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8-1-1966 The dminia stration of the of the French Empire, 1809-1813 Frank J. Bundy University of Nebraska at Omaha

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Recommended Citation Bundy, Frank J., "The dminia stration of the Illyrian provinces of the French Empire, 1809-1813" (1966). Student Work. 401. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/401

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE A *v 4ftjl Jfi\vV 4LI5|l(>il-:|Sfi3i U* Jr AJfctSU' 1809 - 1813

4 f heals . Presented to the Department el History and the Faculty of-the Gollsge of Graduate Studies Ohlterslty of Omaha

In -Partial Fttlf llliaaxit of -the ■Eeqtiircmeafs fo r the Degree Master of Arts

hy Frank J, Bundy . w « August 1966 UMI Number: EP73039

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Graduate Gowmittee ..... / /; WSSS l PREFACE

The lliyrian Provinces are one of the most obscure and neglected areas of the Nap©leonic Empire. Although they are mentioned by almost every work dealing with the period of the First Empire ? few deal with them in depth. Because of this dearth of material:# an attempt has been made in com­ piling the bibliography to include all those works pertinent to a study of the history of the Illyrian Provinces. In order to deal with the-, history of the French administration of this * it was necessary to examine in some detail the various administrative systems which pre- ceded it* Many of the problems which the French were to face stemmed from these past systems; many of the reforms and at­ tempted reforms were developed in the province of , for nearly four years part of the Kingdom of . An ac­ count in depth of any one of the divisions of the adminis­ tration was impossible due to the prohibition by the French on copying or otherwise reproducing continuous rune of material in either the Archives Rationales or the Archives des Affaires Atrangeres* No attempt was made to give, a detailed treatment of Military * fully a study in itself# because* except at the highest level of admin­ istration# the French did nothing to alter the organisation and' administration of the frontier' regiments* leaving them a province apart* Ill order to avoid ambiguity of sources in the text and. bibliography* all unofficial collections of ’s ■correspondence have bean given#, wberever possible* with the supplemental title which incliides the name of the compiler* several of whom have published different ■collections of Napoleonic correspondence with similar titles* Due to the- adoption of Slavic place-names upon the creation of the King­ dom of Yugoa la via and- the establishment of 'the People’s Re** public of * many .of the place-names used in this study have disappeared from the map.* An attempt has been made to supply the modern name of all locations which have been referred to frequently in the text when the former name has been altered drastically* It should be noted "that when the definite article has been used to describe the decrees of 25 December IS §9 and 15 April ISll, this has been done to indicate that each of these decrees was the only one dealing with the Illyrian' Provinces issued on that date* The majority of French terras have been translated into their nearest Eng­ lish equivalents*, unles#- they are well-known* Finally* in a ll references to the Napoleonic Correspondance* Dernieres lettrae* lettres luddites* etc** only the number of the item has been given t# avoid confusion with other items appearing on the same, page* Because of frequent reference to specific portions of the decrees of 25 December 1805 and 15 A pril 1811 and other lengthy decrees* references to these decrees have 'been by Title* Article* Section or Chapter rather than page number* The use of #,p”for page has been dropped in accord­ ance with recent usage* T vigli- bo'express my to Dr.* Erf J* Gumfor his ideas, advice, assistance and encouragement in the search for' material# -and in the preparation of" this thesis*' ' I would also like to thank the faculty of the De­ partment of 'History' a f the Municipal tfnivereity' of' Omaha and Dr1*' A,'Stanley tfrickett, Chairman of the Department,#!! of whom have given me their time and- help during the preparation of this thesis and during my undergraduate years*- ■ Mrs:* Arlene Ltolhelm*. Hiss Carol Stanley and the staffs of the Gene Eppley library at the Municipal University of' Omaha' and' the hove Memorial Library at the University of Nebraska have a ll given me their kind- and patient help* "In particular,*. - I would like, to express ay appreciation for the assistance'given me by Miss Ella Jane Dougherty, Interlibrary Loan Librarian at the Gene Eppiey Library* who supplied me with -many rare and crucially needed works,* My mother * Mrs * John H* Bundy * who typed much of the .copy* and my' mother-in-law* Mrs*. M, D* H elling, who typed the final copy of the thesis, are particularly deserving of my thanks* Last, but certainly, not least,* .1, wish to thank my wife, Susan.* for her patience and encouragement* In conclusion* I can only add that the'full respon- ^ sibility for all*errors in this work rest with me?' I have made the final decision on all statements appearing in this thesis*

August- 19#B frank J* Bundy mmM m mwmms

Page i PREFACE •**.«#•♦ « * * * ...... U 1 introduction. * . . * * .»•. , » /* i

Chapter I, DALMATIA: FORERUNNER OF THE ILLYRIAN PROVINCES , , i, , , . 4

I I . DANDOLO AND MARMONT: DALMATIA UNDER THE ■■ kingdom m max 19 III. THE ORGANIZATION OF A COUNTRY AND ITS ADMINISTRATORS 4 3 IV. FINANCES— THE PLAGUE OF THE ADMINISTRATION 65 V . REFORM AND FAILURE. . 92 VI. COLLAPSE, v ■ 117 APPENDIX A. , 131

APPENDIX B. 132 APPENDIX C. . 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 136 ■ ' v m m m t m

During the first decade of the nineteenth century, french rule penetrate#■ to the * there it brought the French * as preserve# by Mapoleon I* to the relatively backward lands of the eastern Adriatic* The first example of this occurred with -the administration of the province of Dalmatia, part of the , under the. ru le of an Enlightenment fig u re , Vlncene© Dan#©!©* His rule, and. his reforms* were- succeeded and continued by the creation of the Illyrian Provinces * an unharmonious conglorn- eration of former Venetian an# Austrian territories* united under a Genera l-Governraent, which formed that most atypical country of the French Empire* In each of these creations, under the supervision of the French , a number of significant changes were imposed upon, lands and peoples which were at that moment just * r emerging from the la te * Dalmatia ha# been the. most backward part of the larger territorial holdings of the Republic of * Venetian rule was duplicated, in mini- attire, by the government of the Republic of Kagusa* The problems inherent in governing these two Balkan areas were transferred in 1809 t© the French administrators, of. the Il­ lyrian Provinces who sought to continue Dandoio's reforms, a less in the interest of the spirit..of experimentation than.’., in the interest of' supporting the buffer m m of the King-. dom of Italy, Consequentiy, it is impossible to separate the two. administrations. One was, in regard to reform, the continuation of the- other*- Dalmatia was nothing more than a forerunner, of the later Illyrian Provinces, Both were in turn buffer cones for the Kingdom' of Italy* Both were jumping: off points for a Napoleonic penetration of the East* Both represented extensions of the along the coast of -* Both deprived of terri­ tory, Both were badly In need of ref orm by the- standards of , Both had never enjoyed -a uniform system of ■administration , 1 Of the two administrations, Dandolo fs was .perhaps the more successful* Dalmatia was more compact, contained fewer diverse elements and experienced Napoleonic rule at a time when the power of .Napoleon was s t i l l undiminished* the Illyrian Provinces, created.in 1809, suffered as a re­ sult of the breakdown of the Napoleonic Empire*. They -were created at the moment when Napoleon had just passed the apex of his power, By September 1809* the Grand Army had been .ground to pieces a t Aspern* Ess ling and Nagram. Napoleon

“Indeed, the Illyrian .Provinces were not absolutely uniform* tinder the French* Military Croatia* part of the old Austrian , remained apart'from the Illyrian Provinces, Under the .supervision of "the Governor- General of the Illyrian- Provinces and the Minister of Mar of the Empire of * if was never integrated in to the Illyrian Provinces* except for purposes of customs adminis­ tration*. 3 did iiot o verwhelmihgly defeat Austria.* In the aftermath, t'fett'ernich, Hapolepn'Vs greatest diplomatic -rival* rose to power# Rasa la, Prance % ally since 1607* 'began to grow cold# Even as he 'decreed a definitive form of'government 'for the Illyrian l^ovlticea, H&poleon was already planning the disastrous march to .* The economic effects of the Continental System and the British blockade combined in strangling the economy of French-controlled Europe* French rule, with its. tendency to seek to Gallicfee all whom it touched* in theory a system which would have raised, backward lands to the level of the rest of nineteenth cen­ tury Europe., created deep-seated antagonisms in the lands upon which it was imposed*. Given these overwhelming dis­ advantages, the Illyrian Provinces at birth faced, a short and unhappy existence* Despite vast achievements and even vaster hopes, the .immensity of their task and forces beyond their control or understanding crushed Bandelet's successors, the French administrators of' the Illyrian Provinces,

( m k m m %

m th e m m t m m m w m m

franca* fo r tha f i r s t time* in 1797* became in te r­ ested in. the eastern Shore of the Adriatic $m« in th a t year, French troops under-the command of General napoleon Bonaparte brought about the fa ll of the. venerable Venetian "Eepufeile* until then master o f.that region# .The.. Prelimi­ naries of loeben and the Treaty of Campo Formic assigned the lands known as Dalmatia, , and the Months of the Oat** ta ro (Boka Kotorska)** to - th e , House - of Habsburg* .This s itu - ation, however* did not last long. The Treaty of Pressburg, in 1805, transferred the., above mentioned territories to the Kingdom of Italy# Between 1806 and 1809* an Italian-admin** latration headed by Vincenao Band ole and General Auguste Marmont carrie d out a. number # f extensive changes and reforms w hich laid much of the groundwork for the Illyrian Province©# Because' this region experienced Venetian# Austrian* Italian, • - ' * i : * 3 aM finally French rule*, and- because it was the most exten­ sive non-French Napoleonic control for the longest

^In giving the names of cities- and places, the name employed is-the name used during'the period under discussion# On the first occasion that such a place is mentioned, its modern equivalent is given in parenthesis# 5

period of time* it is fitting that any study of the problem which facedthe Illyrian administration begin with Dalmatia* Dalmatia and the islands along the Adriatic coast werfe' the largest territory of the Venetian Republic until 1797* Venice* however* did. not enjoy complete control of the entire coast* the Austrian province of Istria* with the ports of frieste and Flume ()* separated Dalmatia from the rest of Venetian territory*. Farther down the coastline * the. separated the region of th e Mouths of the Oat (Boka Eo tor ska.) -from the rest ■ of Dalmatia* Venetian control lacked, uniformity* _ A governor (prov- veditore) ruled the land along the' coast*' During his three^ year term of office* he was practically independent* ■ His was at Sara (), one of the chief ports* For purposes of administration * counts governed the several dis- tr lets info which the region had been divided for administra­ tive purposes* Each, count had a# ■assistants a chancellor' for judicial affairs and a chamberlain for financial affairs* These minor o f f ic ia ls had very low fjbeed incomes which were supplemented by dues called gifts- (regalia) on the. revenue from taxes and.customs duties* Since part of the regalia was reserved, for the count and the governor,, the minor officials frequently engaged in extortion to increase their incomes*^

2 Paul Pisani* la Dalmatie de 1797 a 1815 s Episode dea conquAtes napoieoniehh^,rT ^ ^ s ? ^lph6hser'rPicara c¥ ' WJIs*lir:il M f t e (Hereafter -.cited as Pisanl* Dalmatia)* Unless otherwise cited., Chapter I is based on mater'ials drawn from Part I of Pisani*a work* ;*■. Dalmatians tolerated rampant misgovernment for two reasons* All claa&ae-m loomed Venetian -protection £mm. th&~ neighboring * from which touch of the land ■had •been conquered in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Venice■ a lso perm itted a g re a t-d e a l/o f lo cal autonomy* - Each of the .'ooaetai porta had its own legislature, in which the nobles ■ and the middle a lass struggled against each other for the jaroteetion of their honored' rights, ■ Both classes were united against the lower classes* who- paid the bulk of' th e tax es, Thus* both Venice "and the ru lin g classe s had a vested interest in maintaining- the status The only governing o f f ic ia l in the v illa g e s was the headman Coaporlila or arambassa) who- was both A civil ■and military official* Apart' from the government, there existed 'parish- fraternal ‘ organisations (ecnole lalphel which had responsibility for the administration of charitable organisations* In the inferior'* the administration had a wholly di£«* ferent character* On the coast the. peasants were tenants of both the nobles and' the middle class* In the interior they were ten an ts of the, ■state i t s e l f , The land was divided in to regiments*' each regiment being composed of sev eral fam ilies* Even there* however*, m uniformity existed* In the- regiments of Cbrovad* Knia, * Kl&ma and fmoskl* the chief official was a Venetian governor* In the Hare at a (Haretva) and

Each community had i t s own d is tin c t form of govern** ■meat* -coinage and systems of weight and measurement* In commercial transactionsf the Venetian pound* the libbra s o ttile r was the only common standard u n it of weigHti, Vergorad ^!(Vrgorad > • regiments, ■ the • governors ■ were drawn.' from • theNonkovieh and Deekoviehfamities, as a reward for dis­ tinguished military service in the' wars with the Turks. ' The ; regimental system was designed to provide a warrior popu- - iation which would fight to defend the frontier against: enemies. During periods of peace»however, the territorial m iiitia (pandours) carried oh the' duties of guarding the ■ ■ ■ • • frontier,,' 'providing police protection, -and- escorting O aTaV ©Eta eotjiiijg: -from Warn poafc# Clmmmrefti) at aifei 'Sfa-latn^CipalafTO m S p litl* ^k^m\tWmWmMik) mirm ®m%t .mpifeiio goom-riml by a eotBsto^J^t ariatoofaey -'Ht&ie*? a to fc M ' a fter • flat il A/teani ®©o»©i&$ of aiiili moblma

w f ayr lair moort-' -- Mbtft- ligtelafure# •& Seriate mmisMmg. of forty* liv e moi&em m®$- flim-agm of ■ forty#'^meryei mm a.oourt of afM* peal ami tbm of' iterator© wamtte teari of-;tl^ f t t e #a^ootio0' poiamr temteS in fte- tetea- of m B m ll foooofl- (Mi&or eoteiglio) of ' ;4 -teeter*'-wifi*: a if offioer: prmmited oyor ;4ll-fte"Ooooo£fo.*- *%mrnmm: Mag* •iairmiem were rmepomeifele fo r m il moteiioble leg al ease© and amaloAmlmrm# fteVftetei#. tea/lib misi oo^eTCial^aesrvioee'*^.

_ M ^ S S ^ Siee^ ^ ■. [use : Cimoomi e ite io m /^ MEfmSwMWsmr# 1857), Jlltf •. (Hereafter eitecf aa -. m f #) fersacmf' #t4fea - itef - tte Hr ami. teotefl.1" mm- am all^lEelm iw body, but mays that a Coutieil of ten Ragusa had emerged from the wreckage of' the Byasan? ■ tine Empire to become an early.trading power in the Adriatic, but often had expcr fenced a-change of masters doe to a 'lack of success in war*' ’In -self^defense and to promote, good com-* tm rcta! relatione f. it paid .tribute to the Ottemah Empire*. ■ the , the. Barbery States* Venice* the King*' dots of th e Two S icilie s-an d the, Papacy* I ts te r r ito r y was limited to the. coastline and the SabionceIio peninsula ■; its population consisted of approximately 33,000 .inhabitants .of all classes*$ The nobility* as a class, held the controlling interest in all commercial ventures , upon which the Republic relied for its main source of wealth. The middle class con* slated almost'exclusively of Shipowners and traders* The peasant# were attached‘to. the 'land and were wholiy dependent upon the nobles* who owned tte villages Homan Catholicism was the established faith in Ragusa and was predominant in the rest of Dalmatia*? Although the and' the Rector formed'tte government* Although te spent most of the year# tB06«*l8lQ' in the region, hi# Mdmolr.es ia not noted for accuracy,

^Marmont'* Mdmolras*- III* 113* %bld*, I14, 116* Marmont note# that the nobility were split^ISto two faction#,. tte Salamanquais and tte 3or^ bonnaiS;, probably as a result of tEe^warsbetween 0har les^v iS ”Francis I in ’which a change took place in regard to the ’ place'Where tte nobility were educated* or on the basis of parties favoring tte rival rulers* Tte middle class was .also divided, into the fraternal brotherhoods of Saint An* thony and Saint lazarus * 7 Creek Orthodoxy*, however* was the f a ith of t t e major* ify of the people 'in tte Cattaro region* Venice tolerated it population was small* tte clergy was very numerous? in Dai*' mat la alone* there were 2*h0h secular clergy and 'MS regu* Ears, most of whom belonged to either the Franciscan or Dominican orders* SKara, Spaiato and Ragusa enjoyed the status of archbishoprics, divided into a total of twelve bishoprics* There were 231 Creek Orthodox priests, most of whom had their livings in and around Osttaro* The secular •clergy suffered from an extremely low level of education* Therefore the Franciscans and Dominicans enjoyed a respect disproportionate to their numbers# The m ajority of th e people seldom- attain ed more than a low educational level* The bishops, though author* t&ed to establish secondary ■schools at their own expense, as for example, the- College;of Saint laaarus at Trah (), seem not to have concerned themselves a great deal in this field. Primary education suffered also, being;-limited to instruction carried' on by -half-educated priests at several presbyteries. The existing schools had few.pupils, for the ■people either had little appreciation for education, or could not .afford to study abroad* A great teed for- lawyers and physicians existed and Dalmatian candidates could re* calve a certificate' of qualification in these fields from because a compromise had been arranged whereby the Orthodox priests were required to perform their spiritual duties, under tte supervision of the Roman Catholic hierarchy* The 1781 Venetian census for Dalmatia indicates that there were 212,385 Roman Catholics, Sl,0?l Orthodox, 218 , and several in* ther&us ate Calvinistsf the latter residing for the most part In tte tejor ports* pisani, Dalmatia, 7* the University of , Upon presentation of testimonials . of ■.apprentioeohlp.from two professional practitioners* this certificate, .restricted them to their home locality* Most Dalmatians who- cpu-ld .afford.. to. .study -abroad* however, ra re ly returned to their, native land* Health services in .the entire region were extremely limited* the Venetians established several .military hospi­ tals in Dalmatia, supported by public funds*.. Venice did not ■■ support c iv ilia n hospitals. or orphanages- which were. in the care of the .fraternal organisations*^ Ragusa had a health service which appears - to "have had the character of a-sine- cure rather than that- of an active.- -agency of government * Able physicians rarely were found „ and even then there was l i t t l e they -could do ag ain st frequent epidemics and -deep?* seated superstition among the lower classes* Dalmatian agriculture was undeveloped* The peasantry was- subject either to the rule of the state or nobility and lived In conditions which frequently resembled the .Middle Age#., In. many. -places ■ t t e s o il was extremely - ..poof ■and. marshy * Four methods of cultivation led to small harvests* Nothing was. done to improve the quality of tte- goats and steep, tte. number of which was perm itted to- expand in d e fin ite ly , - th e re­ by crowding the gracing, areas and causing erosion and great damage-, to forested'areas#, . Drapes* olives_.ate. some, grain were

■$t . ' Dalmatia suffered from a plethora-of orphanages and hospitals since they' were- often',built f# rival similar pious works, ftsani* Da.toar.le* a#:; the only agricultural products* - Geoiif ions were generally ao poor that grain had t# he imported from Hababurg and Ottoman- lands, although the population density of Dalmatia was am -avaraga of seventeen people pet' square hiUatttar#-'^ ghipbuilditig was tte primary industry o f th e region* being ca r rie d on in th e lasslm Islands at ' and Giii^ola- (garhaia>ii. Slaving m m ited > to -products for home m m , mmptMmm tsuiifiig was am untold a rti end despite, the shun*: dance of materials, ho attempt was ever made, under tem etiaa ' if ale# to establish faetorleh- far heap or papers plum brandy C elteuvif e>^;and' o liv e -O il ware the; chief export- p-rod^ oofs# ' In addition., Dalmatia, sold livestock, most of which m m from the Gttomait Empire, to Italy* her chief market# D espite th is situ a tio n # Dalmatia managed to e&porf s lig h tly more than she- imported* fhe ch ief source of income w aif he carrying trade- of 'the coastal ports of the Adriatic, At the end of the. eighteenth century, Brasza CBratl and the iMmim St and vessels' respectively* Between 17S0 and 17PP* Gartero quadrupled the size of its merchant fleet:* -Bagtoaf.''Wifh some $$0 ships * **as one of the. pvfMry esrrisrs for the- entire ■

. ^Ibfd, * 11 # U*U, one. attempt to correct, this s itu a tio n 1S1 ever Been nite«; in IfSS a progressive' governor, Francesco Grimanl* drew up a law calling for improved methods ofcultivation# the introduction of new crops, and feforesta* tion through the est&hlishmatit o f.regular.pastures and forest pifmsarves# ’ th e wee'newer psortsifo affect,'

lQIbld,. 13. Marmont, Ifemolree. ' lit, IIS, g iv e s the to ta l -amount -of ■Fagusam:ships - I I f/S* Because flsam f gives In contrast, to this picture of relative backward- ness, those areas of the Hafosburg realm which were to become part of the Illyrian Provinces in IB09—C arin th ia, C arnioia, Istria and' Viilach--*wera prosperous*. At the. end of the can** tury, these provinces were governed directly from and enjoyed, a centralized administration*, Host of the soil, was fertile and' there were huge tracts of. virgin forest*. 'Viilaeh contained numerous copper and lead mines, although vast ore deposits remained'virtually untouched#- fh© tier car y mines of -Idris were the sole-source of this mineral for the.-H&ba* burg Empire and were the most productive* ^ Austrian Croatia o ften called the. M ilitary, fro n tie r * was composed o f lands which had been regained from, the furies, in the wars prior to the eighteenth century* fhe land was divided on the basis of regiments*, fhe peasantry was fr.ee* holding their land directly from the.-Emperor on the basis of military service* ; In normal ■ tim es the ■ land- .produced much g r a in ;. th ere was no no date for his figures, it may be concluded that this dia^ ere pane y may be the result of different c lass if teat ions of vessels and war-time losses* Marmont indicated his figures are for the period' of. about - 1308,* ’

^Hlelitta Pivec-Stelei la vie economique des Prov­ inces iliyriennes (1809-1813) (Vdl* Wi £M the Itisfxfcut ~ff7ir:~T . d'^budes' s ls ^ a r[;'lenLT Shiver site...de. fe Col lection htsto* TBSreafter cited as Pivec^Sfeie* Vie..dconomioue»> See also Francis Eterovieh and , Chr 1st opherr~ S,pa'llStih. "’(S is • >, groat la ; hand* People* Culture (I vol* to date; /T oron to/: versity''W'"Toronto ^ress, 1964- ), I, X69-70. (hereafter cited as Eterovich and Spalatin-, Croatia,} A brief portrait of the region is also to be foundTnTSSIle Haumant ? ha form* at ion de la Vugoalavie (Vol*. V of the Inst If ut de® ;€toi Sar Is T'"r Witlens1 TKSSa^*^ ™ 'mn' industry, except far local consumption, and this.was baaed s o l e l y on the domestic system* ^ fhe administration was in th e hands o f the m ilita r y , authorities*^ V etian ru le -in Dalmatia, came to an end in 1797 w ith th e Preliminaries of loeben and the Treaty of Campo Formic * ^ By these agreem en ts , franee ■ took the ' 'Ionian. Is* land# for 'herself and: sore parts of fhe terra firroa for the puppet * .Austria received Venetian 1st r l a , D alm atia, the Mouths of 'the C ottaro and the bulk of Venetian 'fhe Austrian administration- la s te d from 1797 u n til 1 8 0 6 * It accomplished few reforms- because of unsettled con* d i t io n s in the region and' the political mamuvering# of war* io n s Austrian court f a c t io n s . One group* led by the C hancel* lo r , Baron Johan- fhugat*. favored centralization* The other major, group' favored ,separatism, and was c a lle d th e ^Hungarian

12Ib id ., 265.

