William Butler Yeats :A TRULY an IRISH REPRESENTATIVE POET

Home , A Prayer for My Daughter, In the Seven Woods, September 1913 (poem), The Countess Cathleen, The Rose Tree (poem), The Second Coming (poem)

Dr. Chandrashekhar Ashok Dawane 1 , Mrs. Bhandwalkar Manjusha H. 2

Department of English Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya (Autonomous),Latur [Maharashtra].

ABSTRACT at publicizing the literature, legends and folklore of Ireland. Primarily a poet and playwright, his most William Butler Yeats is widely considered to be successful early work was the collection of poems one of the greatest poets of the 20th century. He The Wanderings of Oisin (1889). Under the belonged to the Protestant, Anglo-Irish minority influence of O’Leary and Maud Gonne (to whom that had controlled the economic, political, social, he had become emotionally attached), Yeats and cultural life of Ireland since at least the end of became involved with republicanism in the course the 17th century. Most members of this minority of the 1890s. He took part in a number of the considered themselves English people who republican campaigns of the time; for instance, in happened to have been born in Ireland, but Yeats 1897 he joined in the opposition to the celebration was staunch in affirming his Irish nationality. of Queen Victoria’s jubilee in Ireland, and the Yeats maintained his cultural roots, featuring Irish following year he helped in organizing the legends and heroes in many of his poems and commemoration of the 1798 Rising. Also in the plays. In this paper we cover how Yeats to devote 1890s, he worked with Lady Gregory and Edward himself to Irish subjects, writing poems through Martyn to establish a distinctively Irish national different themes ,forms and structure. theatre, their efforts culminating in the Irish KEYWORDS: W.B.Yeats, Irish form poems. Literary Theatre (1898)[3]. He wrote a number of plays for the new theatre, most notably Cathleen ni I. INTRODUCTION: Houlihan (1902) and On Baile’s Strand, both of which were staged on the opening night of the William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) was born in Abbey Theatre on 27 December 1904. Much of Sandy mount Avenue in Dublin, the son of John Yeats’ work could be interpreted as promoting the Butler Yeats, who afterwards became a ideal of an independent republic free from the taint distinguished painter. Much of his childhood was of Anglicization, Cathleen ni Houlihan being his spent in Co. Sligo with his mother’s family where most overtly republican work. he developed a lifelong interest in country people and the rural way of life. II. YEATS WORK: He was educated in London and at the High School in Dublin, later studying art at the Metropolitan Yeats’ writings began to be published in School of Art and the Royal Hibernian Academy newspapers and journals. His first work, an epic School. Turning to literature and writing, Yeats poem, The Wanderings of Oisín, was published in came under the influence of the former Fenian 1887. It was written in the form of a dialogue John O’Leary and Standish James O’Grady; they between St. Patrick and Oisín, the ancient Irish directed him to native Irish literature and tradition hero. Yeats was immediately recognised as a as suitable sources for literary inspiration[1]. In significant poet. 1882 together with O’Leary and Douglas Hyde he A. Major Influences Inspired : founded the National Literary Society which aimed

