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The Gersdorffite-Bismuthinite-Native Gold Association and the Skarn
minerals Article The Gersdorffite-Bismuthinite-Native Gold Association and the Skarn-Porphyry Mineralization in the Kamariza Mining District, Lavrion, Greece † Panagiotis Voudouris 1,* , Constantinos Mavrogonatos 1 , Branko Rieck 2, Uwe Kolitsch 2,3, Paul G. Spry 4 , Christophe Scheffer 5, Alexandre Tarantola 6 , Olivier Vanderhaeghe 7, Emmanouil Galanos 1, Vasilios Melfos 8 , Stefanos Zaimis 9, Konstantinos Soukis 1 and Adonis Photiades 10 1 Department of Geology & Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (K.S.) 2 Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria; [email protected] 3 Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, 1010 Wien, Austria; [email protected] 4 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; [email protected] 5 Département de Géologie et de Génie Géologique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; [email protected] 6 Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources UMR 7359, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; [email protected] 7 Université de Toulouse, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS, F-31400 Toulouse, France; [email protected] 8 Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] 9 Institut für Mineralogie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; [email protected] 10 Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (I.G.M.E.), 13677 Acharnae, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-7274129 † The paper is an extended version of our paper published in 1st International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science. -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
Transformation Study of Pentlandite/Pyrrhotite to Violarite
252 Regolith 2005 – Ten Years of CRC LEME THE TRANSFORMATION OF PENTLANDITE TO VIOLARITE UNDER MILD HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS: A DISSOLUTION- REPRECIPITATION REACTION Allan Pring1,2, Christophe Tenailleau,1 Barbara Etschmann1, Joel Brugger1,3 & Ben Grguric4 1Department of Mineralogy, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000 2School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005 2CRC LEME, School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005 4Minerals Exploration, BHP Billiton Ltd., PO Box 91, Belmont, WA, 6984 INTRODUCTION Violarite, FeNi2S4, occurs abundantly in the supergene alteration zones of many massive and disseminated Ni sulfide deposits, where it replaces primary nickel sulfide minerals such as pentlandite (Nickel 1973, Misra & Fleet 1974). The nickel deposits of Western Australia’s Yilgarn Craton have deep weathering profiles and supergene violarite constitutes a considerable proportion of the ore in some of these deposits. Thus, violarite is probably the most economically important member of the thiospinel mineral group. Violarite can also form as a primary phase by exsolution during the cooling of pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8) (Grguric 2002). Understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation of violarite in the weathering profile is important for understanding alteration patterns in and around nickel deposits and has significant implications for ore processing. Supergene violarite is generally very fine-grained and relatively porous and it has a poor response in the floatation systems used to treat many massive sulfide ores. On the other hand, a proportion of violarite in the nickel concentrate facilitates smelting, as the burning of violarite is a highly exothermic reaction (Dunn & Howes 1996). -
Cattierite Cos2 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Cattierite CoS2 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 2/m 3. Cubic crystals, to 1 cm; granular intergrowths with other sulfides. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, perfect. Hardness = > 4 VHN = 1018–1114 (10 g load). D(meas.) = 4.82 D(calc.) = 4.80 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Pinkish to gray, tobacco-brown; in polished section, white. Luster: Metallic. R: (400) 35.8, (420) 35.2, (440) 34.5, (460) 34.3, (480) 34.6, (500) 35.1, (520) 35.8, (540) 36.7, (560) 37.6, (580) 38.4, (600) 39.4, (620) 40.2, (640) 41.1, (660) 41.9, (680) 42.6, (700) 43.3 Cell Data: Space Group: Pa3. a = 5.52 Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Shinkolobwe, Congo. 2.750 (100), 2.463 (60), 1.663 (55), 1.063 (55), 2.249 (48), 1.950 (34), 1.474 (22) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Co 42.20 42.3 47.90 Ni 3.25 0.6 Cu 0.4 Fe 2.80 5.4 S 51.75 51.9 52.10 Total [100.00] 100.6 100.00 (1) Shinkolobwe, Congo; recalculated to 100% from an original total of 99.86% after deduction of quartz 0.08% and chalcopyrite 0.59%; then corresponds to (Co0.89Ni0.07Fe0.06)Σ=1.02S2.00. (2) Do.; by electron microprobe, corresponds to (Co0.89Fe0.12Ni0.01Cu0.01)Σ=1.03S2.00. (3) CoS2. Polymorphism & Series: Forms a series with pyrite and vaesite. Mineral Group: Pyrite group. Occurrence: In carbonate rocks (Shinkolobwe, Congo). Association: Pyrite, chalcopyrite, other linnaeite–polydymite group minerals. -