18 For the most recent and complete history and ad* mlnistrative study of tte Military frontier under Austrian rule before the , see Gu&tte? Erich Rotten* berg, Ite.Austrian Military Border in Croatia#. IS22*1747 #rbana * fhe teiverSI8 y W f I ^ '"%W&pbm X gives an extensive- picture- of conditions and government as they were in tteir final form before the coming of tte french# 'See also Eterovich and Spalatin, Croatia* I* 171,

G eorges?* F r/id A ric/* de Martens- (ed* ) , R ecueil 4 m , principaux trait Os. * .depuis 1761 jusqu * k . prd^ntTl iC'iigSWs1 x o t t 01 >, ■ VIII, 196*201, and VIII, 200*194 (Hereafter cited as Martens, Reeusih des--; traitda* > See also Napoleon I, Correspondence vole.; Far is t Im prirerieT^Srla^T^ H fS S liWTTW* Nos* 1703,1744, 2303* ’(Hereafter cited as Napoleon, Oorrcspondanec. ) 1% Earfy*n Major-Oenerai Rukavina*i3 who occupied Dalmatia* was a member .of the latter group and sought to advaaee its. interests by administer tag, the..oath of, allegiance to the Dalmatians as a deputy of the King of *' ■ He confirmed the status quo as it had .existed .under Venetian control*, In addition-he' put down'the-civil strife'which had broken but. between local factions loyal to fhe Brovinciai V me t inn gov- ernmeaf established by Bonaparte and those which favored 'Austrian rule* fhe f i r s t re g u la r governor* Count P eter Thurn* be* longed to the- party which favored centralisation* He;at- tempted -to undo GeneraI Rutcavina*s .work* and. .promptly lost the sympathies of the native ruling classes* Thurn sought to. centralize the government of the province on the lines of the ■ other Bahsburg possessions * Els first step was to- estab-* lish a. provisional government, for the three new provinces of Istria, Dalmatia and' (CattareX* To aid him* he ere* ated a Government Council to handle administrative* • judicial and. financial affairs*^ --An organizational decree of .Janu­ ary 1*. 1798 established; a-"civilian form of government for the provinces and made, the I*aopoidina Code*? the law of the

IS ■ ■ Rukavina was a native of the Military frontier* 18 This body was composed o f th ree native members* ail nobles, and three Austro**

*?fbe leopoidine Code was th e c iv il code of the Aus­ tria n ' Empire and was in e ffe c t u n til 1918* ’ it was based oft the reforms carried out by the Emperor leopo id It when “he was of Tuscany* His brother, Joseph 11, adopted land* Thia was followed, by fwenfy-fb'o other decree# which established many-■■Austria# lews and lessened the distinct ion between the interior and the coast* Thurn further reorgan­ ized- the m ilihiaf; expand tag if # ■ peraeum i. and . making i t a more effective fnstrumnt- of 'the state' for the administra­ tion of Justice ©n the local level., and for; tax collection* fhe m m administration also reformed' fhe , eliminating .many small dioceses,, and reorganizing many of the parish- t .raternal ■ organizations *!W- - finaily., the Austrian# began building several roads and- created -a postal service* This regime, however, failed to- accomplish a number . of badly needed reforms* Thurn retained the- Venetian fa u stru c tu re and customs- system* - -His f a ilu re 'to expand- fhe privileges of the Orthodox population cost Austria much val­ uable support in the -.region around Gat taro, while his fore#- able reform' of the Catholic Church cost him the support of the- -common people and ruling -class as well* -Centralization deprived the nobles and the middle class of their political power* Lack of funds prevented fhuru from carrying out leg­ islation designed to create a compulsory system, of primary education* Deeply discouraged,, he resigned his post in July, and - liberalized many of these -reforms for his projected code of law* ■ 'Joseph,, however, -died before the-entire code-had been completed* - .Leopold, who followed him on the 'throne.., * modified the project, eliminating moat of its radical fea­ tures* The Cod# was finally completed in 1811, nineteen years after Leopold1# death* IS • * These'reforms -were carried out by force, with Papal approval, despite the opposition of -the local clergy*. 16 1799* and was replaced by a military government under the supreme authority of the Archduke Charles, commander of the. Army and hr other of Emperor Francis XI* Following the Treaty of Luneville in 1801* the A ustrians again, attempted a number of' reforms under th e ad**- . ministration of Count fefer Goess, Goess , who also favored a centralising policy* reorganised the Council of Government and began a series of invest igations which, touched on reli­ gious * commercial and agricultural affairs. Almost all the projects resulting from, these' investigations remained dead le tte r s * although this administration did see' several achieve­ ments* The Count managed to obtain improvements in the hos­ pitals and orphanages and took steps .to improve hygiene * although he was unable to force the superstitious peasantry; to submit to vaccination*1' 'he carried -out a reform of the notoriously slow and corrupt .Judicial system* and introduced skilled and honest financial administrators* He also an- *• courage# commerce and in d u stry and forced th e Church to equalise clerical salaries* Finally* under Goes© *s admin­ istration* some progress was 'made in education* In ISOS* Bishop Stratico of lesion .opened a new seminary and the State opened a at Sara* this period of administration cam to an end in' 1 8 0 4 , when the Austrian government issued a decree fo rb id d in g innovations. After this time* Dalmatia returned to the con­ t r o l of a m ilita ry governor* General: Thomas Brady* the former governor of Cattaro* Under his administration* which.lasted until-the Treaty of Preasburg. in. 180S* the reforms had a military character* Brady Improved the defense works and put the entire area on a war footing* He began* in addi­ tion* a number of roads*- and‘by fhe time napoleon acquired the region for the Kingdom of Italy* a number of short routes had-'been completed*^ . During this: period* Dalmatia and the other eastern Adriatic territories were not fully Integrated into the Habs- burg Empire* fhe definitive decree -of organisation was not proclaimed until 5 October 1805, one month after th e Treaty of Pressborg*' The land was to have been divided info admin­ istrative units called circles' CKreiee), with a governor- general and k six-member Council of Government in control of a highly centralized administration located a t -Sara* The plan--.called'-for a ’further'- reorganisation of' the parish-fra-, ternal organizations for fhe better administration of relief, improved educationsI facilities for the clergy and a b e tte r system of’ record-keeping* It also- called for the opening of elementary schools in the major islands and in the major c i t i e s , as well as the..creation.-of 'agricultural, lite r a r y and scientific academies* Unfortunately* due to the war,. Brady postponed most of the projects* I t remained , there* fore* for the french- to carry -out reform projects, dome

^The roads were largely the result of the work of Francesco Zavoreo* formerly a captain in the Venetian engi­ neers , who became the director of public, works, under Thura* Austrian reluctance to"use forced labor and'a-lack of funds hindered work, which was begun as early as 1797* Float*.!, P alm atie» 90**9l* different-., from those ■ e'tnrlsioned by the Austrian administra­ tors * otters' only extensions of-those already begun*. • cmwtm s i

m m o m Mm m m m m t dalmatxa wmm f m mm>m o f i m

The treaty of Fressbiirg, Peeember 1806^ gave Napoleon a ll of the former Venetian possessions, which he added to the Kingdom of Italy on I my L806,2 In doing this, Napoleon gave Italy a buffer against Austria, which deprived Austria of several possible outlets to the Adriatic This arrangement also gave him a foothold in the Balkans from which he could 'move to support or attack the. Ottoman

Georges Frederic de Martens

V m j ' r w t 212-20* (Hereafter cited as Martens, Supplement. See also Bulletin dee .lots'a XV sdrie, IF (1806), "So* ?lr'7""',f63 12* Tbla'i^ France ratified the treaty* Aus­ tria did not ratify if until I January 1806#

2Bullatin dee Lola. IV Serle* IV (1806), Ho. 8ft, 378*82* to p erK IT d ecree^ated 30 March 1806* See a lso Napoleon, Correspondence * XII, Ho* 100^7 . Napoleon to Prince Eugene' "leauhariS'is;, . 1 April 1806* ' If should how­ ever, he- noted that Napoleon, when he informed .Eugene-of the signature of the Treaty , told him that Venice and its territories which had been ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Gamp© Formic were now part of the Kingdom of Italy and authorized him to make a public announcement to this, effect* See Napoleon, Correspondence ».■ XI, No, $6IF* Napoleon to Eugene, 27 0ecSiKr'rTidi1* 20

Empire* or move against Hassle* which was then occupying W altachia and Moldavia*/'* Earing, the .interim period between th e signing of the treaty and the formal a n io n of - Dalmatia with Italy* Prince Eugene Beauharnals * the Viceroy of I t a ly * serv ed as Eovernor**- Eenaral of all the Venetian territories*^ On 29 January

1 8 0 6 * Eugene issued a decree which established a provisional ‘ government for the-Venetian territories* a i l nine of which received a civil governor who was to apply the laws of the ICingd'Ota of I ta ly to the new acquisitions*^ Oeneral Oabriel M o llto r then began to occupy the D alm atian co astb u t the delays caused by the weather and the necessity of gaining imrmission to cross Ottoman soil enabled the tessiaiis -and

3 For a discussion of• Eapolsenfs -motives regardlog. the annexation of Dalmatia* see Pisani* Balmtie* 166* See also Edouard Drlault* la . politique prlSiSle^ do. Hapo^ leoas gebastianl ot r Sleah71^ltsi$7rT:^^ ^ m p ^ l e o n i 0or respondance* XII*. $os* 9929* 1032..*' ^Exposition, of the^SIfualfonW ^fhe Empire#** 5 March 1806; Mapoleon ’to Sultan Sellm* 20 June 1806*

^Eugene de Beauharnais# prince d * B lo b sfa tt * .Mdmoires atcorrespondence .politique. et m llltaire du .prince eS ^ S S ^'01' tl8S3~$0)v II#, 26* . Cher eat . cited as Eugene* Memolres* 3 Eugene was appointed\to-this post by an ImperlaiTI w is e s t 19 January 1806* fh is decree'does not appear in the Bulle~ t in des. lo t s *■ Jfl ■'■*.■ J ' Eugene* Hemolres* t9*»30* the, te r r ito r ie s were Is** trie* Dalmatia# DbgaS6* Fadua, Vincenza, * Bellune, Irevise* and Fruili*

^Ibld. t 72* Eugene to Napoleon, 18 February 1806* their Montenegrin- aliies to'Occupy Cattaro/7 fhis action farced the -king -of -Italy' to undertake a campaign to recover this territory* Catiara* however r did -not come Into French ■ hai^S" until 'after the. Ireaby of fflsib* I - July i807*®"- lir the course of the campaign, the French established a pro- tecforate over the Republic - of •R.aguaa*.^ 0n 31 January 1808* General * the General-in~Chief of the Army ' of Da Imat la * forma I ly annexed the Republic to the Kingdom of Italy* W -

yielded to the pressure of Admiral Siniavin of the Russian Mavy ,. who ■occupied, the Cattaro region on the pretext/that the French had failed to'occupy the‘territory in the. time called for in the treaty* Ohisiieri was a -native of Italy who, upon his return In 1808, was arrested and imprisoned on orders from lapoleon*- See".Ibid** IV, 16-22 and Eugene to Hapoleoa, 1 February 1808 and SSfoleonta order of 16 February 1808, 53-36* t ’ • %or an objective’account of the foregoing events, see 'Fisani, Dalmatia* Fart II, Chapters II and VI which are based bn Eugene^y'a&l -Mar months Mmolres, Hapo Iconf a Cor re- spondance and other records*. ,,,l,T"l,T'Trtv";tIW

^Hapoleon* Correspondance» XII, Ho* 18181, Hapoleon to Eugene * 9 May I8b6l,frnrbr3'erea '1tjbe Viceroy to have Ragusa occupied by •general Jacques da laurisfotu Subsequently, touriston entered Raguaa. and was;besieged‘by Russian and . ■ Montenegrin forces and had to be rescued by Mo lit or*,. Mar--1 moatwho commanded the 1st corps of the Army of Italy* Was ordered to support Mo lite r. His forces were immediately named the Army of Dalmatia* See Hapoleon* Correspondance* - X ilf ' Hes* 10461, 10462. Eugene and Mamoot* T ' J u ly 18M*

.^%artont* Mfemoires* III, 301-02* .notes' that techni­ cally Ragusa was iifflepeident after Lauriston occupied it on 26 May 1806, but that control was exercised through the French diplomatic representative* Marmont dismissed the Reguaan Senate- because it refused to order Eagusan ships to fly the Italian flag and had intrigued with the Pasha of 22

fmm January until Hay* 1806# Genera! MolSter acted aa Provisional Governor of Dalmatia as Eugene*a deputy* Els short-lived regime followed the pattern of administration la id down by- the Auefrians.* ■Hie only .achievement was., to de* maud reports on the former adminisbration from the reorgan­ ised Council of 11 < 1 . ■ ■ fhe true, beginning o f Napoleonic -reforms- in th is region dates from an Organic Decree of 23 April IS06* which

1 i 1 * v ■ established a eemi-aufonomon# atafiie for the ■ former Venetian territories on the east coast of the Adriatic* Hapoleon re* viyed the- old .Venetian title of prevyediferc., and gave Dalma- tia a vague., form of government that, did not correspond' to the rest of Italy. Despite the opposition of Eugenet Hapoleon

Bosnia* See Hafmont* Memoires * III# 1.17*18# 156**57# and 161* General Clause I to Marmonb* 7 January 1806; Hapoleon to Mar- mont, 10 February 1808*. Hapoleon approved this action by rewarding .Mar meat .with'the 'title s due de Eaguse * Mar mo at, Memdires, III* 163-64* Eugene to Msrmenf, 28 March ISOS*

IlPisani* Dairoatie. 15i,

12 ■ '■ Ibid* this decree does not. appear in the .lulLetin Oeslols* nor is it rnant ioned in Eugene fs Memo ires * r'Istria' subsequent ly became a department of Italy .~Me"W uths of the Catfaro# when'they were'surrenderedt became a military district of''Dalmatia-# which retained: its former status of province* See Eugene farle* he BIocus continental et le rovaume d * Ita l ic ; la s itu a tie n r'%c^ lia iso n s SSrlsT”"13$^W i l S T c i t e d , as far Id.# BIocus*) Although Xetria was more closely united to. I ta ly than was Dalm atia, i t too was governed by a proy* ■ veditore. See Hapoleon# Correspondance* XIIt Ho# 103S07“ iEpoTeon to Eugene# 11 Juhe,'uf^bo7 rr,,lir nominated a former member of the Venetian party# Vlcenzo Daodolo* to fill this p o s t *^3 Dandoio, an, ardent' reformer., assumed from'the lack of ■ instructions that his powers were to 'be. equal to .those of the ■ former Venetian o fficial* ^ 1 1his concept, in ad d itio n to 'h is ‘pride# soon brought - him. into conflict with the offi­ cers of the in. Dalmatia,, especially General Mar* r moat. ^ the two men who- were to be most responsible for the reforms' in Dalmatia were rivals from their first meeting*

13I&.-Gazette nations le ou ie Moniteur universe I . 2C Kay »r r'IIJ ^,r'^ gained a poor opinion of Bandolo because 'would only agree to serve the regime, on Venetian territory*. . See Eugene» Memoires * ' t l . 3-6*37*. Eugene to Napoleon, 29 De­ cember lilB *fl'lto'1iSpo-leon.# 'however* felt. th a t he, would prove useful in restoring order in Dalmatia* See Napoleon, €.or* respondance* X II. Nos. 10136* 10269* Napoleon to Eugene ITTpHrtloe, 24 toy 1806* , > * 14 Napoleon first authorized Eugene to appoint a prov* veditore for Dalmatia .on'7 April 1806. In this letter# he state3nEhat this official was to have, all the powers which the former Venetian officials had exercised, and that he was to correspond, .directly with the .Viceroy .and'the Italian min­ iste rs* See Napoleon. - Coyres pondance. * - XII* No# 10321* On It June 1806, Napoleon rJ'''^lte authdrizing Eugene to appoint a provved it ore -for Istria* defined these powers to be the supervision'"of the 'civilian administration*, i.e ., the admin­ istration. of Justice* .religious affairs#, ,'hatlonal domains * . f inances and revenues * commerce, and navigation* See Napo­ leon, Oorrespoad^nee* XII*' -Ho* 10350* ■ 15 'the origins of this rivalry seem'to have been' over a question, of' precedence*. When Marmont .arrived" at far a, the capital of Dalmatia* in mld-3hlyt 1806, a question- arose over who should pay the first visit to the other* Napoleon decided that Dandolo was in error and asked Eugene to make apologies for him to Ms meat* See Napoleon, Correspondanee * XIII, No. 10628 and Eugene, Memo ire s* II, 1137" ’Mpoleoh to Eugene, 9 August 1806* Eugenelorced the two men to make a truce and ordered Dandolo to pay a v isit to Marmont*® headquarters Dandolo arrived at Zara on 3 July 1806,^ and im­ mediate iy set t© work* three days after 'hi* arrival* ha issued a proclamation in which he announced his intention of reorganising the entire administration and called on the clergy, the leaders of the common people, for their support.17 the first major reform followed on 12 July* Dandolo replaced the Council of Government with a Government Commission based on widely delegated authority*18 On the same day, the Kegio 0aimata-Kragiskl Palmatin (Roya 1 0aImatisn)« 'the firs t Del** matiati newspaper appeared*^9 Shortly afterwards! Bandolo announced that he intended t© make a tour of the entire at Spalato, which to did in the winter of 1806-07 * Marmont then retained this mark of respect by visiting Dandolo at Zara in the spring of 1807* torment* tom©ires, l i t , 38h*8$* Eisani, Dalmatia a 193* notes that relations totweem the two men cont inued to be strained and to a certain extent * limited the effectiveness of the regime*

^^Eisani* Dalmatia*. 193* 17 Ibido tondolo at first made great use of the clergy and religious ceremonies* for example * on 17 July 1806, to celebrate the relief of Ragusa* he ordered all .the officials of the administration to assemble at the the next day at noon f or a service of thanksgiving# Moniteur t 11 Au­ gust 1806* 1013*

lSHM* i fhe Commission had five separate de* partmntatsSTminisfration# justice, education, finances* and accounts* It also had two inspectorates, for military and police affairs* Several of the members had served on the Council of Government* The personnel was larg ely Dalmatian and Italian* with several officials imported- from- Venice*

1^lbid** 197* It was the official newspaper of the regime and appeared in a bilingual edition* Italian and Slovene* 25 province and ordered several prominent native officials to draw up a series of reports on the administration^^ fhe Governor used these reports as the basis for a widespread change in administrative procedures which swept away almost every vestige of Venetian and- Austrian rule# He divided the province info four districts,: over which he placed delegates, officials having the same power# as french or Italian prefect# of local autonomy a is** appeared as # were appointed for every town# Partially because of hi# personal rivalry with Mar- motit, and.' partially because he desired to assert the. civil­ ian power over the m ilitary, Dandolo reorganised and re­ equipped the militia:, renamed the For&a terrttoriale* which

196. M oniteur, 6 October 1806, 1223, re* ported thsTW left ZarS^ofTW^about 8 September accompanied by several military and civil officials* 21 ibid** 2Db*. A prefect (jgrefet) was the chief official of the largest french terrllorlai administrative division, the department (departement)* He was assisted in his duties by a pertectural"'^ ciSS^lrll'loonseii de prefecture) nod .a general departmental council partement)* He was responsible only to the central "govern* meEETtlls duties were to oversee taxation, public works, public roads,‘the. demand# of communities in his locality, and disputes involving the national domain* Under him, in each departmental division tar rondisse meat) there was a sub-prefect (sous-prefet) an8Jartc :ffiarrondissement to ■' supervise taxSWionT' "ISeneath hlmjriKyer.y in charge of a ll msmicip&lities with more than”! ,500 inhab­ ita n ts , fhey were, a ssiste d - by a s s is ta n ts (a d jo in ts) and police commissioner# Ceommissalre# de police) to lmndle ail matters of local government* ' See Bulletin des lois H I &&rie , I Can f i l l ) , Mo* 13, l*$* A rrlt^"' of ¥ M,ifefeVbary 1799* 26 he tried *? make into a Dalmatian army.22 However, pay raises, new uniforms and military prestige failed to mate this force loyal to the regime. In a rebellion in 1807, many" of the militiamen either ' refused1 to act’ or openly joined the rebels*33 As a -result,;' Dandolo reduced the budget of the fursa and relied more- heavily upon the ate tached to the Army of D a l m a t i a , 3b ^ tee sate year r the Governor abandoned the representative le g isla tiv e body, the Craod Council* because of -a lack of trust in its 'members and the.' fact that it was.too, advanced an institution for such a backward land .*33 Although the organic decree of 2d-A pril 1806 made th e Code Napoldon. the law of the land, Dandolo*® powers en­ abled him to modify i t in part >to meet local conditions* Soon after he took up h is post, the. Governor presented

Ibid* » 204-06, Dandolo did hot officially inform Marmont of" this reform- until, I .January.-1807., when the new force formally came into being* He requested that the m ili­ t ia receive, .the same resp ect as. a m ilitary u n it, .Martemt*. in h is Mdmoires, mates no mention of th is* ^Thim rebellion broke out because of attempts to conscript Dalmatians for service in the Armies of Italy, and Dalm atia, 3^lbid*.* 206, ' There were, ■ however# few imniartes serving with the. Army of Dalmatia# ■ HapoIcon ordereSTfEaf as of I March 1808 f there were supposed to be a total of thirty of these special forces serving with the French troops of this arte and none with the Italian. See HapoIeon, Cor­ respondence , Wttf .Ho*, 13474, .. Ho fig u res fo r the- A rte oF°r,w""r SalSSfla^are available for 1807, ^5Ib id * * 208, fh ia assembly met for the first time Oh 2- November"1"1806* See Moniteur * 27 November 1806* 1469* Napoleon with a recommended legal, program designed to. meet the special needs of a country in which, far example*: the bride-price and matriarchy .were, fixed institutions *33 , Leon, however, rejected most of his suggestions * and, on 4 September 1806, issued four decrees which established a system of justice ■and' 'public works for Dalmatia,' but coat the regime much of its- ■popularity by antagonising every, element of the population* The first decree abolished all distinctions between the nobility and the middle class*3? The second'decree'.marted Napoleon1# only effort a t’ agrarian reform in Dalmatia m part of the Kingdom of Italy, If abrogated the O rim n t law of 175638 which declared the lands of the inferior to be Inalienable from the State,29 ^ is irritated the peasantry, because if was never put into ef­ fect, In addition, the decree?established' a commission of public works, under the- presidency 'of 'the governori this was carrie d put and by 1809 so toe p ro jects had been completed..*30

26 j Ibid*, 212.* there is.-some dispute as to the date upon wh ichuand o lo submitted his project* Mean! gives the month of October, but says that Napoleon*a % September 1806 decrees (see note 27) were, issued' in.reply to It* 27 Ibid*., 214* This decree is'not given in the Bui- letin dee ToxS.. but is summarised in. Monifceur, 28 SeptemEJST* T8 w r t n w ; — ' : — — 2%upra, 11, note 9.

29Moniteur, 28 Beptember 1806, 1193* Bee ale# Pisani, l^'imatjeT" 214, 3®Xbld* ’ The’ commission was to- be composed "of en­ gineers aii2 TESnd owners * The projects which were to be drawn 2 8

The third decree,f which made the Concordat the eccle­ siastical law of the land, .never was pat into- effect#. To keep, the support of the elergy, Dand e t o prevented its public cation, and apparently'wee tjever called to :#oeouut for doing ■ ■ so*3l * • ; - '■

* The fourth decree was, from the stand point of admin­ istration. the most important* This, decree established an • entirely new. judicial system for Dalmatia* ‘in accordance with Italian procedure.* , Each 'moderate-sized' town received a justice of the-' peace# Three''courts of primary juried lc~ * 1 * . tion were set.up* at Zara, Spalato and 'Cattaro..* . 'Zara was the site of the court of appeal, while a chamber of commerce was created at Spalato* In addition, the decree authorised ■the Dalmatian authorities to- modify the organisation of the courts as it saw fitDandolo was successful in reducing ' the severity Of punishments,, in. reorganizing the court sys­ tem to meet local needs* and, in cases where local law

up were .to'.deal'with.'draining marshes* continuing the'road from Zara and to the frontier at Sinj and Itaeefei, build­ ing a new road to run the entire length of the littoral, and building a new road to facilitate e ommunicat ions between Dalmatia and'Bosnia, Each project had to- be accompanied by an estimate of expenses and a.legal provision stating which ■parts of this amount were to be .charged to the communes and' to individuals#

Belmaftfe, 215# ■■ ■32 Ibid, This decree is summarised in Moniteur* 28 September 1806, 1103# conflicted with the Oode*. issued rescripts to achieve a eeit'temeal*^ to the -whole*. Pandelo*# - f toaticiai tomtototratiet* was highly successful*. He kept receipts ahead- of expenditures ly. strictly enforcing the old -tooattoa tan laws and increased the customs revenues % encouraging ■ the expansion at salt production* thereby stlw laitog; trade la totober*. 1806, Eugene toaoed a decree whtob-iiised the mine of the-monies- which we-re' .permitted to circulate to the Venetian departments eal 'the. province si Dalmatia* .to order ■ to counteract theef** fectseaussd hytof toted toetrian currency*^ to decrease ess^Mitares# totttoto ordered a' revision of a ll pens tons graced' by the Austria** and Venetian- authorities* .■ Many were discontinued or decreased*^ Respite "'these measures* naisoatia

^%biO*« $13* the tods... dtoit was applied to the Venetian territories in acccSiSce^wIth an Imperial decree ■pi to feferoiiyy toti# - toe toilet to • da#:. leto * If sdrto*. - If - - liaod)#! $o* 18* 260* liigemw^i^riISTRB? Italy ly a de* eree at II tone- 1806* to. 8 September 1806* he adapted the Code afoal* . Both Codes went toto effect throughout the ltog** dto'w :,:lS to om to October ltd * See Moniteur* ■ 6 October lid* I d t * ^ ^tottdolo was responsible only tor civil esnei^toires# Plsani, to ly tfe*. tlto fi coataiw a brief account of Baodoloto sdmSBtotrailw*& the CtoMftae* and a discuss ton of "the salt industry*.. 3SSS2llSlE* 2** October 1806* "Itit* flsaiil*. Paltratie, tofe&l;* a©toSrtoSi to. the- aftoftsaaih of the ISOS caBwSSp^llie tostr.la.as left behtod to iatoatto. a great number of copper coins fof small value and much paper currency* .called -jJMggg settel* both of which were greatly Inflated*' ■^%bto was into:-to accordatice with an act of 'tonne of 18 Septenher 1806* which applied to a il former Venetian territory* Moniteur, ■ 28 September 1806* lift* never -achieved" great, prosperity under the Ringdom of -Italy* hate in 1808, Eugene reported to Napoleon that between the years 1807-180$* Italy had sent about 30,000,000 franca in gold..Cor its. equivalent.) to Dalmatia *37. The country was so backward that the budget could never- have supported the various public works which were needed: to bring prosperity*- She had few roads or bridges . and extensive marshes dotted the landscape* In the face of this* the ad minis t rat ion set out to accomplish as much as possible* As early as June 1806, Eugene ordered work to be­ gin on a dam on the Kerka () Elver at Enin, Unfortunately* ■the funds for this project were diverted to Marmoni* e road projects * All the Mmlnisfration managed to accomplish was to build a few roads in the islands *39 'Commerce and industry showed no s ig n ific a n t develop* ment during this period* Despito a number of attempts, the only successful commercial venture was in, exporting salt to Ita ly and the Ottoman Empire*^® Trade by sea almost ceased* fo r the B ritish and co n tro lled the Adriatic***** The

^Eugene* -Memolres* IV* Bht* Eugene to Napoleon Ih ’November 1808* M"ffiS T e fte r - does not in d icate how much of this money was reserved for military expenditures* ^Xnf ra , 36-37. s%>iaahi* Dalmatia* 2h8*

