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Modèle Word Thèse Et Mémoire Université de Montréal Le témoignage en littérature d’un héritage traumatique; Le cas du génocide des Arméniens par Lelag Vosguian Département de littératures et de langues du monde Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise en Littérature comparée Août 2018 © Lelag Vosguian, 2018 Résumé D’après certaines approches en études de génocides, le déni du génocide n’est pas un phénomène qui se manifeste après le génocide en soi, mais fait au contraire partie intégrante de son appareil. Ainsi, le génocide ne prendrait réellement fin que lorsque l’auteur du crime aurait admis son intention, lorsque celui-ci aurait été jugé et condamné sur la scène internationale par des instances juridiques légitimes. Selon cette définition du génocide et compte tenu du fait que le génocide arménien n’a pas été reconnu par le gouvernement ottoman et qu’il n’est toujours pas reconnu par le gouvernement turc actuel, l’arménien contemporain peut se sentir aujourd’hui victime d’un génocide qui est toujours en cours, en plus d’être l’héritier et le descendant d’un rescapé du génocide qui a eu lieu il y a un siècle. Celui-ci est ainsi héritier de trois ou quatre générations de victimes qui ont toutes hérité à différentes mesures d’un traumatisme, d’un deuil inachevé et d’une crise identitaire. Le survivant de troisième génération qui tente, dans la diaspora, de témoigner en littérature du génocide de ses ancêtres se trouve souvent borné par un manque d’information, ou par une incompréhension des faits desquels il est éloigné dans le temps et dans l’espace. Lorsque celui-ci tente de témoigner de sa situation présente, de ce génocide qui s’étend jusque dans son quotidien, il peut aussi être confronté à une incapacité à nommer le conflit identitaire qui l’habite et à cerner les effets des efforts de délégitimation qui ont agi sur lui et sur ses ancêtres depuis plus de cent ans. Ce travail de recherche examinera les modalités de ce témoignage en fiction, dans le roman L’étrangère (2015) de Valérie Toranian et le recueil de nouvelles Embâcle (2008) de Martine Batanian, et adressera les questions du traumatisme hérité, du deuil et de la légitimité de la victime et du témoin. Mots-clés : génocide, témoignage, témoin, mémoire, littérature, diaspora, déportation, trauma, Batanian, Toranian i Abstract According to certain approaches to genocide studies, the denial of genocide is not a phenomenon that manifests itself after the genocide itself but is instead an integral part of its mechanism. Therefore, a genocide would only really end once its perpetrators admit to their intent, once they are judged and convicted on the world stage by a legitimate judicial body. According to this definition of genocide and considering that the Armenian genocide was not recognized by the ottoman government, and that it is not recognized by the current Turkish government, the contemporary Armenian can feel like the victim today of an ongoing genocide, as well as the inheritor and the descendant of a survivor of the genocide that occurred a century ago. He is the inheritor of three or four generations of victims who have each inherited, to different extents, of a trauma, of an undone grief, and of an identity crisis. The third-generation survivors, living in the diaspora, who attempt to bear testimony, through literature, of their ancestor’s genocide often feel limited by a lack of information or by the incomprehension of the facts from which they are removed in both space and time. When they try to testify of their current situation, of the genocide that is stretched into their present, they can also be confronted to an inability to name the identity crisis that inhabits them and to determine the effects of the delegitimizing efforts that have been acting on themselves and on their ancestors for more than a hundred years. This research paper will study the ways in which this testimony occurs in fiction, by studying the novel L’étrangère (2015) by Valérie Toranian and the short story collection Embâcle (2008) by Martine Batanian, and will address the issues of inherited trauma, of grief and of the legitimacy of the victim and the witness. Keywords: genocide, witness, testimony, heritage, memory, diaspora, deportation, literature, Batanian, Toranian ii Table des matières Résumé ......................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ii Table des matières...................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Considérations préliminaires et contexte historique ............................................................... 5 1.1 Le génocide arménien ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Génocide : définition et usages .................................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Le génocide des Arméniens : historique .................................................................... 9 1.1.3 Reconnaissances et négationnismes ......................................................................... 16 1.2 Témoignage et héritage traumatique ............................................................................... 20 1.2.1 Le témoin du génocide et son témoignage ............................................................... 21 1.2.2 Le témoignage du génocide dans la littérature ........................................................ 29 1.2.3 Présentation des œuvres du corpus : Embâcle (2008) de Martine Batanian et L’étrangère (2015) de Valérie Toranian ........................................................................... 36 2. Le cadre spatio-temporel et les personnages ........................................................................ 42 2.1 Le contexte spatio-temporel ............................................................................................ 42 2.1.1 Temps et espaces déportés ....................................................................................... 42 2.1.2 L’ailleurs du passé, l’ici du présent ......................................................................... 48 2.1.3 Temps ébréché, espace abîmé .................................................................................. 52 2.2 Voix narrative et personnages ......................................................................................... 62 2.2.1 La voix narrative ...................................................................................................... 63 2.2.2 Les personnages des récits ....................................................................................... 68 2.2.3 La victime devenue survivant : élaboration d’une mythologie familiale ................ 74 3. La mémoire familiale et sa mise en récit .............................................................................. 83 3.1 La mémoire familiale ...................................................................................................... 83 3.1.1 Transmission et réception de la mémoire familiale ................................................. 83 3.1.2 Responsabilité du descendant .................................................................................. 89 iii 3.2 Appropriation du passé familial génocidaire .................................................................. 94 3.2.1 Le travail de fictionnalisation d’une histoire (in/mé)connue ................................... 95 3.2.2 Le témoignage du reste .......................................................................................... 101 Conclusion : légitimité et postérités ........................................................................................ 109 Sources ......................................................................................................................................... i Textes primaires ........................................................................................................................... i Textes secondaires ....................................................................................................................... i Bibliographie............................................................................................................................ i Filmographie ......................................................................................................................... vii Webographie ........................................................................................................................ viii iv Introduction Le présent mémoire s'interrogera sur les conditions et les modalités du témoignage en littérature d'un héritage traumatique en lien avec le génocide des Arméniens. On s'intéressera aux questionnements identitaires que peuvent rencontrer les descendants de rescapés en constatant la situation de la diaspora face au pays des ancêtres, en disséquant le problème de la légitimité de la victime face au négationnisme du bourreau et en appréhendant le travail de mémoire et de deuil qui demeure à venir et à faire. En convoquant les thèmes et concepts de la mémoire et de sa transmission, du témoignage,
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