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The Groundwater Resources of Southern Province, Zambia

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The Groundwater Resources of Southern Province, Zambia REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF Ministry of Energy and GERMANY Water Development Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources The Groundwater Resources of Southern Province, Zambia (Phase 1) Volume 1 - Technical Report - Technical Co-operation, Project No. BMZ PN 2003.2024.2 Lusaka 2007 The Groundwater Resources of Southern Province, Zambia (Phase 1) Volume 1 - Technical Report - Authors (in alphabetical order): Dr. Roland Bäumle (BGR) Dr. Christoph Neukum (BGR) Jack Nkhoma (DWA) Oscar Silembo (DWA) Commissioned by: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ: Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung) Project Numbers: BMZ PN 2003.2024.2 BGR 05-2315-01 Implementing Agencies: Ministry of Energy and Water Development, Department of Water Affairs, Lusaka, Choma Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschafen und Rohstoffe, Hannover) Pages: 132 Place and date of issuance: Lusaka, November 2007 Page - I - T ABLE OF C ONTENTS 1. Introduction........................................................................................... 1 1.1. Project Framework .................................................................................1 1.2. Objectives and Tasks..............................................................................2 1.3. The Significance of Groundwater in the Province......................................4 2. Physiography ......................................................................................... 5 2.1. Topography ...........................................................................................5 2.2. Vegetation .............................................................................................8 2.3. Soils ......................................................................................................9 2.3.1. Soil Units........................................................................................9 2.3.2. Soil Thickness...............................................................................12 3. Climate................................................................................................. 13 3.1. Temperature and other Climatic Parameters ..........................................13 3.2. Rainfall ................................................................................................14 3.2.1. Secular Rainfall and Droughts ........................................................14 3.2.2. Monthly Rainfall ............................................................................18 3.3. Evaporation .........................................................................................19 4. Hydrology............................................................................................. 21 4.1. River Systems and Runoff.....................................................................21 4.1.1. Zambezi River...............................................................................21 4.1.2. Kafue River...................................................................................27 4.2. Dams and Reservoirs............................................................................28 4.3. Catchments .........................................................................................30 4.4. Surface Water Potential ........................................................................35 5. Geology ................................................................................................ 37 5.1. Stratigraphic Succession .......................................................................38 5.2. Lithology .............................................................................................45 5.3. Tectonics.............................................................................................51 5.3.1. Fault Systems ...............................................................................51 5.3.2. Dyke Systems...............................................................................54 6. Water Use, Supply and Sanitation ....................................................... 57 6.1. Water Use and Irrigation ......................................................................57 6.2. Water Supply .......................................................................................59 6.3. Sanitation ............................................................................................62 7. Groundwater Information System....................................................... 65 7.1. Groundwater Database.........................................................................65 7.2. Geographic Information System - GIS....................................................70 8. Groundwater Resources ...................................................................... 72 8.1. Aquifer Classification System.................................................................72 8.1.1. Aquifer Parameters .......................................................................72 8.1.2. Empirical Relationship between Transmissivity and Specific Capacity 74 8.1.3. Aquifer Categories ........................................................................75 8.2. Major Aquifer Systems..........................................................................77 8.2.1. Aquifer Lithology...........................................................................77 8.2.2. Hydraulic Test Statistics ................................................................78 8.2.3. Aquifer Potential ...........................................................................81 Page - II - 8.3. Regional Groundwater Flow ..................................................................89 8.4. Groundwater Recharge and Potential.....................................................92 8.5. Springs................................................................................................93 8.6. Groundwater Level Monitoring ..............................................................96 8.7. Chemical Groundwater Composition and Quality ....................................98 8.7.1. Groundwater Quality Sampling Campaign.......................................98 8.7.2. Overall Groundwater Chemistry ................................................... 101 8.7.3. Groundwater Contamination ........................................................ 104 8.7.4. Regional Distribution Patterns...................................................... 107 8.7.5. Waterborne Diseases .................................................................. 109 8.7.6. Water Quality Discussion ............................................................. 113 8.8. Groundwater Vulnerability................................................................... 113 8.9. Hydrogeological Maps......................................................................... 118 9. Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................. 121 10. References...................................................................................... 125 Page - III - L IST OF F IGURES Figure 1-1 Project Area: The Southern Province ...................................................2 Figure 1-2 Flowchart showing the concept of developing a groundwater information system ...............................................................................3 Figure 2-1 Shaded relief and block diagram generated from the DEM..................6 Figure 2-2 Digital Elevation Model with elevation zones at 200 m- intervals .........7 Figure 2-3 Mopane woodland with patches of miombo woodland near Siavonga during the rainy season ........................................................................8 Figure 2-4 Soils of the SP and adjacent areas in Zambia......................................9 Figure 2-5: Estimation of the soil thickness distribution in the SP ........................12 Figure 3-1 Isohyetal map of annual rainfall..........................................................16 Figure 3-2 Long-term (secular) rainfall (since 1950) at Choma ...........................17 Figure 3-3 Seasonal rainfall (1995 – 2006) at rainfall stations in SP ...................17 Figure 3-4 Approximate position of the ITCZ .......................................................18 Figure 3-5 Frequency of daily rainfall at Choma during the 2005/06 rainy season ............................................................................................................19 Figure 3-6 Seasonal variation of monthly mean temperature, rainfall and evaporation at Choma ........................................................................20 Figure 4-1 Area of Zambezi Catchment from its headwaters to the Luangwa confluence. .........................................................................................23 Figure 4-2 Annual runoff of the Zambezi River between Zambian border in Western Province and Luangwa confluence ......................................24 Figure 4-3 Specific Runoff of the Zambezi between the Zambian border in Western Province and the Luangwa confluence ................................24 Figure 4-4 Average monthly discharge at selected gauging stations in the Kafue and Zambezi catchments ...................................................................25 Figure 4-5 Area of Kafue Catchment along its course .........................................25 Figure 4-6 Annual runoff of the Kafue River ........................................................26
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