40IbM»* .218-26* ^The .Monlteur for the years 1806-1809, gives nu­ merous accounte ok W ttish and "RussIan attacks on merchant vessels*. Russian-British cooperation ceased after the treaty of fils it in 1807* For an account of Russian operations m tmtk-of people were .tm -pm w to- pmmUmm-:- the products of *-wfe4e& were established ta II laaaery lS tlf ■BsnJole presented a ' project; to Mapoleon• which called of a trade reef a eon* iseefiag ^iniig«r ■ and lla'i^r* • ffethJsig-ever - ease ■ of • l l i i : s n i■ BO aegotiatiotis* Itt'seeise# ^ri ■ ! Bamdolo* - who was- a * Oisieteeok ■ an esl& tislve refers* of: agrieolttire* ■ iherffr s fta t• H i ■ arrival in ia'lm# ti&» to' porehaged $!& 'oast 'lands l^letiglhg ■ f # a Mar^pfal $&&*■ fjfttt'for the state and converted them into a royal n t h i s was f ollowed' bjr a fo re s t ■ law of I d Meveiaher 1806* pro* viditig stiff penalties fat dasaage done to futaafe^'a^aaa*^ a l i o ;4 & H a i ^a'O H p^ttafioB ' of'-wood fo r f iie i aiii ■ eenafriicfiof*. purposes aod established an ifiapeefetsfe Of forests and agtioultutav fhe chief inspector ms ordered to create ■Oiaail^'i^sert.:a*reaa' in ■each oowiiiltF to forftof* daring th is ^ 'period # ■ . m - Marmoht* W m o|res*' 111 *' Book: X* #00 of the • te st -OMmHta* ■ of B ritish ^ m m m m ■ during th is period is ■■ itr M ere -Bootes?t Wm:'Wm:_ ~ '"^ " ' i8Q3t#;i8iO lloiideB t lol^ma w v ’IS w b «»*iM *w*f ere was no Dalmatian naval force* outside the Dalmatian $

5 wJ&|fc.f **** M saiiitelates 'ttet Bsadele contrflmtad to the .fsflum of each ■promote % failing to give them his fo il support* Be .notes, that the taverner was a j^aioerott.. and. points out that 'in his aitoial: report for 1608» lie stated that eMneroa was the ruin of sgricelfcure* hhiPW-S'-S . ' 0*t0^C'«SI. 'til 32 ref ores ta t Ion* • However, muchof the progress • in this., area, was und one by the Austrian invas ion of 1809, in which most of the small trees were destroyed*^ In addition to, reforestation, Dandolo also tried to improve the breed..of local sheep and even donated 100 of hie prise. rams .to interested breeders*^? He was also instrument tal in introducing the cultivation of potatoes as a staple crop| prises were distributed for the best yields,^ Presum**' ably on his advice, Eugene Issued a decree on 16 October 1807, permitting the free cultivation of all kinds of tobacco- £u_ Dalmatia and "Albania” (Cat taro I,**9 Finally, Dandolo even distributed free advice on agriculture in a series of arfci* cles which appeared in the.,Reg jo palmate, in the. autumn of 1808.50 The Governor, also carried out far-reaching reforms in religious affairs, These, however, failed to endear the HapoIconic regime to the Dalmatians and probably hurt' more than they helped, At first, Dandolo, who recognized the loyalty of the people, to the Church, sought to win over the cl©rgy*5l Bart- a£ fchia program consisted of preventing the publication of the A September- 1806 decree which established

46Ib id , ^ Ib id , , 2$h^5§» See-'also T arle, Blocus» 292* ^ Ib id «» 255, ^ % on£taur, IS November 1807, 1193* ^%isani. Dalmatic» 255* 5 ^Supra , 24. the' Concordat in Dalmatia, However* ■ in 1807, he decided that a reform was - needed in the Church,, and on 11 April of that year, submitted .a project oil this .-subject to. Napoleon. Dandolo proceeded,-to- reduce the number-of dioceses-and the salaries of the hierarchy,: The,.civil administration assumed control of ail Church property* The seminar tea received the bulk of the funds-saved by these measures, To the clergy, this, appeared to be a return- of the policies- of the Austrian regime-. The reduction of theological courses in the semi- navies in favor of such, secular ones m agricultural methods, the. prohibition of -the use of the. native language, and the. rigid enforcement of secular control aggravated the situa­ tion, nevertheless,, this reform resulted in improved con­ ditions among the rural cures and. the improved financial- resources of the seminar ies * ^ Dandolo further estranged the Catholics - by persuade £ng Hapoleon to create a separate bishopric for the Orthodox* A decree of 17 September 1808, not only created a bishopric, but also a monastic chapter and seminary*. Tn addition, the decree .called for the assembly, in the following November,

^Pisani, Palmatie,-.229* 53 ■' Ibid , , 229-33* Pisanl' notes that despite the obvious advantages of such a reform, the majority of the people, and many of the rural clergy* sided with the hier­ archy, Only after oompleflug this reform did. Dandolo ad­ m inister the oath of /loyalty to 'the .Emperor and King* See Moniteur, 29 Hay 1308, 588, which also notes that the hler- arcSyliad been reduced. to two archbishops (Nona and Zara) and ten bishops, eKOlud ing the bishop of Cattaro. of a synod of forty members at Sara * under the presidency of D andolo,^ The synod met on 30 November 1808 fo r i t s first session* at which a plan of organisation of the Ortho­ dox Church in Dalmatia was worked out*^5 At the second sea* eio**f the p rin c ip a l ad m in istrativ e o f f ic ia ls of the Church were appointed*5^ Religion also- was the subject which aggravated the s p l i t between Dandolo and Marmont* The General* whether to increase his. prestige or to gain the confidence of the clergy accepted the position of patron of the Franciscans* Dandolo denounced his rival to Eugene* who forced torment to give up his patronage of the Franciscans under the accusation that he had usurped a power o f the Emperor*5?

^^Moniteur , 2h September 1808* 1058* The bishop and the chapter and seminary -each received an annual endow* smut of 15 * 000 francs, half of which was supplied by a levy of Orthodox Dalmatians* half by the Treasury of the Kingdom of Italy* See also Pisani, tolmafis, 237, who notes that Dandolo favored this aa ear IjFasrSCb, but that Napoleon delayed issuing the decree because the only facilities for educating Orthodox priests were on Austrian or Ottoman soil* Even then* the first bishop was not installed until 1810#

55Ib id ., 26 December 1808, 1401; 31 December 1803, 1427,

56Ibid. . 7 January 1309, 22; 29 January 1809, 111, 57Marmont, Memo ir e s . I l l , 121-22, 185-89. Marmont to Napoleon, 3 JamsaryTlW* Eugene* tomoires* IF* 175*76* denies that the entire affair took placeTTtt”r:aeems plausible however* that Marmont would have accepted such a position. Hie Franciscans were highly respected by the natives * and it was upon native labor that torment relied for the "later roads* so that he may have been seeking to insure good will towards the regime. 35 Perhaps the brightest spot it* Dandolofs career in Dalmatia'is his advancement of-public education* fa 1806, a report' ah education indicates! that only one institution* a private college at Trau, was- still in operation.5s After m m preliminary' leg is lation* 'the Governor issued an organic decree oh ft June 1807. By this, law he created a lyeda at gara* seven gymaas iums * -twenty e lementary schools fo r hoys and twelve for girls* and called for the establishment of eight schools of arts and crafts* which were never organ-* 1 * 4 * *9- Dandolo also- undertook a reform of the1 orphanages, and hospitals* but* wherever his surveillance was not pres* ent, no progress was msde*^ To gain support for a vaccina* tion program* he enlisted the support of the entire civil

r i service* the 'physicians-* and even the’ police.. Early -in. 1806* the Governor announced that as many as 2h*0O§ people had been vaccinated .hi jn addition* thead ministration issued a great

^%isani* Dalmatie. 238 * ''

•ibid;.*. ghCMfr'l* The lycee -was designed to have ;- courses £otr tEe education of lawyers and physicians* The gymnasiums were, to provide an interm ediate le v el of eduea* tion# Ho religious instruotion.was.given in,any of the' . schools* However* every school opened was su b ject to much clerical■ criticism and suffered from a lack of both students* despite scholarships* and professors *

£1 Ibid. * 2S6-S7. Ho documentary authority e.Kists to support tSIs. The first reports of vaccination In Italy do hot occur until 180$* fee Moniteur. 17 April 180$* 1*23* number of circulars in a public health campaign to eliminate such hazards as unclean walla and waste pita* These efforts * however*, failed to make' m eh of an impression on the people*,, who persisted in their customary ways.62 Although Dandolo was responsible .for the introduce fio n of most of the Napoleonic reforms t c re d it fo r one of the most lasting of them must be given to his rival* General Marmont, who arrived in Dalmatia shortly after Dsndolo*65 Marmont noted that the lack of roads hindered operations, communication and trade* He therefore developed a project to continue the roads begun under the Austrian© Marmont soon realised th a t the demands of length and time required a more extensive labor force*65 in February 18071 the Gen** eral met Dandolo at 25s fa and they were temporarily reconciled The Governor-'was won over to .the road project and gave Her- mont 900 excavators, $0 masons and the services of the m ill* tie * 66 The. army furnished a large .number o f men* who were added to the force of 12,000 natives raised by a corvee *

62Ibid * * 267, 6%upra * 21, note 9; 23.

6ifMarmont, Mdmoiras*. - 1X1* 42~45* The f ir s t roads were begun in 1806 *n 'Ifhe'first to he completed was the road connecting. Zara and Epalato*. The early roads were completed wholly by the troops at h is disposal* For a description of the poor condition of Dalmatian roads,...before Marmont, see Eugene, M&molres* XI, 254*55.* Eugene to Napoleon, 26 A p ril

65Xbid*, 61. 6%isanip Palma tie * 269* 67Marmont, Memo ire s . XXX, 62~63. Marmont s ta te s th a t the labor service gave the' natives a. chance to earn extra M&rt&ont then' persuaded the civ il admialatration to: assume reaponsiblltty fey'the upkeep of the roads and to operate a' postal service* manned by the m ilitia*^ Moat of the roads were.financedc at this time, by the sale of captured merchant diae*: voluntary .subscriptions*. and sum funds from, the cen­ tra l administration* and therefore coat the . civil administra­ tion little money* Because Dalmatia was' a province of Italy* there- were technically no independent military forces* She naval de«* • tense'of Da imatia was the res pons ib ility of- the Dalmatian Squadron of the Royal Italian, navy * This force consisted ■ of the frigates Ad rife and Aquila and. the brigs Pol tea and Orien. and several other smaller vesseIs.70 Marmont's force, the.Army of Dalmatia* was originally the first Corps ()

money and termed, the corvee a mans of self -improvement* which taught -them the^^valSe of'labor* 'the levy of man was divided into two groups* each of which worked fifteen days* under the direction of army engineers and officers* To encourage speed* the workers were allowed to leave the pro­ ject early if they completed their section ahead of schedule*' The soldiers*, it seems* si»fy~sij** were rewarded for their labor by placing; the-name of their regiment on a marker des­ ignating which section of the road they had helped to- build * fisanl# Dalmatic» 270* notes that the. roads were fifteen to twenty feelm,wHS" and. had a stone surface' and retaining * ^sPisani f Palma tie * 271** for a description of the roads built at fhisr^Se»G'rsac. Moniteur * l August 1807, 82h* The road connecting Spalato anTTSigt^was named th e Chcmin^ Marmont, Another bore th e nmm Oheii$f^gte^anee * tcT'lSKor* fKeJTAustrfan m inister who -was ■ responsIBIenEor^tEe construc­ tion of the first -modern road, in Palmsfiau 69Ib id .

70Napoleoaf Correspondence, XII, So, 9921. Napoleon to Eugene, $ March iTOS*1""" ■of tbe Army .of ' Italy,# .with- its. headquarters at Ddine*7** On 7 July 1806, when Marmont was ordered to Dalmatia, the First Corps was renamed the Army of Da Imatia ,7 ^ Until 1809, the Army of Dalmatia received1 its funds from the Army of Italy and■remained 'under the supreme command of Friuee Eugene* In addition to the road projects, this force was largely occupied' with'.the of Cattaro and. the fortification of Zara as a vast entrenched camp, intended to distract an invading force, of greater -also and thereby give the Army of Italy additional time to -prepare to meet the advance*75 throughout' its history, the Army of Dalmatia remained pri­ marily a French unit* Napoleon ordered that as of I March

7%apeleofi. I, Unpublished Correspondence. o f, ifapoleon. and" lc ^ s f T'f^ tey * fransISFe^^By louiee Seymour Houghton# j- vols# to datei Hew York* Duffield .and Oo*, 1913), I, 246, Unsigned note dated 23 December IB05, fhia corps consisted of two divisions» one of them under the command of General Gabriel Mol it or, which subsequently was named the Dalmatian Division when Molitor proceeded to occupy that, territory.* Eugene was informed of this decision m 11 February 1806* Bee. Eugene* Memoires* II* 66* Napoleon to Eugene* 11* Feb­ ruary 1806* ------^Napoleon* Dor res ppManp a * XII* Nos* 10461* 10462, Napoleon to Eugene; Napoleon to Marmont* 7 July 1806* It retain ed th is t i t l e u n til A pril* 1809* whan f t became the 11th corps of the Grand Army, See a lso Eugene* Mdraolres, l f f i $ K . ' / "

7%hls project figured in much of the military cor­ respondence between Eugene and Napoleon and fortifications 'continued up to- the -campaign-of 1809*Napoleon firs t ..men- ’ ttoned the project as early as April 1806* See .-Napoleon, Correspondencet XII* Ho# 10117* Napoleon to Eugene, ,21 April '1606*7 1 _ 39 L808* it consist of 21,130 French troops and 2 ,900 Italian trOOpS*71*. ; Despite the preponderance of French and, Italian •troops*' 'native Dalmattohri ■also ■-saw .service*, - Early, to .1306* .Napotoem authorized lug^ne. to form a battalion of Dalmatian froops* rioting .that Venice formerly recruited' m m of her finest troops from this region*"Shortly' .afterwards, not-* tog. that French troops were being exposed to capture to the Dalmatian isla n d s, he recommended ra is in g sev eral companies of native troops to replace them*7® . Eugene followed this' advice by decreeing, the creation of -a Royal Dalmatian legion ■

74Ibia.» XVI, No. U676 and Eugene, Memoires, IV, 1*3, Napoleon to Eugene*' 80 January 1806* -—«—“*****

. 7^ lb id ,, XII* He* 1399* Map®lean to Eugene, 2 March 1806*

7 6ib id , . X II, No. 10716 and Eugene, Empires , I t , 264, Napoleon to Eugene* B0 A p ril 1006*

77MoniteOr* 29 June 1896, 843, Bee also Napoleon* 0orrespog^iaii^*J t No* 1.02.93 and Eugene * Memo ire s * II* W B^Bu^EIs^iinif was placed under the coiSmE^W**an It&l* ton colonel and half, o f i t s o ffic e r corps was to be drawn, from either the Italian or French army, fhe uniforms were Italian*- but a ll the troops were to be native Dalmatians* fhe same decree provided .for the formation of a Royal Xstrton. B atta lio n (Bataili

Moniteur * ■ 19 July 1806, 921* The Dalmatian legion was to be coiSpised of 2,700 men, the Is triad Battalion of 660* These troops were to be obtained by voluntary enlist** meat, or, failing that, , both of. which were to be-based on the population of the communes* ' The length of service was to have been for. five years in time of peace.;

79■ Marmont* Memo ire s * III* 84-83* Eugene t o , Marmont, 24 September 1806, 80 Eugene seems to have used the legion as a recruit** ing.'ground for the regular Dalmatian -battalion of the Army of Dalmatia*,- In December * he wrote Marmont to organise .th is unit from soldiers .forming part of the-'legion, -See Eugene* Memo ir e s » I I I , 437, Eugene to Marmont, 27 December 1807, As the war with Austria approached, Marmont used some of the troops of this unit’to garrison points on the land. See Mat?** mont, Memoires, . IIIf 131, There seems-to have been strong; opposition'to service ■ in the legion. In May 1807, Eugene wrote to Marmont urging him to discuss the lack of enlist- meats with Dandolo* ' In this, letter he noted that at this date, there were only tbirty^aeveti or thirty-eight men in the legion, including officers,, Marmont* Mfempires, III* 105-06, Eugene to Marmont, 24 May 1807. TSIsTeWter indi­ cates that a report in the Moniteur of 12 August 1806, 1015 i# nothing- more than propagSnJaT’^^his issue contains- a re­ port that on 3 August 1806, Eugene reviewed the 1st ..Battalion, of the. Dalmatian legion at * HI mpmmrnimml pi mm# wm to fall back m Zara*81* |m order to haw garrison. troops to supplement his forces in case of .a re tre a t or an advance! ’lie formed a national. Ouartf com- posed of tewnssien and le i by young mm from the hast fam* f lie s * *9 garly in April lift* the long anticipated war with A ustria began* the Bafeaburg forces mooed against lands and allies fa a series. 'Of widely dispersed movemnts* $& 1# April*- they Invaded Italy* only to he forced to » * treat in a week* in Dalmatia'* l&rmonf * who ’had taken up a petition on the frontier! fought a series of battles .against the forces of General ftnssewtteh in order to- Join mp w ith th e fraud Army* fa his wake* Austrian troops poured .into Balms* tie and occupied '«oet of the province* their arrival brought the- c i v i l a d m ia ls tra tto i mi Dalmatia* and Dandolo *e career fhe-re! to- an end* Wm a tew short months- * the Austviana

®%t*eee orders were changed early in 1809* at which tiro napolaan ordered legene to issue instrnctions providing fo r saermofii*# .forces to jo in th e tren d Army* "leaving behind ’ a strong force to garrison the major cities of Dalmatia* no ^the national Duard was a mmdmipal m ilitia * com*- pi mm® mi men between the ages of twenty and slsety* used for tfce.telnietenoe of internal order * and the defense of the frontiers and coasts* the officers were reunited to furnish their mm uniforms and eopipssnt* She men 'wore a military- type uniform* hot received their arms from the government* When serving 'on m ilitary duty#' the' National Uoatd received the pay of troops -of the line# Wm the- duties and organise** Cion of this force under the Imolre. see Bulletin .dec .lots* iv hurl** ■'tv no* s t f i*% and 4to«

i%armonit ^moires* lit* HI* US* Wimmi also made a ’levy of I *#w':,pahdours* m ilitia! for the escort and’ upkeep of f t-tif trawpori^^ BSrses* 42 ■■again held rW >pr©viii0e.,aiii;uhd£cl -many of 'the reforms which he-had ..worked to introduce* ' The resulting chaos was-to add . 'to'the problems'which his successor,. Marmont* and . his' admin­ istrators * were to face in the^government of the Illyrian P rovinces*88

For accounts of th e 1809 campaign as it affected Dalmatia* see Marmont# Mdmoiges* III# Books XI and XII and Fisani# Dalmatie, Fart vfT+"xShapter II. For an account o f ’ the campaign’* as rt affected Italy, see Eugene, Hdmoires, IV, Book XII? V and VI, Books XV and XVI, ‘J fHSA WPT?t>JL xtf&v A. ttT jiJL

the oeoanxeatxom of a o o ito i a ® m m u m m io m

The Illyrian Provinces* destined to be Napoleon's last major territorial creation.#, were la the aftermath of the campaign of 1809 f on 14 ■October* On. the same day that Prince John of Liechtenstein signed the Treaty of Vienna (Schdnbruan)* which ceded a ll of Austria’s. Adriatic coast and her southernmost provinces to France Napoleon issued a decree which combined these territories with Dalmatia to form a new territorial subdivision of the Empire

Htertena . Supplement# V# 210*17,. ^Bulletin des lois, XV serle* XX (1810)* No* 246* l$9, The 'decree "lists''the territories of Villacb, Garni©la* Austrian Xstriaf Flume f and that part of Croatia lying on the right bank of the Save River* Mo mention is made of, Italian Xstria, or the. territories ceded by * - Of the Napoleonic holdings , only Dalmatia is mentioned * and presumably thereby# Raguea and Cattaro. Napoleon, through Count Antonio Aid,ini# the repte* sentative of the Kingdom of Italy at Paris# for tolly told Eugene of his decision to transfer Xstria and Dalmatia to the Illyrian Provinces# On 4 January 1810# Eugene wrote to Napoleon that he had received this information# reminding the- Emperor that he had. made an, exception of ex^Venetian Xstria* which was now a full department* integrated into the Kingdom of Italy* He further noted that Xstria was the major source of salt for home consumption and the sole source of wood for the at Venice* The Viceroy closed th is letter with a request for orders concerning this for the Senate of Italy* See Eugene# M&molres, VI, 275^76, Eugene Napoleon’s motives.fo r.doing; thin were.twofold, :and even, perhaps, threefold, ■ fhe FreachEraperor was primarily interested in protecting the Kingdom of Italy from Austria, A s.early m :1806, he was bothered by the fo o t .that - an Aus- triaa fiction ifm firo» dartntiiia umi Qmmlola fey bypassing .the airoissiiolia at fal^ ta rin g M m m m of the peane negotiations at .Altenburg# . . tfee itapetot iaolie#; to . -matea. .the 4efeafei. eoohtty fey pairing It of territory.# &&.&$. l®§#* fee wate-.,. - 0 M1& Jeaa^iiptlaie *§e l^fipagnyt. fete F*^itnfe .iplniiitei? of affair#*; ifeaf-.fee sfeeiiM a t^ « is t .i©, g ain .posaaaaioma of. Austria to insure, 4 i root eontaet between ■ lal~ s a tie and Italy * 1* Sfe* eottfcto. o f .tfeeiNi' ooga%iotioiia:t f#llapoIaoii*-% .Jawarf MM* In'aiiittisn to praeti&ai 'rea* sons for keeping Istria, and also Dalmatia, it sfenui# be ante# .that- ii: eertaln awnwit of national -aaatlaaiit "tfe# alee, inline#* :teet Sugeiiii renaaetei for the Senate* . See. aloe.-for 14* Miegasu .,$#» As a resu lt * Napoleon arrange# for the Kingiom ofTKoaria to oeOe a prw iaoe. o f. the, tyro I .. to ‘th e -ffi&gjfaim 'Of ’ Italy* ' "'Pile' te rrito ry ' sefeseeueably became ifee Jfeeiwtfen^fc of. ;tl^..%per#Mige f<seywilga)* ■ See-l«^eiie* . 11*• 3,0f»:&87»&&« to togane# 10 $ p r il ■'IIS®*' ffeis .oeoaio«i| feeimeet* oreafoi-a- fiMPt^r p ro ttei'io - rejgarA'.to the location .of ibe Itaiiao^;Iliyrian beuniary in tfei.fyret* , ^ia^oeeation.wao fiwily::oettleO in tte. lata mmmm' «T IS It* See fjgsne* Mmetrss* yir'3%7^§# . , $$&*$£*, iiigetse to- ^ p o le o n f W S l y IIW*'- i f August IS tif Napoleon to~ Eugene, 21- September'IS10*- See:also Bulletin #as ..lela* W a&rie#'1 1 0 No* fit*. 1^115e«ereotisg tlB lim its betwaen -France. anitfee EiniOom of Italy* S - ■ 1 %apel#eii* €orreago^aiiO a*. M L No* tOflO* ..Napoleon to general Joan -De jean# minister of - :Wm Mminiatration# 17 - July IS0 $* : x **# Hh* 15835, Napoleoe to Champagny, 22 SeptemSer iS09* Napoleon fu rth e r > remarked to Marmtmt* who was to become th e first Oovernor^Senerai of the- Illyrian Provinces, that' he intended to makethe territory a ”margravacy1t or march# in order to protect the frontiers of Italy and the Empire*5 On IS December 1809, Napoleon* fir h ie reply to th e address of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy* directly stated that fhe Illyrian Provinces- formed a frontier for-the protection of th a t kingdom* $ Finally# in August t 1810, Napoleon ordered General Henri Clarke*-the .Minister of War* to-send Mamoht a note on the military role of in ease of war with Austria* This note pointed out that-in such a circumstance * the de­ fense of Italy lay on the laonso Elver and in the * Pa Imanova was useless'for this purpose * he stated* and so it was necessary to establish works at Q ovizia or Gradiaka and- create a defense system connected to Paimanova* The Emperor went on to- state that all'th e defenses of Laybach {) should fee destroyed# except for the citadel* since that town lay within the reach of fhe enemy * and rec­ ommended an expansion of the works a t’ ’Trieste* No arsenals' were to fee established in the Illyrian Provinces# and in case of war# a ll material was to fee evacuated beyond the Isonee-* ‘ F in a lly , Napoleon pointed -out three s ig n if le an t advantages' which the Illyrian Provinces possessed* The army

%!armoutf Memoires» Ilf* '271*

^Moniteur * 26 December 1809* llhh* th e re could form the advance-guard on the Save ■ in case of offense*. or 'a 'rear-guard in ease of 'defensive- action.* Re­ fer r log to the 1809 invasion# he said that then Austria, had 'been able to penetrate ■ into Friuli in two days* whereas now such' a ' move' -would require tea** '-In case of defense *. France now controlled the outlets of the Alps and could slow the Austrian marchf while for' offensive purposes* Austria could 'not. fortify these passes against her . 7 the second that of economic interest*' was implied by the act of creation itself * By depriving Austria of" her two- major seaports# and' a i l ' h e r . co ast line,#. Mapoleon not only forced Austria, to become a member of the Continental system* but also closed'off "an'even greater portion of the Adriatic to the British*^ tn addition# the long Illyrian frontier with the Utbo-mait Empire .increased the possibilities of trade with that state * especially in regard' to those raw

i ?rr.fi>it 'LiQoSWOl.i inii>iuiyn na^ * rfj■ jj>i» * > !W»u

^Mapoleon# Correapondanee, XXI* Mo,. 16792* ■ Mapoleon to Clarke* 14 August':ISSft# rSeernSIso Harmont*. Mdraolres , III* 470-77, 'Clarke to Harmont* 20 August 1810*. liT W ST Iofe* Clarke* quoting Mapoleon. emphasiced the fortifications at T rieste and laybach* and, concluded by saying: that Illyria could also be useful in a. war against the: Ottoman Empire* If should also* be noted that.' in case, of war* napoleon intended that should, become the focal point for a military evacuation from Illyria and he continued to strengthen the works of that fortress* See Eugene * Mdmoires, VI* 338-37* Mappleon.,to Eugene* io June:'.IS 10* •■

%ivec»Stelh* Vie,.dconomloue* 11*. notes that in 1806 Julian Bessi&res* ‘the FreiEleonsEE^general for the Adriatic# advised the Hfnister of Foreign Affairs 'that the British would' c o n tro l the A d riatic as long as T rie ste and Flume re­ mained in Austrian hands* m aterials which. France could m longer obtain from her over­ seas colonies*^ The third motive 'for the-creation of Illyria lies on less firm grounds* but seems quite plausible* In-taking O arniola and C arin th ia, Mapoleon ■acquired lands -which had been traditional holdings ;.of the Bouse of llabsburg* Mili­ tary Croatia* too had been connected with that House for a long time* and- was an important link In her southeastern defenses* Trieste and Flume were her only seaports*. It is only natural to believe that Austria would desire the res­ toration of these territories and that in acquiring them, BepoleoB had -acquired a diplomatic lever to use in negoti­ atio n s w ith th a t state* In September.,- IB 10, before th e establishment of a definitive .form of government for the Illy ria n Provinces, Mapoleon had an. interview with Prince Clemens von Metternich, the Austrian Foreign Minister* In the course of this discussion#, Mapoleon pointed out the ad­ vantages- which he held over Austria and that this could lead to f r ic tio n between th e two co u n trie s. The Emperor went on to say i t was p o ssib le th a t war -could occur between France and ., In which ease f he would make use of * and pointed out that Austria would fee requested to choose sides* Therefore, he proposed a possible exchange of territories,

^Xafra* Chapter V, 97* Ibid** 146-88 contains- a very fhorbugh aiscu ssio n of NapoTeoBfs e ffo rts to e s ta b lis h a trade route across Illyria to- Turkey, -primarily for the purpose of securing cotton* **8 I ll y r ia fo r .Galicia***® M b er*: in '1813* a t the Congress of Prague, Napoleon offered to abandon Poland * or rather the Grand Buehy of Warsaw, and cede I lly r ia In. an e f f o r t to gain : •Austrian support* ^ By then* however * the time , for' negoti­ ation had passed. " . Napoleon lost -no ■time in organising a form of gov- ' ernmeaf for his new territory* On lh October, he named ■Councillor of State ’ Jacques Dauehy, formerly administrator of finances in Tuacany, the Tntendant General of finances of the Illyrian Provinces. ^ Marmont who had been promoted

^ P rin c e Clemens von M et.ternich, Memoirs of Prince M atter ntch*. 177,3** 1815 (Edited ; by Richard f ~ SfeTnce ’"letterh io h and' n'W : 'X* J'deri:;"lvHhKo6St r dm * tra n s la te d by Mrs*. Napier*. 2 vols* ; New York % Charles Scribner’s Sons» 1880) , X, 136-39* 399* This interview took place on 10 September 1810* The editors note that Metternich prepared an account of it in German..for the Emperor* This note., presumably, was located in the. Austrian archives* That Napoleon contemplated such a move is supported by Bourrienne, one of Napoleon's secretaries* See Louis Antoine. Flauvelet de Bourrienne, M&moires de M* de Bourrienne (10 vols*; faris: Chez Ladvocat, r m m . ‘ ^%a.ppleon# Correspondance* XXVI# No* 20375* Napo­ leon to Frederick, l(!Ihgrtn? 'Wrisfemberg,. 13-August 1813.

