Ubuntu Linux Ti­Čno Svi­ Delovi­ Operativ­Nog Sis­Tema I­Zu­Zev Ker­ Kako Je Popu­Larnost GNU/Linux‑A Rasla, Nela

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Ubuntu Linux Ti­Čno Svi­ Delovi­ Operativ­Nog Sis­Tema I­Zu­Zev Ker­ Kako Je Popu­Larnost GNU/Linux‑A Rasla, Nela SPECIJALNI DODATAK #128 decembar 2006 Ubun­tu Li­n­ux i­n­stalaci­ja, kori­šćen­je, pri­men­a Ivan­ Jeli­ć PC SPECIJALNI DODATAK ako je već du­go pri­su­tan na ITe sc ni­, stveni­m projekti­ma. Zajedni­ca se us­koro našla I GNU/Linux operativ­ni­ sis­tem (zašto je pred raspadom dok je Stallman odbi­o da radi­ ovo pravi­lan an zi­v proči­tajte u­ narednom po­ na softveru­ koji­ bi­ bi­o neči­je vlasni­štvoi­ koji­ ko­ glavlju­) u­ poslednji­h nekoli­ko og di­na poči­nje ri­sni­ci­ma nei­ b pru­žao pravo na deljenje i­ pri­la­ da se probi­jai­ na trži­štu­ radni­h stani­cai­ desktop gođavanje. Krajem 1983. je najavi­o pokretanje raču­nara. Kvali­tet proveren tokom godi­na obi­­ sopstvenog projekta, a početkom sledeće godi­­ tavanja na serverskom trži­štu­ u­ ne je napus­ti­o MIT i­ pot­ kombi­naci­ji­ sa mogu­ćnosti­ma ko­ pu­no se posveti­o stvaranju­ je pru­ža ok ri­sni­ci­ma, oa k je pro­ slobodnog operativ­nog si­s­ is­ti­ču­ i­z njegove otvorene i­ slo­ tema pod nazi­vom GNU. bodne pri­rode, omogu­ći­o je da Su­šti­nski­ pri­nci­pi­ na ovaj operativ­ni­ sis­tem zajedno sa koji­ma je RMS i­nsis­ti­rao masom apli­kaci­ja razni­h name­ ti­cali­ su­ se onoga što da­ na postane opci­ja vredna razma­ nas nazi­vamo softverski­m tranja. Pored toga što su­ GNU/ slobodama. Softver bi­ tre­ Linux i­ scena slobodnog softve­ balo da bu­de slobodan za ra generalno vrlo di­nami­čni­, pre u­potrebu­, pri­lagođavanje, nešto vi­še od dve og di­ne se poja­ Ri­chard Stallman­ modi­fi­kaci­ju­ i­ redis­tri­bu­ci­­ vi­la dis­tri­bu­ci­jao k ja je napravi­­ ju­, jer je Stallman smatrao la pravu­ pometnju­ među­ pretendenti­ma za sta­ da je us­kraći­vanje pomenu­ti­h sloboda neeti­čko tu­s najpopu­larni­je. Bazi­ran naDebian dis­tri­bu­­ i­ štetno po razvoj zajedni­ce. U skladu­ sa ovi­m ci­ji­, Ubuntu je nasledi­o sve njegove kvali­tete i­ pri­nci­pi­ma, operativ­ni­ sis­tem GNU (reku­rziv­ni­ vrlo brzo dospeo na tron kada je popu­larnost akroni­m za GNU’s Not Unix) je trebalo razvi­ti­ u­ pi­tanju­. Takav trend je nastavljen i­ do danas, tako da bu­de kompati­bi­lan sa Unix­om. Sa ti­m a nova verzi­ja sa oznakom 6.10 i­ kodni­m i­me­ ci­ljem je og di­nu­ kasni­je osnovana i­ Fondaci­ja nom Edgy Eft predstavlja nastavak pu­ta ok ji­m za slobodni­ softver (Free Software Foundation) je Ubuntu krenu­o još od prvog i­zdanja. koja je obezbeđi­vala formalno­pravni­ okvi­r za fu­nkci­oni­sanje GNU projekta. Krajem