The King's Choice – 10Th of April 1940 Alf R. Jacobsen

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The King's Choice – 10Th of April 1940 Alf R. Jacobsen The King’s Choice – 10th of April 1940 Alf R. Jacobsen DISCLAIMER: This is a non-professional translation, done purely for the love of the subject matter. Some strange wording is to be expected, since sentence structure is not always alike in English or Norwegian. I'm also not a military nut after 1500, so some officer ranks, division names and the like may be different than expected because of my perhaps too-literal translation. Any notes of my own will be marked in red. This book is more of a political drama and a personal story for the royal family than a military book, but it has its moments of that as well. And it is a treasure trove of personal notes, unpublished stories and reports from those who were in the thick of it. The author has hunted down all the first-hand material he could get, from archives, private collections and family histories of those involved. Many quotes are taken from unpublished diaries and family sagas. Chapter 1 The Attack Schleswig Land, Northern Germany The blackout made the darkness seem deeper when major Erich Walther mustered the two paratrooper companies on the staging ground. Fog swirled over the frozen ground, but a red glare in the horizon announced the coming of morning. The dull roar of tens of BMW engines came from the runway, who coughed and spluttered before starting up. The transport chief, lieutenant colonel Carl Freiherr von Gablenz was the director of Lufthansa in civilian life, and had scraped together several hundred Ju 52’s from all corners of the German Reich. Twenty-nine of them was at Walther’s disposal, and the smell of exhaust fumes, airplane fuel and lubricant oil lingered over the frozen grass like a powerful opiate. Aunt Ju was a rattletrap contraption of rifled metal and thin steel pipes. But the hull had been welded by German mechanics and represented the best of contemporary engineering. The three radial motors could lift a rifle section of 12-15 men in full gear over a distance of 1000 kilometres. That was sufficient to reach their target – and a lot more. The first battalion faced their baptism of fire, and Walther knew it would be hard going. But the paratroopers were Hermann Göring’s private, hand-picked army, which the corpulent and cynical Luftwaffe officer had placed at the Führer’s disposal. Most of the officers and NCOs were fervent Nazis, and many of them had participated in bloody street fights with communists and other political opponents in Berlin during the emergence of the Nazi party in the early 1930s. Now they faced the unknown, but the unknown was normal for the policemen, brownshirts and daredevils who made up the core of the First battalion of the First paratrooper regiment. Their spirits had perked once premier lieutenant Herbert Schmidt saluted the paratroopers in the first company. “Never before have my morning speech received such a rousing answer: “Heil, Herr premier lieutenant!” he wrote in Die Fallschirmjäger von Dombås, published by the Ministry of Propaganda in 1941. “The enthusiasm of their cry made the closest windowpanes vibrate. Their faces lit up by the dutifulness which encapsulated them all. Before embarking on their planes, yet another threefold Sieg Heil rent the night – to our dear Führer, to our people and to our fatherland.” For himself, the thirty-eight-year-old Walther was the prototype of the new class of officer who had made his career in Nazi Germany – not through the traditional staff schools or military academies of Prussia, but through loyalty to Hitler and his party. He had started off as a police cadet in the small town of Oppeln in 1922 and had advanced to senior criminal investigator in the Berlin police force when the Nazis made their power grab that fateful summer of 1933. Hitler's handyman Hermann Göring had been made Prime Minister of Preussen, and had, with his finely-honed instinct for power play at once established a private terror group under the Nazi zealot Walter Wecke. Polizeiabteilung zum besonderes Verfügnung Wecke was on paper to work as life guards for Hitler, Göring and other top Nazis, but in the first year of totalitarian regime, there was a need for people who could do other things than shine shoes and close ranks. Opposition and neutrals in the police ranks were to be weeded out, Jews were persecuted, the remaining communists and social democrats were to be crushed, and Ernst Röhm’s homosexual agitators in the SA were to be brought under control. Blood had flowed, and cries of pain from the torture chambers of Colombia Haus had reached across the street to the barracks which housed