^B ulletin, das .lols* IV serie, .XX (1310), No* 246 # 160* the Constitutional Assembly* He fled France, after be trig proscribed on 18 Fructidor <4 September 1797) for his conservative views* He returned to France after. IS Brumaire and, on 29 February 1800, be­ came a prefect*. See Jacques 16gh£et* Les pr^fets du Con- ©a ta t .at de 1* Empire (far is : ■ t& if ion - SKe'lS' ^Souve li e '' Revue, f 1 'TOOcited as Mgnier f Pr6fet©*.) He became a Councillor of State and Ad minis f r at or-Geher a 1' of Finances and Domaine© in the Venetian territories on 8 Feb­ ruary 1606* See Bulletin 4e© -lo is* IV ©drie# IV (1806), No* 73* 238-59* ’For' ah Xoeaunt b£ h is •■career from th is time u n til h is appointment in Illy ria * ■-see Buane Koenig* "The Napoleonic Regime in Tuscany# 1807-1814, " (Unpublished Ph. D* thesis, tfniversity of Wisconsin, 1942), Chapter IX. . 49 to the rank of Marshal of the Empire on 12 July 1809 f o l­ low ing the Battle of Wagr&ra, 13 became the $overn#r*0eneral - of the Illyrian froyfnoes*^ & returned to France in order to help develop a plan for the organisation of the new territory*^ the M ilitary Convention*, signed at Schonhrunn on 27 October 1809, gave Austria until 4 January 1810 to com* plefe the evacuation of the ceded territory**^ Until this date* the administration and Judiciary of the provinces was' entrusted to the Viceroy of Italy, while Dauchy attem pted to restore order to the finances* On 12 November 1809, Napoleon placed both men under the Ministry of Finances for all matters .pertaining to illyria*^ On 8 November* Eugene •

^Marmont » '^moires * III* 2SS# ^N e decree naming Marmont to th is post was in serted in the Bulletin .des.: lols « fhe only authority for the date of terment^^ is lAonce de Brotorme who gives it as-. 14 October 1809* fee Napoleon t* Sernjferep .letfcres ...in* ; edites de Napoldon. t fter »_30,Ilaftleg^e.s~li^ 'ni1Si^§ ile0 ''oar MoSce1rde ^ o lo £ i£ :',rfCST vela»TritMrleT^'Honord hfi^lSnJ'^Khrai&1* IlfhfJ''"r:-f#x:'lS'0Si note 1* (Hereafter cited as Napoleon, BerniOres... le tt res* ) Marmoof, mo ires. III* 271* states tEat^'W ^leohr: told him at ScMnWuHnT^Before the Treaty was drawn up* that he- intended to'send him -to .rule the territories ceded by Austria and that he would have the powers of a "margrave*1* > _■■ ^Marmont, ^ m o ire s . Ill* 337^38* Marmont is the only authority for IS 'tSTSSS does not include any .details of the discussions which he had with Napoleon at * except to.say that he made several visits and that each lasted several days* , ^Mpnlfceufft 8 November 1889* 1242* a r tic le s XW and XV* 1 ^Eugene* ^ m o ire s , ‘IF* 114* Napoleon to Eugene* 12 November 1809* so ordered all the Austrian civil servants to remain at their. posts 18 ana r on 1 Decemberrequired them to take an oath of allegiance to the Emperor*1^ The first civil servants of the new ■regime began to fake their offtees.during this period* On 11 December* bucien A rnault, an an d iteu r o f'th e Council of State, the Intendant of the (provisional) , administered the oath of loyalty to the civil servants and- clergy of 'that town*2®' Dalm atia, which, was then occupied by the. Army of Italy,, remained under a state of siege and martial law until 1 January 1810 because of an uprising in the area which had come under A u strian occupation.21 After this date* a minor O fficial* named Psalidf, took charge of the. civil adminis­ tration as a Commissioner of Government * Dandolo* who was not informed of the transfer of Dalmatia, to the Illyrian Provinces, was under the impression that he had the right to resume his post as Governor and immediately formed a. fac­ tion in opposition to the new regime* Soma of the civil servants joined him* but were brought into line when threat­ ened with dismissal* Dandolo left Earn oh 4 January 1810, and returned to Ita ly .22

'lsPisanit Daimatle» 8 3 2 # ^Ibid* See also .Nteniteur. 2 January 1810* 4* 20 Monlteur* 4 January 1810, 11.

^**Pisani, Dalmatia*. 332*

bid * # 332-33. In 1810# he ■want to Faria as a member of tKe Italian. deputation to attend Napoleon1© SI ter fug the autumn aui winter of 1809-1810, the -Sen#' oral i w i i i l of the Illyrian Wvm-imm slowly toofe shape* -^ M E i le f t Paris an % Mwember 1809* and * at'ter 0 tapping at Milan t# iiseM the transfer of isfrta sni telisacfa with 800M8f attired at' I&ybaeh on, the lifb*^ Until 0 3mm*? Ill#* t i i t i t l e was- a imply 'that, of the Oenera I** fa-Ohiei of fha Army o f telm atia, which, after December, became the Army of Illyria*^41 ter tag ^temontfa m m of off lea* the llly rtei Prov* tm m were governed under a decree of i f .ieeember 180®**$ which subordinated a il aepeefm of' government m i aimiiiia* frafioti to the authority of the ti^i^r«teheral# 'title X* Article I of the decree listed fire. chief officials of gov* -ernmeiiti the Oomrnor-Oeueralt the Ihtendant^Oenerai of Pfaeiieea#. the' ^ommiaaiomr^Oefieral of Justice, the Comman­ dant of the Mary, and. the feeMerer*8e»era3U*® wedding* After lilb, -he retirci from public life.,, to hie estate at VsteOe* where be died oh It' Paeember it If#

‘ *%temomt#. Mjmoitea^ l i t , SiMMi!*. ^teoc-leeii* torratoo^ahoe^ XE#. Mo* 16087* the first mention of Che^ciSlleoIh^es occurs to tb im le tte r of tepoleoh to tfce ^hiatara of Mar and Mar .Aimlniatratioh# If tecember 1809, in which be orders ■this force pot on a p a r tia l peace^footiig; COcmi*Pfeci)» M ^Ietiii Oealoigu IV sOtle, MM Mo* MS., 8S«97« |AlfiSi®^ to this decree, unless other* wise stated«- aha II refer to- 'the specific titles ani ar tie lea, rather than page. M b e » ¥} *%beir duties ware .set forth in titles IS* III, IV, V, VII, respectively, and will be treated in the chapters which relate ■ to fhe.ir areas of swimiaistratioii* i* itle II came c lose to fu lfil ling Napoleon rs alleged claim th a t Marmont would'- be a $* * margrave# ***$? A rtic le 5 made him the supreme commander .of a l l naval, m ilita ry and police forces:# According to A rticle' 6:r?he played the chief role in determining the. amounts to be expended on public works.# m ilita ry fortifications, and had the final say in determining the budget-project*' ^ Articles 8 and 9 gave-him broad powers of supervision over the Frontier regiments ^la .Military Croat ia7,^s the civil service#, education#, and the judiciary. Article 10 made him the supreme police official for Illyria* Article 17 gave him control of the Church* by giving him the power of presenting bishops for nomination and# in addition:# gave him the sole authority to administer the oaths of loyalty of the public servant's * the remainder of the eighteen articles of fitie II# however#'limited his sphere of activity by requiring him to work closely with the other' members of the government and other chief officials of 'the Empire and Italyw**

27 Marmont, Mdmoiree# III,. 271* 338, Marmont, In describing the - organisation of the administration under the decree# claims' to- have enjoyed the authority of a sovereign*: that the other agents of government were equal to ministers ' "of th e government, and, finally# compares him self to a vice­ roy w ith unbounded powers , An examination of the decree* however* shows..that this la an. exaggeration*. ^SHere, however, h is a u th o rity was subordinated to th a t of the M inister of War* ^ A r tic le 11,specifically protected the Intendant^ General, and the Commissioner-General of Ju stice from him, but,required that these officials make monthly reports on their spheres of administration* and perm itted Marmont to tinder this decree# Marmont was the most powerful* and-perhaps most energetic* Covernor-Gener ai of the Illyrian Provinces* The only official whose powers approached his ■ was the Xntendant-Geheral * the chief financial official whose powers fcached.almost' every area of government and society* These powers* enumerated in Title III* Article 19, included the exclusive' authority to '-levy and collect taxes* control over all receipts and expenditures* the administra­ tion of the'customs* /the responsibility for the support- and pay of the troops* the suppression of smuggling# the-upkeep of hospitals* the division of - prise money in naval affairs* and'-the administration of the postal service, 'Under him* he had as subordinates the Treasurer-General# the Intendants of the- provinces# 'the Rece Iv o rs- Genera I '(provincial tax collectors), and the other' employees of the government. He was responsible, for drawing a il the provisional legislation and seeing that- it was published and executed * by virtue of Article 21# He could also call on the gendarmerie and armed forces to enforce the laws* but could' never act as the chief judicial official-of the land, Under the authority of the

demand of them- a ll the inf of mat ion that he judged to "be nec­ essary for the 'proper' funcfioni.ng of. ■ f he government * A rticle 12 required him to confer with, the other chief officials in regard to legislation# A rticle. 15 required him to confer with the Minister of War on all matters touching the army# and by implication of the words ^security, of .the Illyrian Provinces*** on naval 'matters mm well* .According to Article 16* he re­ ported to the Viceroy of Italy * who was the .Commander in C hief of the Army of Italy* on all affairs concerning Italian units in the Amy of Illyria* A rticle 1.8* finally,* required the Oovernor-Oeneral to make biennial reports to "the various Min­ isters of the Empire* 30A rticlee 22 and 23. 34 . he-acted as the:■ ■ ^foreigh mtotofmr M for :. .the. tlifrtoii W m im m f- ami ■ mm for toe m m m -, glNtindtoto-ttttti' the Imperial diplomatic reptotootativee in ioaate. auiftoaiiy* ■ lie. toe.-reooirei -to uofrm*.-: ■ ■ ©pcito wtto^ilie' ifetotmr. of ftotoeto’to a ll topeet© of Me

aiiai|iiotratioa*^:.. ... ■" - 1mmmm of the mat., poweta enjoyed by these two Mitototo*,. to i because of the dtoorgatitoed .atom of the Xilyttott ■trtoliitoe*^tom-; merly .pmrtofot, ilmrtoitito term of ~ o ff toe mm p toiitoltoly marked -by a, goarra-l. with touchy* .fhia „ rfm lry■ broke out .p ii, before torment formally hto:j30ft*. w o te.a .long, totter..-1© the, ,1toto^aiit^e«ieral in.toitoha Me',o©tottot cmwn* • ;piaiotO:ahottt toe.Mlitary*-Mo 'lack- of atttotioi* to- M m 4otlo#f .tod-hia p^oawptioo#....He aim© hi® that' they \tofaio cooperate to the gomro»otf— ,. in a letter to. Sen- : era! '0 tor to*' tom' Utototmf' of t o f # latm fr th a t' month* torment -topltoi that' touchy ■ had foiled ■ to ■■ protrilie ■ eopplfee tor tom troepa* and waa respohaibto, for .their- pay being to arrears*^*

^^4rttoto:f4^ ‘ ' ‘' ^%rttokm : Mi * ' \ mmMtrnrn*. wm§ toeptotfitolly accused touchy of - piiimoiiisg; ..eioii offtotola too reported to; M M ili and of ototoMing to engineer for- hatiog memo** pamtod am army. officer ©a am' inspection of the Sam Elver,, to'toiitioa*Jitoitoto'totod'ttot touchy-had appotetmd'aa'to# ■■ mto.offtotol to.provide garrtooii :iac,iittto#-for .too troop© " which had occupied ^ Cartotadt (Karlovad >» and had reappointed hi® after torment had replaced him with to abler marw , ^Ibld-*,.* $$$?&&.* torment to Ctorto* f h tooeary 1810* Sim ilar com plaints followed* On 29 June, Marmoat wrote, th a t the-troops, s t i l l had not been paid and that be.was forced to. draw np almost all of the agjefetes^S dealing with organisa­ tion*' ' He blamed his failure to accomplish more on the mn- settled conditions and Dauehy's obstructionism*^6 Finally,, .on'10 Jane .1010,1 Napoleon replaced Banehy with Baron Redon de Belleville#37 which finally brought the struggle- to an end#^ Msrme&t*6 provisional regime lasted little more than a year* In the spring of 1010, he- asked 'and received author** isation to send a deputation of to France to pay homage'to the Empero r ^ ■ . when this, body of representatives

«« . . This term Is literally translated as ^resolution*** During th is p erio d , i t was synonymous w ith th e word' d d c re f" or decree* Xsr order to avoid confusing Illyrian decrees” ' with Imperial decrees, .issued only by Napoleon, this term has been left untranslated In the body of the text*

^Siarmoht* Memoires, III* 418-22* Marmont to Clarke* 29 Jura 1010* " rr

^B ulletin dee. lo.Is*. IV sdrie., XII (1810), .No# 292.* 467 •

08 Belleville, however* did not arrive In Illyria until late, in'the year* On 31 July, Marmont Informed the Minister of War that ©auchy had fried to relieve the plight of the troops in Dalmatia only since June-, complaining of a lack of resources which Marmont declared to be false* See Marmont, Mdmoires* III, 460-63* .Marmont to Clarke, 31 July 1810* OnTCr^SEEober th e Cove r nor - Gene r a i a lso blamed Dauchy for releasing Ottoman ships which were' to have been seques­ tered oh orders from Napoleon* See Marmont, Memo ires* III, 494-95* Marmont to Napoleon, 15 October 18 i0*r~: "<""1"1"' ;

^^Napoleon, Correspondence * III, No-* 4123*. Decision, 26 March 1810* MartsSlii^^' III, 426-27, indicated that each province.* and 'eacK of',l“l:he six regiments- of M ilitary 56 arrived in Paris, MapsIcon turned it into a small council of three sections* under the. presidency .of Deneml. Antoine Andreossy* -One section was questioned about the .military, organization of Illyria* another about the financial situ- at ion* and the.'third .about, the organisation- of. justice t Ihe result of ail this'was that Mapoleon soon began to de> velop a plan for reorganizing' the,Illyrian provinces'* In the autumn of 1810, Marmont learned of the reorganization, and subm itted a memoir proposing th a t no changes be made in the organization of Military- Clr-oatis*1^ Mar moot soon asked ■ ■leave to go to Paris to explain the situation and;to help draw, up a definitive decree of organization**^ On 25 J&n-- uary 1811*^3 Marmonh left Trieste* the winter capital* '.and :

■Oroatia* sent a deputy* Hapeleon* Correspondence * III* Mo* M912, Decision, 12 December- 1819,' n^SverTTSW ates that' there were aiatty^aix members*. * ^%apoleont Ogrrespondaiwse * JOi9 Mo* 16738* Mapoleon to Clarke* 31 July

■^^fhis memoir is summarized in Fivac-Steld * Vie £eonomlque y 267-68* See also Mjar mont * IMmolreg, IIt™ h78- W l^farlius letters written in. September .ahd^^fetober to the Minister of War and the Minister of. Justice* In each of these communications* the Governor-General emphasized the u tility of preserving Military Croatia’s .regiments- and the disaster' which could result from attempting reforms which would* in. effect* destroy the time-honored form, of society in this province*

^M armont* M&moirea* 111 * kk2~k3* ^3Pisanl, Dalmatia* 338* advances the theory that Marmont suspected ’iE af a' reorganization of the Illyrian gov­ ernment would reduce his powers,* m m ont# Mdmoires, III* h%8-50* states, that he left Illyria in early^SeEEuary and' arrived in Paris in March* He claims that when he arrived went to Paris* where he attended the meetings of the com­ mission, before being reassigned to * Marmont*s successor was an engineer officer, General Count Henri Bertrand*1^- shortly after his appointment, Napo­ leon issued the decree containing the definitive organiza­ tion of the Illyrian Provinces#' on 15 April ISll*^5 - title II' of this decree le ft the Go vernor-Ge ner a I the- supreme com-

, ' ■ % wander of the armed forces (Article 4) and most of his super­ visory powers (Articles 5-18)* ^ Article 19# however# called for the establishment of a 'Council of Government * The Council was composed of th e Governor-General as p re sid e n t* th e In*- tendant-General, the Commissioner of Justice, and two judges of the Court Of Appeal at laybach*^ this body, acted as

Napoleon told him that he was satisfied with his administra­ tion, and further claims that the commission adopted all of his proposals* Napoleon later .named him.- to succeed Massena in Spain# where he too# failed* He was responsible for the defense of Baris in the last days of the Baffle of France, and surrendered that city under'orders from Joseph* Under, the Restoration, he continued to serve in the army*. In 1838* he was again responsible for the defense of Farts* Follow­ ing the , he became an exile* He died in

^Napoleon* Dernl&res lettres# I* 503, note 1* gives the date of his appoihtfie'^'as" "W"April 1811* This date is disputed by 'Mary Blaise Bradshaw* flfhe- Illyrian Provinces,*’ (Unpublished .Hi* 0. thesis* University of Wisconsin* 1932), 32 * who states that Bertrand was appointed by a decree of 25 March 1811* This decree was not inserted in the Bulle­ t i n dea lo l s * "irx,,1,rT,n"r:"T,"',,!"

^Bulletin des lois. IV sdrie, XIV (18H>, No. 369 bis> . See n^y X811, 493-98. (Further references to tEIsaecree shall contain only the Title or Article pertaining to the subject matter*) 46Title VI, Articles 59-62, the chief administrative body for Illyria* the court of appeal, (cassation) for*'civil suits# the regulating body for the Judiciary after the introduction of french laws* an ad­ ministrator of pardons, and the consultative body for re- viewing all-.police' legislation, In addition* the Governor- 'General became* in e ffe c t* simply th e teana by which the * * civil administration corresponded with the Ministries of the Empire**1? _ ■ While the powers #1 the Governor-General' were cut back by bridling him with a council and; increasing his ties with the central government of the Empire * the'powers of the. 'Other administrators remained as before* The eharacter of Mar moat* a successors also seems to have entrenched this s it­ uation* Bertrand seems to have been less ambitious# and perhaps less able* than Msrmont* No'evidence exists of any .major disputes between him and Belleville* the inteodenf** General* On 16.August" 1811 Napoleon appointed' Andrd de Crouzol, comte Chabrol to replace''Belleville.*1*^ An able

k7 tithe. II, Articles 21-28. The Minister a of Jus- ties* Finance* Treasury* Inferior-*. Religious .Affairs* and of Bailee all,eommfo&ted .with their subordinates through him* ^% oniteur* 20 August 1811* 894* Chabrol f born in 1771* enter^TtBS^upper level of government service in 1806 when"Napoleon named him prefect of the 'Department of Monte* notte. See Bulletin des: lols* XV edrie, XV (1806)* No* 72* 240* In 1809'The becatae a member of the. Council of General ' . Liquidation 'in Tuscany* See M onlteur * 15 April 1809. • After the fall of the Illyrian ProvIhcee*'T,Ee returned to France and was a 'leader of'' the delegation which* on 1 April 1814* carried the capitulation of Farts to at the eMteau of Bondy* See EAgnier * WM .at s * 166* Under 59 administrator *. lie. was file last Xntendant^GeneraI of the Illyrian Provinces anti the effective head of the government until late July 1813 r when Joseph Fouch6 arrived as Governor- General* In addition to curbing the powers of the Governor* G en era l, the decree of IS April ISII also set forth in do* tail the'organisation of the government*^ The. first section of Title VIII established the territorial division of the country* The Illyrian Provinces thus consisted of six civil provinces# , Carinthla, Istria, Civil Croatia*. Dal­ matia , "the province of Ragusa*,T and one m ilitary province* Military Croatia*50 With the exception of Military Croatia* which retained its own system pf frontier organisation,5^ all the provinces enjoyed a uniform system of organisation* Each province was divided into districts* by Article 64* and into cantons* Articles .76*8L,$2 Each province was placed in the hands of an intend ant who was responsible for all ad­ ministrative* judicial* financial and police matters*55 On th e R esto ratio n , he became p re fe c t of Lyons and rose to the level of a minister* Re resigned as Minister of Finances in fhe Feiignac Ministry,- retired-'from public life and died in 1836 * See Char lea, comte 'de MmUsat, Mdmofres de ma vie <4 voIs* to date| Paris? Libralrie Finn,n^liSdSmi:n,IU'' i t # '’S'B'S note • I*

4% itie VII, '50A rtiele 63,

5tTitle VII, Section 4, Articles 9I-9A,

See Appendix 8*

. 53Title VII, Section II, Articles 84-88. The In* tendant®, whose powers were equal to a prefect of the Empire, the local level f these vast powers were the responsibility Of the subde Legates (aubddleguis) of which there, were four- teeh.3** Section VI of Title VII also created' a system of .ffltthicipal ad ministration * T itle VXXX created chambers of ebmarce at Trieste and' Flume, while Titles XX-XV regulated prisons and ...charitable establishments? public works, educa­ tion,' ‘the' administration of the mines and police and reli­ gious affairs; Title XV established the divisions of the administration of finances* Title XVI regulated the admin-

