survey of the Farallon Radioactive ship between the occurrence and sortium of countries characterising the Waste Dump Site off California. distribution of the latest generation Opalinus clay formation; the French of calcite and present-day ground- nuclear waste agency ANDRA; and IPSN Monitoring the Test Ban Treaty water flow in deep (up to two kilo- who are carrying out studies on the metres) site-investigation boreholes. Tournemire Shale Formation). The BGS has been awarded the contract to establish the UK National Data Centre IPT (NDC) to monitor the Comprehensive The EU is funding an assessment of the use Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by seismic iden- of Induced Polarisation Tomography (IPT) tification of underground nuclear explo- for the non-invasive geoelectric mapping of sions. This involves the analysis of seismic subsurface contaminants, particularly oils data from a global network of seismic and solvents. It is postulated that contami- stations and arrays, including the UK array nants which interact with the pore-mineral at Eskdalemuir, for which the NDC has responsibility. The NDC data processing interface or block ion mobility may give rise A E Milodowski to anomalous IP effects. The consortium system is being developed in collaboration with AWE Blacknest. Cathodoluminescence (CL) image of partnership comprises the BGS (coordina- late-stage calcite mineralisation tor), ABEM Instrument (Sweden) and BG Potentially Toxic Elements in reveals complex, fine-scale growth Technology (formerly British Gas). Field Welsh Stream Waters zoning of bright and dark lumines- trials have been undertaken at ex-gasworks cence zones controlled by variations in sites, in conjunction with BG Technology This project, funded by the NERC trace elements incorporated in the plc (above). Environmental Diagnostics thematic crystal lattice during its growth from Microbiological Contaminants programme used a speciation model to recent groundwater. The zoning predict the chemical form of potentially preserves a record of mineral precipi- A detailed review of microbiological conta- toxic metals such as lead, cadmium and tation and corrosion, and microchem- minants in groundwater, carried out by zinc in stream water. The data were used ical variation reflecting the history of the BGS and the Robens Institute, to identify areas where metal concentra- changes in groundwater composition. University of Surrey for the Environment tions were above Environmental Quality Agency, included: protocols for assessing Standards for freshwater fish (salmonids).

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE 35 COMMISSIONED PROGRAMME Environmental Geoscience (continued)

Effect of Landfill Sites on Groundwater Quality RESCAN resistivity imaging surveys were undertaken for the EA at the closed Thriplow Landfill, Cambridgeshire, to help define the spatial limits and 3-D geometry of the deposited waste and to identify possible leachate flow-paths. The landfill was operated on the dilute and disperse principle and hence the underlying Chalk (an important aquifer) could be vulnerable to cont-

aminant infiltration. D K Buckley Sampling and geophysical logging of groundwater in north-west Skye. (Below) The RESCAN images confirmed that the landfill did not occupy a single quarry but comprised commence the integrated monitoring and several discrete pits, all of which were Scottish Hydrogeology data collection of aquifers in Scotland. filled and subsequently covered by a thin Our understanding of aquifer characteris- The Hydrogeology Group has provided layer of surficial back-fill. The waste tics in Scotland is steadily increasing as support and advice to the Water deposits are characterised by very low groundwater development maintains a Authorities, the SEPA and the Scottish resistivity values (colour-coded red). The high level of interest. Several aquifers are Office on strategic issues regarding protec- edges of the pits are clearly delineated, a now under investigation for public supply tion and management. A groundwater result that is supported by photogeologi- usage owing to the advantages of ground- database is being produced as well as a cal evidence. The low resistivity values water over surface supplies in certain cir- series of vulnerability maps covering the below the base of the pits are attributed cumstances. With the forthcoming imple- main areas in Scotland where groundwater to the infiltration of leachate and prefer- mentation of European legislation, it is is abstracted (above). ential flow-paths associated with hoped that the opportunity will arise to fracture zones within the Chalk. Northern Ireland

INVERTED TRUE RESISTIVITY IMAGE, LINE 11, DOMESTIC LANDFILL SITE Multi-element analyses of stream sediments and stream waters, funded by the Environment Service (DOE-NI) and the Department of Economic Development (DED), now provide comprehensive geochemical coverage of western Northern Ireland. The dataset covers more than 70 elements, including very low level analyses of elements such as Mo in stream waters using ICP-MS. The successful systematic application of this technique in Northern Ireland represents a signiﬁcant step forward in regional geochemical mapping, allowing new information to be obtained on a range of environmentally sensitive elements in the hydrosphere.

36 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE (CONTINUED)

Chemical-waste Deposits and Sandstone Aquifer was completed close to Flow-paths a site where chemical wastes had been disposed previously. The unsaturated RESCAN resistivity tomography, VLF- zone was 60 to 75 metres thick, and Resistivity and Transient Electromagnetic extracting pore fluids from the drill core surveys were successfully applied in an represented the only means of sampling ICI-funded project to the non-invasive this zone. Detailed profiles of porewater mapping of chemical wastes deposited in chemistry with depth were determined disused sandstone quarries. The surveys helped to delineate the concealed edges for a range of contaminants including the and base of the sandstone quarries prior to halogenated solvents (below). These the siting of monitoring boreholes and demonstrated that movement of water provided valuable physical insight on and aqueous phase contaminants was waste composition, quarry geometry and largely controlled by lithology and fine- contaminant migration pathways. scale laminations. This research for ICI confirmed the complex behaviour of con- Impact of Farm Wastes Stores taminant migration and the importance on Groundwater Quality of integrated investigations to include This MAFF-funded project focuses on the borehole geophysics, porewater analysis (Below) Geophysical logging conﬁrmed potential threat to groundwater from and geological and aquifer characterisa- ‘ponding’ of contaminants on layers of unlined slurry lagoons. In England and tion of the core. low permeability (mudstones, cemented Wales, there could be up to 11 500 such sandstones. stores some of which are located above the major Chalk and Triassic Sandstone aquifers. One likely impact is the potentially large nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) load, another is the introduction of micro- organisms such as Cryptosporidia. Studies have shown that raw slurry can penetrate to depth through fractures in the rock matrix. Future work intends to assess the extent of the problem nationwide and to suggest ways in which potentially serious pollution problems might be reduced or eliminated. Scotland The mapping of Edinburgh Sheet 32E was adapted to provide East of Scotland Water with a geological map and report on the proposed major Esk Valley Puriﬁcation Scheme.

The City of Edinburgh Council commissioned reports on potentially contaminated land in Granton. This work was a joint venture with Edinburgh University. Environmental Database Work has also been done to prepare a multidisciplinary database of environmentally related information to assist oil companies in the preparation of Environmental Assessments in the Rockall area. This work has been done in collaboration with other NERC institutes and provides a considerable cost saving for the companies in the preparation of their cases. Transport Behaviour of Contaminants Drilling and sampling of four deep-cored boreholes in the Permo-Triassic

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE 37 Appendix 1 Organisation

DIRECTOR Dr D A Falvey

Central Directorate Support Group

PROGRAMMES DIVISIONS CORPORATE DIVISIONS

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS & OFFSHORE SURVEYS GEOLOGICAL AND Dr C W A Browitt HYDROGEOLOGICAL SURVEYS Petroleum & Marine Geology Dr S S D Foster Dr N G T Fannin* CORPORATE SERVICES & BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Scotland & Northern England Regional Geophysics Dr P M Allen Dr D J Fettes Dr M K Lee Central England & Wales Global Seismology & BGS International Geomagnetism Dr A J Reedman Mr T J Charsley Dr D J Kerridge UK Business Development Southern & Eastern England Basin Analysis & Stratigraphy Mr D C Ovadia* Mr P J Strange Dr B Owens Information Services GSNI Dr A Dobinson Dr R A B Bazley Geospatial Information Hydrogeology Systems Dr D W Peach Mr I Jackson Publication Services Coastal & Engineering Geology Dr C A Green Mr M G Culshaw Training Dr I E Penn

MINERALS, ENVIRONMENT & GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS Dr J A Plant

Minerals ADMINISTRATION Mr G P Riddler Mr D Hackett

Mineralogy & Petrology Personnel Dr D J Morgan Mr J Orr Analytical & Regional Geochemistry Finance, Accounts & Contracts Dr J W Baldock Mrs S J Williams Fluid Processes & Waste Management Facilities Management Mr D C Holmes Mr G S Bowick NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory Prof R R Parrish Local Administration

* Acting head

38 Appendix 2 Finance

BGS EXPENDITURE — 1997/98

THEMATIC

CORE STRATEGIC 0.30% 3.16% 1.10% NON THEMATIC 47.84% COMMISSIONED

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

CORPORATE CAPITAL 47.13%

0.47%

SOURCES OF BGS INCOME 1990/91 — 1997/98 (at 1997/98 prices)

£m

10 Other Science Budget 5 Government

0 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98

39 Appendix 3 Publishing

Interim issue of maps 1: 50 000 (ELECTROSTATIC PLOT) RESEARCH REPORTS To ensure the earliest possible release of ENGLAND AND WALES SF/98/1 The Midas Project — Multidataset analysis for the development of gold explo- current geological data to the public, all new 34 Guisborough † S&D ration models in western Europe 1: 50 000 maps are first made available in 38 Ambleside S&D digital form and as electrostatic plots (on- 54 Scarborough † S&D MINERAL RESOURCES demand), in advance of litho printing. The 73 Hornsea S&D purchase of an electrostatic plot entitles the 235 Cirencester S&D United Kingdom minerals yearbook 1996 customer to a free copy of the printed map if 271 Dartford S&D and when this is published. 316 Fareham S&D MAGAZINES 348 Plymouth S&D Earthwise, Issues 10, 11 MAPS PUBLISHED SCOTLAND POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Discovering geology card — Fossil focus: The following abbreviations are used through- 19 South Islay † S&D 32W Livingstone S Foraminifera out: S – solid; D – drift; S&D – solid and drift; Holiday geology guide — Mining in west SwD – solid with drift; S,D – both editions on 40E Kircaldy S&D 40E Kircaldy S Cornwall one sheet; Q – Quaternary; PQ – Pre- Holiday geology guide — Westminster Quaternary; † – provisional edition. 42/51W Tiree and Coll † S&D 43S Ross of Mull † S&D Holiday geology guide — St Paul’s Holiday geology map — North York Moors 1: 1 500 000 102E Lairg S&D Holiday geology map — Lake District Colour shaded relief gravity anomaly map of Fossils — the story of life Great Britain, Ireland and adjacent seas INTERNATIONAL Earthquakes — our trembling planet Colour shaded relief magnetic anomaly map of Groundwater — our hidden asset Great Britain, Ireland and adjacent seas SRI LANKA Geological map of Central and Western Sri GEOMAGNETIC BULLETIN Lanka (1: 250 000) 1: 250 000 No.26 Kochchikade–Attanagalla (1: 100 000) Tyne-Tees S (2nd edition) Nuwara Eliya–Haputale (1: 100 000) Northern Ireland S (2nd edition)

1: 50 000 (PRINTED) BOOKS PUBLISHED ENGLAND AND WALES 10 Newbiggin S,S&D ANNUAL REPORT 23 Cockermouth S Report for 1996/97 INDEX TO AREAS COVERED BY 23 Cockermouth S&D GEOCHEMICAL ATLASES 35/44 Whitby and Scalby † S&D SHEET MEMOIRS 40 Kirby Stephen † S&D Published ENGLAND AND WALES Shetland 41 Richmond † S&D Planned 47 Bootle S, S&D 28/37/47 West Cumbria 48 Ulverston S 119 Snowdon Orkney 48 Ulverston S&D 123 Stoke-on-Trent Sutherland South 50 Hawes † S&D 178/179 Llanilar and Rhayader Orkney & 73 Hornsea † S&D 335/336 Trevose Head and Camelford Caithness Hebrides 119 Snowdon S Great 119 Snowdon S&D SCOTLAND Glen East 129 The Wash S&D 23W Hamilton Grampians 270 South London S&D 30E Glasgow Argyll 271 Dartford S&D 63W Glen Roy 278/part 294 Minehead S&D 60 Rum and the adjacent Southern Scotland islands Northern SCOTLAND 73W Invermoriston Ireland Lake North- District east 31E Falkirk S 76E/76W Inverurie and Alford England 31E Falkirk S&D North-west England and Humber- 66E Banchory S&D LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC ATLAS Trent North Wales 84W Fortrose S&D UK North West Margin, Vol. 2 Wales East Midlands 85W Knockando S and and 114 E Tongue S west Midlands East Anglia TECHNICAL REPORTS South-east COASTAL GEOLOGY — England and HS/97/1 Effective health and Safety man- England South-west Wales agement of geoscience ﬁeldwork England Parts 257, 258, 259, 271, 272, 273 Inner WE/97/5 The hydrogeological behaviour of Thames Estuary PQ&Q the clay-with-ﬂints of southern England July 1998

40 AVAILABILITY OF MAPS AT 1:63 360 & 1:50 000 SCALE AVAILABILITY OF SHEET MEMOIRS AND SHEET EXPLANATIONS

NORTH SHETLAND 130 NORTH SHETLAND 130 7 July 1998 7 July 1998 WEST SHETLAND CENTRAL SHETLAND WEST SHETLAND CENTRAL SHETLAND MEMOIR AVAILABLE

SOUTH SHETLAND SOUTH SHETLAND

41 1:63 360 map published

51 1:50 000 map published 88 Published 122 49 Out of print 64 Out of print 122 121 61 Not published 121 120 Special sheet 119 119 120 Special sheet 117 117

113 116 114 115 113 114 115 116

107 108 109 107 OUTER HEBRIDES 110 108 109 OUTER HEBRIDES 110 1:100 000 ASSYNT 1:100 000 100 101 MEMOIR AVAILABLE ASSYNT 102 103 100 101 102 103

NORTHERN SKYE NORTHERN SKYE 90 91 92 93 90 91 94 95 96 92 93 94 95 96 97 97 80 NORTHERN SKYE 81 82 83 84 MEMOIR AVAILABLE 80 81 85 86 87 82 83 84 85 86 87 70 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

61 62 63 61 60 64 65 66 67 60 62 63 64 65 66 67

42 / 51W 51 52 53 54 42 / 51W 51 52 53 55 56 57 57A 54 55 56 57 57A

42 / 50 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 42 / 50 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

36 35 37 38 39 40 41 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

28 28 29 30 31 32 33 29 30 31 32 33 27 34 27 34 1 / 2 1 / 2 19 26 19 26 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 21 22 23 24 25 3 4 3 4 18 12 18 NORTHUMBERLAND-SOLWAY BASIN 12 ARRAN 14 15 16 17 56 ARRAN 14 15 16 17 56 7 8 7 8 8 910 7 8 910 6/12 11 7 6/12 11 11 13 RHINS OF 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 RHINS OF 7 8 9 10 14 GALLOWAY 12 13 14 15 GALLOWAY 12 13 14 15 11 17 11 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 6 20 21 6 18 1920 21 3 4 5 16 17 18 1920 21 3 4 5 16 17 24 25 26 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 28 29 22 23 24 25 26 27 32/ 31 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 32/ 31 2 33 34 33 34 35 35 36 1 36 37 1 28 29 30 37 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 43/ 31 32 33 34 35 43/ 45 45 46 46 47 44/56 47 48 49 44/56 48 49 50 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 50 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 57 58 57 58 59 59 60 61 47 49 60 61 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 48 50 51 52 53 54 55 70 70 71 71 72 59 60 72 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 58 61 62 63 64 65 MOURNE MOURNE ISLE OF MAN ISLE OF MAN MOUNTAINS 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 MOUNTAINS 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 75 76 77 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 78 79 80 81 82 ANGLESEY 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 ANGLESEY 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 91 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114115 116 112 113 114115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 117 118 119 120 121 122123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 132 133 134 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158159 160 161 162 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171172 173 174 175 176 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 195 196 197 198199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 193 194 195 196 197 198199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252253 254 255 256 257 258 259 INNER THAMES 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252253 254 255 INNER THAMES ESTUARY SHEET 256 257 258 259 ESTUARY SHEET INNER BRISTOL CHANNEL INNER BRISTOL CHANNEL AND SEVERN BRISTOL ESTUARY MEMOIR AVAILABLE 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 AND SEVERN ESTUARY 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 269 BRISTOL BRISTOL 268 270 271 272 273 274 275276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 275276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 ISLE OF WIGHT ISLE OF WIGHT 346 347 348 349 350 MEMOIR AVAILABLE 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 357 358 359 360 360

AVAILABILITY OF GEOPHYSICAL MAPS AVAILABILITY OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS 1:250 000 SCALE U.T.M. SERIES 1:250 000 SCALE U.T.M. SERIES

8 6 8 6 4 2 0 2 Ss Sea bed sediments 4 2 0 2 Aeromagnetic anomaly FAEROES FUGLO FAEROES FUGLO SEDGWICK SEDGWICK BANK LAPWORTH HORNE Q Quaternary BANK LAPWORTH HORNE Bouguer gravity anomaly 62 62 F Free-air gravity anomaly Solid geology SANDØ SANDØ MUNKEN FLETT MILLER CORMORANT MUNKEN FLETT MILLER CORMORANT BANK BANK F F Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q LOUSY BILL LOUSY BILL FAEROE FAEROE BANK BAILEYS WYVILLE BANK BAILEYS WYVILLE HALIBUT VIKING HALIBUT VIKING BANK JUDD FOULA SHETLAND BANK JUDD FOULA SHETLAND 60 BANK THOMPSON BANK 60 BANK THOMPSON BANK

F F 60 Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q 60 KENNEDY ROSEMARY KENNEDY ROSEMARY SULA SULA BANK DARWIN FAIR BRESSAY BERGEN BANK DARWIN FAIR BRESSAY BERGEN SGEIR RONA ORKNEY SGEIR RONA ORKNEY ISLE BANK BANK ISLE BANK BANK F Ss Q Ss Q GEORGE GEORGE Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss BLIGH BLIGH MORAY FIRTH (S) HARKER HARKER GEIKIE SUTHER- SUTHER- BANK LEWIS BOSIES LING BANK GEIKIE LEWIS BOSIES LING 58 CAITHNESS FLADEN 58 CAITHNESS FLADEN LAND BANK BANK LAND BANK BANK F Ss Q Ss S F 58 Q Ss Q s Q Ss Q Ss Q 58 ROCKALL ROCKALL ANTON ANTON ISLAND LITTLE ISLAND LITTLE DOHRN ST KILDA DOHRN ST KILDA GREAT MORAY COD GREAT MORAY COD MINCH PETERHEAD FORTIES MINCH PETERHEAD FORTIES GLEN BUCHAN S GLEN BUCHAN F Ss Q s Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q McCALLIEN McCALLIEN HEBRIDES HEBRIDES TERRACE PEACH TAY MARR DEVIL'S FISHER TERRACE PEACH TAY MARR DEVIL'S FISHER 56 TIREE ARGYLL 56 TIREE ARGYLL FORTH HOLE FORTH HOLE BANK Ss BANK F Q Ss Ss Ss Q 56 Q Q Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss 56

BLOODY BLOODY MALIN SWALLOW DOGGER MALIN SWALLOW DOGGER FORELAND CLYDE BORDERS FARNE FORELAND CLYDE BORDERS FARNE HOLE HOLE Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss

ISLE SILVER NORTHEN IRELAND (Q) ISLE SILVER ULSTER LAKE TYNE CALIFORNIA ULSTER LAKE TYNE CALIFORNIA of WELL of WELL 54 DISTRICT TEES 54 DISTRICT TEES MAN MAN Q 54 Ss QQSs Ss Q Ss Q Ss 54 EAST IRISH SEA (SOLID) HUMBER INDEFATIG- HUMBER INDEFATIG- DUBLIN ANGLESEY LIVERPOOL SPURN DUBLIN ANGLESEY LIVERPOOL SPURN BAY TRENT ABLE BAY TRENT ABLE Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Q

WATERFORD CARDIGAN MID WALES EAST EAST FLEMISH WATERFORD CARDIGAN MID WALES EAST EAST FLEMISH MIDLANDS ANGLIA BIGHT MIDLANDS ANGLIA BIGHT 52 BAY & MARCHES 52 BAY & MARCHES Q 52 Ss Q Ss Q Ss 52

NYMPHE NYMPHE CORK BRISTOL THAMES OSTEND CORK BRISTOL THAMES OSTEND BANK LUNDY CHILTERNS BANK LUNDY CHILTERNS CHANNEL ESTUARY NORTH CELTIC SEA (Q) CHANNEL ESTUARY Ss Q Q Ss Ss Ss Q Ss

LABADIE LABADIE HAIG FRAS LANDS DUNGENESS- HAIG FRAS LANDS DUNGENESS- BANK PORTLAND WIGHT BANK PORTLAND WIGHT 50 F END BOULOGNE 50 END BOULOGNE 50 Ss Q 50 Ss Q Ss Ss Q Ss GREAT SOLE GREAT SOLE COCKBURN COCKBURN BANK BANK SCILLY SCILLY BANK LIZARD GUERNSEY CAEN ROUEN BANK LIZARD GUERNSEY CAEN ROUEN F Ss Ss Ss Q AUSTELL AUSTELL Ss LITTLE SOLE LITTLE SOLE SPUR PARSONS SPUR PARSONS BANK BANK 48 BANK OUESSANT SAINT-BRIEUC RENNES 48 BANK OUESSANT SAINT-BRIEUC RENNES Ss 12 F F 48 12 48 10 4 10 4 8 2 8 2 6 4 2 0 6 4 2 0