Wecke’s police-soldiers. But the Nazi grip on power had been secured, and Erich Walther had been there from the start in February 1933 until Hermann Göring was made chief of the Luftwaffe two years later and turned the police unit into Regiment General Göring. Inspired by the developments in the Soviet Union and the USA, they had implemented parachute training. By the late 1930s, the tough streetfighters from the back alleys of Berlin had been transformed into Nazi Germany’s first airborne military elites. The slim and sinewy Walther had been made company chief, and had taken part in the Anschluss, the march into Sudetenland and the conquest of the rest of Czechoslovakia. He was of moderate height, and his brown hair was wild and had to be brushed back often. His eyebrows were dark, his mouth thin and resolute, like in a sparrow hawk. Beneath the officer’s cap, his face radiated authority, an authority born from experience. Walther had seen it all. He was one of Fat Hermann’s chosen men, and that gave him respect. “He was calm and intelligent”, the fallschirmjäger Ernst Mössinger told to the writer Cato Guhnfeldt. “He was not a hard man, though he could become furious and shout orders loudly”. The first battalion had been on guard duty and had not joined in the victorious campaign in Poland in the autumn of 1939. While others had been praised and decorated, the top-trained paratroopers had seen the blitzkrieg from a teeth-gnashing distance. It made Walther and his men burn with impatience. “The mood was excellent”, Schmidt wrote. “Everyone hungered for the first paratrooper duty.” The officers had been taken in on the plan the night before: Norway and Denmark were to be brought to their knees. First battalion staff and the first and second companies were to jump out at Fornebu airport in Oslo and secure the airport for the first wave of ordinary infantrymen who would be landing in transport planes soon after. The total force was around 300 men, who would knock out any resistance with light weapons in minutes, clear the runways and stop any counterattack. The operation had been as cut from a textbook in strategic surprise attacks, but there was a weakness: The theory had never been tested. As Hitler’s chief of operations general Alfred Jodl had proclaimed to Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels in a conversation in the Reich Chancellery the same day: “It is the most daring enterprise in the history of war. The stakes and risks are monstrous – with an equal chance of payoff! If we can keep our intentions hidden until dark, victory will be half ours already.” Walther and his men were experts in crowd control and street fighting, and Jodl and Goebbels had high expectations. “The attack on Norway is the most difficult because it will happen in the immediate vicinity of the British fleet”, Jodl had said. “But we have the paratroopers in reserve!” The list of small neighbouring countries that had been harassed and cowed by the megalomaniacal gamblers in Berlin was growing. En route, a basic truth had been learned: The main blow had to hit the central government, fast and brutal. Cut the head off your opponent, and the rest would follow. Hitler and his closest advisers did not see the pacifistic cabinet of Nygaardsvold as a problem. They were stuck in the tradition of the broken rifle, and had not even managed to mobilize what was left of the Army after the ravages of the 1930s. “In Oslo, they are slightly alarmed”, an exalted Hitler had told Goebbels while on a walk in the Reich Chancellery garden on the evening of April 8th. “But they still know nothing.” The aging King Haakon was more of an unknown. He was a navy man, married into the British royal family and an enthusiastic admirer of the Royal Navy. It explained why the detailed instructions crafted by Jodl’s staff included a separate piece on the head of state: “It is of particular importance that the Norwegian king is not permitted to escape abroad during the takeover. It will be necessary to survey his location at once. As an emergency measure, he must be stopped from leaving his palace.” To Goebbels, Hitler said it with more cynicism: “If the king behaves properly, he can stay. But we will never give back the country.” They were unmistakeable words: King Haakon was a figurehead of great importance. If he would not bend the knee and surrender to the Nazi regime, then he was to be captured and held hostage in his own home. At precisely 04.30, the first transports took off from Schleswig Land in an ear-splitting roar. “Blue- yellow tongues of fire burst from the exhaust pipes and created a ghostlike atmosphere on the airfield”, Schmidt wrote. “That historical sight will never be forgotten by those who were present.