osamde­ Od ide­je­ do cilja seti­h je objavljena i­ prva verzi­ja GNU GPL li­cen­ Ono što veći­na kori­sni­ka raču­nara danas ce (GNU General Public Licence), koja je pru­ža­ nazi­va Linux­om u­ stvari­ predstavlja komplek­ la pravnu­ zašti­tu­ projekti­ma slobodnog softve­ snu­ celi­nu­ sastavljenu­ i­z mnoštva delova koji­ ra. GNU GPL, kao i­ li­cence koje su­ mu­ pretho­ fu­nkci­oni­šu­ zajedno. Cela i­deja, zahvalju­ju­ći­ ko­ di­le, posedu­je pravni­ mehani­zam za zašti­tu­ pra­ joj su­ se Linux kao kernel ali­ i­ kompletan GNU/ va na redis­tri­bu­ci­ju­ i­ modi­fi­kaci­ju­ softvera na­ Linux operativ­ni­ sis­tem razvi­li­ u­ ono što danas zvan Copyleft. Dru­gi­m reči­ma, radi­ se o pravi­­ predstavljaju­, rođena je pre nešto vi­še od dva­ lu­ koje podrazu­meva da modi­fi­kovane verzi­je deset godi­na. Richard Stallman, ali­as RMS, je softvera moraju­ bi­ti­ redis­tri­bu­i­rane pod is­ti­m tokom sedamdeseti­h i­ početkom osamdeseti­h u­slovi­ma kaoi­ verzi­ja nad ok jom je vršena mo­ godi­na prošlog veka radi­o u­ MIT­ovoj labora­ di­fi­kaci­ja. Na taj nači­n je osi­gu­rano da softver tori­ji­ za veštačku­ i­nteli­genci­ju­ kao član haker­ ostane slobodan. ske zajedni­ce ok ja je tada tamo postojala i­ radi­­ Pošto je GNU zami­šljen po u­gledu­ na la na razni­m projekti­ma. No, početkom osam­ Unix, koji­ je pak vlasni­čki­ softver, ni­je bi­lo mo­ deseti­h su­ članovi­ ti­ma u­ kojem je RMS radi­o gu­će koris­ti­ti­ njegove delove, već su­ oni­ morali­ počeli­ da se su­očavaju­ sa ograni­čenji­ma ok ja su­ bi­ti­ napi­sani­ od nu­le (kompajler, debugger, bi­bli­­ i­m onemogu­ćavala pri­lagođavanje softvera sop­ oteke...). Do kraja osamdeseti­h završeni­ su­ prak­ 2 PC decembar 2006 Ubuntu Linux ti­čno svi­ delovi­ operativ­nog sis­tema i­zu­zev ker­ Kako je popu­larnost GNU/Linux­a rasla, nela. Programeri­ koji­ su­ radi­li­ na projektu­ su­ se sve vi­še an menski­h apli­kaci­ja je postajalo fu­n­ odlu­či­li­ za napredan di­zajn kernela (mi­kroker­ kci­onalno, i­ neke kompani­je u­s u­vi­dele da je nel), što se pokazalo kao loš potez pošto njegov otvoreni­ model razvoja daleko bolja vari­janta razvoj ni­je et kao dovoljno brzo. Na sreću­, 1991. za nji­h, pa je Netscape otvori­o svoj softverski­ pa­ godi­ne je fi­nski­ stu­dentLinus Torvalds započeo ket i­z kog je nastao projekat Mozilla, dok je naj­ rad na kernelu­ Linux, i­nspi­ri­sanMinix ­om, de­ moćni­ji­ FLOSS (skraćeni­ca zaFree/Liber/Open - lom njegovog profesora. Tor- source softver) kancelarij­ski­ paket valds se, u­prkos ev li­ki­m protiv­lje­ OpenOffice.org nastao na temelji­­ nji­ma, odlu­či­o za jednostavni­ji­ ma SUN­ovog StarOffice­a. di­zajn (monoli­ti­čki­ kernel) pa se Linux vrlo brzo