41 TECHNICAL REPORTS WA/97/22 Geology of the Silsden and Cononley WA/97/81 The geochemistry of Dalradian (made available by the authors’ group) district, 1: 10 000 sheets SE04NW and SD94NE. metacarbonate rocks from the Schiehallion District Part of 1: 50 000 sheet 69 (Bradford). and Blargie, Laggan: implications for stratigraphical WA/97/23 Geological notes and local details for correlations in the Geal Charn-Ossian Steep Belt. Onshore Geology 1: 10 000 sheet TG42SW (Hickling): part of WA/97/87 Monadhliath project: progress report WA/94/79 Geology of the Sutton-in-Craven and 1: 50 000 sheet 148 (North Walsham). and Mapping Programme for 1998-2005. Steeton and Cowling areas. WA/97/24 Geological notes and local details for WA/94/80 Geology of the Keighley area 1: 10 000 1: 10 000 sheet TG21NE (Belaugh): part of Marine Geology sheet SE04SE: part of 1: 50 000 sheet 69 1: 50 000 sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North WB/97/30 Particle size and macrofauna of (Bradford). Walsham). Holocene sediments in the BGS borehole 71/65 in WA/95/12 Geological notes and local details for WA/97/25 Geological notes and local details for the Wash. 1: 10 000 Sheet TG41NW (Potter Heigham): part 1: 10 000 sheet TG22SE (Scottow): part of of 1: 50 000 Sheet 148 (North Walsham). 1: 50 000 sheets (Aylsham) and 148 (North Overseas Geology WA/96/5 Geological notes and local details for Walsham). WC/95/50 Sustainability of yield from wells and 1: 10 000 sheet TG32NE (Lessingham): part of WA/97/39 Stratigraphic correlation in the Central boreholes in crystalline basement aquifers. 1: 50 000 sheet 148 (North Walsham). Highlands: results and implications of recent WC/96/17 A groundwater hazard assessment WA/96/29 A lithostratigraphical framework for fieldwork in Ardverikie forest and the south-eastern scheme for solid waste disposal summary report. the carboniferous rocks of the Midland Valley of Monadhliath Mountains. Scotland. WA/97/43 Geology of the Stinsford-Puddletown WC/96/42 Contaminant transport and storage in the estuarine creek systems of Mombasa, Kenya. WA/96/30 Gypsum: Geology, Quarrying, Mining district (Dorset), 1: 10 000 sheets SY79SW and Geological Hazards in the Chellaston and (Stinsford) and SY79SE (Puddletown): part of WC/96/52 Studies of selenium distribution in Aston-on-Trent areas, 1: 10 000 sheets SK33SE, 1: 50 000 sheet 328 (Dorchester). soil, grain, drinking water and human hair samples SK32NE, SK43SW and SK42NW: part of WA/97/45 Geology of the Briantspuddle– from the Keshan Disease belt of Zhangjiakou 1: 50 000 sheet 141 (Loughborough). Bloxworth district. (Dorset), 1: 10 000 sheets District, Hebei Province, China. WA/96/80 Geology of the Sherrifhales area, SY89SW (Briantspuddle) and SY89SE WC/96/55 Assessment of mercury contamination 1: 10 000 sheet SJ71SE and part of SJ71NE: part (Bloxworth): part of 1: 50 000 sheet 328 in the Ponce Enriquez artisanal gold mining area, of 1: 50 000 sheet 153 (Wolverhampton). (Dorchester). Ecuador WA/96/82 Geology of the district between WA/97/46 Geology of the West Leake area WC/96/56 Groundwater management in drought Wolverhampton and Penkridge: part of 1: 50 000 1: 10 000 sheet SK52NW: part of 1: 50 000 sheet prone areas of Africa: South Africa inception report. Sheet 153 (Wolverhampton) 141 (Loughborough) and 142 (Melton Mowbray) WC/96/64 Unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers: WA/96/89 Economic geology of the Schiehallion WA/97/47 Geology of the Bishops Castle district, Review No 14–Groundwater modelling in aquifer district, Central Highlands of Scotland (Sheet 55W 1: 10 000 sheet SO38NW and part of SO38NE: management. Scotland). part of 1: 50 000 series sheet 165 (Montgomery). WC/97/1 Simple modelling to illustrate the WA/96/90 Kirkby Stephen Provisional Map, WA/97/48 Geochemistry and biostratigraphy of impact of drought on groundwater availablilty. Sheet 40. Southern Upland Cherts. WC/97/2 Well and borehole siting by electro- WA/96/100 Geology of the Long Whatton WA/97/49 Geology of the Glespin, Wildshaw, kinetic sounding and associated experimental district. Douglas Water and Happendon areas, explanation observations in Bikita District, Southern of 1: 10 000 sheets NS82NW, NS82NE, NS83NE Zimbabwe. WA/97/2 Geology of the Stretton and Repton and NS83SE: part of 1: 50 000 sheet Lanark (23E). areas, 1: 10 000 sheets SK22NE and 32 NW: part WC/97/9 Groundwater data management by the of 1: 50 000 sheet 141 (Loughborough) and a WA/97/50 Geology of the Budleigh Salterton Malawian Ministry of Irrigation and Water minor part of sheet 140 (Burton upon Trent). district (Devon), 1: 10 000 sheet SY08SE: part of Development–a case study. 1: 50 000 sheets 339 (Newton Abbot) and 326/340 WA/97/3 Geology of the Etwall area, 1: 10 000 WC/97/10 Groundwater data management by the (Sidmouth and Otterton). sheet SK23SE: part of 1: 50 000 sheet 141 Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, (Loughborough) and a minor part of sheet 140 WA/97/58 Observations of coal cleats in British Northern District–a case study. (Burton upon Trent) coalfields. WC/97/11 Assessment of pollution risk to deep WA/97/4 Geology of the Kegworth area, WA/97/59 Geology of the Yeadon and Bramhope aquifers from urban wastewaters: Santa Cruz City 1: 10 000 sheet SK 42 NE: part of 1: 50 000 sheet areas, 1: 10 000 sheet SE24SW and SE: part of report. 141 (Loughborough). 1: 50 000 sheet 69 (Bradford). WC/97/14 A review of gold particle-size and WA/97/9 The Skiddaw Group and its contact WA/97/64 Geology of the Littleover area, recovery methods. with surrounding rocks in the Bampton Inlier, 1: 10 000 sheet SK33SW: part of 1: 50 000 sheet WC/97/17 Gypsum Geohazards: their impact on Cumbria. 141 (Loughborough). development–Project Summary Report. WA/97/10 Geology of the East Meon/Clanfield WA/97/67 Geology of the Howgate Mouth area, WC/97/19 Land-derived contaminant influx to district (Hampshire), 1: 10 000 sheets SU62SE and explanation of 1: 10 000 sheet NS93SW: part of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Volume 1: Geochemistry of SU61NE: part of 1: 50 000 sheets 316 (Fareham) 1: 50 000 sheet Lanark (23E). marine water and sediment. and 300 (Alresford). WA/97/68 Geology of the area between Golden WC/97/31 Electro kinetic measurements in WA/97/13 Geology of the area between Bordon Pot and Bentley, Alton, Hampshire, 1: 10 000 sheets various hydrogeological environments of Camp and Alton, Hampshire, 1: 10 000 sheets SU74SE and SU74SW: part of 1: 50 000 Geological Zimbabwe, 1995. SU73NE, and the eastern half of SU73NW: part sheets 284 (Basingstoke) and 300 (Alresford). WC/97/32 Electro kinetic measurements in of 1: 50 000 Geological Sheet 300 (Alresford). WA/97/72 Cleavage data and stereograms for the various hydrogeological environments of Egypt. WA/97/16 Geology of the Owermoigne-Wool Skiddaw Group Inlier, 1: 50 000 sheets 23 WC/97/43 A diagnostic method to determine district (Dorset), 1:10 000 sheets SY78NE (Cockermouth) and 29 (Keswick). aquifer susceptibility. (Owermoigne) and SY88NW (Wool): part of WA/97/75 Geological notes and local details for 1: 50 000 sheets 328 (Dorchester) and 342 1: 10 000 sheet TG32SW (Ashmanhaugh): part of WC/97/54 The hydrogeology of the Oju area, (Weymouth). 1: 50 000 sheet 148 (North Walsham). Eastern Nigeria: an initial assessment. WA/97/21 Geology of the Crawick and Kirklea WA/97/77 Geological notes and local details for WC/97/56 Directional drilling trial: final areas, explanation of 1: 10 000 sheets NS71SE and 1: 10 000 sheet TG22NE (Westwick): part of technical report. NE: part of 1: 50 000 sheets (New Cumnock) and 1: 50 000 sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North WC/97/57 Final Report: Groundwater manage- 15E (Leadhills). Walsham). ment in drought-prone areas of Africa.

42 WC/97/58 The potential for Aquaculture using WG/97/24 The minerology, petrology, mineral Scales) of the New Manual of Seismological salline groundwater. chemistry and pressure-temperature estimates Observatory Practice. WC/97/59 Electrokinetic sounding applied to obtained from a suite of semipelitic rocks from the WL/97/34 On the use of Monte Carlo simula- well and borehole sitings: an appraisal. Monadhliah Mountains. tions for Seismic Hazard. WG/97/25 Metamorphism of the Lower WL/97/36 Anistropy and attenuation of crosshole Hydrogeology Palaeozoic rocks of the Carrick-Loch Doon region, channel waves from the Antrim Shale Gas Play, southern Scotland. WD/95/43 Chalk aquifer study. Permeability and Michigan Basin. fractures in the English Chalk: a review of hydroge- WG/97/32 Petrography of Namurian rock WL/97/37 A self-parsing file format for earth- ological literature. samples from the Huddersfield area. (1:50 000 quake catalogue and data files. sheet 77) WD/96/47 Water resources of the Ily-Balkhash WL/97/38 UK Strong Motion Seismic Network Basin, Kazakstan. WG/97/33 Petrological assessment of the Stone of Version 2: status to August 1997. Scone. WD/96/50 Prediction of groundwater levels. A WL/97/40 Processing North Sea Four scoping report on statistical methods for predicting WG/97/39 The mineralogy and petrology of a Component sea-floor seismic data. groundwater levels in the UK from rainfall data, with suite of kyanite-garnet schistose semipelitic rocks WL/97/42 Boundary element simulation of particular emphasis of predicting annual minimum exposed in the Geal Charn-Ossian Steep Belt, multiple scattering of seismic waves from distrib- water levels from monthly rainfall data. Monadhliath Mountains, Scotland. uted inclusions. WD/96/60 Using MODFLOW to solve radial WG/97/43 Geological mapping in part of the WL/97/44 The Ambleside earthquakes of 12th flow problems. Eastern Canadian Shield in the area to the September 1988 northwest of Nain, Labrador, Canada. WD/96/70 Jersey Groundwater Year 6 – an exceptionally dry year. Geomagnetism WD/96/72 Modelling Gas Dispersion in the Analytical Geochemistry WM/LE/96/12 Lerwick monthly bulletin, Unsaturated Zone. WI/96/2 Inter-laboratory comparison of analytical December 1996 WD/97/7 An analytical model of salt diffusion in techniques between the Water Authority of Jordan, WM/ES/96/12 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, a fissured aquifer. the Geological Survey of Cyprus and the British Geological Survey. December 1996. WD/97/9 Adits in Chalk wells. WM/HA/96/12 Hartland monthly bulletin, WD/97/20 Compilation of Stable Isotope Data Regional Geophysics December 1996. for Rainfall in the United Kingdom. WK/90/27 Geophysical surveys in the Great WM/HA/97/1 Hartland monthly bulletin, WD/97/23 Water level fluctuations and recharge Yarmouth district. January 1997. in the Chalk aquifer. WK/96/8 Geophysical investigations in the WM/ES/97/1 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, WD/97/25 Comparitive analysis of pumping tests Lowestoft – Saxmundham district. January 1997. in the Chalk Aquifer in Yorkshire and WM/LE/97/1 Lerwick monthly bulletin, January Lincolnshire. WK/96/10 Geophysical investigations in the Wincanton district. 1997. WD/97/36 Isotope based assessment of ground- WM/HA/97/2 Hartland Monthly Bulletin, water renewal and related anthropogenic effects in WK/97/8 Geophysical investigations in the Flint February 1997. water scarce areas. 1: Saudi Arabia IAEA Project district CRP3.30.08 WM/ES/97/2 Eskdalemuir Monthly Bulletin, February 1997. WD/97/37 Geochemistry of the Banterwick Barn Global Seismology Chalk Borehole. WL/96/4 Bulletin of British Earthquakes 1995. WM/LE/97/2 Lerwick Monthly Bulletin, February 1997. WL/96/6 UK Earthquake Monitoring 1995/6. Mineralogy and Petrology BGS Seismic Monitoring Information Service. WM/LE/97/3 Lerwick monthly bulletin, March WG/96/1 Characterisation of Quaternary Seventh Annual Report. 1997 sediments from East Anglia. WL/96/16 The Bristol Channel Earthquake of 1 WM/HA/97/3 Hartland monthly bulletin, March WG/96/45 Silurian K-bentonites of the Welsh January 1994 (2.8 ML). 1997. Borderlands: geochemistry, mineralogy and K-Ar WL/96/30 Effective elastic properties of heavily WM/ES/97/3 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, ages of illitization. faulted structures. March 1997. WG/96/46 The petrology and Geochemistry of WL/96/32 Site response and mining-induced WM/ES/97/4 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, the Bail Hill volcanic group and its relationship to earthquakes in the Midlothian coalfield. April 1997. other Ordovician Basaltic volcanic rocks in the WL/97/2 Shear-wave anistropy: spatial and WM/HA/97/4 Hartland monthly bulletin, April Southern Uplands of Scotland. temporal variations in time delays at Parkfield, 1997 WG/97/4 Metamorphism of Lower Palaeozoic Central California. WM/LE/97/4 Lerwick monthly bulletin, April strata of the Kirkcowan and Wigtown districts WL/97/3 Bulletin of British Earthquakes 1996. 1997 (Sheet 4), SW Scotland. WL/97/14 The Iaspei procedure for the evaluation WM/LE/97/5 Lerwick monthly bulletin, May 1997. WG/97/7 Metamorphism of the Charnian of earthquake precursors. WM/ES/97/5 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, May Supergroup in the Loughborough district, 1: 50K 1997. Sheet 141. WL/97/16 UK Earthquake Monitoring 1996/97. BGS Seismic Monitoring and Information Service. WG/97/13 Measurement of pore character param- WM/HA/97/5 Hartland monthly bulletin, May Eighth Annual Report. eters in reservoir sandstones using image analysis. 1997. WL/97/18 Converted wave CCP binning and WG/97/14 The initiation of Borrowdale WM/ES/97/6 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, June volcanism in the Ordovician Lake District as velocity analysis. 1997 indicated by basal volcaniclastic deposits. WL/97/20 Musselburgh Earth Tremors 1996 – WM/HA/97/6 Hartland monthly bulletin, June WG/97/16 Glen Tilt: mapping and petrology of 1997. 1997 igneous and metamorphic rocks. WL/97/27 Recent seismicity in the Stoke-on- WM/LE/97/6 Lerwick monthly bulletin, June WG/97/18 The nature and maturity of mudstone Trent area, Staffordshire. 1997 intervals from the Ticknall Borehole, Derbyshire. WL/97/32 A seismic source model for seismic WM/ES/97/7 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, July WG/97/21 Strike-slip, terrane accretion and the hazard mapping studies for the Circum-Pannonian 1997. pre Carboniferous evolution of the Midland Valley Basin and surrounding area. WM/HA/97/7 Hartland monthly bulletin, July of Scotland. WL/97/33 Chapter 15 (Intensity and Intensity 1997.

43 WM/LE/97/7 Lerwick monthly bulletin, July Health and Safety in Partnership in coastal zone management. 1997. WR/97/1 Effective health and safety management TAUSSIK, J, and MITCHELL, J (editors). WM/LE/97/8 Lerwick monthly bulletin, August of geoscience fieldwork. (Cardigan: Samara Publications.) 1997. BALSON, P S, TRAGHEIM, D G, and WM/ES/97/8 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, CONFIDENTIAL AND RESTRICTED NEWSHAM. 1997. Predicting sediment tides for August 1997. REPORTS recession of the Holderness coast. 152–154 in WM/HA/97/8 Hartland monthly bulletin, August The BGS produced many confidential reports, Proceedings of 2nd Annual Meeting on LAND 1997. mostly for customers; and restricted reports which OCEAN interaction study, Hull. NERC LOIS WM/ES/97/9 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, were mainly interim, giving results that are likely to Publication, No. 323. September 1997. be published later. BALSON, P S, TRAGHEIM, D G, NEWSHAM,R, WM/HA/97/9 Hartland monthly bulletin, and DENNISS, A M. 1997. Predicting sediment September 1997. WORKS PUBLISHED OUTSIDE THE BGS yield from recession of the Holderness coast, UK. WM/LE/97/9 Lerwick monthly bulletin, AND REGISTERED IN THE BGS LIBRARY 635–637 in Coastal Zone 97 conference, Boston, September 1997. DURING 1997 Massachusetts; Abstracts, Vol II. MILLER, M C. and WM/LE/97/10 Lerwick monthly bulletin, (The names of BGS authors are shown in bold) COGAN, J (editors). October 1997. AITKENHEAD,N, and RILEY, N J. 1996. BARNES,R P, BOWDEN, R A, DEE, S J, CAVILL, WM/ES/97/10 Eskdalemuir monthly bulletin, Kinderscoutian and Marsdenian successions in the J E, and KINGDOM,A. 1997. A ‘Structural October 1997. Bradup and Hay Farm boreholes, near Ilkley, West Atlas’ of discontinuity data from Nirex deep Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological WM/HA/97/10 Hartland monthly bulletin, boreholes at Sellafield, UK –– interpretion of Society, Vol. 51, 115–125. October 1997. structural domains and compensation for borehole WM/97/16 Fluxgate Logging Automatic orientation censoring. Terra Nova Abstract ALLEN, P M. 1997. Standardization of mapping Recording Equipment incorporating a Proton Supplement, Vol. 9, 297. Magnetometer (FLARE Plus). practices in the British Geological Survey. Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 23, 609–612. WM/97/17 The Magnetic Observatory Hartland BARRACLOUGH,D R, and DE SANTIS, A. 1997. Some possible evidence for a chaotic geomagnetic APPLETON, J D. 1994. Relevance of natural field from observational data. Physics of the Earth Engineering Geology contamination from potentially harmful elements, and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 99, 207–220. WN/94/31 Engineering geology of British rocks radon, methane and carbon dioxide to planning and development in Great Britain. 14–15 in and soils: Gault Clay. BARRON, A J M, SUMBLER, M G, and MORIGI, Abstracts, 3rd International Symposium on WN/96/14 Failure of the Global Positioning System A N. 1997. A revised lithostratigraphy for the Environmental Geochemistry. RYBICKA, E H, and (GPS) during the monitoring of the Soufriere Hills Inferior Oolite Group (Middle Jurassic) of the SIKORA, W S (editors). (Krakow: University of Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies. Cotswolds, England. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Mining and Metallurgy.) Association, Vol. 108, 269–286. WN/96/26 The 12th May 1996 Tar River Valley RTHURTON Pyroclastic flows Soufriere Hills Volcano, A , R S. 1997. Physical environment BEAMISH,D,CLASEN, D, GREENWOOD, P G, Montserrat, West Indies: helicopter observations. change and coastal zone management: estimation and PEART, R J. 1997. Novel regularized of economic consequences. 93–98 in Coastal WN/96/27 A rapid mineral exploration reconnai- inversion of VLF(R) data and coincident radar zone management imperative for maritime develop- sance survey for a rock aggregate resource, sections over a probable fault affecting ing nations. HAQ, B U, and others (editors). Montserrat, West Indies: a pre-feasability study in Carboniferous sedimentary rocks in the Saar (Netherlands: Kluwer Publications.) conjunction with the British task force. region, Germany. 45–52 in Modern geophysics in engineering geology. McCANN, D M, and WN/96/37 A 4-D Seismic Tomography investiga- BAKER,A J, MILODOWSKI, A E, ROCHELLE, others (editors). Geological Society of London tion at Laportes Milldam Mine, Derbyshire: a C, and TWEED, C J. 1996. Characterisation of Engineering Geology Special Publication, No. 12. strata control investigation to locate sedimentary the alkaline disturbed zone around a cementitious horizons associated with the orebody and fault repository. Abstract in Radioactive Waste BELL, F G, ENTWISLE, D C, and CULSHAW,M zones. Disposal Conference. (London: IBC Technical G. 1996. A geotechnical survey of some British WN/97/5 Cross-hole Seismic tomography at Services.) Coal Measures mudstones, with particular Morley Quarry, Leicestershire. emphasis on durability. Engineering Geology, Vol. BALL,T K, ROBERTS, P D, STRUTT,M H, and 46, 115–129. WN/97/9 Exploration for abandoned mine shafts TALBOT,D K. 1994. Investigation procedures using thermal techniques. for radon potential mapping: a comparative study. BEVINS, R E, HORAK, J M, EVANS, A D, and WN/97/22 Geological classification of formations 31–32 in Abstracts, 3rd International Symposium MORGAN, R. 1996. Palaeogene dyke swarm, from the Afon-Teifi catchment mapping project, on Environmental Geochemistry. RYBICKA, E H, NW Wales: evidence for Cenozoic sinistral fault SW Wales. and SIKORA, W S (editors). (Krakow: University movement. Journal of the Geological Society of of Mining and Metallurgy.) London, Vol. 153, 177–180. Information and Data Recources BALSON,P S. 1997. Flux — the LOEPS per- BLACKWELL, P A, CAVE, M R, DAVIS, A E, and WO/96/12 Bibliography of Geological Survey spective. 71–72 in Proceedings of 2nd Annual MALIK, S A. 1997. Determination of chlorine Directors, 1935–1996 Meeting on LAND OCEAN interaction study, and bromine in rocks by alkaline fusion with ion WO/97/2 The geology of the Channel Islands – Hull. NERC LOIS Publication, No. 323. chromatography detection. Journal of an introductory resource. Chromatography, Vol. 770, 93–98. BALSON,PS. 1997. New Sand Hole and the Applied Geochemistry former course of the Humber. 155 in BLOOMFIELD,J. 1997. The role of diagenesis Proceedings of 2nd Annual Meeting on LAND in the hydrogeological stratification of carbonate WP/97/9 Modelling and mapping the concentra- OCEAN interaction study, Hull. NERC LOIS aquifers: an example from the Chalk at Fair Cross, tion and mobility of potentially toxic elements in Publication, No. 323. Berkshire, UK. Hydrology and Earth System Welsh stream waters. Sciences, Vol. 1, 19–33. BALSON, P S, TRAGHEIM, D G, DENNISS,A M, Directorate and others. 1996. A photogrammetric technique BREW, D S. 1997. Holocene evolution of the WQ/97/1 The role of the earth sciences in sus- to determine the potential sediment yield from Lincolnshire coastal lowlands and the Wash. taining our life-support system. recession of the Holderness coast, UK. 507–514 195–196 in Proceedings of 2nd Annual Meeting