Recommended publications
  • European Journal of American Studies, 3-1 | 2008 a Mirror Image of Sigmund Skard? Paul Knaplund and the Role of the Historian
    European journal of American studies 3-1 | 2008 Spring 2008 A Mirror Image of Sigmund Skard? Paul Knaplund and the Role of the Historian between European and American Cultures Richard Cole Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/2223 DOI: 10.4000/ejas.2223 ISSN: 1991-9336 Publisher European Association for American Studies Electronic reference Richard Cole, “A Mirror Image of Sigmund Skard? Paul Knaplund and the Role of the Historian between European and American Cultures”, European journal of American studies [Online], 3-1 | 2008, document 5, Online since 16 April 2008, connection on 08 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejas/ 2223 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.2223 This text was automatically generated on 8 July 2021. Creative Commons License A Mirror Image of Sigmund Skard? Paul Knaplund and the Role of the Historian ... 1 A Mirror Image of Sigmund Skard? Paul Knaplund and the Role of the Historian between European and American Cultures Richard Cole 1. Introduction 1 Paul Knaplund (1885-1962), long -time Professor of History and Chair at the University of Wisconsin, was one of the great and famous scholars of the British Empire. Yet, a significant amount of his time and energy as a scholar was devoted to historical issues in Norway and to Scandinavian immigrant culture in the US Midwest. This article consider’s Knaplund’s Norwegian background and his role as cultural intermediary between Norway and the United States. Knaplund was not alone in this endeavour. During his tenure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), the school became one of the main centers in the United States for Scandinavian Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Forcible Entry and the German Invasion of Norway, 1940
    FORCIBLE ENTRY AND THE GERMAN INVASION OF NORWAY, 1940 A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ARTS AND SCIENCES Strategy by MICHAEL W. RICHARDSON, MAJ, USA B.S., University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 1989 B.S., University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 1989 M.S.B.A., Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 1996 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2001 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. i MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: MAJ Michael W. Richardson Thesis Title: Forcible Entry and the German Invasion of Norway, 1940 Approved by: _______________________________________, Thesis Committee Chairman Marvin L. Meek, M.S., M.M.A.S. _______________________________________, Member Justin L.C. Eldridge, M.A., M.S.S.I. _______________________________________, Member Christopher R. Gabel, Ph.D. Accepted this 1st day of June 2001 by: _______________________________________, Director, Graduate Degree Programs Philip J. Brookes, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) 1 i 1 i 1 ABSTRACT FORCIBLE ENTRY AND THE GERMAN INVASION OF NORWAY, 1940, by MAJ Michael W. Richardson, 106 pages. The air-sea-land forcible entry of Norway in 1940 utilized German operational innovation and boldness to secure victory. The Germans clearly met, and understood, the conditions that were necessary to achieve victory.
    [Show full text]
  • Rowland Kenney and British Propaganda in Norway: 1916-1942
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository ROWLAND KENNEY AND BRITISH PROPAGANDA IN NORWAY: 1916-1942 Paul Magnus Hjertvik Buvarp A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2016 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8647 This item is protected by original copyright Rowland Kenney and British Propaganda in Norway: 1916-1942 Paul Magnus Hjertvik Buvarp This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 18 September 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, ……, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately ….. words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in [month, year] and as a candidate for the degree of …..…. in [month, year]; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between [year] and [year]. (If you received assistance in writing from anyone other than your supervisor/s): I, …..., received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of [language, grammar, spelling or syntax], which was provided by …… Date …… signature of candidate ……… 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesis Doctoral Año 2016
    TESIS DOCTORAL AÑO 2016 EL PREMIO NOBEL DE LA PAZ EN EL CONTEXTO DE LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES 1901-2015 EUGENIO HERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA LICENCIADO EN DERECHO DOCTORADO UNIÓN EUROPEA DIRECTOR: JAVIER ALVARADO PLANAS I TABLA DE CONTENIDO Introducción. ...................................................................................................................... 1 Alfred Nobel: sus relaciones con la física, la química, LA fisiología o la medicina, la literatura y el pacifismo ...................................................................................................... 4 Alfred Nobel: la física y la química .................................................................................................. 6 Nobel y la medicina ........................................................................................................................ 6 Nobel y la literatura ........................................................................................................................ 7 Nobel y la paz .................................................................................................................................. 8 Nobel filántropo ............................................................................................................................. 9 Nobel y España ............................................................................................................................. 10 El testamento y algunas vicisitudes hacía los premios ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rowland Kenney and British Propaganda in Norway: 1916-1942
    ROWLAND KENNEY AND BRITISH PROPAGANDA IN NORWAY: 1916-1942 Paul Magnus Hjertvik Buvarp A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2016 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8647 This item is protected by original copyright Rowland Kenney and British Propaganda in Norway: 1916-1942 Paul Magnus Hjertvik Buvarp This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 18 September 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, ……, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately ….. words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in [month, year] and as a candidate for the degree of …..…. in [month, year]; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between [year] and [year]. (If you received assistance in writing from anyone other than your supervisor/s): I, …..., received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of [language, grammar, spelling or syntax], which was provided by …… Date …… signature of candidate ……… 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of ……… in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • En Norsk FN-Visjon?