Nickel Deposits of North America
Nickel Deposits of North America By H. R. CORNWALL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1223 Geology, resources, and reserves of nickel sulfide and nickeliferous laterite deposits in 7 Provinces of Canada and 15 States of the United States UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director l!'irst printing 1966 Second printing 1967 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printint Office Washintton, D.C. 20402- Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract---------------------------------------------------------- 1 Introduction __________________________ --.- _____________________ ---- 1 Types of deposits __________________________________________ ---- 2 Sulfide deposits------------------------------------------- 3 Nickeliferous laterite deposits _______ ------------------------ 4 Nickel minerals _____________________________ -----___ ---------- 4 Native nickel-iron _____________________________________ ---- 6 Sulfides-------------------------------------------------- 7 PenUandue___________________________________________ 7 Bravoite and violarite ______________________________ ---- 7 Vaesite----------------------------------------------- 8 8 Heazlewoodite_~illerite---------------------------------------------- __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _____ 8 Linnaeite, polydymite, siegenite, and violarite_____________ 8 Other minerals ___ ------___________________________________ -
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Sulfides
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Vol. 61, pp. 127-180, 2006 3 Copyright © Mineralogical Society of America Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Sulfi des Carolyn I. Pearce, Richard A.D. Pattrick, David J. Vaughan School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The metal sulfi des exhibit a great diversity of electrical and magnetic properties with both scientifi c interest and practical applications. These properties apply major constraints on mod- els of the electronic structure (or chemical bonding) in sulfi des (Vaughan and Rosso 2006, this volume). The pure and doped synthetic equivalents of certain sulfi de minerals have actual or potential applications in the electronics industries (optical devices, photovoltaics, photodiodes and magnetic recording devices). Sulfi des are also components of many thin fi lm devices and have been extensively investigated as part of the nanotechnology revolution. Certain electrical and magnetic properties of sulfi de minerals mean they contribute to geomagnetism and paleo- magnetism, and provide the geophysical prospector with exploration tools for metalliferous ore deposits. To the mineral technologist, these same properties provide methods for the sepa- ration of the metal-bearing sulfi des from associated waste minerals after mining and milling and before extraction of the metal by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical treatment. In this chapter, the theory and measurement of electrical and magnetic properties are outlined along with spectroscopic and diffraction studies that can provide insights into magnetic behavior are discussed. A brief review of electrical and magnetic studies of major sulfi de minerals includes some examples of the applications of sulfi de electrical and magnetic properties, including special consideration of the properties of sulfi de nanoparticles. -
Preliminary Compilation of Descriptive Geoenvironmental Mineral Deposit Models