44 on LAND OCEAN interaction study, Hull. in Proceedings, Monitoring Tailor-made II, European North Atlantic Margin, ENAM I & NERC LOIS Publication, No. 323. Information strategies in water management, ENAM II: Towards 2000 — Metres or Millenium? Nunspeet The Netherlands. BREW, D S. 1997. The Quaternary history of EVANS, D, MORTON,A C, WILSON, S, JOLLEY, the subtidal central Wash, eastern England. CLARK,TGD, SCHOENDORF, J, and D, and BARREIRO, B A. 1997. Journal of Quaternary Science, Vol. 12, 131–142. AYLWARD, A D. 1996. Modelling the effects of Palaeoenvironmental significance of marine and thermospheric winds on satellite orbits. 299–304 terrestrial Tertiary sediments on the NW Scottish BRIGGS, D E G, WILBY, P R, and others. 1997. in ESA Symposium Proceedings on Environment shelf in BGS borehole 77/7. Scottish Journal of The mineralization of dinosaur soft tissue in the Modelling for Space-based Applications. Geology, Vol. 33, 31–42. Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Journal (Noordwijk: ESTC). of the Geological Society of London, Vol.154, EVANS, J A. 1996. Dating the transition of smectite to illite in Palaeozoic mudrocks using the 587–588. COOK, J M, ROBINSON, J J, CHENERY, S R N, Rb-Sr whole-rock technique. Journal of the and MILES,D L. 1997. Determining cadmium Geological Society of London, Vol. 153, 101–108. BROWITT, C W A, and WALKER, A B. 1997. in marine sediments by inductively coupled plasma Rapid transfrontier seismic data exchange network: mass spectrometry: attacking the problems or the EVANS, J A, and ZALASIEWIC, J. 1996. U-Pb, Transfrontier Group. 185–192 in Seismic risk in problems with the attack? The Analyst, Vol. 122, Pb-Pb and Sm-Nd dating of authigenic monazite: the European Union, proceedings of the review 1207–1210. implications for the diagenetic evolution of the meetings held in Brussels. GHAZI, A, and Welsh Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, YEROYANNI, M (editors). 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48 WILLIAMS, T M, HENNEY, P J, STONE,P,and DILEK, Y, KEMPTON, P D, THY, P, HURST, S in the Konya basin, Turkey based on carbon and LINTERN, B C. 1996. Rare-earth element geo- D, WHITNEY, D, and KELLEY, D. 1997. oxygen isotope records. Wurzburger Geographische chemistry of Lower Palaeozoic turbidites in the Structure and petrology of hydrothermal veins in Manuskripte, Vol. 41, 121–122. British trans-Iapetus zone: provenance patterns and gabbroic rocks from sites 921–924, mark area (leg basin evolution. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 32, 153): Alteration history of slow-spread lower MULSHAW, S, PUIG, C, SPIRO, B, and 1–8. oceanic crust. 155–178 in Proceedings ODP BUCHANNAN, D L. 1997. Genesis of epizonal Science Results, Vol. 153. KARSON, J A, and others Ag-vein mineralization at San Bartolomé in central WINGFIELD, R T R. 1996. Management impli- (editors). (Texas: College Station.) 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49 Appendix 4 Staff List, March 1998

CENTRAL DIRECTORATE Mr Upton, G Steve EO 7(A) Miss Jackson, Fiona A Mr Wallis, Humphrey C Mr Kerr, J Gavin Keyworth AA 9(A) Miss Redford, Penny H Mrs Pringle-Stewart, Julie F Mrs Thomson, Christine A PTO 7(T) Mr Laird, Malcolm D C Director Dr Falvey, David A FGS CGeol Ty 9(A) Mrs Gibson, Susan M¶ AO 8(A) Mrs Abrahams, Elizabeth, C¶ SPSec 7(A) Mrs McIlfatrick, Sarah A Mrs Glover, Marilyn A Mrs Broughton, Jane¶✳ SGB2 9(T) Mr Cohen, Bryan A Secretary Grade 6 Mr Connon Blair, M Mr Davison, William R 3 Mr Hackett, Dennis Mr Davies, Ian P Mr Goode, Geoffrey T PSec 8(A) Mrs Drury, Janet A Mr Hartley, Graham E M Mr Holbrook, Robert D Mrs Mackie, Maria S C¶ Central Directorate Support Group Mr Huscroft, David Mrs O’Brien, Catherine S¶ Mr Jordan, Christopher SSO 5(S) Dr Marsh, Stuart H Miss Owenson, Nicola G Dr Turner, Nicholas† Mr Kirk, Jeremy R SGB1 8(T) Mrs Clark, Eileen M B¶ HSO 6(S) Dr Baily, Heather E Mr Spencer, Anthony M Mrs Ormiston, Jeanette¶ Mr Bate, David G Mr Stocker, Joseph AA 9(A) Mrs MacIver, Sandra Ty 9(A) Mrs Greig, Sharon M¶ Ty 9(A) Mrs Crosby, Wanda Murchison House Miss Fergusson, Katherine A SEO(C) 5(C) Dr Gough, Hugh G F SGB2 9(T) Mr Bunyan, Colin A ADMINISTRATION HEO(C) 6(C) Mrs Addinall, Ruth Mr Glendinning, James¶ Miss Robertson, C Jane Mr Hancock, Brian M Personnel EO(C) 7(C) Mr Cummings, Scott R Keyworth Ms Gilliland, Siobhan F✳ GEOLOGICAL & HYDROGEOLOGICAL Personnel Ofﬁcer (SEO) MCTGI 8(T) Mr Brotherston, John 5(A) Mr Orr, James SURVEYS HEO 6(A) Mrs Fellows, Marian E✫ Keyworth Finance, Accounts & Contracts Mrs Squires, Marion A† Assistant Director Grade 5 Keyworth 2(S) Prof. Foster, S Stephen D FGS EO 7(A) Mrs Cutler, June M✫ CGeol, FIWEM, MICE CEng Mr Robinson, Wayne Head of Accounting & Finance Grade 7 PS 8(A) Miss Blackwell, Theresa K Mrs White, Sheryl S✳ 4(A) Mrs Williams, Sandra J AO 8(A) Mr Crosby, Adrian L Mrs Smith, Kathleen G ACCOUNTS & OPERATIONS Scotland & Northern England Mrs Stocks, Susan HEO 6(A) Mrs Elliott, Carol A Murchison House Mr Wraith, Jan EO 7(A) Mrs Matheson, Diane R Group Manager Grade 6 AA 9(A) Mrs Cartwright, Susan¶ AO 8(A) Miss Bagshaw, Dawn R 3(S) Dr Fettes, Douglas J FGS CGeol Mrs Gil-Bennett, Patricia¶ Mr Crosby, Robert D PSec 8(A) Mrs Gray, Lillian B Mrs Glew, Lynda Mrs Kinnear, Margaret W¶ Mr Jackson, Gregory D✳ Facilities Management (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Aitken, Andrew M FGS CGeol Miss Kovac, Geraldine M Dr Akhurst, Maxine C Keyworth Mrs Prem, Pretinder K Dr Barnes, Robert P SPTO 5(T) Mr Bowick, George S Mrs Yarwood, Jane G✫ Mr Browne, Michael A E FGS CGeol MBIFM MCIBSE CEng AA(C) 9(C) Mrs Carr, Stephanie L P¶ Dr Floyd, James D FGS CGeol SEO(C) 5(C) Mr Ainslie, Ian E Mrs Frame, Lynne J Dr Gould, David FGS CGeol MIMM HEO 6(A) Mr Cooke, Adrian P Dr Hughes, Richard A HEO(C) 6(C) Mr Blunsdon, Christopher A BUDGETS & PLANNING Mr Lawrence, David J D Mr Lewis, Peter M Mr McAdam, A David FGS CGeol HEO 6(A) Mrs Golder, Christine V Mr Marchewicz, Edmund J Mr McMillan, Andrew A FGS CGeol EO 7(A) Miss Henson, Tracy J HPTO 6(T) Mr Gray, Paul C Dr Mendum, John R Mrs Loveland, Alison J Mr Wright, Leslie H MIOSH, RSP¶ Mr Merritt, Jonathan W AO 8(A) Mrs Kennedy, Karen EO 7(A) Miss Nunn, Susan E Dr Millward, David FGS CGeol EO(C) 7(C) Mr Burnell, David Dr Monro, Stuart K FGS CGeol CONTRACTS Mr Dhiman, Surinder S Dr Petterson, Michael G Mr Hart, Gary K HEO 6(A) Mr Cottis, Paul Dr Smith, Martin FGS CGeol Mr Walton, David J EO 7(A) Mr Jackson, Steven D Dr Stephenson, David PTO 7(T) Mr Gubb, David A AO 8(A) Mrs Reveley-Spencer, Sally S Dr Stone, Philip FGS CGeol Mr Shenton, G Martin Dr Woodhall, Derek G FGS CGeol AO 8(A) Mrs Hadley, Brenda PROGRAMMES & COMMERCIAL Mr Young, Brian FGS CGeol FIMM Mrs Gaffney, Nichola HEO 6(A) Mr Cox, Andrew P CEng Mr Nice, Martin A EO 7(A) Mr Adam, David R SSO 5(S) Mr Auton, Clive A FGS CGeol SGB1 8(T) Mrs Hanley, Barbara A Mrs Antcliff, Victoria M Mr Barron, Hugh FGS CGeol Mrs Newham, Patricia A¶ Mr Connet, A Campbell Mr Dean, Mark T Mrs Spencer, Gail S¶ Miss Riley, Lynne K Mr Halley, David N STO 8(T) Mr Spencer, Michael CIPS Miss Wright, Joanne Dr Highton, Andrew J FGS CGeol Tec 1 8(T) Mr Adkin, Adrian J Dr Johnson, Eric W FGS CGeol AO 8(A) Mrs Pharaoh, Rosemary A¶ Mr Bowman, Donald R Mr McCormac, Michael Mr Fukes, Keith A Dr Robertson, Steven Mr Glover, John T Local Administration Mr Ross, David L FGS CGeol Mr Mills, Roy Dr Smith Richard, A FGS Mr Minkley, George L Murchison House Mr Thomas, Christopher W Mr Staples, Frank HEO 6(A) Mr Tait, Kevin A FGS CGeol

50 Dr Young, Simon R PSec 8(A) Miss Patrick, Kristin A Overseas Posting HSO 6(S) Mr Halpin, Peter M (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Barton, Clive M HSO 6(S) Mr Butcher, Andrew S Dr Loughlin, Susan C Dr Edwards, Richard A Dr Pickett, Elizabeth A Dr Holder, Martin T FGS CGeol Murchison House Miss Sowerbutts, Alison A Dr Leveridge, Brian E FGS CGeol SSO 5(S) Mr Ball, Derek F SO 7(S) Mr Golledge, Nicholas R SSO 5(S) Mr Goode, Anthony J J HSO 6(S) Mr Macdonald, Alan M Mr Irving, Anthony A M HSO 6(S) Dr Newell, Andrew J ASO 8(S) Mr McLean, William S ASO 8(S) Mrs Smith, Catherine P Coastal & Engineering Geology Overseas Posting

(Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Key, Roger FGEMM MIMM GSNI, Belfast Keyworth Group Manager Grade 6 Group Manager Grade 6 3(S) Mr Arthurs, John W Central England & Wales 3(S) Mr Culshaw, Martin G FGS CGeol Dr Bazley, Robert A B FGS CGeol PSec 8(A) Mrs Page, June H AIQPS ¶ Keyworth PSec 8(A) Mrs Johnston, Jacqueline Mrs Ware, Linda¶ Group Manager Grade 6 (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Johnston, Terence P FGS (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Arthurton, Russell S 3(S) Mr Charsley, Timothy J FGS Dr Legg, Iain, C Dr Balson, Peter S Dr Mitchell, William I FGS PSec 8(A) Mrs Searle, Carole A Mr Baria, Roy✳ SSO 5(S) Mr Reay, Derek M (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Addison, Robert FGS CGeol Dr Evans, Christopher D R HSO 6(S) Dr Cooper, Mark R FGS Mr Barclay, William J FGS CGeol Mr Forster, Alan FGS CGeol Dr McKeever, Patrick J Dr Brandon, Allan Mr Humphreys, Bernard SO 7(S) Mr Smyth, William A Mr Bridge, David M Dr Jackson, Peter D FGS CGeol Mr Warke, Geoffrey O Dr Carney, John N FGS CGeol Mr James, J W Ceri Dr Cooper, Anthony H FGS CGeol Mr Northmore, Kevin J FGS CGeol Dr Howard, Andrew S FGS Hydrogeology Dr Ridgway, John FGS CGeol Mr Lake, Robert D Dr Wingfield, R T Robin Dr Powell, John H FGS CGeol Wallingford SSO 5(S) Mr Crosby, Anthony FGS CGeol Dr Waters, Colin N FGS CGeol Group Manager Grade 6 Dr Gostelow, T Paul Dr Waters, Richard A FGS CGeol 3(S) Dr Peach, Denis W FGS CGeol Dr Gunn, David A Dr Wilson, David PSec 8(A) Mrs Sharratt, Carole E Mr Hallam, Jonathan R SSO 5(S) Mr Ambrose, Keith (Grd 6) (IMP)3(I) Dr Edmunds, W Michael Mr Hobbs, Peter R N Mr Crofts, Richard G (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Adams, Brian FGS CGeol Dr Rees, John G CGeol HSO 6(S) Mr Hudson, John M Mr Buckley, David K HSO 6(S) Dr Brew, David S Mr Lawley, Russell S Mr Chilton, P John FGS CGeol Mr Cripps, Alan C Dr Schofield, David I Dr Darling, W George Dr Donnelly, Laurance J FGS CGeol Dr Wilby, Philip R Mr Gale, Ian N FGS CGeol Mr Entwisle, David C SO 7(S) Mr Barnett, Andrew J Dr Kinniburgh, David G MRSC Mr Flint, Robert C Mr Hough Edward CChem SO 7(S) Ms Glaves, Helen M ✳ ASO 8(S) Mrs Aldiss, Marjorie S Mr Lawrence, Adrian R FGS CGeol Mr Jones, Lee D PGS C Mrs Lumb, Anthea J Mr Morris, Brian L FGS CGeol PGSC 7(T) Mr Barnes, Alan M Mr Napier, Bruce Mr Robins, Nicholas S FGS CGeol ASO 8(S) Mrs Newsham, Rhonda SSO 5(S) Dr Bloomfield, John P FGSCGeol Miss Outhwaite, Katherine E Overseas Posting Mr Cheney, Colin S FGS CGeol Mrs Slater, Margaret P (Grd 6) 3(S) Dr Fletcher, Christopher J N MIMM✫ Mr Davies, Jeffrey FGS CGeol Miss Woodhead, Julie M✳ Ms Hargreaves, Rosemary L AA 9(A) Mrs Meakin, Janet L Based at University of Wales, Aberystwyth Mrs Lewis, Melinda A¶ Tec 2 9(T) Mr Gibson, Peter D (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Davies, Jeremy R FGS CGeol Mr Mckenzie, Andrew A Dr Shand, Paul Mr Shearer, T Robert FGS Southern & Eastern England Dr Smedley, Pauline L Honorary Research Associates Mrs Stuart, Marianne E MRSC CChem Keyworth Dr Barker, J A Mrs Williams, Ann T FGS Mr Chisholm J I Group Manager Grade 7 HSO 6(S) Mr Bird, Michael J Dr Downing, R A (3S) Mr Strange, Poul J FGS CGeol Mr Calow, Roger Dr Gallois, R PSec 8(A) Mrs Cross, Elaine A Miss Doorgakant, Premowtee¶ Dr Howells, M F (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Booth, Stephen J Mr Gooddy, Daren C MRSC CChem Prof McCann, D M Mr Ellison, Richard A FGS CGeol Dr Jones, Helen K Prof Peacock, J D Dr Hamblin, Richard J O FGS CGeol Mr Macdonald, David M J Mr Mathers, Stephen J Mr Marks, Richard J FGS CGeol Dr Moorlock, Brian S P FIMM CEng Mr Milne, Christopher J MRSC Mr Sumbler, Michael G FGS CGeol CChem MINERALS, ENVIRONMENT AND SSO 5(S) Mr Barron, A J Mark FGS CGeol Miss Trafford, Janice M GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS Mr Hopson, Peter M FGS CGeol SO 7(S) Mrs Brewerton, Linda J✳ Keyworth Dr Jackson, Audrey A¶ Mr Morigi, Anthony N Miss Coleby, Laura M Assistant Director Grade 5 Mr Smith, Alan Mr Merrin, Philip D 2(S) Prof Plant, Jane A FGS CGeol FIMM Dr Westhead, R Keith FGS CGeol Miss O’Dochartaigh, Brighid E CEng Dr Williamson, Ian T Mr Talbot, John C PSec 8(A) Mrs Fairhurst, Kathe E ✳ HSO 6(S) Dr Farrant, Andrew R Miss Wagstaff, Susan J Mr Humpage, Adrian J ASO 8(S) Miss Atkin, S Sarah Minerals SO 7(S) Miss Booth, Kathryn A Miss McLean, Jennifer E Mr Mogdridge, Roy T Miss Smith, Kerry L Keyworth Mr Williams, Peter J Group Manager Grade 6 Overseas Posting AO 8(A) Mrs Cole, Mary 3(S) Vacancy (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Aldiss, Donald T FGS CGeol Miss Fairhurst, Samantha J PSec 8(A) Mrs Cordwell, Christine¶ AA 9(A) Miss Norris, Deborah J Mrs Simms, Elizabeth J¶ Exeter Miss Parsons, Rosemary A (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Chapman, Gregory R FGS CGeol 4(S) Dr Bristow, C Roger SGB2 9(T) Mr Sutton, John M Dr Coats, J Stan MIMM CEng