1st rat ion ■ o f Justice t Finally, Titles Jemand :aan reg­ ulated, briefly * the organisation of the Army of Illyria and the navy, Before, leaving. for Spain, Marmont briefed his suc­ cessor. on conditions in the Illyrian Provinces * 55 Bertrand , * t * however, was in no hurry to go to Illyria, Early in .June, he s till had. not left and' Napoleon had to write to the Min­ ister of War, urging.his departure*56 This tetter .apparently

was responsible fort taxation# domains, waters, forests, ■charitable itistitutioiis, religious affairs,'education, sani-' tat ion, policing, of the ports, the administration of the province, d i s t r i c t s , and communes, the ra is in g of troops# the civil, and military police-, disputes involving the'.ad­ m inistration, and the' customs* ■ They were directly respon­ sible to the Intend ant-Genera 1, and ruled through a council* S'HPitt* vii, Section III, Articles 39*90. For a list of their locations and the rate of pay of these# and other civil administrators, see Appendix 0* ^^pivec-SteLe, Vie economique , 18, notes a large number-..of documents‘.deaiIhg^£tE':ir'the "administrative per­ sonnel of the Illyrian government exist in 'the Archives Rationales, carton F « #. 6S, 'left by Marmont £or'^Bertrend, ^Napoleon, Pernieres iettres, II, No. !%3&* Napo­ leon to Clarke# 6 June”J^ llT Wfwe"e;h1 Marmont 1 s departure was sufficient to get Bertrand to leave* The exact date of his 'arrival ■ is hot -taown, 'bat it -was sometime. is* late.. June or S a rly -Ju ly , 1811*^7- " Upon his arrival,.the French authorities began to put the. decree of IS. April into, effect and soon the new government had taken shape* Napoleon at' first took upon him self the re s p o n s ib ility . fo r naming the intendants and subdelegates,^8 but later permitted Bertrand to appoint the latter officials*5^ Bertrand., however,, did supervise the ■ division of the provinces into arrond is same nts and the arrival' of 'Bertrand*.- the. government of Illyria, was in the hands of Belleville,'the Intendant-GeneraI* General Alexis** Joseph Deleons was in command of the army * See Mar- mont, ulmoires,. Ill, -449* " ^Monlteur* 27 July IS li, 793, and Napolebn* Per^ nitres .tot tires r II» Ho. 1483, Ha pole on to Bertrand, T tju ly i f ! l |#ITn';l'W m sie.0 CarIstadt and Flume planned .to sand deputa­ tions., headed by intendants., to greet him on t July at Lay- bach. The for.mar source indicates that on 13 July' Bertrand' sent a letter to Napoleon, presumably from Trieste* ^8MonltGur, S .September 1811, 961, e.OMarl&ee an toperial BecreeHbF 30 August 18.11, in which Napoleon .named several subdelegates in Carniola, Xstrla, and Civil Croatia; See.also-'Montteur, 13. April 1812, 408, which contains- a' decree by^wKIcKTfapo ieon appointed Intend ants fo r C arniola and Bagusa, ^%apoleon# torniires^.leftres * II, No, 1463, 'Napo* Icon to Bertrand,. 2lw^u ^ wTiTTr^SeF*aIso Napoleon I, M ttres ' luddites de Napoldon Xer (an ¥1X1-1815), pubIides. par -*i^i»tt"7J1'ltKir'r .teseestre'1 Sif» V.'if:^vblsl i K r.|a!'f'm~ l^il&^algle'Tlwr'lBWI * W ^'W W r Napoleon to B ertrand,. 22 Ju ly 1811, -'Napoleon ordered Bertrand to appoint m subdelegate and a m ilita ry commander at Cattaro* Napoleon also complained Bertrand was not working f a s t enough, ^ftIfeid»» 3 February 1812, 139, indicates that on 24 DeceraberTS 11, Bertrand ordered the division of Carniola into 124 arroodissaments, 62 In the area of higher admiaiafratieai, several changes took"'place during Bert ra n i fm term of office# In the summer of 1811* Napoleon ■decreed th a t the f in a l boundary'between Italy and the Illyrian Provinces was. the Xaonzo V alley,6*- The Emperor 'made sote minor change® within Illyria itself as well. By a decree of IS September ISii* Napoleon united the canton of Vimctm :t$mzIn), wh:ich formed part of ■01v.il: Croatia* with lafcria*, from which it had ’been detached by the A pril’ ■ decree#^.. Another decree* -m£. 16 January IS 12* moved- the Chief Place (chef-iieu) of the. subielegation of Segna (), in civ il Croatia* from.Segna. to-' tossin Piccolo' {Mali i*eMaj> in the'same- province,^'. finally* on 13 January 1813* an. i - * Imperial Decree created a fourth District* that of Krainburg * . ■ 1 1 (Kraej), In Carniola.^ ‘ • * '' ' ■The decree of .15 A p ril 1811 ra d ic a lly '.altered the A ■ . 4 ‘role of the Governor-Genera I who became primarily a military commander* His duties required him to make a number-of tour® of inspection* Under the -system of government by council* such absence® -made it necessary for Napoleon to issue a

^ B u lle tin de®/:loi® # - IV- a<$ric« XV (1812)* No# 383* lOf-ICH, ' to ^riaT Decree''Correcting the bounder Ie.® of' France and Italy* 3 August 1811* the date for the transfer of the territory was I October 1611,

62Ibid. . Ho.- 393» 290-93.*

Pivec**Stei4t Vie economique. 16,

64ib id , 63 decree enabling the Intendant-Oenarai to preside over the Gonncil Coring hie absence*^ Bertrand , because of th e limitations of b is powers , h is military dutiest and* apparently* a lack of great' admin­ istrative ability* became- tittle more than a. figure-head in the civil administration* Napoleon frequently wrote him about m ilitary and naval affairs* but' rarely touched upon- th e situ a tio n of -the administration* Many of the Emperor’s letters indicate disaatisfaetion' with Bertrand,*^ If Napo­ leon* s criticism is correct in regard to Bertrand *s lack of in itia tiv e * Chabrol would have become th e true- head of the government under any circumstances , Although Bertrand *s name, appeared bn every srrdte* developments tend to indicate th a t th e Intendant-GeneraI was responsible for almost every one of them*

65Bulletia dee lois. IV serie, XVI (1812), No, 420, Ibt, Imperial Decree of 30 January 10-12* fhe Council's decisions were subject‘to the final approval of the Governor- General* Under Bertrand* approval seems to have been auto­ m atic, ,

^%©r example* Napoleon chided him for his tardy arrival in Illyria and ordered him to write to him directly* in addition to conducting correspondence with the ministers, See Napoleon* Corresoondance* .XKff* No* 17002, .Napoleon to Bertrand, 9 JulyTESlt*' :lfii Emperor also complained of the slowness of Bertrand* s commutiications * See Napoleon Corre­ spondence, XXII, No* 17923* Napoleon to Bertrand* ISTGTy^ lalX* :r;~In one biting letter* he bluntly informed the- Governor- General that -he was 'not in Illyria just to observe the situa­ tion and asked him why he did not withdraw some of the troops from the port of tola if he knew that it was an unhealthy place# See Napoleon, Goyrespondance* XXII, No* 18077* Napo­ leon. to Bertrand.* 23 AupStTirWIXr The Illyrian created by decree.for polit ie#|.aod strategic. purposes*. was an artificial creation* The responsibility ter ..establishing and maintaining the Napoleonic regime there ultimately. fell upon two men* Her* mont* the f ir s t- Cover nor~<*ener a 1 * laid the foundation of the regime*: Chabrol, the Inf eodant ^General* who ultimately * * ' » ■* <* * fell.heir 'to most of his powers* went, to great lengths, to

¥ complete, the structure and make it function, Yet not even the organizational abilities of napoleon, .the interest and teal of Harmont* nor the adm inistratis talents of. Chabrol, could, prevent the. artificial country from collapsing from * t *. ' ' s ! w ithin* ’* cm&mB iv'

w im m m th e wmmm # te e

finances ■ was; the chief factor' responsible for the difficulties experienced. by the french administration of the Illyrian Provinces. In comparison with previous systemst the Napoleonic system in theory .was the heat equipped to deal with the various problems of the region*- french admin* istfation was direct and thorough * unlike the Venetian, and i ■. did not suffer from- the' rivalry of separatism and central** leaf ion, as did the Austrian* The upper*level administra­ tive personnel were,-on the whole,»well*frainedt-well* 1 , organised and efficient** these personnel were prepared to carry out what amounted to a reform of the entire region in order-to make the. Illyrian ■Provinces : a. profitable- and se If - support ing member of the Napoleonic Empire * In the end* before the arrival of Austrian troops, the reform had failed, for the wars of the , the Napoleonic Wars* and the Continental System combined to ensure the administrators of a lack of the. one item essential, to any reform* * money *. Napoleon wasted no time in creating a financial ad* ministration for the Illyrian Provinces * He ordered Bauchy to go to Lay bach to organise a financial administrat ion ltMKtflately after the signing' of the Treaty of Viera*? On 21 October 1809, ha wrote to the Minister of the Public Treasury, comte Francois Mollien, telling him of Dauchy’s appointment and' ordering- him to send the. necessary person* nel. He stated that all the revenues of Illyria were to be placed -in the public treasury and 'the receipts for the ex* pend itures were to be entered into the budgets of 'the .appro# ' prlate ministries* He also made if clear that the Illyrian Provinces were responsible ..for' the, support of the Eleventh army dorps., soon to be renamed the Army of Illyria,^ The financial administration, of the Illyrian Prov­ inces received its first organisation in a decree of' .25 December 1809.3 Title It of this decree made the intend ant- general of finances the head of the administration* Title VI established, in vague terms, the organisation of the taxes and the composition of the budgets, over which the intendant- general exercised almost complete control* To'assist the intendant-general, Napoleon established as his subordinate

^Supra* Chap. Ill, 43.

% raapoia*N iceiae, comte M ollien, Mdmolres d fun roinistredu Tr&sor public* 1780-1815 (3 v o le # ;’Saf is F ^ r :#r v' Napoleon to Moilien, 21 October 1809* Mollien adds that Napoleon’s view of taxa* tion was that it should '-be regularly assessed in the conn* tries which were added to the -Empire, in order that he could control it more easily* According to Mollien, Napoleon personally controlled this aspect of government and never, in the interests of justice and his own popularity, dele* gated that responsibility to anyone* 3BuLletin des Lois„ IV s8rle. XII (1810), No. 265. 85-96. '------4 ? a treaeurar^geoerai to handle strictly financial matters .»** gaeh province received-a- treasurer of the customs (propose payeur) while three raceAve.ro#gen&rai were’created .for the chief cities of the country *■ An add it Iona I race iver was to reside near-each Infendant or civil administrator , except

at the- three "seats - of the receivera~genera I , 5 The various divisions of the f inancial adminis tvation were then created during the interval feet ween the decree of 1809 and the de* finitive decree of organisation*. of IS April I8ii*6 One 'Of , the brighter spots on the record of.'this ad*

* 4 , ministration was its solution of the monetary crisis* In 1809-the Illyrian Provinces were faced with the'problem of what then'-amounted to massive inflation, a.problem inherited from the period of, Austrian rule * ? The French immediately sought .to remedy the 'Situation and. .began a program of pro* grassive devaluation, necessarily slow because of a scarcity of. any alternate means of exchange* The- first'step was.to

4Ibid . . T itle VII, Article W* •*Ibid. . Articles 43, Aft* The three receivers- general were; to reside a t. layback, Zara, and Trieste* The remaining articles.* established the details on the. way in which the several officials- were to,conduct affairs* ^Bulletin, .des Lois. IV s£*i&, XIV CI8U>, No, 369

M s* IfitteriJWrrurT; , ^ A u stria 's economy had been sh attered ■by < th e .tevo* lutionary and Napoleonic -War s.# Banco get te l, or. paper our* rency began.to . lose its, value.- ae~rearly as 1:799# By the- -end of the 1809 campaign* gold'and silver coins- had almost ceased to- circulate.* leaving In their place, the- inflated paper money and copper coins of small denominations* ■ See Pivec-Stale * Vie feconomicpre» 19**20# ■get'the exchange rate at ona-fifth of the . to tee of Austrian currency at-Vienna*$ The rate was increased to'one-sixth on 10 January and on 6 March, the government declared that after 16 March the use of paper currency as a sodium of ex* change was to cease:*. In. addition, a ll paper .money had to be exchanged for specie within ate months* Copper coins could circulate,, hut' the public treasuries would accept them only at a rate of one-fortieth of their TOtee at Vienna, and for fast payments only gold or silver could he used,9 Three days later, the government established four*# teen bureaus to handle the efefenges*!® The administration, however, found that the paper money could not be legislated out of existence* In many places- the notes continued to be used as a medium of exchange* Marmont, on 16 November 1810, was forced to issue an arrdte. forbidding the importation of paper money* 11 Another arrdtd, of 7 November, declared th a t after I January 1811, the public- treasuries would only accept payments made in'French currency *1^

8Ibid, * JtO.#' fee also fermoat, M m o ir e s » I I I , S62*

&J»ivec-Stete, V|eM m o « m m» 2 0 . l%bid*, 20-21* There were two bureaus at laybach, Flume and Trieste respectively, and one at OarIstadt, fee- stadt (), Sinj, Ooriria, and Adeleberg Cfestojna) res:pectively*. _ Only amounts above 10 florins could be exchanged and a ba& of three per cent was levied on all transactions Cl florin»2,586 francs)* 11 Ibid * * 21* 'This, law further declared that a ll con­ tracts requiring payment in paper were invalid and threatened confiscation, fines, and imprisonment against all violators* m tbM, 69

Although th e 'French succeeded in’ eliminating Aua~ tflAh banknotes, this financial reform was accompanied by a nuinber 'of' problems,' At firs t, 'it was hard to make people accept the new rate of exchange* ^ Widespread speculation soon developed and many c i v i l servants, particularly those

* T ^ in'the customs Service' sought to enrich’ themselves*^' Spec* u lation brought forgery to ■ a .new peak in' this '.region# ^ In r u r a l areas« papef currency remained In circulation after 1 January 1811 because of a lack of new currency* In addi­ tio n , French troops experienced difficulties .in receiving their pay and , since in lieu "of requisitions', which were forbidden when on &■ peace 'footlug* mapy' tried to force n ativ es to accept French currency at higher value*^ the who lev deflation did ea v eth e I lly r ia n Frovihces from foankruptcyv ’However , th is action created much i l l - w i l l

f -3 . 4 i Ibid *, 22* As ear ly as 27 November 1809, Dauchy "had to issue orders.regarding its enforcetaent* lb' • ■ - • ..Ibid.* * 23*. fhe government dealt with this problem, in two circulars, one for the civil servants on 26 February 1.810, and one fo r p riv a te individuals* on 27 February 1810*,

^ Ih ld , See also. Marmont, .|J|moires, *111, 436**37♦ 16 ...... Pivec-Steib* Vie Aconomique * 23 * See also Karmont. M m oires* i l l , 414** 16* ’m f l^ f 'irb ^ l l i e n , 17 May 181.0, f

Plveo-Stelh, Vie-, ioonomlque, 24, See' also Moniteur * 28 Hareh 1811, 332* On IS .tiareh 1611, the Austrian govern* meat also took- measures io discontinue the use of bank notes and. .to lower the exchange rate of its specie. against the regime, for many .people felt that they had suf­ fered an a c tu a l fin a n cia l l o s s . ^ The arrival of the French meant the introduction of .a new tax system for the lands which 'Composed the Illyrian. Provinces * The tax system was an- exact' duplicate of - that in effect in France? the 'personal tax Cimpdt nets one l )» the real estate tax tlmpdt. fonder ># and the tax on- industrial patents (f mpdt des patentes») ^ from the moment of applies- tion these taxes gave the government a. number of problems* Although Napoleon'.expected the- Illyrian Provinces to be self- supporting, he slowed - reorganisation by declaring, that- there would be no tax increase for the year 1810*20 fhe loss of revenue which resulted made it Impossible to carry through a number of p ro jec ts and forced th e I lly r ia n government to lower • the ■ salaries of-the civil servants to that of 1806*21

k%omaf in fact did suffer losses* Many people used the arrdtC. of 16 ■November '1810 as an excuse for not paying their oeSSs* this led to a number of lawsuits* In addition* Austria fs discontinuation of paper money ruined several large speculators in Trieste* - P£vec*$te1&.# Vie, ^conomique, 24*

l ^Jbid* f 220* The sums from the c o lle c tio n of both direct and ihdirect taxes were' placed in the Public Treas- orlesJ■ Ccaisses publloue-S> of each province* rather than in any of foe‘other'^'':TireasSries created by Napoleon for special purposes* All Illyrian financial affairs were handled through the Public Treasury CfrAaor. public) of- the Empire *

20Builetitt dee lois. IV sfirie* XII €1810). No* MS. 92* te p e r ih i;d h b r ^ J,,,Ww,,l2TttrC^cember 1809* T itle VI* A rbi- ' c le s 37-38 *

2^P ivec-S telhf. Vie ^&conomique *. 221* Although the author does not give anlTfiplresTfht decrease must have been significant for it to have been mentioned* 71 In'addition* the ■methods of assessing taxation'caused a great deal of unrest as'a result of inequality, The basis of assessment was a land-survey called- the cadastre*. Such a survey had been'carried out' in the North since the reign of' Maria-Theresa, The Austriaasr however, had taken the registers with them when they evacuated these provinces. In the South, such a survey had never been' carried out,22 fhe first taxes on the new basis were -established kF etrA M s of 18 and:. 17 July 1810,23 aiwj rap id ly 'became apparent that modif ications of the tax bases were neces- sary,24' in addition* the weakness of the economy and the long-established customs in many areas of paying faxes in kind- made other adjustments necessary# On 3,October 1810f Mar moot published an arrdt6 which permitted Da Imatians to pay the impdt f oneter in kind,23 .November this measure was followed by a .general reform of-the fax system# On IS November' the -government .abolished several old' Venetian taxes and provisionally retained the taxes on meat, inheritances* and' luxury horses*. -A second arrdtd .published fhe-same, day suppressed the dime (tithe) collected by the Church in.

2 2 I b id . . 7 ,

22Marmont, Mfemotres» III* 272. See ateo Fivee*? , S telh t -Vie. Aeonomlql^^^ 1* The cad astre was the baa is of only1 jjtie " Imp&fT p er s one I and the itp M "fotic le r *

2^pivee~Ste IA, Vie ^conomique# 111*.

2S I b id . 72

I s tr ia .2^ Although these *mm urm assured ah' income' for lBllf Marmont s t i l t :had no operating revenue for th e year 1810*2:7 to remedy this situation, .on 27 October# he levied a forced loan of 1,200,000 francs on a l l incomes over 6,000 fratios'*- thanks to this measure which reserved the' revenue for the wages of the civil-service and clergy * and the’ monies, due pensioners:* th e Bomrmp^C&mml was ‘able' to prevent a sm all'increase'in the Illyrian

Jbid. In place of the power to collect the dime* th e clergy was given a f ixed wage by fhe government, Bar- mont, however*. retained the dime in Dalmatia* 'there it had been a feudal due under Venetian rule, paid not to the Church hut to the landowners* During the period when Dal­ matia formed part of the Kingdom of Italy, it became a tax in kind,, paid to the government* Because, the bulk'of-the people were extremely - poor and specie was in short supply , Marmont returned it and was therefore able to keep the Army# s supply deposits stocked* Marmont, M&moirea, III, 363-61.

^%he new foxes'-'went info effect on I January IS 11# and by February, the government began to correct its errors* Flveo**Bte!&.» ffite Acbhomique*' 223.»

^^Harmontf M&moires* I I I , 372, h33* Marmont says he based the intereWloF^tEe loan on the rent on real estate. (rente fonel&re) owned by the ■ Province of Carnloia, he cTSBS^W’^ave-"received 1,500,000 francs-' in this way* Pivec- Steib, Vie 6conomtcme» 223* notes that 1,795,000 francs were actually subscribes, half in specie* half In bonds (traitAs)* Part of this amount came from voluntary'subscriptions za " flume and Trieste* Mo information is available in regard to the ra te of th e loan or th e to t a l number of subscribers* n .and teat estate t ' 4 major meiliieafieo of tfee- t mz ®$m®m occurred- isi ISIS* ': Bertrand eatafeiislted a in tfee ofeief i « of n i l Bepteii^r l$i2* 'ftiisi fe#tr-r pieied if* wm oteatei to eerraef error a iata3jaa.sesa»iit:a aoi reported its fisiiiage to ffea it*iatidatif-who* .$&-fiitm* ’passed-if om-te a eeittral assessment eomfaissloo in the prwiooe* ffeis eom-* miaei&&* ^eeiaposet! of four laMowoera#. iteo-f oswarded it to' ,i^^iiite^aiit»^terai*^ AO a.Vreos|tf it tfeeo teeawfc. possifele to *«*»£& eoo o ftte , griooaooes "atoot tiifr- system? -in some .areas *. ■ the ■ • gororoor^.genera I th ereafter ■' ordered the cellee* * * ' / ‘ { tlo o o f raises mmty after file en4" ei ffea taroaat*:t^ ii 'tbe .■ pomojsto' 'were - ;feetier. prepared t o ; ;pay *m ■ ilie f f e a t modfiEi^ •■ oaf let*: eo eerrei on S' May iB13‘ when Jfefciefy t t e e the* Oooer nor* ieoerai* ordered ae■ faeteaae■ £&-thefetal awtsiii’ef the assess** taa&ty rsisiag the' figures to - 3 * ^$0t00O francs for the prop*- erty ta n sod 730*bCMf trao eo for

■#-»■ ^ P io e s ^ is M y ¥ie;.:OOiweoslil^e^ -ft#*. ■ $ha new stows • were SWyOfKi freiies fo# Sefaii aid %§#S.*#£i§ iraues for :ffee- feat aetata fast* : tills OnoM^'naa fee tew tfeat set fey the Oaorae of if' A pril £$11* wfeieti. feed set that awoaiif a t A ]*£&$*$&& frane&y 'fee' ^ilafM/Oaa\iOii* ■ i f ' s& riay & if -(i«u>* a»*'3*9 oja* it* A rtie 10 117* fhe 1.6 M is affeid also set aside two uatisnia per fraao for the support ofTS^aiida. and fire eestiines per fraae ii^-*sisale||N*l'etp^^ Oar traps of the total reoeooa 'from tiie persetal and rest aetata mm was aided to' fmieiaipel enpaoae# fey an a r r e te of - if Oa*^ e a ?5ifeo ?«.

'®%teae*$teM* Vie - eessemlo.*se» 33A+

SI-Ibid. Due to the Austrian invasioa tho full amount was never coiLected* Ate tax on patents remained 74 .to add it toti to direct taxes*. the French also in­ troduced new methods of indirect taxation, most of which failed to produce signifleant amounts of. revenue;. These were grouped into several ad minis tr afcive ■ organisations gen-'. eraliy known as rfegfsa or excise administrations,

r The creation of the Illyrian Provinces brought'a unified administration of the Continental. System, to. the Haste rn M riatto, With this- development came the French .customs* ' On id October- 1809* Napoleon ordered Hart.to. Gaud in* due de Ga&fe* the Minister of Finanees*. to send a competent ■official to Illyria to begin the organization of the cus­ toms ,32 shortly afterwards*. Prince Eugene informed the Emperor that he had ordered Dauchy to establish a customs .line along fhe too briar* frontierShortly a f te r Karmont *s arrival in fhe Illyrian Provinces * the government established a committee of experts to develop a project for fhe customs*34 consistently at 200*000 francs during fhe entire history of the Illyrian Provinces, due to fhe- lack of industrial devel­ opment*

^Napoleon* Oorrespondance * XX. No. 15957* Napoleon to Gaud in , 16 OotobelT^TS^T^

^% £vee-Stelbf Vie economipUQ # 2S*-

^^Herssont# M^motres* III-.*' 359-60*. Marmont claims' to have had- severalTSESIlg:merchenfs of 'Trieste edit and correct the project 'before he'submitted it to the Imperial government. He also claims that he attempted to favor Illyrian products over French and Italian goods. If his statement can be taken as true* if could to part help to explain a strongly-worded letter of Napoleon to General Clarke* the Minister of War*-. In this letter* the Emperor asked Clarke to explain, that he had given the director- general full-powers of superintendence-of the Illyrian 75

Mm tmpmrt&l 4mm®. of 28 Feferuary 1810 furw lly ®etmblishe4

th & Iliyrt^u ' :l$rttfe#t£uS;:' a diruetfer^geterul' of customs, niioao 'lioai^partors #*g' at ■ triaofe*'-ffaoiif- o ff imm ®m& tti& ferigoioa ¥kimM oof i# # 1 fiia rfepM* U&i&m* ^i^''o«^iir0 ,'osrg0otoatioo 'liM u tm^&k -pmBmmmX' of f§#'«il-t for foo: ioir to fee ufele'-ffe watefe s e fio fa e fo r iif ffeus o o fire tnnggli of $$»? ooaot: mad feordera* 'Wm 4®mm mta accompanied fey a report fey Claud if* iu file .Minister roe* m:-m mmmwy Heasurey f t e afeaodotiiseat o f ..fin* ..ffe*td on .fto tota&tiai* atai Olfeai^aO' fri^ifier^ 'due to & la e f of ®mmmm® :im ttogo area# and- .fh ® -Mkmm@e M

' 'Ifuiilsu n o s f - # th e ; fll^riao oosfoaa t*aa particularly feadly aditttoisfered * ■ fhe ffrsf. PtiNiotor^^eoeralf #§ear laugiur* aeeHs 'to- tern. laefced

tmitfatfoe- :mw&- apparootir1^^ oiity a fliao^serwr*^^ lu addftf©0r>0 immf ©II -loosI regulat-teiia remitted to, effeof *

OHstiNiss -booMae tfeat mpbmm -liM .p fw .too -eomplex .for .Her*:. moot* 'Mapoleoa cuKtplaieed that fhe CHwereer^Oetieral had v io la te d the; >8yfetem fey. ^oitfeorfofog the, itep#rta». • fion of certain products ;ii* order f# efefein salt supplies*-.. ’ {toent th a t t i m 00 * Marmuat vm® oaly to super vise the feefcav*- tor of the off ioials# ion lapole# 0 t Gtoxma.pmmAmM* * flt# Up* :*$$&« .^poleoa-to €larfee;# f ^ to ^ r WI3E ''^'rr)'

■. « ft : . • ...... :: „ Vivee«*Sfeld» Vie teonoaiaue. 28. See a lso Moni- IWW. 25. Hay 1 8tO, 5 m fW ^^m m r:S8U. - * - * « -

36Vhere were four f ir s t - c la s s inspectors and three second-class inspectors, -the brigades were authorised to bear aros 'and' to call upon both the civil and military of­ ficials if necessary. Pfvec-Stelh, Vie dconomique, 28-30

37Ib id .. 76 that: French 'laws were, in fact, merely Introduced ^alongside them*38 F in a lly , when laugierconduct name tothe atten * tio n of Napo ieon,,y the .Emperor ordered Gaud in to replace him and * by Im perial decrees . of , 16 October and 77 November placed the Illyrian customs under the'direct supervision of' the Directory-General of the Imperial Customs at Far Is*. Despite this mod if ieatlon, there was .little that the Illyrian customs service* so lacking in men/could do. to combat smuggling* Instead of increasing the .personnel of the cue tow adminlst rat ion, which would have been expea*.. sive* the French ■administrators, attempted to solve the prob­ lem by dividing the. Illyrian provinces' into two customs districts* An Imperial decree, of 19 November IS 10 concent trated the customs administration in those provinces where ' leg itim ate' trad e was most p ro fita b le — Xstria*. ...Carinfh-la and Carniola—and eliminated the customs altogether in the re* giort south of Wiitm**4'® This decree marked the total abandonment of the ■Continental. System in half of the Illyrian Provinces* fhe government made a feeble attempt be prevent Illyria itself from becoming a short*eat for the transport of British com­ merce by establishing an interior customs line separating

^Napoleon,59 lettres, Nos* 682, ll%9f

t i • ~ ... Fivec*£tet&* Vie- geo.nomlque * 31* This decree does not appear in the Buile^l^'les Balmatia. and Military Croatia, from the rest of the Illyrian Frooiacea*1*^ instead of solving problems, the decree created many more* for example, the city of Car la tad t was within the anatoms district while Its suburb was not.»4^. fhe customs of the Illyrian Provinces were typical of the other countries subjected to fhe Continental System* French goods* and * in the case of Illyria* Italian goods* always received preferential rates* In addition* colonial and British- goods were reported conf iscated and burned in public acts attended, by leading officials of the- government and. the major' ports*1*3, importunatety* after a ll this organ­ isation* the fact remained that the British controlled the M rlatie* there were' iew.reveaaes' for 'there-was no ■longer any commerce* In theory* government monopolies of such necessities » 1 * as salt, and tobacco should have produced a great deal of revenue* "this*, unfortunately* was not the case in .the Il­ lyrian Provinces^ Sait* In addition to being declared a necessity* was. also an item of export* It was sold to- the- ‘Turks in Bosnia where it was- needed by the cattle.# In .ad­ dition* Illyria* and particularly Dalmatia and Istria, had ■supplies of s a lt*

^Htermont* M&mofraa * III* ■ h$7* 43 pivec-Ste lb * Vie 6c onomique * 35*

43lh ld * * $k*$6* 44Ibid** Bib* in fhe Illyrian Provinces during the per led ■$& the. Hape- ieonic Wars# The s a lt - p lts of Dalmatia and I s t r i a hath had teen abandoned because of "the low price of salt* In addition* the most productive salt-pits f those of Pirano CPiran) in Istria had teen reserved for. th e Kingdom' of Itaiy#hS At first the administration resorted to various ■expedients in order to .gain revenue .and to increase the supply of salt* Marmont1 s first step was to issue an arrdte on IS February IS 10 which established a new price tor salt in-Trieste-*^ On IS March, he issued a second arrdtd which prohibited the- impprtefion of surplus salt and announced . that Istrian salt was to be considered a foreign' product.2*? On 23 March 1810 the 0overnor-*0eneral • issued a third e-rrdfg which ordered the repair of all the salt-pita # whether they belonged to the state-er to. private individuals*11^' In ai** d it ion# he made a contract with a merchant from - Flume t Andrie * to supply Illyria with foreign salt*1^ Then*' on 27 November 1810# Napoleon, in'ah Imperial decree'on' the Illyrian cus­ toms# transferred control of the 'salt administration to the customs service#50 Mona of these measures* however* proved

45Ibid. . 226 m”Ibtd. . 227-28

Ibid.. 228-29. **8Monlteur. 23 May 1810* 565.