    En norsk FN-visjon? Norske forestillinger og opinionsdannelse om organiseringen av en fredelig verden 1941-1955 Anette Wilhelmsen Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH) Universitetet i Oslo Våren 2008 ii En norsk FN-visjon? Norske forestillinger og opinionsdannelse om organiseringen av en fredelig verden 1941-1955 Anette Wilhelmsen Masteroppgave i historie IAKH UiO Våren 2008 iii FORORD Denne oppgaven har tatt mye tid og krefter de nesten to årene som har gått siden jeg startet, men det har vært utrolig artig. Mange mennesker skal ha takk for at oppgaven har fått sitt endelige resultat. Først og fremst vil jeg takke mine to veiledere Helge Ø. Pharo og Hanne Hagtvedt Vik for mange inspirerende veiledninger og samtaler. Dere har gitt god og solid veiledning, raske tilbakemeldinger og bidratt til at oppgaven har blitt stadig mer omfattende. Jeg vil også takke miljøet rundt Forum for samtidshistories fredstankeprosjekt for seminarer i regi av doktorgradstipendiatene. De regelmessige kollokviene med Astrid, Ingrid, Ingrid, Johanne og Therese har også i stor grad bidratt med gode innspill på kapittelutkast underveis. Ikke minst har dere bidratt med oppmuntring i tider når oppgaven har virket frustrerende. Min mor, Trine Suphammer, har også i stor grad bidratt med korrektur underveis. Jeg vil også benytte anledningen til å takke Anders Buraas og Gunnar Garbo som stilte opp til intervju. Personalet ved Nobelinstituttets bibliotek, FN-sambandets bibliotek, Nasjonalbiblioteket, Arbeiderbevegelsens Arkiv og Bibliotek og Riksarkivet må også takkes for rask og bra service. Takk til mamma, pappa og venner som har sørget for at jeg fortsatt vet at det finnes en verden utenfor arbeidet med masteroppgaven.
    [Show full text]
  • Helsides Faksutskrift
    Forsvarsstudier 111993 Foreign policy and national identity The Norwegian integrity treaty 1907-24 Patrick Salmon Foreword! It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the rmancial support and the hospitality offered by the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies and iL~ director. Professor Olav Riste. to enable me to undertake this study. Additional support was provided by the Small Grants Research Sub-Committee of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Herr E.-W. Nonnan of Utenriksdeparte­ mentets arkiv. Herr Bj~m R~nning of Stortingets arkiv. Frau Dr Maria Kei pert of the Politisches Archiv des Auswartigen Amts. Bonn. and the staff of the Public Record Office in London all provided invaluable assistance in making available the archival material in their care. I am grateful for the generous help and advice given by Roald Berg, Sven Holts­ mark and Tom Kristiansen, and in particular by Olav Riste. who made many constructive comments on an earlier draft. as well as correcting my translations from the Norwegian. Newcastle upon Tyne May 1992 Contents Introduction 7 The Norwegian integrity treaty of 1907 9 The treaty after the First World War ... 15 The making of Norwegian foreign policy 18 Norway's first attempt to abrogate the integrity treaty 1920-22 ..... 24 French, British .md German reactions to the Norwegian proposal .... 30 The problem of the Soviet Union 35 Exchanges with the signatory powers: second phase 1923-24 ........... 42 British and French responses, February - March 1923 .... 43 Norway adopts the French proposal 45 Between the Soviets and the Western powers 47 The end of the integrity treaty 51 Norway's de jure recognition of the Soviet Union 52 Conclusion 54 Appendix: 59 Abbreviations 62 Notes ....