51 Mr Colman, Timothy B MIMM CEng Mr Nicholson, Richard A MRSC Miss Moore, Yvette A Dr Cooper, Derek C MIMM CEng CChem Ms Williams, Lorraine A Mr Gunn, A Gus Dr Smith, Barry MRSC CChem AO 8(A) Mrs Cole, Christine A Mr Highley, David E FGS CGeol SSO 5(S) Miss Ault, Linda MIMM CEng Dr Breward, Neil Overseas Posting SSO 5(S) Mr Bloodworth, Andrew J FGS CGeol Dr Chenery, Simon R N MRSC SSO 5(S) Dr Rogers, Stephen F Dr Henney, Paul J FGS CChem HSO 6(S) Mr Cameron, Donald G FGS Mr Davis, Alan E Mr Davies, Berik J K Mr Ingham, Mark N NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory Mr Jones, Robert C FGS CGeol Dr Norton, Gillian E Keyworth Mr Shaw, Mark H Mr Roberts, Philip D Ms Stockwell, Linda E HSO 6(S) Ms Flight, Deirdre M A Group Manager Grade 6 SO 7(S) Miss Collins, Gaynor L Ms Fordyce, Fiona M 3(S) Prof Parrish, Randall Miss Hobbs, Susan F Dr Gowing, Charles J B PSec 8(A) Miss Kean, Donna L EO 7(A) Miss Hillier, Janice A Dr Hutchins, Michael G (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Barreiro, Barbara ASO 8(S) Miss Linley, Kathrine A Mr Lister, T Robert Dr Evans, Jane A AO 8(A) Miss Mills, Andrea J Mr Mackenzie, Alan C Mr Greenwood, Peter B Miss White, Rebecca Mr Rawlins, Barry G Dr Heaton, Timothy H E Mr Reeder, Shaun Dr Kempton, Pamela D Exeter Mr Talbot, David K MRSC CChem Dr Spiro, Baruch F (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Scrivener, Richard C FGS CGeol Mrs Vickers, Barbara P SSO 5(S) Mrs Darbyshire, Fiona Mr Wiggans, Graham N Dr Noble, Stephen R Murchison House PGS B 6(T) Mr Allen, Mark A HSO 6(S) Mrs Chenery, Carolyn A (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Smith, Charles G MIMM CEng SO 7(S) Mr Blackwell, Paul A Dr Kim, Alex Mrs Green, Kay A¶ Dr Leng, Melanie Mr Robinson, Jonathan J SO 7(S) Miss Arrowsmith, Carol Mineralogy and Petrology Mr Strutt, Michael H Ms Royse, Katherine R Mr Trick, Julian K Keyworth Miss Sloane, Hilary J ASO 8(S) Mr Barker, Kevin TEC 1 8(T) Mr Knight, Ronald A Group Manager Grade 6 Mrs Baines, Rachael Mr Wood, Adrian¶ 3(S) Dr Morgan, David J FGS CGeol Mr Brettle, Charles PSec 8(A) Mrs Royall, Patricia E Miss Brown, Sarah E (Grd 6)(IMP) Dr Shepherd, Thomas J FIMM Mr Burden, Simon R Honorary Research Associates (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Fortey, Neil J FGS CGeol Mr Carter, Simon J Mr Harrison, David J MIMM Mr Cutler, Michael W Dr Atkin B P Mr Merriman, Richard J FGS CGeol Mr Ferguson, Alex J Mr Harris, P M Mr Milodowski, Antoni E FGS CGeol Mrs Stevenson, Kathryn M Prof Miles, D L Mr Strong, George E Miss Wragg Joanna Prof Simpson, P R Dr Styles, Michael T FGS CGeol AO 8(A) Miss McDonald, Claire SSO 5(S) Dr Bailey, David E Mrs Shenton, Teresa PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS Dr Gillespie, Martin R & OFFSHORE SURVEYS HSO 6(S) Mr Inglethorpe, Simon D J Overseas Posting Mr Kemp, Simon J Grd 7 4(S) Dr Williams, T Martin Mr Mitchell, Clive J Murchison House Dr Naden, Jonathan Assistant Director Grade 5 Mr Pearce, Jonathan M Fluid Processes & Waste Management 2(S) Dr Browitt, Christopher W A PGS B 6(T) Mr Oates, David Keyworth PSec 8(A) Miss Nisbet, Linda M SO 7(S) Dr Hards, Victoria L Group Manager Grade 6 Mr Wetton, Paul D ✳ 3(S) Mr Holmes, David C Petroleum & Marine Geology ASO 8(S) Mr Careless, Jason PSec 8(A) Mrs Mackrill, June M Mr Carter, Richard (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Beamish, David Murchison House Miss Evans, Ellie J Mr Hawkins, Michael P Group Manager Grade 7 Mr Fletcher, John Dr Higgo, Jennifer J W 4(S) Dr Fannin, Nigel G T (Deputising) Mr Murphy, Hubert A Dr Hooker, Paul J FGS CGeol GSec 8(A) Miss Fraser, Janette C¶ Dr Horseman, Stephen T Overseas Postings Mrs Muir, Angela I¶ Dr Klinck, Bernard A MIMM CEng (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Chesher, John A (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Piper, David P FGS CGeol Dr Metcalfe, Richard Dr Evans, Daniel FGS CGeol Dr Noy, David J Edinburgh Mr Fyfe, J Alan Dr Ogilvy, Richard D MIP CPhys Mr Gatliff, Robert W FGS CGeol (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Beddoe-Stephens, Brett Dr Shaw, Richard P FGS CGeol Mr Graham, Colin C SSO 5(S) Dr Hyslop, Ewan K MIMM CEng Mr Hitchen, Kenneth FGS CGeol Dr Phillips, Emrys R Dr West, Julia M MIB CBiol Mr Holmes, Richard ASO 8(S) Mr Fakes, Roy D Mr Williams, Geoffrey M FGS CGeol Mr Johnson, Howard FGS CGeol SSO 5(S) Dr Boland, Martin P Mr Long, David FGS CGeol Mr Dumpleton, Stephen FGS CGeol Analytical and Regional Geochemistry Mr McInnes, John L Dr Rochelle, Christopher A Dr Richards, Philip FGS CGeol Keyworth Mr Shedlock, Stephen L Mr Ritchie, James D Group Manager Grade 6 Dr Ward, Robert S Mr Skinner, Alexander FGS CGeol 3(S) Dr Baldock, John W MIMM CEng HSO 6(S) Mr Bateman, Keith Dr Stoker, Martyn S FGS CGeol PSec 8(A) Mrs Harrison, Josephine Dr Harrington, Jon F SSO 5(S) Mr Brett, Colin P (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Appleton, J Don MIMM Dr Harrison Ian MRSC CChem Mr Bulat, Joseph Dr Cave, Mark R MRSC CChem Mr Meldrum, Philip I Mr Stevenson, Alan G Ms Cook, Jennifer M MRSC CChem Mr Sen, Marcus A HSO 6(S) Miss Alexander, Sheila A ✳ Dr Dunkley, Peter N Mr Wealthall, Gary P Dr Egerton, Paul D Mr Green, Philip M SO 7(S) Mr Baker, Steven J Mrs Jones, Sheila M Dr Haslam, Henry W MIMM Mrs Coombs, Patricia¶ Mr Quinn, Martyn F Dr Johnson, Christopher FGS CGeol Miss Leader, Rachel U Mr Smith, David J IEEIE Dr Jones, David G FGS CGeol Mr Davis, John R Mr Wallis, David G MIEE CEng

52 HEO(C) 6(S) Mrs Sutherland, Margaret W Mr Lovell, John H Honorary Research Associates Mr Wild, John B L Dr MacMillan, Susan Mr Ardus, D A SO 7(S) Miss Cavill, Joanne E Mr Marrow, Peter C Dr Cornwell, J D Miss Gillespie, Eileen J Mrs Richards, Janet A✳ Mr McGuigan, John Mrs Ritchie, Maureene A¶ Mr Tulloch, Graham J Dr Thomson, Alan W P MIP CPhys CORPORATE SERVICES & BUSINESS EO 7(A) Mr Henderson, Alexander Dr Wild, Philip W DEVELOPMENT 7(C) Mrs Richardson, Anne, E HSO 6(S) Mr Bainbridge, Brian PTO 7(T) Mr Campbell, Neil C Keyworth Miss Clarke, Ellen Mr Derrick, John F Assistant Director Grade 5 Mr Flower, Simon M AO 8(A) Mrs Meadows, Julia A¶ 2(S) Dr Allen, Peter M FGS CGeol Mr Fyfe, Charles J PSec 8(A) Miss Oxby, Laura J Gilmerton Mr Harris, Theodore J Mr Ohlsen, Frank (Grd 7) (S) Mr Andrews, Ian J Dr Cameron, Thomas D J HEO(C) 6(C) Mrs Exton, Jane P¶ BGS International Mr Scott, David J Mr Smith, Kevin Keyworth Mrs Stoker, Susan J HPTO 6(T) Mr Burgess, Barry R Mr Petrie, David L Head BGS International Grade 6 SSO 5(S) Mr Smith, Michael C 3(S) Dr Reedman, Antony J FGS CGeol AO 8(A) Mr Kassyk, Mark B SO 7(S) Mr Carrigan, James G Mr Ford, Glenn D PSec 8(A) Mrs Musson, Pamela S Mrs Freeborough, Jacqueline¶ Keyworth Mr Galloway, David D Mrs Evans, D Ann¶ Mr Henni, Paul H O (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Tappin, David R (Grd 6) 3(S) Mr Macfarlane, Alexander FGS Mr Owen, Roderick J CGeol Mr Turbitt, Christopher W (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Bennett, John D FGS CGeol Regional Geophysics PTO 7(T) Mr Day, Peter S MIMM Mr Gibson, George M Keyworth Mr Evans, Robert B FGS CGeol Mr Millership, Peter Dr Mortimer, Cedric Eur Ing FIMM Group Manager (Grd 6) Mr Stewart, David A 3(S) Dr Lee, Michael K FGS CGeol CEng Mr Velzian, William A PSec 8(A) Mrs Carter, Stella M¶ HEO 6(A) Mrs Hurley, C Mary ASO 8(S) Miss Gordon, Helen Mrs Richards, Marjorie¶ EO 7(A) Miss Haslam, Joanne Mr Simpson, Bennett A Grd 7 4(S) Dr Brereton, Nicholas R FGS CGeol AO 8(A) Miss Hobson, Rachel M ✳ MIP CPhys PTO 7(T) Mr Young, Robert M Miss Mills, Charlotte C Dr Busby, Jonathan P FGS CGeol Eskdalemuir Overseas Postings Mr Carruthers, Richard M Mr Dabek, Zygmunt K SGB2 9(T) Mrs Scott, Margaret¶ (Grd 6) 3(S) Dr Webb, Peter K FGS CGeol Dr Evans, Christopher J TEC 2 9(T) Mr Scott, William E (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Aspden, John A Mr Greenwood, Peter G FGS CGeol Dr Campbell, S Dairmad G✳ Hartland Mr Kimbell, Geoffrey S Dr McCourt, William J Mr Peart, Roger J PGS E 8(T) Mr Pringle, Colin R Mr Mosley, Peter N Mr Rollin, Keith E Mr Pitfield, Peter E J FGS CGeol Overseas Posting Mr Smith, Ian F SSO 5(S) Dr Gonzalez Clavijo, Emilio SSO 5(S) Mr Chacksfield, Barrie C HSO 6(S) Mr Baptie, Brian J HSO 6(S) Mr Herd, Richard A Mr Pedley, Robert C Dr Luckett, Richard Mr Williamson, J Paul MINING ADVISOR TO DFID HSO 6(S) Mrs Kimbell, Sarah F¶ Basin Analysis & Stratigraphy Mr Kingdon, Andrew (Grd 6) 3(S) Mr Walduck, Geoffrey P FIMM CEng Keyworth Mr Raines, Michael G Mr Royles, Christopher P Group Manager Grade 6 SECRETARY GENERAL, EUROGEO SURVEYS Mr Walker, Adrian S D 3(S) Dr Owens, Bernard (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Annells, Richard N✫ FIMM CEng SO 7(S) Miss Heaven, Rachel E PSec 8(A) Mrs Lines, Janet¶ Mrs Self, Suzanne J¶ (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Chadwick, R Andrew FGS CGeol ASO 8(S) Mr Morgan, David J R Dr Cox, Beris M FGS CGeol Honorary Research Associate Dr Holloway, Samuel FGS CGeol Murchison House Dr Cobbing, E J Dr Kirby, Gary A (Grd 7) 4(S) Dr Evans, John R Dr Knox, Robert W O SSO 5(S) Mr Edwards, John W F Dr Lott, Graham K UK Business Development Mr Mould, Alan S Dr Molyneux, Stewart G Keyworth Mr Sankey, Michael J Mr Morton, Andrew C¶ ASO 8(S) Mrs White, Pamela A✳ Dr Pharaoh, Timothy C FGS CGeol Group Manager Grade 6 ✫ Dr Riding, James B FGS CGeol 3(S) Mr Ovadia, David MBCS CEng Dr Riley, Nicholas J FGS CGeol PSec 8(A) Mrs Swift, Jacqueline AIQPS Global Seismology & Geomagnetism Mr Smith, Nigel J P FGS CGeol (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Brown, Malcolm J MIMM CEng Murchison House Dr Warrington, Geoffrey FGS CGeol Dr Holliday, Douglas W Dr Wilkinson, Ian P FGS CGeol Dr Whittaker, Alfred FGS CGeol Group Manager Grade 6 SSO 5(S) Dr Evans, David J SSO 5(S) Dr Alexander, Jean MCIM Dr Kerridge, David J Ms Hallsworth, Claire R¶ IO 6(T) Mrs Heason, Hilary J MIPR PSec 8(A) Ms Aitken, Rose A R Dr Jones, Neil S AIO 7(T) Mrs Gutteridge, Linda Mrs Milne, Margaret Mr Rowley, William J (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Barraclough, David R MIP CPhys Wallingford Dr Booth, David C Mr Tunnicliff, Stephen P (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Allen, David J FGS CGeol Dr Clark, Toby D G MIP CPhys HSO 6(S) Dr Baily, Heather E Dr Li Xiang, Yang Dr Williams, Mark Mr Woods, Mark A Dr Macbeth, Colin D Information Services Dr Musson, Roger M W SO 7(S) Mr Hulbert, Andrew G Mr Riddick, John C ASO 8(S) Mrs Johnson, Kerry L Keyworth Miss Walker, Alice B Miss Kyffin-Hughes, Jane E Group Manager Grade 6 SSO 5(S) Mr Laughlin, John Miss Shaw, Karen L 3(S) Dr Dobinson, Alan Dr Liu, Enru Mrs Taylor, Pauline PSec 8(A) Ms Heard, Tracey L

53 Collections Administration (Materials) Murchison House CARTOGRAPHY Keyworth AO 8(A) Mrs Turnbull, Lesley Keyworth (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Hollyer, Stuart E Ty 9(A) Mrs Moir, Wanda J SMCO 5(M) Mr Becken, Kevin H HMCO 6(M) Mr Clifton, Anthony W SO 7(S) Mr Wheatley, Christopher W London Ofﬁce AO 8(A) Mrs Wright, June L¶ Mr Myers, Antony H Tec 1 8(T) Mr Bennett, David J HSO 6(S) Miss Brackell, Sylvia J Mr Parnaby, Roger J ✳ Tec 2 9(T) Mr Naylor, Michael D SO 7(S) Mrs Messenger, Vivienne R Mr Rippon, Simon J Mr Renshaw, Brian MCO 7(M) Mrs Adkin, Caroline F Enquiries Ofﬁcer Mr Renshaw, Scott Mr Arbon, John W Keyworth Mrs Arbon, Kathryn A¶ SSO 5(S) Mr Evans, Antony D Mr Armstrong, Robert W Collections Administration (Documentary) Mr Bowker, Martin R DATABASE MANAGEMENT Miss Bray, Susan LIBRARY Keyworth Mr Cooke, Ian L Keyworth Mr Cooper, Robert J✳ SSO 5(S) Dr Lowe, David J FGS CGeol PLib Grade 7(L) Mrs Daley, Deborah L P 4(L) Mr McKenna, Graham ALA MIIS ASO 8(S) Miss West, Amanda R Mr Demaine, Ronald J SLib 5(L) Mrs Anderson, Jennifer E¶ ALA Mr Hodgson, Jeremy D Lib 6(L) Miss Benson, Janet E ALA Geospatial Information Systems Mr Hurst, Stephen E Miss Bird, Joan V ALA Mr Lappage, Paul Mrs Fileman, Janet ALA Keyworth Mr Ledgard, Michael B Miss Hurst, Jennifer ALA Group Manager Grade 6 Mrs Mawer, Carole H Mr Prince, Stephen J ALA 3(S) Mr Jackson, Ian Mrs Myers, Sheila B¶ AO 8(A) Mrs Barkworth, Julia A¶ PSec 8(A) Mrs Walters, Glennis A Mr Rayner, James I Miss Hinde, Joanne L (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Giles, Jeremy R A FGS CGeol FIAP Mrs Scott, Elizabeth J Mrs Langton, Louisa J¶ Dr Greenbaum, David Mrs Simpson, Caron Miss Self, Joanne J Dr O’Connor, Eugene A Mr Spencer, Niall A Mr Swift, Martyn C SSO 5(S) Mr Adlam, Keith A M Mr Turner, Paul SGB2 9(T) Mrs Hodges, Sheila A Mr Cannell, Brian Mr Wardle, Christopher Mr Holley, George C¶ Dr McDonald, Andrew J W Mr Wilkinson, Ian J Miss Wood, Sophie E Murchison House Dr Tragheim, Douglas G HSO 6(S) Miss Baxendale, Hazel J MCTG1 8(M) Miss Bradley, Mary A Lib 6(L) Mr McIntosh, Robert P Mr Denniss, Anthony M Mrs Kmieciak, Jayne E AO 8(A) Mrs Gray, Gale E Mr Gibson, John R Mr Tuggey, Graham Mr Killen, Anthony J Mr Wilkinson, Stephen C RECORDS Ms McLaren, Fiona E¶ Overseas Posting Keyworth Mr Riddick, Andrew T HSO 6(S) Mr Bowie, Roderick C Ms Walsby, Jennifer C HMCO 6(M) Mr Murray, Christopher G AO 8(A) Mrs Blatherwick, Susan J SO 7(S) Mr Baker, Garry R Murchison House Miss Booth, Joanne H Mr Bell, Patrick D Mrs Bridge, Geraldine Mr Greally, Kevin B SMCO 5(M) Mr Ramsay, Robert B Miss Cottingham, Alison L Mr Hulland, Vincent J HMCO 6(M) Mr Mennim, Keith C Miss Disney, Avril C Mr Marchant, Andrew P Mr Stewart, Alistair M Mrs Fitch, Lisa J Mr Sheath, Daniel P¶ MCO 7(M) Miss Anderson, Christina Mr Newham, Wayne T Miss Sykes, Jennifer S Miss Barclay, Joyce AA 9(A) Mr Davis, John J Mrs Wallwin, Sally Mr Blenkinsop, Anthony ASO 8(S) Mr Molineaux, Paul J Mrs Cherrie, Marjory M Murchison House AO 8(A) Mrs Chew, Susan J A Mr Herbertson, Keith F SO 7(S) Mr Gillanders, Richard J Mr Horsburgh, Stuart W Murchison House AO 8(A) Miss Dunlop, Alison Mr Long, Roderick M Mrs Mann, Elizabeth (Grd 7) 4(S) Mr Laxton, John L Mr Meikle, John L Mr Morrison, Arthur SSO 5(S) Mr Robson, Peter G Mrs Oliver, Lesley M Mr Smith, Matthew J Mr Holmes, Keith A Mr Ritchie, Calum Mr Swanney, Michael S HSO 6(S) Mr Lawrie, Kenneth I G Mrs Sanders, Carol J HEO(C) 6(C) Mr Duffy, Timothy R Mrs Wild, Sally A L¶ BOREHOLE DATABASE ASO 8(S) Mrs Kilpatrick, Karen M Mr Wood, Gary R Keyworth MCTG1 8(M) Mrs Carson, Christine E Publication Services Mr Denholm, William H SO 7(S) Mrs Bowie, Joanne H✳ Mr Drennan, Eric P Mr Stirland, Karl C Keyworth PHOTOGRAPHY Group Manager Grade 7 CUSTOMER SERVICES 4(S) Dr Green, Christopher A Keyworth Keyworth PSec 8(A) Mrs Swift, Jacqueline AIQPS HPHO 6(P) Mr Tod, Paul A SSO 5(S) Ms Parnham, Jennifer J ALA PHO 7(P) Mr Cullen, Timothy P D S HSO 6(S) Mr Clayton, Alan R AA 9(A) Mr Goddard, Mark A BOOK PRODUCTION EO 7(A) Mr Page, Ivan K AO 8(A) Mrs Tina P Hackett¶ SSO 5(S) Miss Simmons, Molly B Murchison House Mrs Harvey, Juliet M AIO 7(T) Mr Stevenson, John P HPHO 6(P) Mr Bain, Thomas S M Mr Haughton, Brian T GO 7(T) Mrs Rayner, Deborah C PHO 7(P) Mr MacTaggart, Fergus I Mrs Murray, Christina SM3 8(T) Ms Evans, Jennifer B A Mrs Oldham, Yvette J¶ Mr Minks, Adrian R PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE Mrs Roach, Shirley D Ms Norman, Jacqueline Keyworth Mr Smedley, John B Mrs Robson, Carole G Grd 7 4(S) Dr Litherland, Martin FGS CGeol Ty 9(A) Mrs Hutchinson, Angela R Mrs Wiseman, Helen P¶ MIMM CEng SGB1 8(T) Mr Goodman, Stephen J Mrs Morton, Amina SSO 5(S) Dr Thomas, Joanna E¶ SGB2 9(T) Mr Smith, Graham J Mrs Wafforne, Paula¶

54 Training & Staff Development PTO Professional and Technical Officer MBIFM Member of the British Institute of SEO Senior Executive Officer Facilities Management Keyworth SG Support Grade MCIBSE CEng Member of the Chartered Institution Co-ordinator (Grd 7) SLib Senior Librarian of Building Service Engineers, 4(S) Dr Penn, Ian E FGS CGeol SM Support Manager Chartered Engineer Dr Crow, Michael J FGS CGeol SMCO Senior Mapping and Charting Officer MCIM Member of the Chartered Institute MIMM CEng SMess Senior Messenger of Marketing AO 8(A) Mrs Hale, Pamela I SO Scientific Officer MICE CEng Member of the Institution of Civil Ty 9(A) Miss Yarwood, Emma J SPSec Senior Personal Secretary Engineers, Chartered Engineer SPTO Senior Professional and Technical Officer MIB CBiol Member of the Institute of Biology, SSO Senior Scientific Officer Chartered Biologist Honorary Research Associate StO Stores Officer MIEE CEng Member of the Institution of Dr Loudon, T V Tech Technical Grade Electrical Engineers, Chartered Tel Telephonist Engineer Ty Typist MIIS Member of the Institution of Grade abbreviations Information Scientists MIMM CEng Member of the Institution of Mining AA Administrative Assistant Professional accreditations and Metallurgy, Chartered AIO Assistant Information Officer ALA Associate of Library Association Engineer ALib Assistant Librarian AIQPS Associate of the Institute of Qualified MIP CPhys Member of the Institute of Physics, AO Administrative Officer Private Secretaries Chartered Physicist ASO Assistant Scientific Officer CIPS Chartered Institute of Purchasing MIPR Member of the Institute of Public EO Executive Officer and Supply Relations GO Graphics Officer Eur Ing European Federation of National MOISH RSP Member of Occupational Safety and GTG Graphics Technical Grade Engineering Associations Health, Registrar of Safety HEO Higher Executive Officer FIAP Fellow of the Institute of Analysts Practitioners HMCO Higher Mapping and Charting Officer and Programmers MRSC CChem Member of the Royal Society of HPhO Higher Photographic Officer FGEMM Fellow of the Gemmological Chemistry, Chartered Chemist HPTO Higher Professional and Technical Officer Association of Great Britain HSO Higher Scientific Officer FGS CGeol Fellow of the Geological Society, IO Information Officer Chartered Geologist Lib Librarian FIMM CEng Fellow of the Institution of Mining MCO Mapping and Charting Officer and Metallurgy, Chartered Engineer MCT Mapping and Charting Technical Grade FIWEM Fellow of the Chartered Institution of Mess Messenger Water & Environmental Management PGS Process and General IEEIE Institute of Electrical and Electronic ¶ Part-time ✫ PhO Photographic Officer Incorporated Engineer Temporary promotion ✳ PLib Principal Librarian MBCS CEng Member of the British Computer On unpaid leave PSec Personal Secretary Society, Chartered Engineer