^Biveo-Sielil, . .» 228-29.

S0BuUetin des lois. IV sArie. XIII (1811). No. 329. 521*25* A r ' capable of satisfylag the domestic and commercial demand for salt* In addition* - poor administration forced .narmont tb iaaue controls 4 By 22 February I3i0f, the situation had grown so-bad that ships were allowed to nail in ballast on the' condition that they return with cargoes of -salt,,. By this time.*, the revenues from tobacco 'had also . fallen and created a.crisis#- For six months a state* controlled monopoly controlled all sales of tobacco . 52 When this system failed*. Marmont, through Dauchy* concluded an agreement which established a private monopoly controlled by Charles Schramm of Flume* For th e sum o f 560,000 f races Schramm received the exclusive right 'Of growing* importing and manufacturing, tobacco# 'tu addition* ■ he was authorised to employ a force of. guards --to- enforce his rights*^ : fhis ■system' also failed. the government with sufficient revenues* Consequently , on 14 March 1811, Napoleon created a united state-controlled administration of salt and tobacco fhe Imperial decree created a. separate hierarchy for 'the new .institutions* establishing a directory-general* three admin* istrators, a see retary-genera I and a treasurer# fhe monop­ oly was- required 'to obtain,, one^third of . its salt and one* fourth of its tobacco ifem France* as of I July 1812 this organicafioii took, possession of existing •stores of -both

* . f. . i 5 lJ?ivec-»Stel&, Vie deonomique. 229.,

52Ibid.. 231.

53 Ibid. See alee Marmoafe. Memo ire a. III. 373 and Monlteur. 12 September 1810, 1091. BO products and abolished all the privileges', which had been .granted; during ferment %■ administration*-' 1 in addition* the decree established penalties for violations of the regular flohs*^" Efforts to entourage the- production of both com­ modities failed, however* and in the end, emuggling created serious losses 'which could 'never be made up in the ■time remaining* S5 There were two other state monopolies in the Illyr­ ian provinces* both of which replaced similar organisations which had- ex isted under th e A ustrian regime*,- On 17 December 1810, Marmont established a.new administration for the pro­ duct iem of saltpeter and. - powder," based- on an in tens ive.' sur* vey of the Austrian system initiated by. Dauehy. Twelve man* ufacturers of saltpeter-.came under the■control of the admin­ istration of powder .production which.regulalsod .the. delivery -• of the monthly production and established the price of the products*, The administration also closely.- supervised • the use of these products*^. A year later* on &S-December 1811*

^^Pivec-Ste 1A * .Vie economieue. 23h-37„ ■^.|bid»* -237.* In order to increase the production of tobaceo7"vKe- 'director-general undertook' to distribute tobacco plants through the central bureau of the monopoly, lack of .funds seems to have caused the administration of the monopoly to neglect the Dalmatian salt*pits In favor of those of Xstriu*;. ,ln 1811* ,$*000 .francs, were- spent on two .. works in that province*. In ISU* the government created a commission, composed of six members*, representing, both labor and management* to oversee th e works and d eal w ith labor disputes* ^.Ibid.** 201* Bee also ferment* femolr.es, III, 373* fhe decree'^'of’^lS April 1811 does not mention S3S organisa­ tion* Article 176 only required the Minister of Finances to make a report on the salt and tobacco organisation* a i this- -administration was reorganised and ■ united with the administration of salt ■■and tobacco*^ On I August- 1810* the- state replaced the -former ■ -. .Austrian lottery with a- French - lottery*--*® ' ^This measure' helled- to- keep .specie, in the country * ■ because, since ■ the suppression of the Austrian organisation* much of the hard cash of the region had -been exported to lotteries at Venice and Craa* She decree of organization prohibited foreign and private lotteries and created -a. director-general- 'at ■ ■ X&ybach" and. several assistants -.at .fries1te ■ and SSara*^- Viewed on the whole.* none of the state monopolies * produced the expected revenue* Only salt and tobacco came near to being .successful-* but the total amount of revenue from them even was too- small* Few of the figures have sur-*- vived, but apparentlyduring 1811 and 1812 the revenue from ;each amounted t o : soma 2,000*000 francs* ■ In 1811* powder and salt-peter brought in only 50,000 francs* In 1810 the lottery brought in no money at all and in I8lit only 6,500 francs* This administration* however t eventually showed

57 ■ ■ '■ ■ . ” fivec^ftelA* Vie Aconomloue, ; 2hl-h2» The arrdte which, united the -adminiitrSiloiS^also placed potassium ' production and.a powder mill near laybach under government control* 58lb id ** 2b3* . .fee a lso .Marmont* Mdmolres* 111* 418* Marmont to C larket 20 June 1810* Marmont'c'laimed to 'have suppressed gambling esfablishmenfs at Fiutne, Gorieia and -laybach* permitting them only at Trieste *

^Fivec~Stel&* Vie dcononiiaue« 243*' A rticle 170 of the decree of 15. April'" 'Idll giveSlu,rthe date- of the arrdtd. of organisation as 2 August 1810, the greatest amount of increase* In 1812 the lottery eol* iected 240,000 franca instead of an. anticipated 150*000 franca* (In the basis of these figures* the administration expected, to collect 300,000 francs in 1813* Unfortunately> the outbreak of the war prevented this. The forestry, service (administration f.ores-tiere) originated at a slightly ■ later date than the earliest of the regies*. The object of this institution was the regular" tion of the exploitation of one of the most valuable re*, sources which the Illyrian government possessed* Most of the wood of fhe Illyrian- frevinces could have been used by the- mines and factories and for naval construction* How­ ever * the failure of. most of -the. mines and factories, the decline of naval construction and the lack of comunicabiens in the northern provinces soon ruined the- .administration*^* On 23 March 1810, Marmont named Alphonse la Devese Inspeetor-General of the .Illyrian .forests and, on 5 June, provisionally created & number of officials to help him in his defies*^ This administration received a definitive form of organisation by. an ar-rdti of Bertrand of 24 July 1811* ' Under the terms of this law, the Generai-Government

6%ivee*Stel&, vie €conomi^i^.» 243*

6I Ib id . . if5-^6. On lit Oetnbar 1811 an Im perial decree exempted Italian wood in Istrla from export duties* Even this measure * however, failed to cause a significant increase in the amounts of wood exported.

62 I b id . . 1*2, 83 created. three ./.keepersliips; and. established three classes > of ■ Mmrn&m* . ■■ fm perfel* = aeejeeatered -: and.- :$«»r£ttg th # :te f# f c o o ts# :# !1 aWtadtoi^ isfrafinn.wea beset My. a iM hef o f : p rism s# :' : thermos# is**-' perta-nt of^these was , the eifiofenee «C;>a. mbMmmt of itidi^idoal an8 - ep8Muaa4 'rights # dealing, with • oostorage and -the eettifig at a notice which farhaie-'i^e ii^lrediietiem^ei' 'gaat# aiii:;alieep fate the itnpe* rial idresisi the• ^rnmmrnm set'aa^le:a j^«jer'hf areas1- which oot*t# be'tfcsod f o r .p atte r# e a ie t ;fb# ■ t#rTO-':#f th e nett legialatiehi charged:the peasasiiif a smalt so®-for the-use' ■ #8' 'the■■ tat!## and repaired ■ the ■ re g is tr^ i# # ■ of th ewaimtM ' of ■ the- animals#^5 these ■ regetaf loft#* .however# a##®;-i# ’h a w eeiififete# w iiho logtjfKMrof tlm ^hei^fed' rights* ■ ~'Iirdi*if; itllr,.tlie. #f"^airniela■ eatahiishe#:a system for' ■- -eacs^toiiig ■ the e ta i m oi'.fhe -nations*- who were’ aiai# to :ptera ■ that tier- had' held 'their' rights'■ and privilege# tram time !i

!&&&♦«• ht*b3* the **srOf& created a eeaaerirateiir^ general' er'IS em r who -was assIIieS11"!^. foot iixspfeiSriym nISe >' ■^ffiESSpeet^#. ani.. a. washer of. fiardd. who, ^r#.;f#ap#iiiihi#,. . far the traediate enforcement of the legislatiem* hater in 181# %M. t# ash the ftesieh gereri^aiat be-send sob~ Inspecter# '..awt' gaitia tha'-apefe both' french attf aermn# ;4s a ; resalt * tie Imalstrjr et'Fihaaees seat a somber 'of agetit# ■fra® aisaee^larraia#*■ ^ ih ld .».A as*-

. ^ X h il» #;. -. Before; ■ Peres# te s t off is# a ■ serious #oms#rimtl|S premia® arose when* .on -7 September 180$, 'before the. treatr of y im m * ifiapolaon gwe the--poor permission to oat wood t» tho.thoa dostrtai* fppsrfol forests#, Bbst* these forests changed hands# it was.necessary to revoke- ihis 'per**. mission*' .fbls'- action 'hot snip 'bob# 'tfapoieot* sots# oalOabM timber# hnt alad so®# popnlar itjr among' the lower classes# immemorial or for a certain -number of years* Many similar reviews and prosecutions of oommunes followed*66 The administration of the land- registration bureau and' the' national domain Cr&nie de I ^ehrenistregient ef do- maines) was one of the most: successful of the excise admin­ istrations. The first step in its organisation took place on IS' July 1810 when Marmont * by arr^^j,' introduced a stamp tax*67 Then, on 28 October, the Governor-General joined the bureau of land registrat ion, with the admiaist rat ion of the national domains to give the organisation its final form.68 Following the union, the government proceeded to ■order the farmers of the. domains to pay their dues ’in specie^ despite the fact that-under the. ^oaffian regime these' mmm had te e n paid in grain or goods* To ensure collection, the government offered' one*fourfh of the- total of'the some In'arrears1 to anyone who would buy them; In addition to collecting the dues on the' domains, the government sold many of the products or goods, most of which were agricultural, and' also, profited from manufacturing'

66Ihid *. *U, t 6^ lb td *, 2kkm The stamp tax was extended to playing cards and other luxury Items by ail arrdfi- of 6 October 1811* See a lso Marmont * ■ M^moires ». I l l , 372*

''*F&vee*’$tel&* v ie 4conomlqu& * 2h4* .Much of the rev­ enue. of fhe domains, estales7^uTI!alHgs and various lands in and Carnioia formerly held by the House of Habsburg had teen, farmed out much as the. faxes In pre-Bcvolutioaary France* lea&ea t o r

toieti to 'atort&to aatototoftoii* t m i h & v itoraasetl t t o :; aim#: mt$f t o l i a e f ito a ' ftmm tote ’ ito<o* ■'' lliin totototoa

'totototoi'toitoipal toaito? itoatog ';i&t?g

' # f t o ? ' t o Siytria* toialiato# ' i f ;‘v' ' to#ia#tortog toe tototog©' ^ 'ill tollgtoas ptfgamtoatto&s ^tecwa^ toil* v 'toto*' to ia©etoerf toto 'fto'fitofietoi tolato totoeit to ifito to ’toto 'ptoi fto- p&pKa&t t»i all. jtogeii&toa #at to'totoigti aifito&a* Itotoiit totoltotto to aafaaatartoii a ll toto?tottp?aptoiy' to ito ' iitorfam fi «nr.toiai' to-' * to! to©. itomto! mwm&m ®§ toatotoii. toita* to f t*&# ©totof to&t .Illyria; prafifto by tto aetoitoaf atottoii^toatrtoii gtotototoa toltoiiaa'n toial atonal' wtonto. to' to#tiS :ftaaaa*. ait&ttto gatoto ©fily ftaee

** aa -a s.

.** t%S*. to iSll tto totoplitraf ton reeeftoi fto.pr#totoy at all. tototo. toaaftotot properties which to# a total annual revenue of 29,758 frunes ■ The postal.. service * .which was' organised as an. excise administration, was also, one of the most significant of the french reforms.*. . Marmont organised, a.postal system,during - his,.term an Governor^0eneral,t to t'little is known, of. it*73' Considering the extensive legislation which reorganised the service during Bertrandf©_ administration* it mmt have, been rudimentary indeed im cm&mmMmi. to -its successor* _ first* on.26 .August 18.11* the. Governor-Ge.toraI. forbade the further operation of privately owned postal services and required sh ip s *"■ cap tain s to' su rren d er a l l packets to- the- post o f f ic e * ^ fhis was followed by an arrdtd • of I? September 'which ergaa^ feed.the postal service along the lines of.the. rest of the territories of. the,French Empire* fhe law required all post* masters to receive their'appointments from the,director- general of posts and established rates. for 'letter© by mail and, private coaches and peatillinto#73

73 Ib id «* 246*47* fhe French holding© tod a to t a l capital value of 332*538 francs# In 1811* the entire admin* istratioti collected 1,500,000 francs revenue instead of an anticipated 1,200*000 francs* In 1812 the total collection Jumped to 2,800,000 francs* 500,000 fran cs more than to d ’been anticipated* ftose increases■ probably were, the result of sequestrations.* ‘ ^Marmont, M6mpires» III* 372*. Article 177 of the decree of 15 April TSTITlrS'icates that he accomplished this by arrdtSS. of 29. A p ril -and' 22 May 1810, Marmont claim©' th a t ali'"maJSf1"cities of the Illyrian Province© tod bi-weekly service*. ?^Pivee-*.Sfelh* vie. ♦ IQ9«10* 75Ibid.» LiO. 87 After establishing a basis for the service* Bertrand Mat permitted private citizens, to establish transport serv­ ices*7^ On lt Heceiaber be Authorised -new letter rates' for tto lllyriaii frovitiee#. aiii..afeiiai*77'- .x&AAtot m : t Jm m m f lilt toe :goyerement ftoed-toe;iafest: fet-tbe arrival''aad’de*- jpartixre of courier# and coacbea.7? "Various, modifications took'piaoa afterward to speed, massagee' and; encourage, 'the -mm of 'too Mil#.# -Hew lower mbes-oam© into-effect ie to fto .isii aM on- ISMay, d S tilly r the direcfor of ^posts,-.aniicunced that 1 arrMMMtttr# ■ had' 'been made to ' speed the m il to France and Italy by seisiiisg ■ it; to fepetial -itossenfer#*^. ;o#; i iqpm t of .that yeat- M ' director aiitoutoei 'that; pa##e»^f spacer on the. friestei^toybach M il coach had 'been increased' frow oh© to three :plaea#.' ail# th at:sev eral ad d itio n al lfiie#\hai'' been s opened*^.,. in.addition*. on. 1. toy 'lilt 'a postal'route- totoeen

7%foii* ■ - See: also IM&MW*' !?\ .tctcher.; Itll*

■ ■ 77 ■* Fivea^Steia* '-Vie,.■ to©agMtoie# '111*. there was- a daily■'' service between iSpiiSS^^ll,|il" MwleS'ta* tri^weekly serv­ ice to ah# frow FTatoe AM' Italy fwfa- #erleiaj# Psms'# ■ *Mi M ilitary,Croatia and the- Gttemaf* .frontier*. '# 0 #' biw eekly service' 'with the rest of th e : lllyflab.-i^ovitices, there wem.weehly -eoaeto# frow .frteste' tO'Fran#...C?raMte) cm. to© 'Austrian frotoieir and' to''Itobach#' "‘.M- lilt a third coach . route #■ cotoaeWtog; , frle » te aas# Goriato■ > was added,* 7$ ■7# ' '"Ibid* *■ illalSU-';JAccordiig;: f o ■ the «hhou»etoht:t le tte r s eem idreaoh France in sevendays to 'this method, . 3%o information, is available. to indicate whether or not toe postal 'Service mad© a prof.it* Fftoe*#i©'i© claims, that i t was e ffic ie n t = at*# that the- trip,from Paris, to' Bagusa toot only twenty day# in. fhe summer 'to coach* Seine idea "of sa and Oostanirca CKostajnica) opened under French control,* This gave the French ad ministracer# of the Illyrian Provinces control' over the' best-doveloped /Ottoman postal route and .facilitated trade between the'two- empires ,s Many of the financial, problem of the Illyrian Prov­ inces are reflected in a commission created by Article ISO of the decree' of IS April This body, composed of three members, attempted to deal with all elements,of fhe public debts ' pensions* arrears- .of salaries and government' bonds,* Articles 152~Sh gave the commission the power to liquidate pensions and.announced that in the future* new pensions approved by the commission would' replace those granted by the Austrian#* 'A rticles 155-56 announced that taxes in arrears under the old system were to be collected and the'amount used to pay. the '.arrears of the civil, servants

the terrain and the condition of the roads may be.gained from the- fact, that the trip from Faria to. Milan took three days by horseback''and four'days by coach# and that the dis- fance from Faria to Milan is approximately equal to the distance from Milan to Ragoaa* Fivec*Stele, however, does not specif ically say that this trip was made by the most direct route* '

. S\lbid* , 113-17 * Marmont first suggested this proj­ ect in the autumn of IS 10, After a series of high-level discussions between Imperial officials and diplomatic, rep­ resentatives* Napoleon approved the project which had an in itia l .total coat -of ,66-* 27 I franc#,

^Ib id ,, 2$3-5h* Precedent# for .this commission had been set during Marmont *b administration* On 29 April IS 10 Dauchy announced the forthcoming c re a tio n of a sp e c ia l bureau of liquidation* The bureau* however* was never es­ tablished* On 25 August IS ID an arr&t€ of Marmont created a bureau to handle claim® for .pens'ions'granted by fhe Aus­ trian government* ■ «^idi;; - . >jMNI{*Mf -:ppmi* -. Mi&m. a ^ i i - fte/. ermafimm. mf, a ■ amppleia&mbary. f«mcl; at.,

ai aawa. \ • .^gsiysrim .aa^^^feaapiir^a.. ialtsa .ai«l i#..a.tett’. . ■ mmm$i, \mm &. 'Oliais^awlotot^^ .wae frmafrafed .b y. ttea fa a t ttiaf in isamy .itim to ttia etotoa ami ..$!& .m glttafa la itiilet* ttiay 1m»4 beam t&*- mariai* ^wyfhmieam* -ite .e;e»lssiea ®m tmtta; ieal pemalaiia. ami bemimi 4ebt*:. iy Jtaiiayy M li.ittia i ema^tetei. i f ct, wmsrit. m i, tbeae isiabJeefa#.. . #ti. f . jamiiayy. tb e , amiimmmeei tbat. i s ta i aeeeptei -Iwo s t t s of pamelam a la to s > tufa ling firamea*^., fbtee iaya/l&far*. em.tlie wm*m* mnfetfam -at ■*##&oeaMtos,am Xnpi&l*i .ieetee refmmiei

fte;.b0miei iefcfc* tliisasiemmtei t 0 5*§00*0§0 frame a repre- .ammte# by :0ertiifeam a mm .fte toper ia l /tre&smry paying t f ..per. mens Im&ereet* immmi in ftor ferine ! ' j * ■> . At this point, the commission changed hands. Chabrol replaced has Cases, who was recalled to Paris, and added 'two native administrators, liehtenberg, a former Austrian sab* ject, and S. D, Garagnirt, a Dalmatian, and turned to the problem si the arrears* As a result of their work, h,000,000 francs o f ’national domains were sold at tw enty-five times ■«s«^.^^<..^*iMaiM.a.r*,in^wi>diwi^«.Mn^v.f„www«i>n.n»^i>iMT.,vT...>..-«r- A W — r-~—rr11tlOJtTlrnriihimij>)|-|!n>SA[WI»iWiri«uSPiii'HuinmU'iiiijijjiijniii.>

S SSM&** ■ ' ■ »...'■" 2SS»SS* fhe commissioners were appelated by an toperial decree of 10 June ISli, This decree 'dees not appear ..in the Bulletin, des lois. m the value of its annual, .income and the receipts need to create a fend to pay hack salaries* In addition# the mod£- fled commission made provisions for the payment of debts Incurred daring the period 1806-10*^ fhe end' result of all, this legislation -was little more than systematized chaos# This is* to- a certain-extent, ■indicated in the budgets for the Illyrian Provinces* Those fo r 1811 and 1812# th e two f u l l years under th e d e fin itiv e form of organisation'# show an artificial prosperity created by reducing fhe expenses of the adm inistration*Napoleon intended that the Illyrian, Provinces would be a self- supporting member of the French &&pire* and in February 1810 wrote to the Minister of Finance# telling him that the country had to produce 12,000,000 francs net revenue in order to support both -fhe.army and. the administration#^ Haring the course of the year* the Emperor repeatedly urged Marmont to attend to drawing up a'budget# which was delayed due to the disorganization of the country and the monetary crisis*.. Finally * on 27 October 1810 the dove r nor - Genera 1

^ Ib id * * 2$7-59* Most of these measures* however* remained dels letters because they came too late to be put into effect* On 18 May 181$ Chabrol finally announced that the payment of back salaries for civil and judicial offi­ cials would begin on 1 July and that the payment of mili­ tary and civil pensions would begin on 1 August* On $ August he announced that on fhe 10th payment would begin on debts contracted before 180$ for Dalmatia and during 1810 for the other provinces*

87Ibid.. 260,

„ _ 88NaPole°n, Oarreaaendanc*., XX, No. 16231. Napoleon to Oaudm* 9 February I810* • proposed a budget with a debt of over 7,500,000 francs* Napoleon approved the budget on 26 December, after both the receipts and expenditures had been reduced . ^ fhe true state of affairs, however, was reflected in the a wants spent for the military* During both 1611 and 1812, over half the amount of the budget went to sup­ port the armed forces"D uring' the last-two years of its existence,' the. Illyrian administration tried to cut its ex­ penses by -throwing' the responsibility for revenue upon the. communes* However, these governmental divisions were s till in the process’'of organization and were,-at any rate, too poor to be able to fu lfill their obligations* As a result, only more d iso rd er was c r e a te d in the end, therefore, the ad minis t rat i on, staggering under fhe weight of m ilitary expenditures: and a shrinking economy, began to undermine many of the reforms which had begun with some promise a short time before*. ‘

8^Napoleon, Correspondence, XX, No* 17116* See also JPivec-Ste i£ , y i e■ In the final, form of the budget, reyemesx,'werer'figured at 12.,47.5,231 francs and' ex­ penditures At 18,809,805 francs.