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At a young age he was reading Dante Fiction Alighieri, William Shakespeare, John Donne and • The Celtic Twilight the works of William Blake and Percy Bysshe Non-Fiction Shelley, recommended by his father and inspiration • Four Years for his own creativity[4]. Greatest influences were Plays probably Irish poets Standish James O’Grady and Sir William Ferguson . • The Countess Cathleen • The Hour Glass B. Writing Style : • The Land Of Heart's Desire Short Stories As a patriot, he spoke out about the severe • Of Costello the Proud Nationalist policies of the time Early works of • Out of the Rose , Rosa Alchemica ,Stories of drama show his love for Irish legends, history, and Red Hanrahan myths Later plays are more poetic and • Synge And The Ireland Of His Time experimental Wrote poetry about nature and his • The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows homeland, Ireland Wrote poetry, plays, short- • The Heart of the Spring , The Old Men of the stories, non-fiction, and fiction[2]. Twilight • Where There is Nothing, There is God C. Some Writings: Poetry • Aedh Wishes For The Clothes Of Heaven Yeats’ works draw heavily on Irish mythology and • Against Unworthy Praise , Baile And Aillinn , history. He never fully embraced his Protestant Broken Dreams past nor joined the majority of Ireland’s Roman • A Prayer For My Daughter ,Easter, 1916 Catholics but he devoted much of his life to study • He Wishes For The Cloths Of Heaven ,Her in myriad other subjects including theosophy, Praise mysticism, spiritualism, and the Kabbalah. He • In the Seven Woods, King And No King,Lapis Lazuli found his voice to speak out against the harsh • Leda And The Swan ,No Second Troy ,O Do Nationalist policies of the time[2]. His early Not Love Too Long, Politics , Sailing to dramatic works convey his respect for Irish legend Byzantium , Swift's Epitaph and fascination with the occult, while his later • The Arrow , The Black Tower, The Crucifixion Of The Outcast plays take on a more poetical and experimental • The Dolls , The Everlasting Voices , The Fish aspect: Japanese Noh plays and modernism being The Harp of Aengu, The Host Of The Air major influences. While his works explore the ,The Hosting Of The Sidhe greater themes of life in contrast to art, and finding • The Lake Isle Of Innisfree ,The Lover Tells beauty in the mundane, he also produced many Of The Rose In His Heart works of an intimate quality[1]. • The Mask , The Moods ,The Old Age Of Queen Maeve ,The Rose Tree • The Second Coming, The Secret Rose,The Seven Sages,The Shadowy Waters • The Song of the Happy Shepherd ,The Stolen Child,The Three Beggars • The Tower , The Two Trees, The Wheel , The Wild Swans At Coole • The Wisdom Of The King , To A Young Beauty ,To A Young Girl • To The Rose Upon The Rood Of Time ,Towards Break Of Day • What Was Lost, When You Are Old

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III. THE ABEY THEATRE AND The mythology of Ireland left the Irish imagination BEYOND : for the young Yeats a fascination which Greek and Roman mythologies had for the poets of the In 1894 Yeats met friend and patron Lady Augusta Renaissance. Following are themes of his Gregory (1852-1932) of Coole Park and thus began poems[3]. their involvement with The Irish Literary Theatre which was founded in 1899 in Dublin. (It would • Faith : in the beauty and eternity of art. become the Abbey Theatre in 1904). As its chief playwright, one of the first plays to be performed • The relationship between the poet and there was Yeats’ Cathleen ni Houlihan, with Gonne the Irish people and tradition. in the title role[9]. The Abbey Theatre, also known • Death : unlike an animal, which simply as the National Theatre of Ireland, opened in dies, man dies many times before his December of 1904 and became the flagship for death. leading Irish playwrights and actors. Yeats’ On Baile’s Strand was one of its first productions. Of • The heroic individual : loneliness his many dramatic and successful works to characterizes his heroes because their follow, The Countess Cathleen (1892), The Land superior qualities distinguish them from of Heart’s Desire (1894) and The King’s the common man. Threshold (1904) are among his best known. When Synge died in 1909 Yeats helped to finish his SR.NO. POEM CONTEXT manuscript for Deirdre of the Sorrows. In 1911 the Abbey Theatre embarked on a tour of the United 1. The  Written after World States[7]. Second War I, at a time of Coming change As a successful poet and playwright now, in 1903  Yeats Philosophy of Yeats went on his first lecture tour of the United Irish History States, and again in 1914, 1920, and 1932. Yeats  Changing of the old and his sisters started the Cuala Press in 1904, Irish Civilization which would print over seventy titles by such  The birth of New authors as Ezra Pound, Rabindranath Tagore, Irish Civilization Elizabeth Bowen, Jack and John Yeats, and Patrick  His disappointment Kavanagh, before it closed in 1946. At the age of towards his society And Using of Irish forty-six, in 1911, Yeats met Georgie (George) Myths and Phrases Hyde Lees (1892-1968) and they married on 20 (Widening gyre, October, 1917. They had two children; Anne (born Ceremony of 1919) and for whom he wrote “A Prayer for My Innocence, Sprit us Daughter”[9]. Mundi, a shape with lion body and the IV. RELATED WORK: POEMS OF head of a man etc.) YEATS WHICH SHOWS IRISH MYTHOLOGY AND HISTORY : 2. Sailing To  A myth originating Byzantium from the Old He was a member of the Irish Senate from 1922 to Testament, a group 1928. In 1923 December he was the first Irish of men built a grand author to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. tower but God destroyed it and Myth and history form an integral part of Yeats' divided the people. poetry. He made Irish legends and history a source Using this idea of inspiration for his earlier poems in particular. JETIR1906U05 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 782