55 Appendix 5 Academic collaboration

The BGS collaborates with research institutes within the NERC and the Durham University: Geology of the Lizard Complex; Hafnium isotope con- other research councils. It also collaborates with other academic institutions straints on the source regions of kimberlites and lamproites; Isotopic evidence for in a worldwide network of research projects, which include contracted imput mantle convection at the ridge-trench intersection, Northern Lau Basin; Lizard to the core programme and research and teaching arrangements. The ophiolite evolution; O + C in carbonate samples of Cretaceous Dolomites from following cover most examples: Egypt; Stublick Fault Zone East Anglia University: Isotopic composition of Pb in seal teeth; Aberdeen University: Mineral geochemistry provenance studies Magnetostratigraphy of the New Red Sandstone; Permian–Triassic magne- Abo University (Finland): Sulphur isotope systematics in peat – Finland. tostratigraphy Arhus University (Denmark): Seismic stratigraphy in the Rockall Trough East Kilbride Reactor Centre: Investigation of the Green Beds, Southern Australian National University (Canberra): Detrital zircon geochronology; Highlands Project Geology of the Lizard Complex Edinburgh University: Contaminated land in Granton; Barcelona University: Microbeam techniques for single inclusion analysis Edinburgh University: Oersted magnetic survey satellite; Fracture modelling; Bergen University (Norway): Margin studies BRIDGE drill; Coring advice and supplies; Quaternary of north-east Scotland; Radiolarian and conodont biostratigraphy in the Southren Uplands; Southern BGR (Germany): Hammer corer Highlands Project; Stable Isotope and Glacier Dynamics Binghampton University (NY, USA): Secular variation in seawater Exeter University: Correlation of gas emissions with seismicity; Lectures to chemistry undergraduates Birmingham University: Jurassic palynology; High resolution stable isotope Galway University College (Ireland): Magnetic maps of UK and Ireland investigation of speleothems; Karstic capture of climatic chemical signals; Rare earth element mobility in south Greenland; Reactive carbonate in glacial systems; Gent University (Belgium): Margin studies and CORSAIRES, TESZ Copper and polymetallic deposits, Muster Basin, Ireland. research Bogazici University (Istanbul): Westward drift, historical geomagnetic field GeoForschungsZentrum (Germany): TESZ research data Geological Survey of Canada: Magnetic maps Bradford University: Pb and Sr isotope composition of human dental enamel Geological Survey of Ireland: Gravity and magnetic maps of UK and as an indicator of ancient population dynamics. Ireland Bristol University: Volcanic hazards; Origin of compositional variations in GEOMAR (Germany): Margin studies volcanic rocks of Santorini Volcano, Greece; Seismic tomography and scattering GEUS (Denmark): Margin studies British Antarctic Survey: Geophysical and sampling operations, sediment Giessen University (Germany): TESZ research drifts and contourites Glasgow/Durham Universities: Geochemistry and biostratigraphy of Brno University (Czech Republic): Statistical treatment of heavy mineral data Southern Upland Arenig sequences Brunel University: Fault reactivation Glasgow University: The timing of orogenic events in the Scottish Highlands; Budapest University: PGE-rich magmatic fluids Wide-angle seismic studies Cambridge University: Geological map of Westerdale and the Howgill Fells; Gottingen University: Chemistry of Messinian brines; Fluid inclusions in Hydrothermal alteration and geochemical fluxes in young oceanic crust; SEM & halite XRD volcanic ash filters; Stable isotope dendroclimatological study; Biostratigraphy Granada University (Spain): Uralides research; Spanish fluorite deposits and palaeolimnology of late-glacial and Holocene lake marls; Biostratigraphy, pal- Heriot Watt University: Advanced seismic methods; Geomechanical aeoecology and geochemistry of a long Quaternary lacustrine sequence from NW modelling and reservoir anisotropy; HYACE, Geotechnics and sedimentology; Greece; Formation of clear facies basal ice at Alpine glaciers; Triassic clay minerals, Petroleum engineering and training fracture modelling; U-Th-Pb analysis of Managotry monazite; Volcanic hazards Huddersfield University: Karst research Charles University (Czech Republic): Skarn mineralisation, Bohemian Massif. Hull University: Adviser on geochemistry course Chile University: Crustal Evolution of the West Antartic Peninsula and Patagonia. ICTJA, Barcelona (Spain): Uralides research Clausthal University (Germany): Annot sandstone provenance IFREMER (France): Margin studies Coventry University: Stable isotope and luminescence characteristics of Holocene slug calcite. IGME Athens: Aegean epithermal deposits CNRS, Lille (France): Ordovician acritarchs Institut Français du Pétrole (France): Geomechanical modelling and reservoir anisotropy CRNS Toulouse: Microscale fluid inclusion interactions Institute of Geophysics, Ekaterinburg (Russia): Uralides research Coimbra University (Portugal): Gold metallogenesis in central Portugal Iowa State Survey, USA: Mississippian biostratigraphy Copenhagen University (Denmark): TESZ research Irish Marine Data Centre: Margin studies Cork University (Ireland): Margin studies ITGE Madrid: Cantabrian talc deposits CSIC Barcelona: Trace elements in coals Karlsruhe University (Germany): Uralides research Czech Geological Survey: TESZ research Keele University: Triassic palynology; TESZ research; Palaeozoic amalgama- Derby University: Bivalves as environmental monitors. tion of Central Europe Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies (DIAS): Gravity maps of UK and Kingston University: Isotopic study of peraluminous magmatism in Peru; Ireland Non-marine ostracods in Central Mexico; Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction Dublin University College (Ireland): Geomechanical modelling and in central Mexico; Silicic magmatism related to continental breakup; Ostracod reservoir anisotropy shell chemistry in palaeoclimatic reconstruction Dundee University: Petroleum Law and Policy KVI Groningen: Environmental radioactivity Durham/Glasgow Universities: British Regional Geology: Tertiary Volcanic Lancaster University: External examiner for Environmental Science BSc; Districts Oxygen isotope analysis of lacustrine diatoms; Volcano monitoring

56 Leeds University: Historical geomagnetic field data; Volcano monitoring; Interaction of mantle-derived magmas and lower crust, N. Norway; Mantle Holocene and historic environmental change in the Yorkshire Ouse, Tees and involvement in compositionally evolved magmas in the Bolivian Eastern Tweed Basins; Fluid fluxes of the Upper and Lower Oceanic Crust; Leaching Cordillera; Provenance and dating of the Ordovician sequence, south Mayo behaviour of fly ash from incineration trough; Timing and rates of metamorphism and melting, Karakoram Range, Leicester University: Sm-Nd and U-Pb systematics; Accretion in N. Greece; North Pakistan; Topological aspects of the magnetic field in the Earth’s core Subduction-accretion as a crustal growth mechanism; Concretionary carbonates Perugia University (Italy): Jurassic palynology and sulphates in the Oxford Clay; DNA of fossil bacteria; Green Beds, Southern Plymouth University: Forminifera as environmental indicators Highlands Project; Escondida and Zaldivar porphyry Cu deposits, Chile; Mineralisation in West Turkey; Plume-related magmatism, Gobi Desert; PNG University: Training Isotopic characterisation of plume components, Colombian picritic/komatiitic Polish Academy of Sciences: TESZ research lavas; Petrogenetic significance of dyke swarms; Proterozoic evolution of Outer Polish Geological Institute: TESZ research Hebrides; Revision of the Wenlock graptolite biozones of the Builth Mudstones; Portsmouth University: Llandovery graptolite biostratigraphy Silurian micropalaeontology; Borehole research; Crustal structure; Tectonic Evolution of the Bhutan Himalaya; Generation of primitive continental crust, Queen’s University (Belfast): Movement of contaminated groundwater Aruba, Dutch Antilles Queens University (Canada): Geology of the Lizard Complex Liverpool University: Hirnantian (late Ashgill) glacioeustatic sequences, Québec Université: Geological mapping Southern Welsh Basin; Bioavailability of heavy metals; Carboniferous sequence Queensland University (Australia): Carboniferous foraminiferal biostratig- stratigraphy and sedimentology; Supervision of PhD; Tertiary dykes in the raphy Southern Uplands Reading University: Seismic properties of sea floor rocks and sediments; Sr- Ljubljana University (Slovenia): Early carbonate cave development isotope composition of waters from Okstindan, Norway; Total atmospheric depo- London (Birkbeck College): Analysis of single particles; Metamorphic sition of Pb, S and N in England and Wales survey of 1: 50 000 Series sheets 193 and 194; Metamorphic map for the Rennes University (France): Geomechanical modelling and reservoir anisotropy Windermere Supergroup, Kirkby Lonsdale District; Lower crust of the Archaean Baltic Shield Royal Museum of Scotland: Archeometric petrology London (Imperial College): Sediment-hosted gold mineralization in the Sao Paulo University (Brazil): Brasilian magmatism, zinc mineralization. Permo-Tria of SW Guizhou, PRC; Fracturing, fluid processes and mineralisa- Sheffield University: Crop storage practices in the Greek Bronze age; tion; northern Chile; Supervision of PhD Hydrogeology course provider; Induced Polarization Tomography; Mapping of London (Kings College): Gypsum in the Namib Naukluft Park and the the Kendal Sheet, Windermere Supergroup; Movement of non aqueous phase Tunisian Atlas Mountains; Modelling of carbon fluxes in a meromictic lake liquids; Natural attenuation of organics in groundwater; Palynology (Malham Tarn) Yorkshire; Stable isotopes, Chara calcite Snow College, Utah, USA: Carboniferous stratigraphy London (Royal Holloway & Bedford New College): West Mediterranean South Pacific University: Hydrogeology tuition stratigraphy; Hafnium characterisation of the Icelandic plume source and related Southampton Oceanography Centre: Margin studies geochemical gradient; Lectures to undergraduates; East Anglia Project Southampton University: Palaeozoic palynology, Sediment drifts and con- London School of Hygene and Tropical Medicines: Waste-water re-use tourites; Zircon geochronology and geochemistry of Zimbabwean Archaean gran- Mezquital Valley (Mexico) itoids; Zircon geochronology of a Precambrian megacrystic granite suite, Sierra London (University College): Geomechanical modelling and reservoir Leone anisotropy; Geophysical Surveys; Nitrate in chalk St Andrews University: Determination of Sr isotopic ratio in apatite from Loughborough University: Late Quaternary palaeoclimates and palaeoenvi- Silurian Bentonites of Northern Europe. ronments of the Konya basin, Turkey; Rural water supply and sanitation Swansea University: Strontium, oxygen and carbon isotopes in Late Louvain Catholique Universitéde (Belgium): Basin maturity Quaternary biogenic carbonates from Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica. Manchester University: Enclave-host relations in two Scottish granitoids. Technical University of Delft (Holland): Geomechanical modelling and reservoir anisotropy Medieval Archaeological Research Group (MARG): Archeometric petrology TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience (Holland): Geomechanical modelling and reservoir anisotropy Modena University (Italy): Crustal xenoliths in South American volcanic rocks. Trinity College, Dublin: Palaeozoic palynology Montpellier University (France): Geomechanical modelling and reservoir anisotropy, TESZ research Tromso University (Norway): Margin studies Nottingham Trent University: Contaminated land; Course provider in cont- Udine University (Italy): Uralides research aminated land management MSc; Risk assessment of contaminated soils Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan (Mexico): Landfill research Nottingham University: Environmental councillor, and special professor; Uppsala Univ. (Sweden): Uralides research Institute of Engineering survey and space geodesy; CASE studentships in digital Wageningen University (Holland): External examiner photogrammetry; Mineralogy of canal muds; Petrography; Rate of dissolution of certain zeolite minerals; Resource utilisation by indigenous tree species in tropical Wales (Aberystwyth): Abrupt Holocene arid intervals recorded in lake agroforestry systems sediments from Ethiopia; Sea-level, environmental and climatic change in the Irish Sea Basin; Hydrology, water quality and solute transport in subglacial Netherlands Institute for Sea Research: Seismic stratigraphy in Rockall environments, Norway; Late Quaternary climatic history of the north-eastern Trough coastal area of Argentina; Margin studies; Origins of Mid - Early Proterozoic Newcastle University: Alternative food sources for coral-reef organisms; stromatolite carbonate; Ostracod geochemistry as a record of abrupt holocene Gypsum geohazards climatic change in Ethiopia; Characterization of the Port Askaig tillite; Newfoundland and Labrador Geological Survey: Geological mapping Intercalibration of proxyindicators of late Holocene hydroclimatic change in Morocco; Timing of collision between the north and south China cratons; Open University: Lithosphere generation in the South American mantle; Bentonites from the Silurian Welsh Basin; X-ray diffraction analysis Supervision of PhD Wales (Cardiff): PhD supervision; Late Quaternary climate change; Amazon Oslo University (Norway): Uralides research fan provenance; BRIDGE drill; Paviland Cave Research Project Oxford Brookes University: Co-supervisor to a student; Geology of 1:50k Windsor University (Ontario): Geological mapping sheet 108E (Loch Naver); Stable and radiogenic isotope constraints, appinites; Stable and radiogenic isotope geochemistry of continental margin alkaline Wroclaw University (Poland): TESZ research basalts; Structure of the Isle of Man York University: Electrical Tomography Oxford University: Timing of crustal melting and metamorphism in the Zaragoza University (Spain): Geomechanical modelling and reservoir Hindu Kush of Pakistan; Crustal melt granites of the western Himalaya; anisotropy; Gypsum geohazards

57 Appendix 6 Business collaboration

COLLABORATION WITH UK AND • Statens Kartverk (Norway) • SOAEFD INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIES • The British Museum • The Scottish Office • VG Elemental Ltd • The Welsh Office The BGS maintains a wide range of links • Western Geophysical • Water Engineering and Development Centre with industry. These involve co-funded • World Geoscience • West Lothian Council projects, technology partnerships, strategic business alliances and advisory groups. The following include most of the companies who CLIENT LIST International and foreign organisations collaborated: UK Government organisations • Asian Development Bank • Australian Geological Survey Organisation • AEA Technology plc, Harwell • Atomic Weapons Establishment • ANDRA (France) • ABEM Instrument (Sweden) • Bristol City Council • Commonwealth Science Council • AeroService Corporation • British Antarctic Survey • Commission of the European Community (CEC) • Allied Associates Geophysical Ltd • British Waterways • Coordinating Committee for Offshore • Amerada Hess • Calderdale District Council Prospecting • Anglesey Mining PLC • Carmarthen District Council • CSIRO, Australia • ARK Geophysics • BBC • CEFAS – Burnham-on-Crouch • Department of Mining and Petroleum, Papua • BG Technology plc • Ceredigion District Council New Guinea • British Antarctic Survey • City of Edinburgh Council • Empresa Colombiana de Carbon • British Gypsum • Countryside Commission • Environment Protection Agency (United States) • British Petroleum • Cumbria County Council • EU BriteEuram Craft Programme • CCOP, Bangkok • Darlington District Council • European Commission (EC) • CMTC Environmental • Defence Evaluation and Research Agency • EU SYSMIN • Coal Authority • Department of Economic Development • Falkland Islands Government • Conoco (Northern Ireland) • GeoAfrica Prospecting Services, Namibia • Durham University • Department of the Environment (Northern • Geological Survey of Finland • Edcon Ireland) • Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong • EEC • Department of the Environment, Transport and • Government of Bangladesh • Enterprise the Regions • GRS (Germany) • Esso • Department of the Environment: Wildlife and • Hong Kong Government • Exxon Heritage Service (Northern Ireland) • Hong Kong Special Administration Region of • European Union • Department of Trade and Industry China • Fugro-Geoteam • Department for International Development • Hyundai Engineering & Costruction, Singapore • Geology Dept., Kuwait University • DETR Minerals and Waste Planning Division • IPSN • Hydrographic Office • DETR Radioactive Substances Division • International Association for the Promotion of • Hydrocarbon Management International • DOE Minerals Co-operation with Scientists from the New • ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd • Dyfed County Council Independent States of the Former Soviet Union • IACR - Rothamsted • Environment Agency • Jordanian Natural Resources Authority • International Mining Consultants Ltd. • European Development Fund • Kevin Marshall, Trinidad • ITE, North • European Union • Marine Research Division of CSIRO (Australia) • ITGE, Madrid • Foreign and Commonwealth Office • Middle East Technical University, Turkey • Joint Stock Company Ecogeya, Moscow • Harrogate District Council • Mykobar Mining Co SA, Greece • Mackay Associates • Health and Safety Executive • NAGRA • Minmet • Historic Scotland • Namibia Geological Survey • National Radiological Protection Board • Hydrographic Office • National Water Commission of Mexico • Natural History Museum • Joint Nature Conservations Committee • Natural Resources Authority, Jordan • Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung • Metropolitan Police • NEA • Nirex • Midlothian District Council • Norwegian Crystallites AS • Norwegian University of Science and Technology • Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food • Palestinian National Authority • Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples • Ministry of Defence • PNC • Oxford Archaeological Associates Limited • National Grid • Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland • Peninsular • Natural History Museum • Russian Academy of Sciences • Penspen • NERC Environmental Diagnostics thematic • SKB • Petroleum Exploration Computer Consultants programme • Secretariat of the South Pacific Applied (PECC) • Ordnance Survey Geoscience Commission • Petroleum Open Software Corporation (POSC) • Preseli Pembroke District Council • Setsco Services PTE Ltd, Singapore • RTZ • Royal Navy • South Pacific Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) • SCAE • Scottish Borders Council • United States Navy • Saga • Scottish Environment Protection Agency • United States Geological Survey (USGS) • Satellite Observation Systems (SOS) • Scottish Natural Heritage • University of Pisa • Schlumberger Geco-Prakla • Scottish Office • UNEP GPA (Global Programme of Action) • Shell • Scottish Water Authorities • World Bank • Shell UK Exploration and Production • South Lanarkshire Council • Zambia Geological Survey

58 Industry • Dames & Moore • Norwest Holst Soil Engineering Ltd • Deminex • Nuclear Electric plc • AA Associates • Deminex UK Oil & Gas • Nuclear Installations Inspectorate • ADAS, Jersey • Desire Petroleum • Omya Croxton & Garry Ltd • AEA Technology • Dunelm Drilling Ltd • Oryx UK • AES Ltd • Dunlop Heywood • Pancanadian North Sea • A F Budge (Holdings) Ltd • East of Scotland Water • Petroleum Development Oman • Agip UK • Eaton Smith & Downey • PGS • AIG Consultants • Edinburgh Petroleum Services • Philips Analytical X-ray (Cambridge) • Alex Stewart (Assayers) Ltd • Elf • Phillips Petroleum • Allott & Lomax • Elf Enterprise Caledonia • Powergen • Amerada Hess • Elf Exploration UK • Preussag Energie GMBH • Amerada Hess Denmark • Entec • Quaternary TL Surveys • Amerada Hess Norge • Enterprise Oil • Roxburgh & Partners • Amerada Hess UK • Enterprise UK Ltd. • Rugby Cement Ltd • Amoco • Esso Exploration & Production UK • Rutter Johnson Partnership • Amoco (UK) Exploration • Exploration Associates • RWE-DEA • Anadarko Petroleum Corporation • Falkland Islands Government • Saga Petroleum ASA • Anadrill Schlumberger • Fina • Samax Resources Ltd • Analytical and Environmental Services Ltd • Fina Exploration • Santos Europe • ARCO International • Fugro • Saudi Arabian Oil Companyy • ARC Northern Ltd • Fugro-Geoteam • Schlumberger • Aspen Burrow Crocker Ltd • Fugro UK Ltd • Scottish Hydro-Electric plc • Babtie Group • GEC Alsthom Engineering Systems Ltd • Scottish Nuclear Ltd • Baker Hughes INTEQ • Geochem Group Ltd • Severn Sands • Bass Brewers Ltd • GeoExploration (Italy) • Shefﬁeld University • BG Exploration & Production • Geophysical Services International (UK) Ltd • Shell • BG plc • Gibb Ltd • Shell Norway • BGS Rockall Consortium • Greaves Welsh Slate Co Ltd • Shell UK • Billiton International • Halcrow Waterman • Shell Exploration & Production • Blue Circle Cement • Halliburton Energy Services • Simoniz International plc • B M Coope & Partner • Hutten Jenkins & Titchmarsh • SOCAR •BP • IKU–Sintef Group • Soil Mechanics • BP Australia • Iﬁpco (Greece) • Solmek Ltd • BPB Gypsum Ltd • IGES • Southern Water • BP/Conoco • International Mining Consultants Ltd (IMCL) • BP Exploration • Jebco • Southern Water Services • BP Norge • Jenkins Newell Dunford Ltd • Sperry Sun Drilling Services • Bridgewater Paper Company • J G Associates • Statnett • British Gas • Joynes Pike & Associates (JPA) Ltd • Statoil • British Gypsum • JKX Oil & Gas • Statoil Exploration UK • British Gypsum, R&D Dept • Kerr McGee Oil & Gas • Sysdrill • British Nuclear Fuels plc • Kirton Concrete Services • Talisman • British Petroleum Exploration • Kuatrol Ltd • Talisman Energy • Britsurvey • Landmark • Teikoku Oil Co • Building Research Establishment • Lasmo plc • Terradat (UK) Ltd • Buxton Lime Industries Ltd • Lundin Oil AB • Tertiary Gold Ltd • CADW Welsh Historic Monuments • Maersk Drilling • Texaco • Castle Cement Ltd • Magnox Electric plc • Thorburn Colquhoun • Chevron • MAI • Total • Chevron Europe • Mercia • Total Oil Marine plc • Chevron Nuigini • Metal Bulletin plc • Ultra Electronics (Magnetics Division) • Clyde Expro • Mobil • Union Texas • Conoco • Mobil North Sea • University of Newcastle • Conoco UK • Murphy Petroleum • UKWIR Ltd • Crediton Gold Ltd • NAM • Wardell Armstrong • Crediton Minerals, UK • National Grid Company • Westminster Dredging Co Ltd • CSM Associates • Nirex • Whitbread • Cuthbertson Environmental Ltd • Norsk Hydro ASA • Wika Instruments Ltd. • D A Pelham • Norske Conoco • Yorkshire Water plc