.Ibid * * 248-50* ,In 1811, the combined expenses of the army a'nS^'havy amounted to 6,843,0O0 francs out of a total estimated revenue of 10,043,000 francs; for 1812, 9,900,000 francs out -of a to tal ■estimated revenue of 11*745*000 francs*

91 Pivec-Stelk, Vie economique, 251-52* CHAPTER V

i m wom a ® m m m

■fhe p ic tu re which greeted the French administrator a .in fla te IBQ9 and'earl# 1810 was far-from pleasant* fhsy found themselves in the. m idst of utter chaos* fhe entire region had’ suffered from the’ wars of fhe past seventeen years* Its economy was exhausted* Manufacturing and com­ merce had' practical!#' ceased' 'to exist* ‘ Justice had ground to a halt* the. public s e rv ic e s , Where they had e x iste d $ had broken down* Because the Illyrian Provinces wag an. a r t i f i c i a l creation, ethnic and sociai uniformity was lacking* Part of the country remained in the Middle Ages'* part of If had already entered the nineteenth, century* Fart of "the'country had experienced a Napoleonic regime, part of it had not. In Dalmatia religious affairs' were a source of controversy;- in- the new provinces the cession had brought administrative disorder to the Church* 'fhe language of the majority of * * f the -people, and in many instances- their customs" as w e ll, ‘were unfamiliar to fts#' new adsUlnistratbrg.,. Whether or not Napoleon really intended to make the country a permanent ■part - of the. French Empire-,- it was -necessary to face a ll these- problems-, and others, in order to ensure peace in the land and make' it a profitable part of the-. Empire* Coiranerce had bee a one of the most important factors in the. life of both the north and the south* Eagvaa and other Dalmatian porta had depended upon Adriatic and Medi­ terranean trade for their prosperity* Trieste and Flume, had been the two major ports: of the Austrian ■■ Empire#„ Both, sections had also been lands of' transit tor trade with.the East * The southern provinces were- potential exporters of ' agricultural products, while the northern provinces contained rich mineral deposits .and vast tracts ,of virgin forests4 With these resources, and a set of able administrators, the Illyrian Provinces, even in the four years granted them, should have been able to make a reasonably good show of recovery from their depressed condition* Unfortunately, this was not the case due to wartime conditions f the dec 11m of the Mapeleonfa Empire and the commercial policies, of Hapoleon* Consequently, there were but few significant re** ■« i'*■ r forms .in this region* Host of the reforms accomplished centered around an attempt to develop infernal commercet due of the, few bright spots on the. record of the ■ administration. The need to pro* tact trade from brigandage., particularly in' 1st r la and Cam* • •'* ■»* io la, produced one of the -ear liest, of the reforms * • In both these areas banditry had been a long**established profession, carried on fey large groups which were protected fey the people, either out of fear or complicity* * The Governor-Genera11 s

garment, H^mplres* III, in I s t r i a th e brigands had formed a group which contained about ISO first step was to send troops' to crush a large group of bandits in IstriaV fhls group, when captured , too tried by "a military commission rather than by a civil court* and sixty were executed on. the spot,3 He followed this action with two arrdt4s;» one of '24 torch and another of 16 November 1810» which made the communes of Xstria. and Garniola respon­ sible for all criminal acts faking, place on roads in their ' localities*3' Although these measures seem to have been very effective, incidents of hrigandage. eoneinued to.occur* In the Spring of 1313 the police, reported the capture, in lower Oarniola, of-a group of ten bandits* At about the same time, the National Guard reportedly captured a famed Isfriaa ­ d i t , Micae (Barhole K irin ) Seeking to lower prices and expand trade through increased competition, the government introduced two economic reforms, both of which had' far-reaching social implications* At the' instigation of touchy*- the state' abolished the guild organisation of the business community, hoping in this way

members* concentrated in the fo re s te d . area between.- Rovigno (RevihJ) and fola ()* See also- Fivee-StelA, Vie 6eotio- • migue« .US* "' ' , ' ^",rr“ ;'T1

^Harmont, tom olrea* 111* 371-72* In 1311 some seventy brigands were'reported in prison at: Wrleste* See Napoleon* Perofferee lettrea* II, $fo*.t306# tooisioit 12 to rc h 1811* 3 Pfvee-Stelfe*.. Vie. fec.onomfque» US*

^toniteur* 8'toy IBIS, h97* to ensure roem fo r fo reig n merchants*^ On 27 November 1810 Karmont made the Jews fu ll citizens , thereby releasing them from all discriminatory legislation. Until this time, there had been no Jewish merchants in laybach for 300 years.^ in . addition* on 2% February 1810* the Governor-General issued an arrdtd which required each commune to make a. weekly re­ port on prices to the central government* permitting the. regulation of the price of such necessities as meat and bread*7 In addition to,these reforms* the government sought to promote trade through the establishment of Chambers of Commerce* Equify Gout fa and similar institutions of the french Empire, the 13 April 1811 -decree created three Cham­ bers of Commerce* at Trieste*. Flume and Eaguaa* and author­ ised the government to establish labor arbitration and: in** dustrial advisory boards upon the request of the communes.8

% ivee*S*e U f ■ Vi* 6eoaomiqae. 126.

6Ibid. 7Ibid.. 126*27. 0 This is the same-'decree mentioned above* Chapter III.* I t ' contained provisions re la tin g to commerce and. other aspects of the Illyrian economy, as well as establishing the definitive organization of the government, the administra­ tion, justice* the armed services and religion# title VXIX* A rticles 116-18 provided for the organisation -of the Chambers of Commerce. The Chamber of Commerce of T rie ste had eleven members; those at Flume and Ragusa had eight each* This in­ stitution was charged with the responsibility for overseeing the conduct of business relations. Article 116 also provided that two deputies from Trieste and one each from Flume and Eagusa would foe called to attend the General Council of Com** merce at Faria* This was: never carried out# -See Pivee- Stelh* Via 6conomique. 120* In 1812* an Imperial decree. IfilSdition*erwte to d eal with commercial suits involving sums of 1080 francs or less** The government also established a provisional exchange at Trieste and abolished all internal tariffs*. -Including the excise tax. on wine#l ® At* a tte st to encourage seaborne trade by extending the imperial licence system* by which the gov- . erp^nt-permitted the importation of prohibited,goods, failed in the Illyrian Provinces* Most merchants found it easier to engage in illegal smuggling because .the Illyrian Provinces had a long coastline* broken by many small sec laded bays .and few customs officials* H

strengthened the- Chambers of Gommaree -by diverting to their expenses the amounts coliected from taxing/for oters * commis­ sions and unloading freight at each of the three towns* See •B ulletin dea. to la *. IV ■«**&*; .XVfl. C lSU l* Ho*, k$4f. 212*13* . T ^B F E T S ecree^S f 22. December 1812 *

% itle XVI..Section III* Articles 197-200. The courts had a presiding judge* four associate Judges* 'two substitute.' judges and a clerk of the court* the judges were chosen by the business community and were themselves busi­ nessmen*. 'The courts, were located a t laybach, Trieste., flume, and Bagnos#

^%iyec*Sfei&f Vie Aeoapmique* 129-30* ^%he number of licen ces issued fo r the. I lly r ia n Prov­ inces was very small* In 1813* a total, of ten was issued * For a discussion of the Illyrian licences* see frank Edgar Melvin* Napoleon*s A Stud’ of T rade Oon- trol I^rlSf^ ilLlh:nSJ’;'':,Sp3p^iofi m , * As a r e s u lt of this failure*, the General-Governmeht did all in its power to promote the coastal trade* However, even this does not seem to have pros,pared* It should also- -be. noted that* due to depressed conditions* -the Illyrian Provinces imported more- than they exported.* See fivec-StelA * Vie €eonomtcme * 199, 286-89* For a discussion of eommercial ' in the Il­ lyrian Provinces* see .flvec-Stel&i Vie Aconomique* lfS-210* ■ During the period of th e ■ French administration of the Illyrian Provinces , perhaps the tH0B t** interesting devel­ opment of all was 'the expansion of French trade with the East*. The commercial war with Great .Britain had closed off. •all of France* s major sources 'for colonial, raw materials,* particularly cotton* The illyrian Provinces , however, pos­ sessed Land routes to- the East* whi le" fr lasts and Coatanicssa were traditional levant ire trading -centers* Karmonh*. who seems to have been the major moving force, behind the project* Sent a detailed proposal -regarding overland trade with the Ottoman Empire to the. central government at Farts* Even before -receiving approval forfhe project he began to expand the com m ercialfacilities at. Gostanissa * ^ . . napoleon approved the project on %$ November 1810 and .on 2? November issued, a decree making Flume and T rie ste the chief ports for Eastern trade*^ Even before Napoleon issued the above decrees* 'increased shipments of cotton' began to arrive on. French so il through the Bosnian routes and, after 1811* an average of 200*080 -bales passed through the Illyrian Provinces

^ftem onf * ^femoires#. t il* 3751 -42,3*21* For a summary of this memoir* seeTWveS^Sfelh $ Vie, ^conomique, 148*55* See a lso Honlteur. 27 September 1810.#1110S2T* rrawji: " ^M oniteur, 27 September 1810* 1062* ^Fivee*Ste&* Fie economloue. 158-18* Neither the decree of 12 November 1^15*r wlSK pri^bite^ the entry into France -'of Levantine goods imported by way of Austria nor the decree of.' 27 November 18to were inserted in the Bulletin des . lots* m annually*- She expansion of tm m tim commerce m t only brought new materials to .France, but alec provided the French Empire and the kingdom of Italy with a new .market for their products*^ fhis trade helped.to preserve some ©ambiance of economic activity at both Flume and Trieste #.i? hot did not prove wholly satisfactory on a sound'. economic has is *. • lavan^ tine cotton 'was of the. short- staple variety.#* inferior to that of the United States or the French-and British colonies* In addition-*, although •&£ received* a preferred- custom© rate* if had to 'be transported over.land to France and so'proved to be extremely costly* 18 ■The subject iom'of the. 'Illyrian Frovinees also' led to the extension of the national Guard along the coastline and .made mecessary -the creation of the Illyrian Havy (Marine

^%Acmoni# M^moires. I l l , 425* Marmont does not i n * dicate the source o f SiS'"stat 1st ice .* However..#, a few monthly reports were published in- the Monlteur during the spring -and summer of 1813* Although they «3SnBy u# means complete# they also'indicate' that such m figure seems possible, even'taking info account inflation for purposes, of propaganda. Bom. H on* it e u r , 20 February 1813# 202 i 22 A p ril 1813# 434; 22 May T5T37 544; 22 June 1813# 682 and: 27 August 1813, 842, Ffvec* $te 14'provides no statistics on cotton'imports#'-but does give a fable showing the value of 'levantina and Austrian commerce passing through the Illyrian Provinces during, the. year' 1812*. See Fivce~3belA* Vie Cconomioue» 283*"

^%ivec^8fel4# ^le;8eon^iioue., 284*116* ■■^Ibid*,.* 160* See a ls o Moniteur , 1 Beeember 1811*. m % * ■ !

*r*£li Ff Heckscher# fto^.go'nfinei^al-. .System* ..an nomic .. in ter gretafion ( Ed ifadTW 1 W ia lo ^ m s ^ rg S rS r1 ctw1tEoS8on i S8B|8^^ $ # 276*. 99 8* Illyria)*.^ Of all the m tm m f however f 'the moat lasting was perhaps the development of a lighter type of wagon due to- the requirement# .of an griper ial decree of 23 August 1311 which*regulated the dimensions of all wheeled •vehicles' in the Septra*?® r , - D espite ■ th e depressed co n d itio n of commerce* i t s till remained healthier- than industry or agriculture* The chief industries of the Illyrian Provinces were mining and metalwork* Because Illyrian metalworking would - have . been in competition with 'French 'products* the Illyrian Province# had .no opportunity to gain markets * or -even raw materials# Dauehy gave mining th e deathblow when* on -6 December 1809

^^Marmont had begun the introduction of this force in 180S as Ge ne r a I- In- Gh ief of the Army of Dalmatia* Supra* Chapter 11.* hi.* He extended the .national Guard into DaXSC* tie and' Istria by arrdtds of 17 February -and 17 Hatch. 1810* Between 18ID and lI,!S':,rW ‘was composed of about 10*000 men and was responsible for security and enforcement of the cu»* toms regulations along the coast* Mar morn t* Mdmoires, ill, 367*6$* In addition*, the Governor* Gena raI reorganEied the Pandours into ten companies of five officers and 100-2OQ m u each* each company be in s assigned .to a. sp e c ific t e r r i ­ tory* 'This force provided police and internal security for the interior* The Illyrian naval forces* totalling three squad­ rons* contained many Small ships* including twenty Italian gunboats,* The. largest, military craft was .the hO-goa frig*, ate Eka* ceded by Russia to France in 1807* See Marmont* M^molres* 111* 377* For a concise history of this- force* seeK S c -S te Ih * Fie. dconomique * 189-93* £% ntll this time.-* wagon# in the region of the Il­ lyrian Provinces had been crude and cumbersome* especially those of Dalmatia, The 'new wagons were both smaller and lighter and proved so popular- that- the type, was still-In use as late as 1930* These wagons were called ^parleans *n See fiveo^-Stel^* Fie..€c.ottqmique-» 123*26,■ F o r.th e te x t of the decree* see ♦ IF s&rie* W (1812>* Ho* .390* 238-hO &pr il 1813* hh9* he issued an arr&t& forbidding the export of lead and iron to A ustria*^' After the mines and- 'iron-worMs* the largest factory in the Illyrian Provinces was a 'sugar ^ refinery at Plume* It went out ef business in IB 12, followed shortly thereafter' by a-number of-ether fir m s*22 ‘Agriculture else suffered' heavily under 'the French* Here * perhaps , because of the emphasis on commerce and th e •needs of the. army, the administration seemed -either- to- be­ at a loss as to how to deal with the- situation or simply lacked the.' time, in the fall of 1810# Cattoaae, '%&. Roche* th e. Secretary of the tobacco monopoly * noted that the-.basic problem of the Illyrian Provinces was that they could sup* •port themselves for only half of the-.yean 'in the past, exports- had enabled them to gain, the additional food and. industrial goods .needed for the remainder of the year, but

^Pivec*Stelb#. Vie €coaomipue* 57,- Several- mining engineers came to IIly rlaT':m rn^d era;nfrom the central govern* ■mnti but the. government made no attempt to create an admin* 1st ration for the mines*' Host of the mines were' allowed to remain In private hands# but the state did take over most of those which had been holdings' of the house of Habeburg* . fhey were# however, Joined to the adm inistration'of'the B'xtraor* dinary Domain by an Im perial decree o f 23 January IB 12, See fflsniteur», 19 .April 18U, 423*24* the mine of Idris, Europe'fS only major source of supply for this mineral, was given to th e Order of th e I r o is To Isons d*0r as an endowment on. 1 January 1810 and so never earns under I lly r ia n admiaia- tr&tion* despite the desire of the government that it do so* For a discussion of these efforts* see Pivec-Ste lh , Vie €co*- aomiquc * bee also Harmont f ^moires, III# 038*33, KSlSob^ 510*514, Harisont to 01ar -fee” July 1810; 17 Deeem* her 1810*

P lv ee* g teth l Vie, ..iconomique* 76~79 ■# 1 0 1

under * the 'Continental Spates they could w longer do s^*23 At the end of 1812, Chabrol asked each Iutendant far a re-/ pert on his province. for .that -year* Every, reply which he received indicated, .that significant shortages'of food ex*- isted.^ . / . • Other areas of 'agricultural activity also attracted the attention of French reformers* The administration attempted to improve the breed of sheep by promoting the ■ i ■ importation of Merinos from Italy and' 'also encouraged the culture of .potatoes for a subsistence crop and tobacco fo r cash, but met with no marked success*^ The French did have one outstanding Buccess**tfee permanent weakening of * This system had already been dealt a severe blow .In Dalmatia and teguaa during the years 1806*18.09*^ In the former Austrian provinces, the ■ French were greeted as /liberators* Many peasants* who idea* tiffed Napoleon with the Revolution, sought to break their feudal ties and , as a result , a number, of peas ant- nob ie disputes arose* Marmont#' on £3 and 31 duly 1810, issued arr&t4s which created a commission., to 'judge such disputes in Civil Croatia, but the Judiciary refused to support this.

23Ibid. . 274-75. 0£l I b id ,, 283-95, Summaries of reports of the In- tendants of Istria, Dalmatia* Eaguaa f Carinthia and Civil Croatia, There were no reports from either Carniola or M ilitary Croatia*

25Ibid,. 37-38, 2°Supra. Chapter II, 27. 102 .program*^? A rticle 252 .of the 15 April IS 11 decree afeoi* ished the personal corv€e, which required tweIve days * aerv* ice a year arid made many dues payable in cash* This led to aristocratic oppos itto n and peasant u n re st, fo r .the. peasants t did not understand that cash payments and ’ some personal services remained* Therefore * on h June 1812 , Bertrand was forced to issue an arrAte which -required the peasants to pay the existing dues and perform the remaining services, threatening to quarter troops in the homes of those who re* 'fused to obey8 Unrest, howeverf continued to increase’ and- by the summer of 1813 the .government was forced to deal with attempted peasant -uprisings*^ in the end, partial liberation failed/to please both the peasants and their lords and cost the French support from both groups, It did, how* ever, seriously weaken'feudalism in the 'northern provinces*8'® In one way, however, the state merely replaced the nobles as a feudal master, Vast public work projects, most of which were not eminently successful, utilised the eorvde system introduced by Karmorit in Dalmatia in 1306.31

8^pfvee*Stel&, Vie -. €conomique, 39*.

28Ib id . , 40,. 29Moniteug. 29 August 1813, 950, 30 Pivec-StelA, Vie feconomique, 39,

3lIbid. , 40, 85, 96. . An arr£t£ of 16 August 1811, ordering the completion of the road from 0apo*d * Istrie to Foia, announced that each 'laborer living within two kilo* meters from the site would be paid 1*30 francs per day* The ra te was 1*50 fran cs i f .t h e worker lived more th an two kilometers and 2*25 francs if he-' lived at a distance greater responsible bureau* the Corps of Bridges and Roads 33 which Marmont introduced on 5 Ju ly 181®, was responsible fo r the - upkeep of th e means o f commerce and com unleations'J ■ roads* .bridges* water wars* works* and the construc­ tion of buildings- belonging• to the state,33- Despite its vast, responsibilities * the'Corps was hampered from the first by a lack'of funds* Despite financial obstacles* the engineers did man­ age to carry out 'a number of projects which:-had the charac­ ter of laired reforms* The Corps carried out numerous re­ pairs on the. Save.River which were essential to Icvantlne commerce, and* although the Corps had no judiadlotion in Military Croatia* it built the trading facilities and-bridge at Costani&za*3^ The major effort of the Corps* however* was the. completion of the great- trunk to ad, the .Route napoleon*.

than five kilometers* The soldiers employed on the project received their usual .pay Isolde) of I franc per day, . An a rrd f4 of IB March. ISIS reduced laborers1 wages to -a mere TSB' Wrancs per day, 3%be fu ll -name, of this organisation was.- Corps -dee ingdnieurs des ponts et ehausades» 33 ' Pivec-SteM i: ■ yie^^conomique * 81-03*. The head of the organisation was jean 'Kmils1" "ITanchard * Marmont * gave him the rank of .colonel and the title lng6nieur-en-chef d free tear ♦ The headquarters, of the Corpswas^WTByl^h* .fepsW' off ’tha Corps was composed of native civ il engineers* fo r example P ie tro Mobile.* Chief Engineer-of Is trx a and Civil Croatia, Creskovib* Engineer at Carlsbadt* and Fran­ cesco Zavoreo* Chief Engineer of Dalmatia* See also Mar moot* Mmolres * l l l t, 37.2*. M ilitary .Croatia:., which, had a separate oEEaHIiation* was divided into two- divisions by an arrdtd of 2 June 1810, " ~ im which was to- u n ite - hay bach* Flume * Ruin,.. Ragusa. and O attaro - Because of the strategic' significance of this road * nothing' was spared to ensure its completion,33 The .work, on this route, ■ a it hough necessary, deprived other worthy projects o f m.n and money,33 In some cases*- especially in the porta, repairs were carried'out which could have been neglected*3^ Of all the reform# and innovations introduced by the French info the Illyrian Provinces* the roads remained the most important*33 . One of the main roads, however, was not; b u ilt by the French regime. The Route louise,' through Civil Ore* atla* which connected Flume and Agram (.) developed from a project of' the Royal Hungarian Navigation .Society# Napoleon, by an Imperial 'decree of 14 December 1810, granted

35Ibid.. 83s 101-103. On 29 July 1812, Bertrand authorice

38Ibid. ,87-39. on 20 November 1312, Blanchard published actable of imperial roads in the Illyrian Prov­ inces • There were three classes* 1st class roads (roads' of major commercial importance, 6; 2nd class roads (roads connecting Chief .Places of Subdelegations, roads of national utility), S; and 3rd class roads (roads not of.general in* fereat, for which the cormaunea were responsible)* 18* the Society a building concession to last until 1. January 3LBSI* Following the Eapoleonio defeat*. the tosirtoiie, -with alight modifications in the decree, ew fitaal construction and the- road, was finally completed in IB41*^ the- expansion of trade 'with the East * almost wholly dependent upon the roads, necessitated an expansion of the h e a lth ptmi&Mm of the Illyrian trm-inm*..* tm p resen t the spread of Hie plague, s till a thing to be feared in the. early nineteenth centnry, Bertrand issued an .ar^dM on i April lilt, -the tame of which established three meats, one. of tofrto and. Croatia, and one each of Dalmatia and Eagusa* Bach of the. arrotidissements was to establish ' a council of health to supervise sanitation facilities along both the frontier ani in the ports In April IB13, there was a Minot outbreak of plague- to Bivil troatto and as a result,, the toteniaat of that province, i# gontadee» estab* ■lished a cordon, sanlfalra on the frontier to addition, ■the health service totrodueei 'the Imperial vaccination

•3% ulletto des.iois, IV sdr-to, ftZXX ClftU), lit* «Sf, 627*29* SOe; also lia r m « ^ 7 '^to o ires * III*. 420*31 and Pivec* «*** t Vto toonomtoue* Bi*9ST^ 1” ' '^% iveo*Steto, Vto._tooiusmtons * 163*69* th e councils ■were responsible for thSiyBl^ittoSoi civil hospitals, sur* veil lance of' caravans, and the enforcement of sanitation standards to. ■tens, prisons and iassarete* Directors of lassa* rets were required to- disinfect .goods, letters and money#

^Xbtd ., 170* Bering an outbreak of plague to the ©gulto Eeglient to. M ilitary Croatia in IB 10, Marmont placed 310 0 0 victim s to th e la a a r a t a t Ftome* See l%rmontf o lr e s * I I I , 440# th e re to no information available to IS* SISIbe what remedy was the most successful*. program throughout the Illyrian Provinces.^ An arrdtA of Bertrand of I June ISO established central committees under each Infendanf to publicise the .benefits-of this health; 'measure*2^ the -French administration also. introduced a number of other reforms,of' so cial sig n if icauee*. fhe Homan C atholic Church* once ’one of the most powerfui In stitu tio n s in the. Illyrian region was closely fled to the state* Mar meet , to reduce- its power * suspended ■ a ll clerical. ■ nominal ions .tor a period of floe years-and arrested ant detained a ll’those clerics who refused $m ■swear-an oath of -loyalty to -the £m~ peror*1^' tn addition* he seems to'have reduced the number of clerical eafahllahiaenta;# probably as a result .of the • sequestrations • ■ arising f from the controversy with Austria over the hoWings. of religious orders

^Moniteur i If - October lill* 1103* 43 " lbld»* 20 June 1812, 663* Apparently vaccination was carried" out free: of'Charge* If la .not known how suc­ cessful this, program was*' the government claimed that 14*300 people* mostly children, had been-.vaccinated in 1811* Ihe technique of Introduction seems to have been first to con­ vince -the local .doctors # who-were generally trusted * and then to win over the- heads 'of the moat respected families* H oniteur» 14 August 1012*- 030*

^Pisani, Dalmatie. 373*3**

^M oniteur. 5 JuLy L810, 729* Marmont alao claims to have initiated" negotiateions wittr the bishop of 'Agram which resulted in the rest oration to the diocese of lay bach th at p a r t-of the--diocese on the Austrian-side of the gave Elver* gee Marmont* Mdmqlra^* III* 432* ¥h& final settlement with both the Roman Catholic ssii: Orthodox churches came 'in -the 15 April 1811 decree* 'title XIV of the -decree recognised Mar months suppression of the dim In both communions^6 and replaced this religious tax with a credit of 100*000 the support of -both the bishoprics and' the-'religious orders*'; Artielea I&Sand IAgr announced th e anion o f1 the C ircle of V iilaoh and the baliwielcs (bailiia^es) of lleote and M lliah with the die** cese of lay bach end' of pact of the Austrian diocese of Agram with the diocese of %gha* Article- t!*7 announced th a t-a ll tangible property' and ■ revenues of; vacant bishoprics {in~ ~ olu&ihg those afeardooed by anbi^Freaeh c le r ic s ) woold -heiice^ forth be-part of the bold logo -of the' Imperial domain* Arii** e ie IhS announced the adoption o f the- french calendar under the terms of the Concordat of '1802* Finally* Article Ihf refuted'the admlnis f ration of charity by snpprsisiiig all"' the lay brotherhoods with'the exception of'those of the Holy Saorament and the Sufferers for frespasses*h7 t e l more .radical, than the reform of' the clergy were the French educational., reforms..*-. On 19 June 1810 Harmont crehted.^the' post of ZmpmMm of. Education and. named ‘ an1

**%rtieleT !A3 -states that M&rmont did th is by an arrete of - 15 November 1810* ■ • 07- . ';■■• M ...■', . ;■ . Only one o f the .brotherhoods was permitted to exist in each pariah*., 'title IK o f,the-, decree made'the ... Inte'iidant^Oeiieral, responsible':for the supervision of char* I table ‘ organisations ’ and' ■prisons.*' im ex**Benedlcftoe*. Raphael-Selli* to t i l l - that ■ office***'^. S e ll! introduced chair a of the at a ll the higher to s t it M&mm**® and* on 4' 3uiy '13IQ* h ir plan'of .rearganiea^- tien of the school system was established by an arrdt4» T his program called for the eatabliahmenf of 'two central- schools of higher educatIon* one at Layhaeh and ' the other at Sara* eight lycdes located in. the provincial cap-iioia and major towns* and two schools of arte and. crafts * one at laytech and the other a t1 Sara* The decree -also eif abo­ lished primary schools to- each of the eoEsmmes*5! This plan of reorganisation was continued by T itis XI of the IS April ISil decree which also placed the- Illyrian schools under the administration- of the 'liniversf^d^- and extended • scholarships to a ll towns' which -could support students- from th eir revenues* In add .it ion# ^Oarniol&n*1 (Slovene) and

^%g£lSSi£.» * jtely M«»* 729*

49lbid., 28 July 1810, 817* 30 Pisaui-*-.Pataatie* 36$*

^S^rmont* Mtotjtoeis* III* 313*' ' 'The''curriculum of the central'SChooto*TSc^3ed latte* -French,# mafhemafics -and phystos* In addition* the government estahlished a number of scholarships* 'Marmoni claims that' public education* except for the primary schools*'cost the government only 25Qt00Q francs* Fisaal claims that a. total of .23 gymnasiums were -set up under the arrdfd-* fee tisani* Dalmatie, 363* CA 3*Tha University was the supervisory body for all education wideFtlelEpo regime* 109 ■ ^Illyrian-