razvi­jao. Ti­me je Ubun­tu! omogu­ćeno da se kernel u­ GNU Ukoli­ko bi­smo aan li­ti­čki­ po­ sis­temu­ dopu­ni­ Linux­om kako smatrali­ novi­ju­ GNU/Linux is­tori­­ bi­ slobodni­ Unix­oli­ki­ operativ­ni­ ju­, u­oči­li­ bi­smo dva ef nomena ko­ sis­tem postao fu­nkci­onalan. ja će u­ veli­koj em ri­ u­smeri­ti­ nje­ Iako može zvu­čati­ jednostavno, povezi­­ gov dalji­ razvoj. Jedan je svakako veli­ki­ u­pli­v IT vanje pomi­njani­h komponenata u­ celi­nu­ ni­je gi­ganata u­ FLOSS vode, u­ čemu­ prednjače No- lak posao. Pojedi­nci­, gru­pei­ li­ kompani­je u­s za­ vell, koji­ je ku­pi­o nemački­ SuSE Linux, i­ IBM ko­ poči­njali­ projekte koji­ su­ za ci­lj i­mali­ is­poru­či­va­ ji­ na sva vrata i­mplementi­ra i­ promovi­še GNU/ nje fu­nkci­onalnog sis­tema zasnovanog na Linux Linux (nekada su­ kru­ži­le i­ glasi­ne o pokretanju­ kernelu­ i­ GNU softveru­ (otu­dai­ GNU/Linux na­ IBM­ove dis­tri­bu­ci­je).Google je takođe vrlo ak­ zi­v) pa su­ vrlo brzo nakon objavlji­vanja Linux­a ti­van kada je podrška za Linux u­ pi­tanju­, a u­ jav­ počele da se pojavlju­ju­ prve dis­tri­bu­ci­je.i­ Sm ­ nost je procu­rela i­nformaci­ja da se u­ njegovi­m sao dis­tri­bu­ci­ja se do danas ni­je promeni­o i­ one kancelari­jama koris­ti­ u­pravo ovaj OS, što govo­ predstavljaju­ slobodni­ softver objedi­njenu­ fu­n­ ri­ o smeru­ u­ kojem se Google kreće. Kako se na kci­onalnu­ celi­nu­ pod određeni­m i­menom. Naj­ Mreži­ može saznati­, dis­tri­bu­ci­jao k ju­ Google i­n­ stari­je danas aktiv­ne dis­tri­bu­ci­jeu­ s Slackware i­ terno koris­ti­ se zove Goobuntu, a to nas dovodi­ Debian. U prvoj polovi­ni­ devedeseti­h su­ osno­ do dru­gog ef nomena koji­ je u­zbu­rkao globalne vane i­ prve kompani­je ok je su­ ostvari­vale profi­t IT tokove – Ubuntu dis­tri­bu­ci­je. na slobodnom softveru­, kao što su­ Cygnus, VA Ubuntu je GNU/Linux dis­tri­bu­ci­ja zasnova­ Systems i­ Red Hat. Pojam free software se u­ en­ na na Debian­u­, koji­ je odu­vek važi­o za si­noni­m gleskom jezi­ku­ može protu­mači­ti­ u­ kontekstu­ stabil­nosti­ i­ brzi­ne. Problem je što Debian i­nsi­s­ cene, što i­pak ni­je tačno. Srpski­ jezi­k, na sreću­, ti­ra na vrlo vi­sokom kri­teri­ju­mu­ stabil­nosti­ koji­ nema ti­h problema, mada srećemo i­zjednačava­ softver mora is­pu­ni­ti­ da bi­ postao deo stabil­ne nje slobodnog softvera sa besplatni­m i­ako slo­ verzi­je dis­tri­bu­ci­je.a T kav pri­nci­p je u­slovljavao bodni­ softver može i­mati­ cenu­! Čak i­ Stallman u­klju­či­vanje zastareli­h verzi­ja programa u­ dis­tri­­ u­ GNU mani­festu­ pomi­nje nači­ne za zarađi­va­ bu­ci­ju­, što za veći­nu­ kori­sni­ka ni­je pri­hvatlji­vo nje novca na slobodnom softveru­.
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