59 Appendix 7 Committees

• AAPG International Conference 1999 Birmingham: Organising • IUGS Working Group on Global Geochemical Baselines: Co-chairman Committee • Joint Association for Geophysics (now British Geophysical • Arctic Ocean Sciences Board Association): Secretary • Atomic Spectrometry Updates: Editoral Board of Journal of Analytical • Journal of the Geological Society: Editorial Board Atomic Spectrometry • Journal of Petrology: Editorial Board • British Micropalaeontological Society: Treasurer, Committee Member • LITHOPROBE Scientific Committee of Canada • Camborne School of Mines: Industrial Geology Liaison Panel • Midlands Microanalysis Group: Chairman • CBI Minerals Committee • Minerals ’98: Organising Committee • CIRIA Steering Group for remediation of VOC contamination • Mineralium Deposita: Editorial Board • Clay Minerals: Editorial Board • Mineralogical Society: Applied Mineralogy Group; Council • Commission Internationale de Microflore du Paleozoique: Vice President • MIRO (Mineral Industry Research Organisation): Research Executive • Coordinating Committee for Offshore Prospecting Committee and Council • Devonshire Association • National Geospatial Data Framework: Board and Working Group 2 – • DTI committee on setting criteria for sustainable development — Metadata waste • National Marine Analytical Quality Control Scheme: National Co- • Edinburgh Geological Society: Membership Secretary ordinating Committee • Environmental Diagnostics: Steering Group • National Stone Centre: Council • Environmental and Engineering Geophysics Society (Europe): Board • Nansen Arctic Drilling Member and UK National Representative • NERC Airborn Remote Sensing Facility: Steering Committee • Environment and Industrial Geophysics Group • NERC Coordinating Group on Environmental Radioactivity • EPSRC Steering Committee for Waste and Pollution Management • NERC Environmental Diagnostics: Steering Committee • EuroGeosurveys Mineral Resources Topic Network • NERC Earth Observation for Earth Sciences: Working Group • EuroGeoSurveys Remote Sensing Topic Network: Technical Secretary • Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECD: Working Group on measurement • European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics and understanding of groundwater circulation in clay formations (EJEEG): Editor-in-Chief; Editorial Board • Ocean Drilling Programme: Technical Committee (Chairman); UK • European Seismological Commission: various Working Groups Steering Committee • Foregs Task Group on Geochemical Inventory of Europe: UK repre- • Oersted International Science Team sentative • Oersted Science Advisory Committee • Geological Society of London: Marine Studies Group Secretary; • Office of Science & Technology Energy Foresight Panel: Publications Committee; Stratigraphy Committee; Borehole Research Liberalisation Task Force Group Treasurer; Petroleum Group Secretary; Volcanic and Magmatic • OST NRE Foresight Challenge Studies Group; Working Group on Women in Geology; Remote Sensing • Palaeontographical Society: Secretary, Council Member Group Treasurer and Secretary • Palaeontological Association: Editor • IEH, Leicester University: Steering Group on Environmental sampling • Parliamentary Minerals Group after a chemical accident. • Remote Sensing Society, Archaeology Special Interest Group: Treasurer • International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA): • Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia: Editorial Board Member Executive Committee and various Working Groups • Royal Astronomical Society: Council • International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s • Royal Society: Earth Resources Panel Interior (IASPEI): Executive Committee and various Working Groups • Seafloor Sub-Commission for the Geological Map of the World: • International Consultative Group on Non-Ferrous Metal Statistics President • International Geographical Union Commission: Sustainable • Society for Underwater Technology: Ocean Resources Committee; Development and Management of Karst Terrains Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Committee Secretary; • International Strategic Minerals Issues Education and Training Committee; Research & Technology Policy • International Standards Organisation Technical Committee Committee • International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical • South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission Engineering: Sub-Committee on Classification of Carbonate Sediments • South West Atlantic Hydrocarbon Commission and Ground Conditions • Subcommission on Carboniferous Stratigraphy: Titular Member • International Union of Geological Sciences • Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy: Triassic–Jurassic Boundary • International Union of Speleology: Commission on Karst Hydrogeology Working Group and Speleogenesis • Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy: Secretary • Institution of Mining and Metallurgy: Council; Activities Committee; • Technical Advisory Group (SOPAC): Chairman Editorial Committee; Executive; Applied Earth Science Editoral Board • Ussher Society • IUGS International Working Group on Medical Geology: Commision • URGENT: Steering Group on Geological Sciences for Environmental Planning • Yorkshire Geological Society: Editorial Board

60 Appendix 8 Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank IH Institute of Hydrology ANDRA Agence Nationale pour la gestion des Déchets Radioactifs IIFR Interpolation In-Field Referencing ARGOSS Assessing Risk to Groundwater from On-Site Sanitation IPT Induced Polarisation Tomography ASR Aquifer Storage Recovery IPR Intellectual Property Rights AWE Atomic Weapons Establishment IPSN Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire BGGM BGS Global Geomagnetic Model ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network BGS British Geological Survey ISMI International Strategic Metals Issues BGSD Botswana Geological Survey Department KAR Knowledge & Research Programme BRIDGE British Ridge LEMIGAS Indonesian Research & Development Centre for Oil & Gas CASE Collaborative Awards in Science and Engineering Technology CEC Commission of the European Communities LIDAR Laser Induced Detection And Range CEEC Central and East Euroopean Countries LOCS Land-Ocean Contaminant Study CFTC Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation LOIS Land-Ocean Interaction Study CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food CCOP Intergovernmental Committee for the Coordination of Coastal MINGOL Minerals GIS On-Line and Offshore Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia MVO Montserrat Volcano Observatory CORSAIRES Coring Stable And Instable Realms In European Seas NAGRA Nationale Genossenschaft für die lagerung Radoaktiver CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation Abfälle CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty NERC Natural Environment Research Council DED Department of Economic Development NERS Natural Environmental Radioactivity Survey DERA Defence Evaluation and Research Agency NDC National Data Centre DETR Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions NDGD Nirex Digital Geoscience Database DFID Department for International Development NGO Non Government Organisation DOE-NI Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland NIGL NERC Isotope Geoscience Laboratory DMQ Directory of Mines and Quarries N-MORB Normal-Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt DRA Defence Research Agency NRA Natural Resources Authority of Jordan DRGS Digital Report Generating System NRPB National Radiological Protection Board DTI Department of Trade and Industry OBS Ocean Bed Seismometers DTM Digital Terrain Model ODP Ocean Drilling Programme EA Environment Agency OSO Oil, gas and petrochemicals Supplies Office EC European Commission PACE Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe EC European Community PC Personal Computer EAP Edinburgh Anisotropy Project PECC Petroleum Exploration Computer Consultants EGS European Geophysical Society PIMA Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser EMS European Macroseismic Scale PNC Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation, Japan ENAM European-North Atlantic Margin PNG Papua New Guinea EU European Union POSC Petroleum Open Systems Corporation EUG European Union of Geosciences PRIS Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone PUS Public Understanding of Science EQUIP Evidence from Quaternary Infills for Palaeohydrology RGGE Rapid Global Geological Events FIG Falkland Islands Government RESCAN Resistivity imaging technique G-BASE Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment SCRAN Scottish Cultural Resources Access Network GEIXS Geological Electronic Information Exchange System SEDEX Sedimentary Exhalative GFZ GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany SEM Scanning Electron Microscope (Microscopy) GGMC Guyana Geology & Mines Commission SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency GHASP Geo-Hazzards Assessment and Susceptibility Programme SERGEOMIN Servicio Geológico Minero de Bolivia GIC Geometrically Induced Currents SME Small and Medium Enterprises GIS Geographical Information System SOPAC South Pacific Geoscience Commission GSNI Geological Survey of Northern Ireland SOPAC South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission GPA Global Programme of Action SOS Satellite Observation Systems Hi-RES High-Resolution Resource and Environmental Survey TESZ Trans-European Suture Zone HSE Health and Safety Executive TMR Training and Mobility of Researchers HYACE Hydrate Autoclave Coring Equipment UKCS UK Continental Shelf IAGA International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy UKWIR United Kingdom Water Industry Research Ltd IASPEI International Association of Seismology and Physics of the UNEP United Nations Environment Programme Earth’s Interior URO Urals Orogen ICAR Institute of Arable Crops Research VAR Value Added Resellers ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma VB Visual Basic ICP – AES – Atomic Absorption Emission Spectrometer VLF Very Low Frequency ICP – MC-MS – Multiple Collector Mass Spectrometer VMS Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide ICTJA Institute de la Tierra “Jaume Almera” WAJ Water Authority of Jordan IDS Integrated Database System WWW World Wide Web

61 Appendix 9Core Strategic Programme Achievements

At its meeting on 12 May 1998 the BGS Data Acquisition and Map Revision, Central now extended to link into BGS Wallingford Board was presented with a review of the England and Wales Well log database. 1997/98 Core Strategic Programme; a • Cambridge University– Drs Woodcock and summary of its achievements follows: • Five 1:10000 standards in Yorkshire coalfield Rickards have submitted 1:10k maps of the approved for complex opencasted areas of southern Howgill Fells. Sheffield and Rotherham. • Durham University ONSHORE AND GEOPHYSICAL –Dr Emeleus has resumed work on the Tertiary SURVEYS Data Acquisition and Map Revision, Southern Regional Guide following his illness. and Eastern England –Dr Turner has nearly completed field studies A1 — Multidisciplinary Regional Surveys on the Plenmellor site in Northumbria; final • 14 1:10000 standards revised in Bristol/Bath and report awaited. General Beaconsfield/Reigate areas. –Dr Holdsworth has completed all deliverables • 108 1:10000 standards revised in the London for the mapping contract on the Moine super- • 3303 km2 resurveyed and revised. area. group strata of the Eriboll sheet. • 275 1:10000 standards (of which 24 are • Edinburgh University digital) approved for release. Digital Mapping Development –Dr A Hall has submitted an internal report of • 6 1:25000 standards approved for release. drift geology of sheet 86 (Scotland). • 53 technical reports written between 1 • Completion of prototype digital map –Dr Clarkson is to study radiolaria in Southern January and 30 June 1997. compilation system for use by the Land Uplands chert. • 20 1:50000 sheets delivered to the Survey geologists. Land Survey groups –Dr Fitton will be studying the geochemical Drawing Office: will now commence field use of the characteristics of the Tayvallich Volcanics and –Scotland: 53W, 55W, 63E, 76E, 83W, system in selected project areas. Green Beds, Upper Dalradian, SW 107W, 114W • Glasgow Project – data transfer protocol Highlands. –England and Wales: 29, 54, 153, 160, for Earthvision to Mapinfo developed. • Glasgow University– Dr Bell has delivered all 268, 281, 343, 353, 355, 356 • Microstation Field entry mapping system – 1:10k maps and other material for the 1:50K –University collaboration report on field trials completed. Initial and 1:25k maps of Central Skye as well as a draft –Scotland: 55W, Unst & Fetlar reaction unfavourable. for the 1:25k explanation; work nearly complete. – England and Wales: 134 • Development of prototype system for • Keele University– Dr B Besley (now of Shell) • 6 memoirs approved by Director; 5 with delimiting areas of possible undermining continues his personal involvement with studies editors: from borehole data. on the Upper Carboniferous/Lower Permian of –Scotland: 66W • Version 1 of Section Database completed. the Pennine Basin. –England and Wales: 48, 78, 235, 297 • Automated enquiry answering service • Leicester University • 8 boreholes drilled by BGS rig, with a total (ALGI) now functional and operating for –Revision of the Wenlock graptolite zones of the length drilled of 667m. Bristol area. Builth Wells district is complete; new zonation of international significance. Co-funded Projects A3 — Onshore Surveys Database –Trias unconformity project is complete. • LeipzigUniversity – study visit carried out • All draft maps and the report for the Afon Database and Computing Support by BGS staff. Teifiarea of west Wales sent to the • Liverpool University consortia of local authorities for approval. • VAX conversion has been completed for –analysis of Ordovician glacioeustatic succes- • Report ‘The new stratigraphy – a guide’ for the tasks identified as high priority. Work sions by Dr Brenchley has been postponed CIRIA completed and approved. is progressing in collaboration with other until BGS mapping resumes on the Builth • West Cumbria memoir published. Divisions on databases and applications Wells Sheet in central Wales. • Digital data delivered for Midland Valley that are under joint ownership. –New PhD project started on resolution of some Mineral Resources. • Installation of Lexicon applications and database problematic stratigraphical relationships in the • Drafts of Fife and Angus booklets within BGS and on WWW complete. Millstone Grit of northern England. submitted to SNH. • Igneous rock classification scheme –Dr Dagley has traced the Cleveland- complete and available on WWW; other Armathwaite dyke across the greater part of A2 — Continuous Revision schemes in progress. the Southern Uplands. • Support for Land Survey applications via –Dr Kokelaar has delivered the component Data Acquisition and Map Revision, Scotland Help Desk now installed. material for the 1:25k Glencoe map. and Northern England –Dr Flinn has delivered the marginalia, and Onshore Geological Surveys University Contracts component 1:10k maps and technical report • 3 BGS boreholes, 30 commercial boreholes for the 1:50k Unst-Fetlar sheet. examined and data incorporated in correction • Birmingham University– project initiated • Manchester University– Dr Treagus has delivered copies. to study palaeomagnetism of weathered all material for the Schiehallion sheet, including, • 22 non-coal mineplans captured digitally Precambrian and Lower Cambrian at Nuneaton. 1:10K maps, technical reports and a memoir script. as Microstation design files; procedures • Birkbeck College– Dr Roberts has • Newcastle University– EU collaborative project trailed for display as Mapinfo tables. completed on schedule an isocryst map of to look at gypsum geohazards started in associa- • 3100 mine entries digitised from BGS the Windermere Supergroup strata on the tion with Universities of Zaragosa and Tübingen published maps and incorporated in shafts Kendal sheet. and the Ukraine Academy of Sciences. database. • Brighton University– Chalk database of • Oxford Brookes University– Dr Strachan is on • 14000 records of former or active quarries boreholes now 90% complete. Data placed in schedule with a compilation of material for sheet captured and entered in Access database. digital relational database linked to a GIS, and 108E (Loch Naver).

62 • Portsmouth University – Dr Loydell has refined the • Prototype versions of new user interfaces to the • The Sula Sgeir solid Geology map is in the lithostratigraphy at the junction of the Hawick and physical properties database and geophysical Drawing Office. Gala groups in the central Southern Uplands. survey index have been developed. • The Shetland Quaternary map has been • Queens University – Dr Leslie is to investigate • Connection between the marine, onshore and reviewed and is in its final editing stage. shear zones in Highlands. airborne databases improved and DBank • The UK elements of the Guernsey Solid • Royal Holloway/East Anglia – Research, tied in with interface to the marine gravity/magnetic database Geology and Quaternary sheet have been East Anglia mapping, now complete, resulting to has been updated to include adjusted data. completed for some time but still await input date in two external published papers. • Cataloguing of paper archive continued and con- from the French. • Sheffield University – Dr Soper has almost nection with digital geophysical survey index • Work has started, in collaboration with the Irish completed mapping of Windermere Supergroup commenced. Geological Survey and the Irish Petroleum strata on the Kendal sheet. • Start made on cataloguing holdings of overseas Affairs Department on the St Georges Channel geophysical data. Solid Geology map which will revise the A5 — Regional Geophysical Surveys • Management of the marine gravity/ magnetic Cardigan Bay sheet and parts of Anglesey, Lundy database has been transferred to Keyworth and Nymphe Bank sheets and include, for the Regional Crustal Structure following the early retirement of the previous first time, Irish areas in the Waterford sheet. data manager in Murchison House. • Modelling and imaging have been completed for Rockall Consortium the Southern Scotland and Northern England ODP Research project. • Two additional companies have now joined the • The Eastern and Southern England project has • Participation in core and wire-line logging research Rockall Consortium, bringing the total number of commenced with compilation of borehole and on leg 176 following request from ODP. members to 14. Further members are being sought. physical property data and production of • The two-ship seismic experiment to image gravity/magnetic images. Co-funded Projects (including EU-TMR research beneath the basalt was successfully completed networks) and the data are now being processed. Geophysical Computing Support and • The consortium has agreed to support a major Development High Resolution Airborne Resource and shallow drilling programme in 1998 and planning is Environmental Survey in hand for the pre-site surveys and the drilling. • Further upgrades to Gravmag (release v1.7), • Data from the Hatton-Rockall area has been ARARAT (IGRF, track-editing and improved line- • Co-funding secured from World Geoscience for the acquired through a data exchange with the splitting), Wellog (TIFF core photo displays and first survey (designated Hi-RES-1) over a 200x70km Danish Geological Survey and planning for the commencement of GUI development), and Colmap. swathe across central England (including the drilling programme includes potential sites on • Further major upgrades to the suite of 3D Keyworth area). Data acquisition behind schedule. the Hatton- Rockall Bank. gravity/magnetic modelling programs • BGS has gained access to World Geoscience Irish (Bmod/Gmod/Gridview) including magnetic Sea aeromagnetic surveys for core programme Western Frontiers Association layer optimisation and GUI, improved display work and these and been delivered to BGS. of fields and models, and prototype combined • The Western Frontiers Association has agreed to gravity/magnetic optimisation. FieldBank extend its area of interest to the areas west of the • Agreement with ARK Geophysics Ltd to use Hebrides and north of 62 degrees north. Gmod/Bmod/Gridview as the 3D component of • Co-funded phase of the project completed • Projects undertaken include updating of a com- ArkField, ARK’s new integrated (design and implementation). Four oil prehensive computerised bibliography, studies of seismic/gravity/magnetic software for Landmark companies signed up for commercial phase potential gas hydrate and shallow gas distribu- and GeoQuest workstations (additional deliver- (potential field data management service). tion, fluid seepage and geohazards. able related to technology transfer). • As part of the Association programme a major • Regional Geophysics Group Web pages have been URO Network advance has been made in the imaging of the sea developed and released (additional deliverable). bed using the first signal return form 3D explo- • New magnetic images generated and analysed. ration seismic data. Refraction Studies • Further integrated seismic/gravity/magnetic modelling of the trans-Urals URSEIS line Marine Operational Capability • Minor software development, liaison with carried out. industry/academia with regard to possible new • Results have been presented at international • Full scale trials of the MAST II Hammer Corer projects and review of paper on behalf of journals. conferences. were successfully completed in the Indian Ocean. • Organisation of international conference on the • Development of the deep ocean NERC/ Atlantic margin and production of a major pub- PACE Network BRIDGE one metre drill to take oriented rock lication on assessment of earthquake prediction. cores has been completed and it is now • New EU-TMR award (Palaeozoic awaiting full scale trials in the Indian Ocean. National Geophysical Mapping and Data Amalgamation of Central Europe) linked to • Refurbishment and development of equipment is Management Europrobe Trans-European Suture Zone project. in hand to support the Rockall Consortium funded • Good start made on compiling European gravity drilling programme. • Regional gravity survey of the Orkney Islands and magnetic data (in collaboration with partners). completed. • Revised maps of the TESZ region presented at ODP Drilling Enhancement • Two 1:1M magnetic sheets publication international meetings. (Shetland and Faeroes) prepared for publication. • The Tonga region proposal site survey has now • 1:1.5M gravity and magnetic shaded-relief maps HYDROCARBONS, OFFSHORE SURVEYS been rated A1 and the scientific case strongly (generated in previous years) printed and AND GEOPHYSICAL MONITORING recommended. The proposal now awaits alloca- released, involving significant extra work to tion within the programme. optimise display format of printed maps. B1 — Offshore Surveys • Re-structured (line-format) GSGB aeromagnetic North Atlantic 1:4M and European 1:5M Solid data and onshore gravity data loaded into the Offshore Map Production Geology maps Oracle tables completed. • Hydrographic Office gravity/magnetic data • The 1:250 000 Shetland Sea Bed Sediment • The UK data for these sheets have now been loaded into the BGS database. map is being printed. validated and compilation continues.