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models Edward A. du Bray1 , Editor Open-File Report 95-831 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 'Denver, Colorado 1995 CONTENTS Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits-fundamentals and applications, by G.S. Plumlee and J.T. Nash ................................................. 1 Bioavailability of metals, by D.A. John and J.S. Leventhal ................................... 10 Geophysical methods in exploration and mineral environmental investigations, by D.B. Hoover, D.P. Klein, and D.C. Campbell ............................................... 19 Magmatic sulfide deposits, by M.P. Foose, M.L. Zientek, and D.P. Klein ......................... 28 Serpentine- and carbonate-hosted asbestos deposits, by C.T. Wrucke. ............................ 39 Carbonatite deposits, by P.J. Modreski, T.J. Armbrustmacher, and D.B. Hoover .................... 47 Th-rare earth element vein deposits, by T.J. Armbrustmacher, P.J. Modreski, D.B. Hoover, and D.P. Klein ........................................................... 50 Sn and (or) W skarn and replacement deposits, by J.M. Hammarstrom, J.E. Elliott, B.B. Kotlyar, T.G. Theodore, J.T. Nash, D.A. John, D.B. Hoover, and D.H. Knepper, Jr. ................. 54 Vein and greisen Sn and W deposits, by J.E. Elliott, R.J. Kamilli, W.R. Miller, and K.E. Livo ......... 62 Climax Mo deposits, by S. Ludington, A.A. Bookstrom, R.J. Kamilli, B.M. -
The Crystal Chemistry of Iron-Nickel Thiospinels
American Mineralogist, Volume 70, pages 1036-1043, 1985 The crystal chemistry of iron-nickel thiospinels DAVID J. VAUGHAN Department of Geological Sciences University of Aston in Birmingham Birmingham, B4 lET, England AND JAMES R. CRAIG Department of Geological Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Abstract The crystal chemistry and mineralogical properties of the thiospinels of the series polydy- mite (Ni3S4}-violarite (FeNizS4}-greigite (Fe3S4) have been studied using synthetic and natu- ral samples and emphasizing the intermediate compositions ("violarites," (Fe, NihS4)' In the series Ni3ScFeNizS4, increasing iron correlates with increasing thermal stability, a nearly linear decrease in a and increase in reflectance (R% at 589 nm), although spectral reflectance curves show more complex behavior. Mossbauer spectra of s7Fe for a series of compositions between FeO.2SNiz.7SS4and FeNizS4 consist essentially of a doublet with a small isomer shift and quadrupole splitting, the former increasing with increasing iron (0.23-0.53 mmjsec). This is interpreted as low-spin Fez + in the octahedral sites, although further examination of the spectra suggests a possible contribution from iron (-18%) in tetrahedral coordination. These data are in agreement with bonding models previously proposed for the thiospinels. Although electron microprobe analyses of natural samples indicate that solid solution extends completely from Ni3S4 to Fe3S4' bonding models suggest that compositions more iron-rich than FeNizS4 may be metastable. The formation of such possibly metastable com- positions, the observation in this work of violarites which are 1-2 wt. % sulfur-poor relative to stoichiometric M3S4, and the confusion over the low-temperaure phase relations involving violarite are all attributed. -
Transformation of Pentlandite to Violarite Under Mild Hydrothermal Conditions
American Mineralogist, Volume 91, pages 706–709, 2006 LETTER Transformation of pentlandite to violarite under mild hydrothermal conditions CHRISTOPHE TENAILLEAU,1,† ALLAN PRING,1,2,3,* BARBARA ETSCHMANN,1 JOËL BRUGGER,1,2 BEN GRGURIC,4 AND ANDREW PUTNIS5 1Department of Mineralogy, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, S.A. 5000, Australia 2School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A. 5005, Australia 3Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, S.A. 5095, Australia 4Exploration Group, BHP Billiton Ltd, P.O. Box 91, Belmont, W.A. 6984, Australia 5Institut für Mineralogie, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 24, D-48149 Münster, Germany ABSTRACT The transformation of pentlandite, (Ni,Fe)9S8, to violarite, (Ni,Fe)3S4, has been investigated un- der mild hydrothermal conditions, at constant values of pH (range 3 to 5) controlled by the acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer. At 80 °C, 20(4) wt% of the pentlandite transforms to violarite in 33 days; 3+ with the addition of small amounts of Fe (CH3COO)2(OH) and H2S the reaction reaches 40(4) wt% completion in this time. At 120 °C and a pressure of 3.5 bars the reaction is complete in 3 days at pH 3.9. Electron backscatter diffraction and backscattered electron imaging reveal that the reaction tex- tures are typical of a coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reaction, rather than a solid state electrolytic process as has been previously reported. The gap between the dissolution front and the precipitation front of violarite is less than 400 nm. The violarite produced by these hydrothermal transformations is texturally similar to supergene violarite, being Þ ne grained, porous and Þ nely cracked. -
CATTIERITE and VAESITE: NEW CO-Ni MINERALS from the BELGIAN CONGO