    [Show full text]
  • VICTOR SPARRE, Born in 1919, Was Brought up in Bergen, Where His Father Was City Librarian
    VICTOR SPARRE, born in 1919, was brought up in Bergen, where his father was city librarian. Later he studied art in Oslo. In 1940, during the German invasion of Norway, he served as a pri vate soldier and was wounded. He was afterwards active in the Resistance. In 1955, he won a national competition for designs to replace the windows, merely modern copies, of the mediaeval Stavanger Cathedral. There followed more than twenty commissions for stained-glass windows for Norwegian churches, including the so-called 'Arctic Cathe dral' in Tromso, where his window is one of the largest works in stained glass of this century. Meanwhile, he has been a prolific painter, with major works in the Norwegian National Gallery and many other art collections throughout Norway. He is also well known as a journalist and broad caster, whilst during the last few years his inde fatigable campaigning for human rights has helped to make his name a household word in his own country. The Flame in the Darkness The Russian Human Rights Struggle— as I have seen it VICTOR SPARRE Translated from the Norwegian by Alwyn and Dermot M'^Kay Foreword by Vladimir Maximov 0 GROSVENOR LONDON • MELBOURNE • WELLINGTON TRANSLATORS' NOTE Most of this book is translated from fresh material supplied by the author. Some passages are drawn from the author's earlier book Stenene skal rope (Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1974). First published March 1979 This edition published 1980 by Grosvenor Books 54 Lyford Road, London SW18 3JJ 21 Dorcas Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia PO Box
    [Show full text]
  • Gudserkjennelse Og Selverkjennelse I Kierkegaards Teologi, Med Utgangspunkt I Filosofiske Smuler Og Sykdommen Til Døden
    Å søke det ukjente: Gudserkjennelse og selverkjennelse i Kierkegaards teologi, med utgangspunkt i Filosofiske Smuler og Sykdommen til døden. Preben Axel Hodt VID vitenskapelige høgskole Misjonshøyskolen Masteroppgave Master i teologi Antall ord: 26635 18.12.2018 Opphavsrettigheter Forfatteren har opphavsrettighetene til rapporten. Nedlasting for privat bruk er tillatt. II III Forord Å skrive er en skapende prosess. Det er på ingen måte skapelse ex nihilo, men det er et skapende arbeid i den forstand at man skaper orden ut av kaos. Denne høsten har vært preget av adskillig mer kaos enn orden, og kanskje er det nettopp sånn det skal være når man jobber med Søren Kierkegaards tekster. Kierkegaard hevder at det er nok av dem som vil gjøre livet enkelt for folk - hans oppgave er å skape vanskeligheter.1 Og det har han klart. Denne oppgaven har ikke blitt til i isolasjon. Det er derfor noen personer jeg vil takke: Først vil jeg takke min veileder Knut Alfsvåg for kreative, engasjerende og hyggelige veiledninger. Jeg fikk høre at det er viktig med en god veileder, og jeg tok det rådet såpass alvorlig at jeg byttet studiested for å få Knut til veileder – jeg har ikke angret. Heller ikke du har gjort livet lettere for meg. Det oppleves tidlig i prosessen som at du kastet meg ut på åpent hav og sa «svøm», og det er jeg glad for. Jeg er også glad for de livbøyer du har kastet ut underveis. Takk til Ragnar Misje Bergem for uvurderlige samtaler og gjennomlesning av tekst. Du har pekt på problemer og stimulert til videre tenkning – en sann sokratisk fødselshjelp for tanken.
    [Show full text]
  • STATE LIBRARY Usivsarck, ND 58505 Steeples Rise on the Prairies
    * ^ *# Hi B .STATE LIBRARY USiVSARCK, ND 58505 Steeples Rise on the Prairies CHAPTERS FROM THE HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN NORTH DAKOTA By Martha Reishus rhe North Dakota District History Editorial Board—Harold B. Kildahl, Jr., Chairman; D. Leonard Orvedal; Mrs. H. A. Fischer; Rev. John Rotto; Miss Viola M. Bohn; ?ev. O. E. Dolven; Rev. K. O. G|ernes; Norman Brunsdal. North Dakota District The Evangelical Lutheran Church 1324 Third Avenue South, Fargo, North Dakota North Dakot* St»t« tihrxrv tinman Books by Martha Reishus THE BUILDERS THE RAG RUG HEARTS AND HANDS UPLIFTED STEEPLES RISE ON THE PRAIRIE Dedication For our forebears in the faith whose foot­ steps marked the Westward way toward which their hearts were bent; whose faith in God was certified by steeples raised where'er they went; for Christian men and women of years now long since spent, we give thanks to Him from whom all blessings flow. To the memory of pastors and people, the known and the unknown, who planted the church on the broad prairies of North Dakota, we dedicate this book. cp^l-^-r/tf /^U^C+^S^-• Foreword There are about five hundred congregations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, which are active in North Dakota today. Five hundred steeples rise over city, town and country. Each steeple represents a flock of God, which gathers for worship and Christian fellowship from Sunday to Sunday. Besides these steeples, there are many others where the work has been discontinued. In most cases, this has hap­ pened because families have moved away from the old farm community.