63 B2 — Coastal Surveys during 1997/1998. It awaits completion of B4 — Geophysical Monitoring and Forecasting figures before being published on the BGS web Coastal Estuarine Evolution/Land-Ocean site in 1998. Core Geomagnetism Interaction Study (LOIS) • Reports on Upper Triassic, Callovian and Thanetian stratigraphy are in progress. Reports • GAUSS magnetic observatory systems commis- • Comprehensive support has continued to be on Llandovery, Oxfordian and Albian have been sioned on 1 January 1997 performed well with a provided to the LOIS Special Topic community completed but await reformatting before noticeable improvement in baseline stability. in respect of core curation and associated scien- following the Ludlow report onto the web site. • GIFS and INTERMAGNET on-line database tific services. Information is being compiled for the updated daily 7 days a week. • As the designated data centre for the LOEPS Bathonian, Kimmeridgian and Aptian stages. • UK magnetic observatory data sent weekly to the component of LOIS, the Coastal Geology international agencies responsible for computing Group has completed its contribution to the UK Basin Analysis magnetic activity indices. initial phase of data compilation which has • Monthly bulletins for each of the UK magnetic resulted in the production of a CD-ROM • Compilation datasets from a variety of sources observatories published within 7 days of the end which provides an overview of the scientific gridded to produce regional contour maps at of each month. achievements of LOIS. 1:1.5 million scale of: • 1996 UK Magnetic Observatories’ Yearbook • A series of conference presentations was made – Top Chalk/Base Tertiary entire UK (onshore published in December 1997. during the year at national and international and offshore). • Definitive data for the UK observatories supplied conferences summarising one area of work which – Base Chalk North Sea (partial). for the 1996 INTERMAGNET CD-ROM. has combined coastal geology, remote sensing – Base Cretaceous North Sea (partial). • Six repeat stations occupied in the UK Magnetic and GIS technology to the determination and • Trial production of GIS coverages of structural Survey network. prediction of sediment yields from coastal surfaces. • 1996 Yearbooks for the BGS stations on erosion in eastern England. • Development of rudimentary procedures for Ascension Island and in the Falkland Islands • The final LOIS conference was held in March generating cross sections and fault displacement published in October 1997. 1998, at which 11 presentations were made sum- statistics from GIS coverages. • UK Regional main field model produced in marising the scientific achievements of BGS staff • A preliminary 3D model of major crustal faults October 1997. involved with the project. and Moho surfaces in southern England is • 1997 revision of the BGS Global Geomagnetic nearing completion. Model completed in May 1997. Strategic Nearshore Zone Survey • Recovery and integration of data from the defunct East Midlands Coal Board borehole Applied Seismology and Associated Engineering • This project has continued, with co-funding database (1985) into this database. from DETR, into its last full year and sets out to • Recovery and integration of data from database • New strong motion instruments installed in collate geoscientific data from sectors of the of boreholes from the defunct National Grid Anglesey and Leeds. inshore zone of English waters into a digital square SP (1986) into this database. • Seismic data acquisition system transferred to QNX framework. • Entry of data from significant boreholes in multi-tasking PC operating system. • Three sectors of the co-funded Inshore Seabed National Grid Squares ST, SU, SY, SZ, TQ, • Instrumentation for field tests of data acquisition Characterisation Project (East Anglia, Portland TR, TV. system response developed and trialled. to Wight and Wight to Shoreham) have been • Trial integration of stratigraphic information from • Development of interfaces to integrate environ- completed along with the draft report. database with existing maps displayed in mental sensors into seismic data acquisition Presentation of the results on a CD-ROM for Earthvision and Locsec. systems completed. DETR is close to completion. • Staffs subsurface mappingAll seismic data interpreted except that to NE of Derbyshire and the Seismicity and Hazard Assessment B3 — Petroleum Geology Conoco data in the Welsh borders. • Entry of stratigraphic information from • Immediate seismic event alerts issued for Stratigraphic Nomenclature boreholes in this area into stratigraphic surfaces reported events. database almost complete. • 251 earthquakes located during the period April • Work has started on the sequence stratigraphic • 40% of interpreted seismic has been digitised 1997 to March 1998 (44 felt). nomenclature of the Neogene of the North-west and entered into the ‘LOCSEC’ seismic • Provisional monthly bulletin of seismic events Margin supported by sponsorship from six oil database. published 6 weeks in arrears. companies. • UK earthquake bulletin for 1996 published in Carboniferous Heavy Minerals April 1997. Database • Eighth Annual Monitoring Report (1996/97) • Work has continued on the development of a published in June 1997. • Maintenance and development of petroleum and detailed heavy mineral stratigraphy of Upper • Macroseismic surveys for Devon/Jersey earthquakes. offshore databases continues. Carboniferous sandstones in the northern • Publication of reports on individual UK seismic • Work on the core archive continues including Pennine region. Coverage for northern England events and earthquake cluster activity in 1996, the transfer of offshore core from Keyworth to has been extended to include several key and hazard implications. provide space for the land core being transferred sections in the Yorkshire and south Derbyshire • Global seismicity database revised and operational. from the DTI store. areas. Dating of detrital zircons has been • Data continues to be received and curated from carried out as a means of identifying likely Multi-component Seismics the Hydrographic Office. source terrains, and the results integrated with • A Confidentiality Agreement and process of the heavy mineral data. Deliverables to end- • Analysis of multi-component seafloor datasets. acquiring seismic and well data from BP has March 1998: • Application of innovative sub-basaltic imaging tech- been established and an important data set has – Data from key sections in Yorkshire and niques using converted shear-waves. been added to the BGS archive. south Derbyshire have been integrated with • AVD processing using vertical cable and seabed previously acquired data from the Bradford seismics and walkaway VSPs applied to data from High Resolution Correlation area and a provisional report prepared. the marine environment. – SHRIMP zircon-dating data have been inte- • Demonstration of the ability of repeated 2-D • The final text of a digital report on Upper grated with the heavy mineral data and a draft azimuthal surveys to estimate fracturing in chalk Silurian (Ludlow) stratigraphy was completed report prepared. fields.

64 • Software transferred to PROMAX for use by co- peroxide, devised for the determination of boron • Development of Analytical Procedures to Guarantee funding sponsors. in refractory samples. Quality Assurance in International Environmental • Success in attracting co-funding to maintain the • ICP-AES procedure for iodine in rocks. A gas-liquid Monitoring (co-funded). Analytical geochemists from vigour of leading edge Research and Development. separator has been assembled and the ICP-AES the 11 European Geological Surveys participating in operating conditions have been optimised to this three-year INCO Copernicus project met in maximise signal to background ratios for iodine December in Budapest to discuss the analytical data MINERALS AND GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS determinations. from two rounds of inter-laboratory proficiency • Simplified methodology for solid-phase speciation testing carried out during the first nine months of C1 — Geochemical Surveys using chemometric data processing. A novel the project. approach to the determination of porewater Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment composition in clay materials has been success- C2 — Mineral Resources (G-BASE) fully developed. • Analysis and speciation of Se in soils. Award of Minerals GIS On-Line (MINGOL) • Regional geochemistry of parts of North-west PhD to CASE student, working jointly with England and North Wales, in press. Postgraduate Research Institute for • Completion of the basic MINGOL system and • Release for sale of Discovering geology: The Lake Sedimentology (PRIS), Reading University. A preparation of CD-ROM copies for demonstra- District. An interactive multimedia CD-ROM. new PhD student from PRIS has carried out pre- tion purposes. • Systematic geochemical sampling over an area of liminary experiments on extraction methods for • Incorporation of DETR-commissioned county 5200 km2 of the East Midlands, with the collec- solid-phase speciation of Se in fresh and dried Mineral Resource Planning map data for tion of 1594 stream sediment, 1350 stream soil samples. Warwickshire and South Wales. water and 2558 soil samples. • Laser ablation ICP-MS. Selected as the only • Incorporation of economic Planning Regions • Completion of computer-generated geochemi- official NERC display at the Royal Society New and associated production data. cal imagery and further progress on drafting the Frontiers in Science Exhibition, June 1997, • Completion of national index of mineral explo- text for Regional hydrogeochemistry of Wales. entitled Aquatic life charts environ-mental change. ration data at 1:1M scale. • Three scientific papers submitted to peer- • Synthetic XRFS standards. A research programme, • Completion of the revision and updating of the reviewed journals. in conjunction with a leading equipment manu- BRITPITS dataset, on which the Directory of • Use of G-BASE data in two projects in the facturer, to develop synthetic XRFS standards Mines and Quarries (DMQ) is based. The NERC Environment Diagnostics Programme. for the cement industry. DMQ will be published in May 1998. These projects were completed and reported, • Halogens in geological materials. Research on a • Mineral Resources of Britain publication – digital and two further project proposals were prepared. method for the determination of chlorine and location maps and diagrams, with plots of • Presentation on G-BASE field methods at bromine in rocks by alkaline fusion with ion examples (gold, copper, lead and zinc) using a FOREGS Field Workshop in Slovakia in May, chromatography detection was published in early simplified background geology, designed; drafts in preparation for sample collection in 1998. 1997. prepared of further commodity chapters and • Contribution to a FOREGS field manual on the • Chemometric manipulation of analytical data. A completion of glossary of technical terms collection of geochemical samples. paper on methods for the integration, modelling relatedto the definition of mineral resources and and presentation of hydrochemical baseline data reserves. Natural Environmental Radioactivity Survey has been accepted for publication in Journal of (NERS) Geochemical Exploration. Sedimentary Basin Resources: Gold in Orogenic • Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). A method for Extensional Basins — The Dalradian • Establishment of database for the East Midlands the determination of PAH by gas chromatogra- sheet and of classifications for draft radon- phy, faster than the alternative HPLC method, • Incorporation of multiple digital geoscience potential map. was investigated and interferences from petroleum datasets for the Dalradian into ArcInfo GIS. • Development of streamlined database and GIS hydrocarbons in organic extract quantified. Enhancement of system functionality for display of natural radioactivity for Liverpool Bay and • Determination of cyanide. In order to bid for and analysis of exploration data. Lake District, including facility for incorporation work in the contaminated land sector it has been • Extensive suite of rock samples from known gold of the large quantities of relevant Nirex data and mandatory to participate in proficiency testing occurrences, with analyses for a wide range of back-calibration of Nirex airborne radiometric programmes using specified methods. Two such trace and major elements. Polished thin sections data against new ground truth measurements. “preferred” methods for the determination of and fluid inclusion wafers prepared for study. • Following reviewer’s comments on the prototype “easily-liberatable” and “total” cyanide have been • Completion of overview report on Dalradian Liverpool Bay radon-potential and gamma-ray investigated. gold to the stage of compiling in digital form exposure maps, a revised version of the radon • Laboratory Information Management System (spreadsheet format) the results of more than map based on a classification including both (LIMS). Transfer of the LIMS from its Informix 140 projects carried out by the commercial solid and drift geology has been produced. database under Windows 3.11 to MS SQL sector and BGS. Server running under Windows NT. A data • Programmes for isotope studies of Caledonian Development of Capability in Analytical entry routine has been assessed and purchased intrusions associated with gold mineralisation Geochemistry and a user-friendly interface written to provide and of Dalradian provenance, approved for unique identifiers for each analyte on data entry 1998/99 start. • Determination of Cd in marine sediments by ICP- into the LIMS. • Preparation for publication of The Midas Project: MS. A detailed examination of interference effects • North West European Gas Atlas (co-funded). Final multidataset analysis for the development of gold related to sample dissolution. report submitted to Brussels in June 1997. Hard exploration models in western Europe. (Printing • Chemometric modelling to improve short-term copy and interactive CD ROM versions are funded by the EC.) precision and calibration procedures in ICP-AES. available for purchase. The scientific conclusions Publication of paper; joint BGS studentship were presented at the 5th Conference on Coal Map of Britain with Department of Environmental Sciences, Petroleum Geology of NW Europe and at Plymouth University started in September 1998. several other international meetings. • Completion of borehole database for sub-surface • Robust method for the determination of As, Sb, Se • Tectonic Early Warning System (co-funded). The reconstruction. The database of mine informa- and Hg on a single digest. Preliminary method inaugural meeting of this two-year INCO tion is also well advanced. development has been successfully applied. Copernicus project to investigate the use of soil • Decision on major design components; digital • Dissolution procedures for the determination of and groundwater gas geochemistry in relation to compilation of onshore linework (90% complete). boron. Several fusion techniques have been seismic activity was held in Athens in September • Details of marginalia awaiting decisions from the assessed and a method, based on sodium 1997. Coal Authority.

65 Palaeofluid Flow in Resource Development European zeolite resources was completed during Effects of Old Chalk Landfills on Groundwater 1997 with submission of the project report. Quality • Successful completion of an evaluation study to • BGS petrological classification scheme. The scheme determine the geochemistry of ore fluids associated for igneous rocks has been adopted and those for • Five boreholes have been drilled in the landfill at with the world class Cu-Au Grasberg deposit, the sedimentary, metamorphic and superficial Thriplow and 11 boreholes in the Chalk to define Indonesia (mining industry co-funded R&D). groups are under final review. Interactive access and the contaminant plumes. Hydraulic testing has been Results provide quantitative data on the metal codification for the igneous scheme have also been carried out in situ and on core material from the content of the mineralising fluids for critical com- undertaken. middle Chalk and all existing boreholes have been parison with similar deposits elsewhere and the sampled and fully analysed on 3 separate occasions. potential development of novel exploration C4 — Divisional Databases • Modelling the plume using a dual porosity methods. model has been started. • Completed installation of low temperature Databases and Software Development • Sampling of groundwaters, both close to the plasma and upgrade to ICP-MS. Preliminary Thriplow landfill and regionally in order results validate investment risk. Data used to • Further progress in the client-server model for determine to background concentrations, was underpin research proposal to DTI (LINK the Geochemistry Database was achieved with completed and the samples analysed for a wide scheme) and stimulate CR work on high grade the development of a user retrieval front-end and range of pesticides and radionuclides. quartz materials for the semiconductor industry. a field card data loading system using Microsoft • A new contract, involving additional drilling to • Contribution to the modelling of high grade, low Access on user’s PC linked to the back-end the define the contaminant plume and provide sulphidation Au-Ag deposits, Milos, Greece ORACLE database. A user manual describing permanent long term monitoring facilities, has (British Council research grant with the University the procedures for loading data to the been agreed with the EA to continue work at the of Athens). Data used to prepare an industry co- Geochemistry Database was completed site for another 2 years. funded R&D study of gold deposits elsewhere in (Technical Report WF/97/1) via UNIX and via Greece. Access. Aquifer Process Research • Two scientific peer reviewed papers and two • Data loading continued for the G-BASE chapter contributions to text books (In press). program and a backlog of MRP data was loaded • The projects described below feed into the major • Co-ordination of BGS input to NIGL-BGS-BAS from staff taking early retirement. aquifer studies and expand the scale of investiga- new mass spectrometer initiative. Carried out Lithogeochemical data was checked and loaded tion through co-funding. acceptance tests on instrument at factory. where available. • Transport and fate of pesticides. Fieldwork in the Designed and drafted BGS isotope capability • A GIS system has been developed and fully winter 1997-98 was restricted to groundwater programme for 1998-99. tested which provides a graphical front-end to sampling. Laboratory studies of pesticide the Geochemistry Database (see below) and behaviour have been carried out. Development of Capability in Mineralogy and short description sheets produced detailing the • Tracer Transport Tests. The radial flow tests in Petrology Access and ArcView front-ends. the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer and regional • Data loading to the BritRocks database from the tracer tests were completed. • Mineralogical analysis of airborne particulates. Reviews old PetMin database was completed. • Nitrate Trends in the Yorkshire Chalk. Three cored of sampling and preparation techniques have been • A working ArcView GIS interface to the boreholes were drilled to obtain unsaturated zone prepared as technical reports; three frisbee-type Geochemistry and BritRocks databases was solute profiles. A new groundwater model, Multiple deposition gauges have been deployed on the developed and is undergoing trials. Analytical Pathways (MAP) has been developed. Keyworth site and samples from them are being • The database was linked to the Bibliographic • Modelling. Work has continued on the develop- monitored; publicity and demonstrations at the Module used in the Mineral Occurrence ment of a UK Regional Model/ Modelling Test- Society for Clean Air meeting (Keyworth, January Database, allowing detailed references to be bed linked to Chalk aquifer study areas. 1998) has resulted in two commercial enquiries. made to literature sources. • Contaminant Migration in the Permo-Triassic • Mineralogical analysis of contaminated sediments. • Review of the structure and design of the World Sandstone Aquifer. A large fieldwork Following contact with Nottingham University, a Mineral Statistics database to determine and programme, including the core drilling of four collaborative project using the BGS cryogenic SEM outline changes required to conform to BGS boreholes, characterising rock core properties facility has been applied to heavy metal contami- data architecture and revised user requirements. and obtaining detailed porewater profiles has nated canal mud from the West Midlands. been completed. • Remediation and recycling of mining waste. A HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND • Permo-Triassic Sandstone Fractures. The project technical report on testing of beneficiation of met- GEOTECHNICAL SURVEYS report (Fracturing and the Hydrology of the alliferous waste from the Leadhills area is in draft, Permo-Triassic Sandstones, BGS Technical and a new sub-project dealing with recycling D1 — National Groundwater Survey Report WD/91/1) was produced on schedule in feldspar from granite waste is in progress. draft form. • Basin maturity indicators. The international con- Major Aquifer Studies • Hydrogeological Map of Afon Teifi Catchment. The ference ‘Clay Mineral Evolution, Basin Maturity hydrogeological map been prepared together with a and Mudrock Properties’ was held at Keyworth • Hydrogeology of the Chalk of the South Downs. conceptual model of the groundwater flow regime in November 1997. Comments made by reviewers and the updated and a draft report written. The completed • SEM CL fingerprinting of detrital minerals. A novel section describing the management of the aquifers, catchment map and report have enabled an technique for sandstone correlation and provenance contributed by Southern Water, were incorporated exploratory drilling programme to be designed. based on growth patterns in zircon (and potentially into the final report. • PALAEAUX. The second annual report of the other detrital minerals) is in progress and a first • Hydrogeology of the Chalk of Yorkshire & project was submitted to the EC on time. technical report drafted. Lincolnshire. Integration of contributions to the • Gold database. Data archives previously reports and the results of co-funded activities National Groundwater Archive assembled as Excel tables have been assembled continued and was nearing completion by the into a Microsoft Access™ database. end of the year. • The 1996 Hydrological Data UK Yearbook was • Fire retardant minerals. With British Council co- • Hydrogeology of the Chalk of the Wessex Basin and published on the Internet in December. funding, an Anglo-Greek investigation into the Chalk of the North Downs. Initial reviews of • Monthly summaries of groundwater levels potential use of huntite-magnesite, in relation to information available have been undertaken and continue to be published. fire retardance performance of furniture fabrics, has discussions have been held with water companies • The 1991-95 Hydrological Data UK Statistics been carried out and a technical report completed. and regional Environmental Agency staff to volume has been sent to the printers. • European zeolite resources. A three year EU-co- describe the aims of the NGS and to identify issues • The long-term record of Water levels at funded (Brite-Euram) programme of evaluation of to be addressed by the survey. Therfield Rectory was reviewed, with particular