Yeats could be pregnant with Helen referencing to the of Troy. destruction caused  Yeats uses the story by the First World to symbolise War. England‘s  Yeats’ searching for boisterous control ideal Ireland over Ireland  His Philosophy of 5. The  The Fisherman is Irish Culture Fisherman about Yeats scorn  Use of different for the public and phrases related to their disrespect of art and painting of art. Ireland ( Un ageing  Yeats longs for an Intellect, God’s ideal Ireland of a Holy fire, Golden time long passed, a Bough, Paltry thing perfect Ireland, a etc) perfect audience, and a perfect man 3. Easter1916  A freedom fighter which the who dedicated her Fisherman is the life to ending embodiment. British government 6. An Irish  Set in World War I in Ireland. Airman  Yeats wrote this as  Maud gonne was a Foresees an elegy to Major beautiful lady in her His Death Robert Gregory: the young age but now son of Lady defeated. Gregory (one of  Maud gonne’s Yeats‘ best friends) husband: a only who lived in drunken vain Kiltartan glorious lout. 7. September  the troubles witnessed  Poet’s meaningless 1913 in Ireland, particularly talking with some the Dublin Lockout of persons who died in 1913 where the city the movement of was ultimately divided. ‘Easter1916’. 8. Under Ben  He prepared for his Bulben own death and accepts  John Mac Bride that all things had done most bitter including his own life wrong to some come to end. people who were near to his heart.  All changed, Yeats changes his treatment of Irish concerns changed utterly, a throughout his life and these changes are reflected terrible beauty is in his poetry. Three poems that reflect these born. changes are 'September 1913', 'Easter 1916' and

'Under Ben Bulben'. These poems show a 4. Leda And  Loosely based on transpositions in political thought. In 'September The Swan the mythological tale of Leda and the 1913' Yeats shows his aversion to democracy and Swan of a woman capitalism, and expresses his belief in an who is raped by aristocratic society preferably governed by elite Zeus and later falls Protestants, as they had supremacy over Catholics

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© 2019 JETIR June 2019, Volume 6, Issue 6 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) in his view . The events of the Rising initiated a metamorphosis in Yeats. 'Easter 1916' shows A freedom fighter who dedicated her life to ending British government in Ireland usually not supportive of violence as a political movement.

V. CONCLUSION:

Yeats poems symbol has a visionary dimension and AUTHOR INFORMATION: based it revelation. It has an effective role in shaping both the individual and the collective consciousness. It is not only a device he uses to present his themes. It is a theme in itself, in which truths are embodied, in all their complexity. it can 1. be easily said that the auto-biography of his own is Dr. Chandrashekhar Ashok Dawane Assistant vividly reflected in his poems. He expressed his Professor ,Department of English Nationalism through a passionate desire to revive the Irish literary tradition, and worked towards this Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya end by founding clubs and societies, and by setting (Autonomous),Latur up an Irish national theatre. We find almost all [Maharashtra] cultures and tradition as well as history of Irish MA (English), B.Ed., M. Phil., Ph.D. Specialization: American Literature and Phonetics people in his poems. He was very much attracted to his own culture and history. Thats why he is considered as the National Poet of Ireland.

VI. REFRENCES: 2. Mrs. Bhandwalkar Manjusha Haribhau 1] Yeats, W. B. Nobel Lecture. December 15, Student: M.A.[English Second Year] 1923. Department of English www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1923/yeats- Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya lecture.html From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901- (Autonomous),Latur [Maharashtra] 1967.

2] Sharma, K.N. "The Salient Features of Yeats's Poetry." BachelorandMaster, 18 June 2017, bachelorandmaster.com/britishandamericanpoetry/t he-salient-features-of-yeats-poetry.html. 3] Famous Poems by Famous Poets "Cuchulain's Fight with The Sea" By W.B.Yeats, metrist Online. 4] Grade Saver: Poems of W. B. Yeats: The Rose- Study Guide. 5] "To Ireland In The Coming Times", W.B.Yeats. 6] Matthew Bell, "Yeats, Nationalism, and Myth". Internet Source. 7] https://www.gradesaver.com/poems-of-wb-yeats 8] W.B.YEATS, www.wikipedia.com 9] Google books accessed via,http://books.google.com (2016).

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