CATTIERITE AND VAESITE: NEW CO-Ni MINERALS FROM THE BELGIAN CONGO Paur. F. Knnn, Columbia [Jniaersitnt.IVew York. I{. Y. ABSTRACT The group which includes CoSr, NiSz, and FeSzforms an isostructural seriesfollowing the pyrite lattice. Heretofore, the formation of the artificial end members of the series has been established,but approximations to CoSz"andNiSz have not been found in nature. At the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo, CoSz having a pyrite structure is now known. To this mineral is assigned the name cattierite. Material approaching NiS2 is composition and having a pyrite type of lattice has been found in the Kasompi mine of the Belgian Congo. This mineral is tentatively called raesite. The lattice constants for the natural end members of the series in angstroms are pyrite 5.40667+.00007, vaesite 5.66787+.00008, and cattierite 5.52346+.00048. The minerals are named after important contributors to the mineral development of the Belgian Congo. The four members of the pyrite series would be vaesite, cattierite, bravoite, and pyrite. INrnooucrroN In September 1943 Mr. Johannes Vaes of the Union MiniBre du Haut Katanga submitted two metallic sulfide minerals upon which he had previously made independent mineralogical studies including chemical analyses and an examination of polished surfaces. One sample was a nickel sulfide with an analysis corresponding to the formula NiSz; the other a cobalt sulfide corresponding to CoS2. The nickel di-sulfide had been obtained in a core during the progress of diamond drilling at the K-asompimine about 70 kilometers west-southwestof K.ambove in Haut Katanga of the Belgian Congo. -
List of Mineral Symbols
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST LIST OF SYMBOLS FOR ROCK- AND ORE-FORMING MINERALS (January 1, 2021) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ac acanthite Ado andorite Asp aspidolite Btr berthierite Act actinolite Adr andradite Ast astrophyllite Brl beryl Ae aegirine Ang angelaite At atokite Bll beryllonite AeAu aegirine-augite Agl anglesite Au gold Brz berzelianite Aen aenigmatite Anh anhydrite Aul augelite Bet betafite Aes aeschynite-(Y) Ani anilite Aug augite Bkh betekhtinite Aik aikinite Ank ankerite Aur auricupride Bdt beudantite Akg akaganeite Ann annite Aus aurostibite Beu beusite Ak åkermanite An anorthite Aut autunite Bch bicchulite Ala alabandite Anr anorthoclase Aw awaruite Bt biotite* Ab albite Atg antigorite Axn axinite-(Mn) Bsm bismite Alg algodonite Sb antimony Azu azurite Bi bismuth All allactite Ath anthophyllite Bdl baddeleyite Bmt bismuthinite Aln allanite Ap apatite* Bns banalsite Bod bohdanowiczite Alo alloclasite Arg aragonite Bbs barbosalite Bhm böhmite Ald alluaudite Ara aramayoite Brr barrerite Bor boralsilite Alm almandine Arf arfvedsonite Brs barroisite Bn bornite Alr almarudite Ard argentodufrénoysite Blt barylite Bou boulangerite Als alstonite Apn argentopentlandite Bsl barysilite Bnn bournonite Alt altaite Arp argentopyrite Brt baryte, barite Bow bowieite Aln alunite Agt argutite Bcl barytocalcite Brg braggite Alu alunogen Agy argyrodite Bss bassanite Brn brannerite Amb amblygonite Arm armangite Bsn bastnäsite Bra brannockite Ams amesite As arsenic -
Polydymite Nini2s4 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Polydymite NiNi2S4 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 4/m 32/m. Crystals are dominantly octahedral, to 1 cm; also massive, granular to compact. Twinning: On {111}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Imperfect on {001}; reported on {111}. Fracture: Subconchoidal to uneven. Hardness = 4.5–5.5 VHN = 379–427 (100 g load). D(meas.) = 4.5–4.8 D(calc.) = 4.83 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Pale gray to steel-gray, tarnishing to copper-red. Luster: Metallic, brilliant on fresh surface. R: (400) 44.3, (420) 44.8, (440) 45.3, (460) 45.7, (480) 46.0, (500) 46.2, (520) 46.2, (540) 46.0, (560) 45.8, (580) 45.8, (600) 46.2, (620) 46.9, (640) 48.0, (660) 49.6, (680) 51.2, (700) 53.0 Cell Data: Space Group: Fd3m. a = 9.405 Z = 8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Siegen, Germany. 2.87 (100), 1.678 (80), 2.37 (60), 1.825 (50), 0.994 (50), 1.060 (40), 3.36 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Ni 54.30 55.2 57.86 Fe 3.98 3.1 Co 0.63 0.8 S 41.09 41.2 42.14 Total [100.00] 100.3 100.00 (1) Gr¨unaumine, Germany; recalculated to 100% after deducting gersdorffite and ullmannite 5%; then corresponds to (Ni2.83Fe0.22Co0.03)Σ=3.08S3.92. (2) Madziwa mine, Zimbabwe; by electron microprobe, corresponds to (Ni2.87Fe0.17Co0.04)Σ=3.08S3.92. (3) Ni3S4. Polymorphism & Series: Forms a series with linnaeite. Mineral Group: Linnaeite group.