66 attention paid to the interactions between clays as determined from natural analogues, has • Collaboration with Bristol University, regarding groundwater level and climatic fluctuation. been produced. non-invasive subsurface imaging using 3D resis- • Minor aquifer properties manual. Field data col- • An endnote database covering aspects relevant to tivity, has improved its accuracy to such a degree lection was completed and a major restructuring this study has been released. that geotechnical properties can be inferring in of the database undertaken to cope with the addition to geological structure. broad range of minor aquifer data which has GAMERS: Gas Migration in European Repository • Numerical modelling of oil industry geophysical been encountered. A comprehensive literature Systems. Gas Migration in Clay borehole logging tools has been successfully search has been undertaken. completed. • Major aquifer properties manual. The project has • Relationships between gas entry pressure, gas • BGS has underpinned the CIRIA/ Geological been completed and the Aquifer Properties permeability and total stress have been estab- Society Working Party Report on ‘Civil Manual and accompanying CD-ROM have been lished for various clay materials. Engineering uses of Geophysics’. published. • Hydraulic characterisation of various natural and • Collaboration between BGS, Leicester • Natural (Baseline) Quality of Groundwater in synthetic clay rich materials continues. Workshops University and Shell & Mobil has demonstrated England and Wales. Final reports on the seven in the UK and Europe have been attended to dis- how high resolution geophysical imaging of core areas selected for the first phase of this study seminate and discuss results. can improve the interpretation of downhole elec- were completed and submitted to the EA after trical images of the borehole wall. review by EA regions. An interim version of the Fluid-Rock Reactions and Properties • Connected fractures have been mapped in overview report was also prepared. carbonate core (BGS, Leicester University, and • A database of readily available sources of kinetic LASMO). Dissemination of Groundwater Data data for common minerals has been assembled and • Work in collaboration with the US Navy has a methodology developed to handle such data. shown new insights into investigating sediment • The amalgamation of all water well and borehole • An experimental and computer modelling inves- heterogeneity using non-seismic techniques records has been completed, finalising a process tigation into the leaching behaviour of fly ash which compliment established acoustic that took approximately 8 years. from the incineration of municipal solid waste methods. • The index to all records was completed in has been completed and produced excellent March. Estimates of the number of records held results. Development of Hydrogeological Capability at Wallingford have been revised down to • A draft technical report has been produced, cata- slightly over 98,000. loguing the gas entry properties obtained on lab- • There is an increasing demand for the analysis of • The new database structure, WellMaster, for oratory specimens of selected clays. high TDS waters, such as highly polluted waters hydrogeological data is now fully operational, • Experiments have been carried out to study the and saline waters, making the analysis more time and approximately 10,000 records have been dissolution behaviour of calcite and dolomite consuming and difficult. digitised and entered onto the new system. under highly alkaline conditions. • The laboratories are closely involved in two • Trials designed to match data held at • Construction of new temp./pressure controllers/ important arsenic projects (in Bangladesh and Wallingford with data held at Keyworth were monitors have been completed and tested suc- Argentina). The ability to speciate the arsenic initiated. cessfully. into As(III) and As(V) is proving very valuable • A report on the preparation of fully digital • Purchase of a high pressure (500 bar) pump. and earlier R&D is paying back dividends. hydrogeological maps has been prepared. • Construction of a large pressure vessel has been Other important work involves analyses of • A database structure for managing geophysical completed and pressure tested. polluted groundwaters from an ICI site (Project logs has been included in the WellMaster • Construction of a small recirculating reaction Pathway) and from other contaminated sites (EC database. system has been completed and pressure tested FAMEST). • A system for the compilation of databases of bib- to 600 bars, but high temperature seals are still liographic material, linked spatially to maps of awaited from the USA prior to final pressure Hydrochemical Research aquifers, from technical reports and monographs testing. has been completed. • The rate of dissolution of zeolite minerals is • Completion of paper on chemical residence time • A series of technical reports outlining the dis- being studied. indicators in the East Midlands Triassic aquifer semination activity is nearing completion. and one on thallium hydrogeochemistry. Engineering Behaviour of UK Rocks and Soils • Hydrogeochemistry of large sedimentary basins. D2 — Hydrogeotechnical Formation Properties Investigation of Valley of Mexico aquifer, Great and Hazards • Phase 2 Mercia Mudstone Group. The completion Artesian Basin Australia, Lake Chad Nigeria and of the first draft of the monograph on the Grand Erg Orientale Basin in Tunisia and Clay with Flints Monograph Engineering Geology of the Mercia Mudstone Algeria. Group is now complete. • Unsaturated zone studies, including the investiga- • The Clay with Flints Monograph has been • Phase 3 Lambeth Group. A literature search has tion of the unsaturated zone as a climatic/envi- published. been completed and reviewed. Samples have been ronmental archive. Continuing interpretation of collected from the Newbury and Isle of Wight data from Senegal, Nigeria and Tunisia as well as Superficial Clays areas; geotechnical testing will begin shortly. Jordan and Mexico. • Phase 4 Potentially collapsing soils. Collaboration • Presentation and publication of research on • Fracture mapping of Skipsea Till has been with Dr Ian Jefferson of Nottingham Trent INTAS supported project on geothermal waters carried out on the Holderness coast. University continues with joint supervision of in Kamchatka at the International meeting on • Nested piezometers have been installed in two PhD student. Water-Rock Interaction in Taupo, New Skipsea Till at Yorkshire Water’s Cottingham • Testing and reports on the shrink/swell behaviour Zealand, March 1998. Pumping Station and will be tested once they of Gault clay are complete. Mercia Mudstone • Research has continued on the use of stable (C, have equilibrated. shrink/swell testing has been completed. O, H) and radiogenic (Sr, Pb) isotopes in surface • An ‘Access’ database of lithological information and groundwaters as indicators of flowpaths and from an area surrounding Cottingham has been D3 — Technology Foresight and Capability weathering rates. created. Development Induced Polarisation Tomography Clay Thermal Analogue Project Development of Geotechnical Capability • A prototype 4 channel IPT instrument has been • A total of six reports including the main deliver- • The report on the use of EKS for the remote designed, constructed and bench tested by our able, a report summarising the effects of heat upon estimation of permeability has been completed. partners ABEM Instrument (Sweden).

67 • Software has been developed for 2.5D and 3D • A resistivity apparatus to image real time propa- F2 — Information Systems numerical modelling and image reconstruction using gation of dynamic gas fractures continues to be the finite element method. A full Gauss-Newton and developed. • Lexicon delivery system - System available on Quasi-Newton solution has been implemented • A draft report (Preliminary review of gas WWW. using smoothness constraints to remove the inherent migration in clay liners) covering the hydraulic • Rock classification scheme database – Designed instability of the IP/resistivity inverse problem. properties of clays has been prepared. and tested. Igneous Rock scheme entered; other 3 schemes prepared for entry but await valida- Predicting the Potential for Natural Attenuation tion by MEGS staff. in Polluted Groundwater NATIONAL GEOSCIENCES • DIGMAPGB interface – User requirement and INFORMATION SERVICE index model finished. • All existing boreholes have been sampled and • Unified downhole database system – Require-ment fully analysed. F1 — Information Services defined and documented. System will be imple- • Laboratory microcosm experiments designed to mented as part of BGS-geoIDS. follow degradation of the major pollutants under Collections Administration • Update data architecture – Report prepared to simulated in situ conditions have been guide BGS-geoIDS. completed. • All notifications and routine new accessions were • Re-design and implement World Wide Web pages • A detailed microbiological characterisation of the acknowledged and databased within two working – Standards and procedures established. (Review groundwater and sediments is being carried out days of receipt. and maintenance tasks required more resources at Windermere. • Borehole registration has been made a priority than allocated.) project with the target of eliminating the registra- • First stage investigation into text database system – Geosphere Waste Containment tion backlog over a 5 year period. This is the Work continues on the digital report generating second year of the project for which the target is a system (DRGS) in 1998/99. • A review of fluid flow through mudrocks with 25% reduction in the backlog by 1 April 1998. • Review of Geoscience Data Index – System particular reference to its significance to the oil On 1 April 1997 there was a backlog of 203,212 reviewed and requirements documented. Future industry has been produced. records. During this year 39,387 new records were system development will be incorporated in • A successful series of gas injection tests was received and a total of 117,949 records were regis- BGS-geoIDS project. carried out in an instrumented borehole array in tered. This corresponds to a 39% reduction in the • Sections database – New version of database the Mercia Mudstone on the Keyworth site. backlog well in excess of the target. The average produced and new GIS interface developed. • An enhanced version of the BGS computer rate of borehole registration was 16,500 records • Field Notebook database – Modifications required model BGSE, which predicts bacterial growths per person year and borehole data entry was by Land Survey implemented and system delivered. in subsurface geological environments has been 78,700 records per person year, exceeding the • GEIXS (50/50 EC co-funded project under written. targets of 15,000 and 60,000 respectively. ESPRIT) – Contract signed late (29 April 1997). • The triaxial diffusion cell was loaded with a Project has successfully passed 2 scheduled fractured rock core from the Borrowdale Volcanic General Enquiries reviews by EC. Project management requires sig- Group for a tracer test using tritiated water. nificantly more effort than allocated. • A 10 litre pressure vessel with an operating range • The enquiry service has operated to performance • Review of PC-based GIS used in BGS – Report up to 200oC and 500 bars pressure was con- targets. produced. structed and tested to 515 bars. • Database management – Significant work done • This year the total value of chargeable enquiries preparing for shut-down of Murchison House UK Groundwater Forum was £202k, a 19% increase over the figure of Vax. £170k for the previous year. This income repre- • Help and applications support – Users supported • The Forum Internet site with the national database sents a cost recovery of 55% of the FEC of the within limits of allocated resources. Demand for of current groundwater research has been main- staff cost involved in answering the enquiries, service continues to increase in volume and tained and an associated database of research which equals the target set for the year. This sophistication. contacts is nearing completion. does not include the staff on the Keyworth and • BGS-geoIDS – Project initiation completed; • A public meeting on “Risk assessment and man- London general enquiries desks who only answer costed proposals and detailed plans docu-mented agement” was held jointly with the Geological non-chargeable enquiries. and submitted. Society. This attracted a capacity audience and • BGS Intranet – Scoping report and costed provoked lively discussion. A second public Customer Services proposal prepared. meeting on “Uplands Groundwater” was held in • Management of BGS information systems – Major Edinburgh. • The mail order publications sales service has achievement is effectiveness of Computer • The book “Groundwater – our hidden asset” has fully operated to performance targets. Management Group and agreement on been published in order to increase awareness of Corporate Software Policy. groundwater among the general public. Database Management • A report prepared by an expert group of UK F3 — Publication Services Groundwater Forum members on a UK perspec- • The BGS Rock Classification Scheme is now tive of the definition of good groundwater status essentially complete, comprising four sections Published Maps in the draft EC Water Framework Directive has covering igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary been prepared for the DETR. and artificial deposits plus natural superficial • Seven 1:1M geophysics maps were targetted. rocks. Details of the igneous scheme are available None completed. Three are at proof stage. No ASR Development in England and Wales for download from the World Wide Web. priority given by authors so work held-up. • The Symbol and Ornament database is also • Two 1:1.5M geophysical image maps were • Thirty copies of the draft final report were distrib- accessible via the World Wide Web, and the targetted and completed. uted to EA and Water company representatives contained information can be downloaded by • The 1:1M Gold occurrence map was not prior to the dissemination seminar held on 29 potential users. completed. Initial proof completed and sent out January 1998. • Input of new data and revision of existing data in the for external review in June. Still not returned. BGS Lexicon, which can also be browsed via the • One revised 1:250k map was completed. EPSRC/NERC Landfill Gas Migration World Wide Web, has continued. A number of new Shetland SBS final Versatec approved. Print codes and definitions have also been added, and the preparation under way. • Mechanisms of gas entry into natural and Lexicon’s content of codes and information verified • The development of a prototype 1:250k lithos- worked clays have been assessed. as current has increased by more than 20%. trat map to accompany regional guides was

68 partially completed. Design studies conducted. awaiting the accompanying data CDs before it (DMPS97) for DigMapGB was postponed until Will proceed in 1998/99 with release of new can be released. full evaluation of DMPS97 at end 97/98. Effort 250k litho-strat dataset early in the year. • The Annual Report was published. World diverted to more work on 1:250k data (above) and • Sixteen new 1:50k maps (Advance copy Versatec Mineral Statistics, UK Mineral Year Book and digitisation of 1:50k analogue legacy maps release) were completed and 24 new printed Directory of Mines and Quarries books have (below). maps were published where only plotted maps been delayed until April 1998. • Twenty one 1:50k analogue legacy maps were were previously available. digitised. 10 sheets in SE England (Sussex) and • A study was undertaken to redesign the map F4 — Public understanding of science 11 in the Midlands (co-funded by DETR). layout and marginalia to position 1:25k maps in Eight other sheets were the educational market. Design ideas were Popular Publications partially completed. proposed and the educa-tional sector was consulted. Results are inconclusive. A further • Nine new popular publications were completed. idea of a more extensive teaching ‘map book’ has Six cards (three Holiday Geology Guides, two ADDITIONAL CORE ACTIVITIES been proposed to CHUGD and dialogue is con- Holiday Geology Maps, one Discovering tinuing. Geology: Fossil Focus); three books (Fossils – the Remote Sensing • A new on-demand 1:10k plotted map delivery story of life, Earthquakes - our trembling planet procedure was planned to be developed from the and Groundwater -our hidden asset. The latter • Operational photogrammetric interpretation for new integrated map production system was co-funded with the Groundwater Forum). mapping programme - Work for Land Survey has (DMPS97). It was partially completed. A review now clearly established benefits of approach, but of DMPS97 has been undertaken after nearly F5 — Divisional Databases efficient system will require new hardware and one year of trial operation. Porting of DMPS97 software and distributed seats. Effort therefore 1:10k data into DMPS92 map production DigMapGB concen-trated on identifying replacement for system has been tested and proved. ImageStation; summary report has been • 498 1:10 000 maps were digitised. • Trials to produce 1:250k drift data from 1:625k prepared and initial bid for funding submitted. digital data were completed. The trial was • Hyperspectral remote sensing – Thematic Published Books conducted on Liverpool Bay area with drift data Programme proposal submitted to NERC Earth from 1:625k map and 100k hydrogeological Observation Expert Group. • 11 memoirs were published. There were consid- maps. Results not satisfac-tory because of incon- • Digitising on perspectives - Software devel-opment erable problems with the privatised Stationery sistent drift aggrega-tions on different maps. work done and user guide prepared. Office at the beginning of the year, but their • Version 1.1 of 1:250k digital lithostrati- • PIMA – Use extended to new geological situa- performance improved markedly towards the graphical map of GB was completed. Work was tions. end of the year. then extended to convert all lithostrati-graphical • New satellites and sensors – Summary report • Clay with Flints and Midas special reports were codes to entries in the modern BGS Lexicon. produced. published. Cheshire Basin in preparation. The • The plan to restructure and attribute all existing • Remote sensing and image analysis manual – co-funded Major Aquifers was completed but is 1:50k digital maps to comply with structure Revised edition produced.

69 Appendix 10 The BGS Board

Remit core strategic, core partnership and commissioned lective responsibility of Board members; supporting the research programmes; and report annually to Council. Director in representing the views of the Survey to the As required in the Management Statement and public; ensuring that the Board observes high standards of Financial Memorandum agreed between the NERC and Membership corporate governance; and ensuring that the Board meets the BGS, the NERC has established the BGS Board to regularly throughout the year. support the management and strategic direction of the Board members are appointed by the NERC Chief Survey, taking into account the recommendations of Executive from nominations made by the Director and Board Members Director, BGS. The Board was inaugurated in January others, and approved by Council. Membership 1998 as the successor body to the Programme Board comprises: a non-executive, part-time Chairman; the Prof D J Blundell is Professor of Environmental after it was dissolved in December 1997. Whereas the Director, Dr D A Falvey; Council’s Chief Executive or Geology at Royal Holloway, University of London. He Programme Board’s remit was to determine the overall his nominee, currently the NERC Finance and has mainly researched in seismology and marine geo- objectives and to set the priorities for the BGS Core Information Systems Director Mr C M Read; and physics. He was a co-founder of the British Institutions Programme, the BGS Board has a much wider remit between six and ten non-executive members. The latter Reflection Profiling Syndicate and took a leading role in encompassing all the activities of the BGS. The Board are appointed by reason of their qualifications and expe- the European Geotraverse supported by the European will meet six times during 1998. rience and represent a broad cross-section of the BGS Science Foundation. He is a past President of the user community. They include senior representatives of Geological Society. Terms of Reference industry, government agencies and academia as listed below. Members may be appointed for up to four years Dr J V Bramley is a minerals consultant. He is the The BGS Board will: advise and support the Director in in the first instance and may be reappointed for up to a President of the Mining Association of the United the management and the furtherance of the Survey’s further four years. Dr B R Marker of the Department Kingdom, a past President of the Institution of Mining mission, aims and objectives; specify the priorities, time- of the Environment, Transport and the Regions sits on and Metallurgy, and serves on the Council of the scales and detailed outputs of the core strategic the Board as an Observer. The Secretariat is provided by Mineral Industries Research Organisation. He was programme in order to meet the overall objectives Mr D Hackett and Dr S H Marsh of the BGS. formerly the General Manager of Laporte Minerals in specified by Council; approve the annual business and Derbyshire. operational plans for the Survey and submit these to Board Chairman Council’s Chief Executive; review and monitor the Prof A L Harris is Dean of the Science Faculty at quality and relevance of all aspects of the Survey’s work; Dr E R Hassall has been appointed Chairman of the BGS Liverpool University, and former Head of its Earth report, according to standards of review and at a Board until 31st December 1999. He is also Deputy Sciences Department. For twelve years a member of frequency set by Council, to Council’s Science and Chairman of the Coal Authority, a member of the Natural staff at the BGS, he joined Liverpool University in Technology Boards on the progress against milestones, Environment Research Council and Keele University 1971. He is a member of RWMAC, a past President of achievements and quality of all the Survey’s core strategic Court and Council. He was formerly the Chairman of the Geological Societies of London and Liverpool, and programmes funded by Council and make recommenda- Wardell Armstrong and the Crown Mineral Agent. He has served on NERC Committees dealing with stu- tions, as necessary, concerning the future of those pro- previously worked in the Production and Mining dentships and grants. grammes; monitor the Survey’s management and admin- Departments of the National Coal Board. The Chairman istration and assist the Director in matters concerning of the BGS Board will report to Council through its Chief Dr J P B Lovell OBE is a Senior Research Fellow in efficiency, effectiveness and economy in the use of Executive and take particular responsibility for: developing, Earth Sciences at Cambridge University. Previously, he resources (funds and tangible and intangible assets); with the Board, the long-term vision for the Survey; spent fifteen years with BP Exploration, joining as Chief ensure an appropriate balance and synergy between the providing leadership on strategic matters which are the col- Sedimentologist in 1981 and subsequently working mainly in international exploration. He remains a consultant to BP. In the 1970s he was a lecturer and consultant at Edinburgh University.

Dr C J Morrissey recently retired as Group Chief Geologist, Western Hemisphere, for Rio Tinto. He was previously Managing Director of RTZ Mining and Exploration in Europe and held several other senior positions in RTZ. Before this he was a Research Fellow at Imperial College London and Lecturer in Economic Geology at the Royal School of Mines.

Mr J Mortimer is Technical and External Affairs Director at ARC, for whom he has held a number of other positions in production management. He is Chairman of the CBI Minerals Committee, the Quarry Products Association Public Affairs Committee, and Minerals ‘98.

Dr A C Skinner is Environmental Protection Manager for the Midlands Region of the Environment Agency. He is the Secretary General of the International Association of Hydrogeologists and was formerly the Regional Technical Manager for the National Rivers Authority.

Prof G Walton is the Senior Partner at the Geoffrey Walton Practice and Visiting Professor of Mining at Leeds The first BGS Board meeting, 20th January 1998. Back row: Mr D Hackett, Dr S H Marsh, Dr C J University. He was formerly the Headquarters Morrissey, Dr A C Skinner, Dr J P B Lovell and Dr B R Marker. Front row: Prof G Walton, Mr C M Read, Geotechnical Engineer for the National Coal Board’s Dr E R Hassall, Dr D A Falvey, Dr J V Bramley and Prof D J Blundell. Insets: Mr J Mortimer (left) and Opencast Executive, and was also seconded to the Rock Prof A L Harris (right). Mechanics Research Group at the Royal School of Mines.

70 Directors of the British Geological Survey Offices

Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche Dr William Francis Porter McLintock Natural Environment Research Council, 1835–1855 1945–1950 Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Sir Roderick Impey Murchison Sir William John Pugh Wiltshire SN2 IEU 1855–1871 1950–1960 ຜ Swindon 01793 411500 Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay Sir Cyril James Stubblefield Telex 444293 ENVRE G 1871–1881 1960–1966 Fax 01793 411501 Sir Archibald Geikie Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham 1882–1901 1967–1976 Principal offices of the British Geological Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall Dr Austin William Woodland Survey 1901–1914 1976–1979 Kingsley Dunham Centre, Sir Aubrey Strahan Sir George Malcolm Brown Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG 1914–1920 1979–1985 ຜ Nottingham 0115–936 3100 Sir John Smith Flett Mr George Innes Lumsden Telex 378173 BGSKEY G 1920–1935 1985–1987 Fax 0115 936 3200 Dr Bernard Smith Mr Ferdinand Geoffrey Larminie 1935–1936 1987–1990 Office in Scotland Sir Edward Battersby Bailey Dr Peter John Cook Murchison House, West Mains Road, 1937–1945 1990–1998 Edinburgh EH9 3LA ຜ Edinburgh 0131 667 1000 Dr David Alan Falvey 1998– Telex 727343 SEISED G Fax 0131 668 26830

Sir Archibald Geikie was the third of a trio London Information Office at the Natural of great Scottish directors. Born in History Museum Earth Galleries, Exhibition Edinburgh in 1835 he became fascinated by Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DE the structure and history of the local crags ຜ 0171 589 4090 and was soon befriended by the likes of ຜ 0171 938 9056/9057 Hugh Miller and James Forbes. After meeting Fax 0171 584 8270 Andrew Ramsay, he abandoned a banking career to study at Edinburgh University St Just, 30 Pennsylvania Road, Exeter, before joining the Geological Survey in 1855. EX4 6BX For the next twelve years he learned his ຜ Exeter 01392 78312 trade and earned geological fame in his Fax 01392 437505 mapping of the Lothians and Fife, particularly Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, the ancient volcanic rocks and the Old Red 20 College Gardens, Belfast BT9 6BS Sandstone, in which he was able to ຜ Belfast 01232 666595 recognise a long series of eruptions through Fax 01232 662835 Devonian and Carboniferous times. He was also a pioneer in the fields of glaciology and Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, geomorphology. Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB ຜ Sir Archibald Geikie, Director of the Survey Geikie was appointed director of the newly Wallingford 01491 838800 from 1882 to 1901. constituted Scottish branch of the Geological Telex 849635 HYDROL G Fax 01491 825338 Survey in 1867, and in 1871 he combined these duties with the chair of geology at Edinburgh University. In 1882 he moved to London as Director of Office in Wales the Geological Survey of Great Britain and spent the next 19 years directing the great national Room G19, Sir George Stapledon Building, mapping programme including the exploration of the northwest Highlands of Scotland. Knighted in The University of Wales, Penglais, 1891, he remained active after retirement becoming, in 1908, the only geologist to be appointed Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DB President of the Royal Society. ຜ 01970 622541 Geikie was a prodigious writer. His works ranged from small geological treatises to great Fax 01970 622542 masterpieces such as The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain. He wrote biographies, belles-lettres and many early textbooks for his students; in Scottish Reminiscences he allowed free rein to his natural wit and humour. According to E B Bailey, his achievement of most permanent value was perhaps his successful demonstration that many of the profound lessons of geology can be accurately and effectively conveyed in simple, non- technical language. British Geological Survey

British Geological Survey Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG Telephone: (0115) 936 3100 Fax: (0115) 936 3200