    [Show full text]
  • “Fram Fra Skjoldets Skygge”
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives “Fram fra skjoldets skygge” Norsk arbeid med kulturrelasjonar overfor utlandet 1945-1973 Ragnhild Eitungjerde Høyvik Masteroppgåve i historie ved Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur- og religionsvitskap UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN Våren 2014 II © Ragnhild Eitungjerde Høyvik 2014 “Fram fra skjoldets skygge” - Norsk arbeid med kulturrelasjonar overfor utlandet 1945-1973 Ragnhild Eitungjerde Høyvik http://bora.uib.no/ III Samandrag Temaet i denne oppgåva er opprettinga av ein norsk institusjon for å fremje norsk kultur og samfunnsliv i utlandet og forvalte Noreg sine kulturelle relasjonar med omverda. Det kontekstuelle bakteppet var avslutninga på to verdskrigar etterfølgd av ein ”kald krig” mellom to antagonistiske supermakter. Under desse omstenda var det ei oppfatning av at meir kunnskap om kvarandre kunne føre til auka forståing og tillit landa i mellom. Oppgåva viser at motivasjonen for å etablere denne institusjonen mellom anna baserte seg på førestillingar om at Noreg hadde særskilte føresetnader for å skape mellomfolkeleg forståing i det internasjonale samkvemmet. Det blir også undersøkt korleis arbeidet med kulturelle relasjonar med utlandet tok til og korleis ein ønskte å organisere dette. Frå visjonar om eit institutt delvis finansiert av det private næringslivet, enda ein i 1950 opp med eit heilstatleg kontor: Kontoret for kulturelt samkvem med utlandet. Dette kontoret, og den verksemda det dreiv, står sentralt i heile oppgåva. Oppgåva kartlegg såleis kva dette kontoret faktisk hadde som verksemd og kva ein ville oppnå med det. Ein viktig del av verksemda var å forvalte internasjonale og bilaterale kulturavtalar med land både aust og vest for jernteppet.
    [Show full text]
  • Neoklassisisme Og Modernisme I Norsk Etterkrigsmusikk
    NEOKLASSISISME OG MODERNISME I NORSK ETTERKRIGSMUSIKK - en fordypning i verk av Edvard Fliflet Bræin og Egil Hovland Astrid Giæver Marvik Våren 2012 Mastergradsstudiet i anvendt musikkteori, studieretning musikkhistorie ii Forord Denne masteroppgaven tar sikte på å belyse norsk klassisk musikk. I Norge var 1950–60- årene viktige år for utviklingen i norsk musikkliv, selv om mye av den musikken som da ble skapt, er glemt og i liten grad blir fremført i dag. Oppgaven vil ta utgangspunkt i begrepene neoklassisisme og modernisme. Videre vil oppgavens fordypning være analyser av verk av Edvard Fliflet Bræin og Egil Hovland. Jeg ønsker å se på verkene som selvstendige kunst- verk, på samme tid som musikken vil plasseres i en historisk kontekst. Gjennom å belyse komponistenes komposisjonsteknikk og estetiske holdninger i de utvalgte verkene, er det et ønske at oppgaven vil bidra til økt innsikt i norsk musikkhistorisk utvikling. Min interesse og nysgjerrighet for norsk musikkhistorie, bunner i at dette var et lite omtalt tema både på musikklinja på videregående skole og på bachelorstudiet i faglærer i musikk (fordypning i klassisk klarinett), om man ser bort fra de største komponistene. I løpet av vide- reutdanningen i anvendt musikkteori hadde vi flere forelesninger som omhandlet norsk musikkhistorie, noe som gjorde meg mer oppmerksom på norsk klassisk musikk. Oppgavens emne springer også ut fra et ønske om å fordype meg i noen av hovedretningene i den klassis- ke musikkens utvikling i det 20. århundre. Først og fremst vil jeg rette en stor takk til min veileder, Elef Nesheim, for faglig dyktighet og god støtte og oppfølging gjennom hele prosessen.
    [Show full text]