^Plveo*-S'telA * F ie. toouomto^ * $21*22* In 1810* at Marmont’ s request, abbe' "V7 '"WSSmM"wrote three Slovene fext~ books* The encouragement of the use .of the native languages seems also to have encouraged Slovenian * Vodnik and- another cleric* the abbe Kura if., both published m number of works in the native tongue with the full approval of the French administration* after the return of the Austri&ns Vodnik was forced into retirement and- Kura It was' banished to Moravia for life* Tn both Military and' -Civil Croatia in* struction was given in the Croatian dialect* Soma schools were permitted to use German* to Garinthia* Carniola and .lebrto* At Trieste four primary schools and a gytmiastom gave instruction in the *

^^Moniteur * If- September 1809* 1037* 'toe public- order creafliig ISe police specif tod that ail e Iftocnb were -required'to carry identification cards signed by the direc* tor of police and countersigned by his secretary* All for­ eigners were- required to- register, with the police and all businesses were "ordered to be similarly registered* In. ad­ dition, the town was divided into sections, each of which had its chef. de .section for police affairs*' These provisions gave the ’’'p^ovXsioSar1’'dir act or the same power as a Commissioner^ General of Police.*. See Bullet in. ,d&s. -. lots * IV stole* IF <1806), Mb# 65, 125*29*. Imperi^lT"r"^ ’SSr 1806* ^Pivee~$bei& , ■ Vie toonomique. 299* 110 Articles $ and ID of the decree of 25 December 1809, the Cover nor-General became the chief police official in, the Illyrian Provinces*^ Ifhier the decree of IS April ISll the- liiyriaft police were brought m m d ir e c tly - outsider the control of the Ministry of the- General Police* Article 151 of the decree, required the Governor^General to- make regular reports to the central head of the Imperial police*.. General Jean Savary ♦ toe other Articles of Title K ill expanded the powers of the Illy ria n adm inistration In toe- examination of passports .» created the o ffic e of Gran&^Provost and Provost Courts for the. suppression of contraband, and- established five squadrons of gendarmerie to supplement the police*^ In 18 U there were s ix Commtosloner ©^General o f Police in the major toms* at laybach* Viltoeh,; - Trieste * Oarlstadt* Plume and SSsra*-^ Shortly a f terward * the p olice were down* graded in favor of toe gendarmerie and at the beginning of 1813 there was only one Gemmies loner ^Genera i of P olice re* maining in Illyria, at Iaybato*-^

^%ul.laf.In des letou IF sirto* XII Cli0f>* Mo*- 265* T itle II* tofl^'^ior1 whto to the same decree mentioned above* Chapter 111* ^ A r tic le s 134M»£f. ^%ivec«Sfeto* F ie.. .toenemtoea *. 299* 5^|bto* plvec-Sfeld indicates that this was done on orders from Napoleon* but no- Information is available to- support this* It seems that the police were largely paid from toe fees for issuing: the identification cards*, which brought to only in sig n ifica n t amounts o f revenue * Many of the .police agents seem to have been recruited locally* I l l

■ Finally* over mmI above e ll the previous reforms#, there was the establ^taeht of trench 'law* this could have been potentially tha most slgnffleant reform'of all*, hut it was regrettably mishandled and delayed in its application, the Imperial decree of .25 Becember 1809 'established the. -post ■of Oommissiouer^^heral -.of justice 'as a separate agent of the- adminis tr at ion# directly subordinate 'to the Goveroor* General* 6® fhia official was responsible for all legal pro* eeedlngs* civil and criminal,.■ and: also received Supervisory power over the prisons*^ In 'addition* as '#■ polio# assist** ant to'the Goveruor^Geusralt her bad responsibility for the surveillance of. elbiaens au§ could call on 'the gef^srmerie to enforce his orders.^ Under ■'Marmontfs' administration* he also had responsibility for drawing legislation for the Illyrian Provinces because no decision''had 'm y e t been reached at -Fart# on the subject- of introducing the french law codes*■

Francois fousaalhb#-• the •Gommlohloner^^iierat' at- teybseh* ■■ was an Austrian* dee also Bulletin des lois, IV sgrie,' XVI (1812 )# Ho* . ;* 183. ,' Imperial rSmormEm,'Wm'Ti February • 1812 . the powers of the-gendarmerie in- Il.'lyrla. were extended 'When they received authorisation of the right to mate arrests on Italian territory* fhia was a reciprocal right# which France and Italy had shared since October 1811*

60Biiil*fcin des tola* IV a&vI®* XII (1810). No. 265, 8 s .m , t& B riir; ’ ' 61Ibid., Article 27,

62Ibid., Artietea 33* 3U. 63Ibid. . A rticles 30* 31. With the .publication of the decree' of 15 April .1811, the organization of justice tm. the Illyrian Provinces finally began to take shape* Title XVI of the decree contained a comprehensive, pian of organisation which was retained, with modifications., until tbeautumn of 1813. Section I ordered the creation of a justice'of the peace in each'canton, charged with the handling of minor police affairs* Section II created courts of primary jurisdiction at laybach, Vll- lech, Neustadt, Lieut#» Flume* Oarlstadt, Ooriala, - Ears, Spalafo, Eaguaa and Oaftaro*^ Each court was. composed' of a pressing judge, two associate judges, three substitute judges (mippjgans), an Imperial, attorney (pr.ocureuif^.lmpdriai) » for whom no provisions for a staff existedf and a clerk of the court* Section III established the eq u ity courts to handle ■merchant a f f a i r s * ^ S ection IV created th re e appeals courts, one each at laybach, Sara.and Bagosa, The largest court was that of Laybach which had a first presiding judge, a presiding judge, eight associate judges and four substi­ tute judges, and was divided into two sect lota* The other *■ i courts had simply a presiding judge, four associate judges ’

CK In September 1811 Napoleon added a tw e lfth court at Bovigno In Istria* fee Bulletin. dea . lots» IV sArie, XV (1812), Ho* 391, 2$8«59* ; SpeHSTW eree^W 12 September I8li. However, in January 1812 the number of courts was again reduced to eleven when Napoicon suppressed the court at Neustadt in Carniola, See Bulletin dee... lots, IV a€rle, XVI <1S12), No* -hii, 8-9* ImsErtsT’S^fee^W ^ January 1812* It would seem that this was done because Eovigno, one of the larger Illyrian towns, was far from another court and because Neustadt was close to Laybach,

SBEEEt Chapter V, 96, note 9. 113 and two substitutes* A ll bad th e same number o f supplemen­ tary personnel*66 After dealing with the regulation of judicial affairs and salaries, the decree finally announced that on I January 1812, the. laws of the French-Empire would be put into- effect .in the .Illyrian- Provinces*6? The judicial reform had hardly begun when, on $0 September 1811 Napoleon modified the system slightly*66 In this decree# the Emperor added the provision that justice was. to be free and. threatened penalties against any. official of the judiciary who should violate this regulation*in < addition# i t made provisions fo r impeachment:7® and required a unanimous decision of a ll three judges ih cases fried fey court© of primary jurisdiction*^ After dealing at length with appeals and salaries# the decree went on to authorise th e use of the German and Ita lia n languages in the courts and in official act.s*7-^ The- most significant achievement

6%ectiens V-XI dealt with the regulation of judi­ cial proceedings, salaries# the composition of the Provost Courts, of the gendarmerie and the. amounts of fines*

^Section XIX# Artic le - 2b9,

^% ulle t in des lola # XV sgrie# XV £IS12)$ No* 398# 321-33* UnXelB^oWeHHle^ndicatedl #. a ll references to. this decree w ill fee- fey Chapter# Article, or .Section*

'^Chapter I# Article 2*

7% hapter. IX#. S ection I* .

7lChapter 12# Section. XI* 72Chapter XV* of this decree# however# was the establishment of the rights of parents and children in regard to inheritance, the rights of natural children, and a divorce law,76 ■Although the- French Code©' te ch n ic a lly - went in to ■effect'in the Illyrian Brovinaes, it took time ■■ to pnt them into- operation* As late As June 1812, the government was still in the process of drawing up a complete collection of laws in three languages for the use of the courts*7** On 2 July 1812 a further modification took place in the Illyrian courts when. Napoleon added some minor provisions- with regard to every, level of the. judiciary*76 In addition# the. growing disorder in the country was Indicated by the creation of a. special temporary, court at Trieste to handle criminal af­ f a ir s in the arrondIssem ents of Flume# Rovigno# G orizia and Trieste*76 .Neither the -police nor the- judiciary# no matter how well organizedt could seem, to stop‘the growth of lawless- 'ness#' v Poverty and hunger drove many to join the rising tide of smugglers* In October 1812 Napoleon was forced to create

73Gtiapter VI, Sections X*XV. 7**Moniteur. 27 June 1812, 697. The tone o£ the article indicates "that if is possible ‘that the judiciary had had difficulties, due. to- the numerous except ions to the Code of Criminal Instruct ion set forth in an Imperial decree of 9 January 1812* See Bulletin., des iois * IV s€rie# XVI (1812>* No* hl%t 2*8* In' addlfidn#, ,It, is probable that the language problem had also created difficulties'*

75Bulletin dee l o t s . IV eSrie, XVII (1812 ), Ho, 4*0, 2-8# See 81SWi::MdhilAiir*''‘Taugust 1812, Shh*

7^Ibid, » Article A* 115 am additional Provost Court and two Courts of Customs to. handle the growing number of economic offenses *77 I f was * in effects an admission of defeat* By 1813* french attempts at reform had largely proved -to'be •failures* Seeial' reforms antagonized, estab­ lished business and/.coMercial interests and alienated both nobles and peasants i Subjection to the Continental System made reform of commerce* industry and a g ric u ltu re im possible. Educational* religious arid health reform had to fight against custom and superstition, the thoroughness of French taxation and police were innovations which hardly made the regime pop* ulari French law arrived too late to prove its superiority 'over systems previously in force*. In the endf France lost more-, than she gained from the attempt to introduce reforms in the' Illyrian Provinces* The french administration did not have time for consolidation or-the funds, to complete what it had begun. The reforms,* which were products of Western European thought* represented too radical a- break with the past of the peoples upon whom they were imposed. In addi­ tion* the reforms were french* symbols of a foreign regime. Nevertheless * some of -the attempts at reform resulted .in lasting achievements , Behind- them the French left modern roads and ays terns of transportation and c ommuniea t ion* They dealt feudalism and privilege a mortal wound* Jewry and Orthodoxy had achieved a new status* The French had improved

77BuIletln des lols, IV s&rie, XVII

mULk FSE

the breakdown of the French administration of the Illyrian Provinces paralleled the collapse of the rest of the Napoleonic Empire* As Napoleon’s armies suffered de­ feat after defeat in Spain and , Austria began to show signs of joining the Allies# Consequently, all the ■efforts of the french In. the' Illyrian Provinces turned from administration to defense* Harraesed hy the British in the .Adriatic and threatened with a possible invasion from across the Save* the Illyrian administration began to prepare for the coming struggle* In January 1813* Napoleon decided to form an Obser­ vation Corps of Italy in preparation for the campaigns of th a t summer, He placed th is force* which was composed of three divisions drawn from the French* Italian and Neapolitan armies* under the command of Bertrand*** On 9 February* the Emperor appointed G eneral Andoche Junot * due d ’Abrafib&s* to succeed him,2 Junot arrived In Illyria in March and made

^Napoleon* Correspondence* XXIV, No* 19420* Napo­ leon to Francesco Ma'lsS''lr'Mr 11*"""due de Lodi* Grand Chancellor of th e Kingdom of Italy* 4 January 1813,

^Napoleon, Per nitres let tree* 1* 503, note 1* See also Laure Per men Juhof'ducffisSeae d’Abranths /*£&**/* iia his headquarters at Gorissia in Istria in order to be close to both Venice and Laybach*^ By this time,,, signs of' the approaching collapse of the Illyrian Provinces became blatantly evident# Economic life- was paralysed * Military affairs were, rapidly'deterio­ rating-* The Army of Illy ria , had become a f ic tio n ; d isg ru n tled I ta lia n s and C roatians formed th e bulb of the- armed fo rces of the country*1*' Every class had its reasons, to be discontented

Memoirs of the Emperor Napoleon: From Ajaccio to Mater loo as"' SoW iJer'r'Smi^rofM 305* Junot was then living' in semi-retirement after being disgraced during the Russian campaign. Mis wife claims that at the beginning of the 1813 campaign he asked permission to serve Napoleon again, seeking an honorable death* and that Napoleoh appointed him Governor- General of the Illyrian Provinces and Governor of Venice because he saw fhe advantage of having a devoted follower there# ^Napoleon 1, le ft res.. ladd ites de Napoldon X*~r, col- latieimdes sur ..las' tex tes'ei1 !Subll^e"riSr: S2otfee^ertlrSSoi®fe... lean to Clarke* 7 June 1813* Napoleon disapproved of this action and ordered Junot to go to Laybach* (Hereafter cited as .Napoleon*. le ttre s*) ^Many of. the latter 'had come to hate French service because* contrary to their desire and their traditions, Croatian units had been sent out of the country* For ex­ ample* in April 1811* Napoleon ordered Eugene to organise two battalions of Groat Ians for possible service inOermany* See Eugene* M&moires, VII* 148* Napoleon to Eugene* 17 A p ril 1811, later^linEEal year an entire-regiment of Croatlans was sent to Beaanpon in France* While passing through the King­ dom of Italy * 160 m u deserted* Several resisted capture by force* To prevent further desertions* the troops were all bound and sent to their destination* See Napoleon* BernMree Lett res* XI* No# 1381* See also Napoleon* le ft res * Wor'Wl* Napbleon to Clarke* 21 November 1811* DeserETonTamong French troops- in I ll y r ia a lso was high* E arly in 1811* 'Napoleon, demanded an investigation Into this matter* See Napoleon* Dernihres le.ttres * II* No* 1249* Napoleon to Clarke, 11 January :,i8 ll,1:i" 'Lack of pay may have been a reason for this* 119 with the French regime* Many of the northern nobles were deeply attached to the House of Eabsburg* In every area 'Under.French administration they had loot their accustomed' role of administrators and had lost most of the privileges of their rank*5 the Continental System had paralysed the economy and .antagonised .the middle class* The commoners hated conscription^ and were dissatisf ied by the. failure to abolish feudal dues in their entirety.7 The burden of tax­ ation added to- their suffering created by food shortages*^ All classes could complain of the administrative personnel as well* Few of the civil servants spoke any Slavic tongues*

See Hapoleon,' BeruiArea . let tree* 11* ,No* 1473* Napoleon to .General laucde';*1 'coiSie1 ro S 'r$eS5sS#■ Minister of War M mlnlsfra- tion. The Emperor claimed that 900*000 francs were owed the units in Illyria* See also Eugene, Mdmolres* VII, 200* Eugene to Napoleon, 13 October 1811* %ivec-Stel4* Fie economlque* ,318^19*. See also Louie Madelin* Fouche», l759-l&W~in(Fl^^ 2 vols.; Farias Libra ir ie i;ni?loh*W 249* (Hereafter cited as Madelin, Fouchd»)

%uguat Fournier* ^pe.lgen.....the. F irst *, a Biography (Edited by 'Edward Say'lord ISuilS^^ . Bacon Corwin, and Arthur- Bart BlaseII* New Forks Henry Bolt and Co*, 1930), 539* During 1811 a number of co n scrip tio n riots took place in Illyria* Conscription, as well as eco­ nomic conditions * resulted in widespread emmigraticm to Austria*. See Fivee-Stelb-# Vie, .dceoomique. * 276* 324* See also''Napoleoni .Lettres * .No#*W7Tw,WpGieon to General comte Kathieu Dumas* 'Mrecior-General of Reviews and Conscription* 13 February 1812. In this letter, Napoleon asked why a pop­ ulation of 1*500*000 could not furnish 4,500 men per year*

^Fivec-Stcie, Vie dconomioue, 39* See also Madelin, FoUcM* IX, 249* ■ ' -

%.lvec-SteiA* Vie dconomioue. 279* 281* 282* 287, 288, 291* 1 2 0 .Although'Chabrol did' his.utmost ifflprove ■ conditions■,. many of hia-subordinate#--it-w orse*: 'Thai?.pay was in arrears* Many .were young and■ inexperieneed,: and mom. had been 'sent to the Illyrian Province#, -as punishment* $ Attempts to- carry out reform# only led to further antagonisms*.. In addition to Internal unrest, the defense# of- the Illyrian Provinces were sadly lacking* the troop# were gen- 1 i . 1 erally disloyal I the vast works at .Trieste* Laybaeh and 2ara had/not beencompleted due to a lack of ■funds* Coastal de­ fense was in the- hands of the national Guard., the Illyrian Wmy having slowly, deteriorated until it was virtually re­ placed by - the Navy of. the tttngdem of Italy*^ .Under these conditions, the British.,, who began to- occupy .the Illyrian islands -as early as ltlO f. successfully raided Flume on 3 J u ly .1813*11 At about the same time,. Junot $s mind gave way and he made a public-spectacle-of himself,^ Napoleon ordered that be be sent homa^ and, shortly afterwards,, appointed

® ?ieani, , 339-42. ^Pivec* Ste le , Vie econotaitiue, 194*95 ^^Madelin* fooche* ■!!* 2S0*:

^Eugene, Memoires * X)£#; 180, 103*: 186*,. Eugene' to Napoleon, 27 ^hft^^lSwrSO .June. 1813, 2 July 1113, ."touche claims Junot, In fu ll uniform, drove a coach and wrote erratic letters* .See Joseph touche, due d*0brante# Memoirs of Joseph touche-.*., Duka, of . <2 v o le*5 New Torkt ’TiS r r ill ai^"'u'':',irT * (Hereafter cited as touche, Memoirs.> 121 ‘ ' '' ' ‘ 1 i ' “ * Joseph foueh&r due d u ran te, to 'fill the vacant post.*!1* The former M inister of F elice was not appointed because of Ilia abilities, but rather to keep him as far as possible from the central goveriweiif at Farts-* ^ There was no longer a q u estio n of developing the administration of the. Illyrian Provinces, but rattier one of organising a defense of the Kingdom of Italy * Fouche travelled to Laybaeh by way of Prague and a r r i v e a t the Illyrian capital on 19 July#16 Upon his arrival, the new Governor-Genaral and General Baron Ju ries F resia t l7 the new military commander of Illyria, began to develop plans-for the defense of the country* Fouche *& f i r s t move was to spread propaganda indicating that the- French were determined to stay# and by his personal actions created

^B ulletin dee. lois* XV serfa* XIX (1814). No. 514. SecreToTTrJhly 1813*

U tfedftU a, Fouche, W , 245*

l6Napoieon ordered him to do s o in order t o sp ea k w ith Matternich at; the Congress of Prague, and thereby draw out the negotiations, and. In order to gather information on Austrian war preparations*. See Pouche, Memoirs. II,# 137*42 fo r a detailed account o f his Interview iESTSSpoleoii. and his instructions* FoueM may have discussed the possibility of establishing a regency of Marie-Loulse for the King of Roma, but M atternich did mot m ention such a p ro p o sa l to Em­ peror Francis I* See Hadelin, Fouche* II, 14$# Between Vienna and Laybach, FoucM -obserwl^Bie movement of large bodies of troops destined for General H iller’s- corps and notified Eugene o f th is* Fouchd, Memoirs , i l , u $ *

■^Napoleon appointed Free la. at the same time, that he appointed Fouche* Prior to this time, the command o f the armed forces had never been detached from the duties of the Governor-General* Eugene* Memoires. XX, 204. Napoleon to Eugene, 17 July 1813# impression that the public had no m a d : to fear*^ He dism issed the .-mayor pi Flume and a rre ste d the im nicipal officials of other towns who had done little or nothing" to t resist British lani’fogs^^ suppressed the' 'importation of' ' foreign' journals 2 $ and closed the herder to reduce .the num- *** «*. ag^^e,'t»o^Qcat^»«s *2 1 He attempted to Hold the. ad~ 'ministration together as long; as he could* 0pon receiving' reports that civil servants near the frontier were preparing to leave their posts, Fouchd threatened to. charge them with desertion and dismissal*^ To ensure calm, he created spa~ cial police commissions to Trieste* laybaeh/ Car is tad t and Vlliach2^ and* to win over the "lower c lasses, forbade the

lsMadetIaf FoucM, II, 252-55, 19Ibid,, 255*

■ 2 ®Beauhartiais Archive* "Bulletin d'H lyrie," No. 2, 7 August 1813 f 10* The Beauharoais Archive is a collection of approximately 30,000 le tte r s containing the manuscript correspondence of Prince Eugene with French Imperial and Italian officials., preserved in the Firestone library at Princeton University* -' The Archive never has been' catalogued, and has been used by only 'three .persons for any extensive research* The " B u lletin d * I lly r ia " is a series of reports made by FouehA to prince Eugene in ISIS* Along with other s ignif leant portions of the Archive, Inc lud ing Fouchd1 s letters to Eugene during his term as Governor-General of the Illyrian/Provinces, this series. o f reports has been- mi** or of timed.*. The microfilm reproduction is the property and in the possession of Professor E rf J* Gum. (Hereafter cited as "Bulletin d * 11ly r ie .n Let ter s of Fouche and other indi~ vidua Is contained in this collection hereafter cited as Beauharnais Archive*)

2lIbid.. 12*

22MadeUn, Fouch6, II, 256,

23"BulIetin. d*Uigrvlfi»” No. 2, 7 August 1813, 12. -to -seise ,pammm holdings aid advised the, nobles to moderate their actions*214 On 'I? August FouoM. met with- Eugene* -who had' J u s t ' ara?ivcd: a t:0di m I n 'F riu li* Sn .order to- discuss the .'defense

of Illyria#,?5 it- August*- A w triah troops crossed ■ the frontier and began moving on Carls tad t before, issuing. • a for­ mal declaration of war.?^ Despite tte rapid, progress- of the. Austrian forces, FoocM -seemingly remained calm* Meanwhile Military Croatia rose against the French forces of. General Jeanin too was barely able to, evacuate- Oar is tail* De Con- tades * the Xntendant, was less fortunate and fell into the hands of the.natives and was turned over to Austrian troops under the command of General Kugent*22 As enemy forces

2hHadelinf FoucM , I I , 256* * # * ^5Eugene* - Mdmolrea» IX* 252* Eugene to Hapoleon, 12 August - 1813*. FoldW liaa 'been in cor despondence with the Viceroy since the time of his.arrival* One'of their greatest concerns was providing funds to pay the troops and coping with the problems of*food supply and distribution of troops* Bee Beauharnals Archive.-*. FpucM. to Eugene* 3 August 1-813 * two letter a $ 8 August 1813* ID August 1813* 'See a lso Beau* harnais Archive.*1.Undated report, of Chabrol, to Pouchd on de­ mands for funds ■made by the administrative section of the Army of Illyria* Even before the outbreak of .h o s tilitie s * - the number of desertions increased daily among both' the Italian and Croatian troops* and the navy* The. s if net ion had become extremely critical by the-, outbreak of hostilities*. See "B ulletin- d f Illy r ia * 1* Mo*. I* tt #

28 Made 1 in t fouchdu II# 260* See also Beauharnais Archive* Fouchd to Eugene, 19 August 1818*

29Beauharnais Archive* Fouche to Eugene* 19 August 1813*

5%eauhar nais Archive* Fouchd to Eugene* Zk August 1813* At the last moment* to keep up the confidence of the townspeople* Fouohd reviewed the National Guard of Laybach* to reached Trieste on 26 August* 3lMadelin, Fouch6. II, 266.

32Ibid.

3 3 Beauharnais Archive* Fouchd to Eugene* 6 September 1813* 125 moved on to Gorizla*31* There he collected the scattered remain© of the Illyrian government* after liquidating its few remaining assets to provide pay for the troop© and wages for some of the civil servants*?5 to S October, Fouche and his band of administrator© left Oorizia and the Illyrian frovinees and went to W ine#' and fin a lly * to Farms*?® The Covernor-General* however, did not accompany his subordinates to Farms but halted at Venice where Fresia joined him on Ik October*?? There* on 26 October 1813# he wrote to the Vice­ roy of Italy* requesting him to either take the Illyrian administrators into- Italian service or dismiss them* In ad­ dition* he requested Eugene to facilitate the disbursal of a -credit of 1,000,000 .francs which Napoleon .had- .authorised for- the •Illyrian Provinces in order to- provide a means of subsistence' for- the- admiiiisfratora*?8 In 'many ways* FoueM*©

3^Beauharnais Archive* Fouche to Eugene, 8 September ISIS, If September 1813* ' The defenders of Trieste were so short of troop© that--MatIona I Guards and civil servants were pressed 'into service to maintain security in the town* The last French administrator did not leave Trieste until 2k September* See Made tin# Foaehii II* 266*. 3% adelin* Fouche« II* 267* The stock© of tobacco- and salt* had been m W m£§ T rie ste and- Flume*. m Ib id ** 268* 3^Bavaria defected frora her alliance with 'Napoleon on 8 October* forcing Eugene to abandon hi© attempt to halt the Austrian advance in the Illyrian Provinces and to retire behind the Is one o River in order to protect the Kingdom of Italy.* See Eugene, M6molres» IX* 283-85* Frederick of Bavaria to Eugene* 8 Tto®SSSr' 1813* 38Beauharnais Archive* Fouchd to Eugene* 26 October 1813,-# 128 ieqiestliis symbo £I

# # .#

The Austrian invasion of the"Illyrian Provinces brought to an end nearly eight years of Napoleonic adminis­ tration in'the Balkan toninauia* During this 'brief period* the administrators had introduced a number of significant changes in the traditional way of life of the lands which cam 'u n d er th e ir control* A number of these-changes*' in comparison with the aehlevemnts of the administrative- sys­ tems which preceded them* had the character of reform* Venice had-been content to 'let -her eastern’Adriatic ■possessions stagnate in near-medieval conditions* a situa­ tion duplicated by the government of the Republic of Ragusa* Only the ports and- their commerce interested her* The Am* trians* who- held Dalmatia from 1797 until 1808* were only-

i ' ' able to carry out a partial ref oris of the Roman Catholic Church* begin a few roads- and develop' an, abortive reform project* killed by the campaign of. 1805* The other. Austrian provinces which* in 1809* became part of the Illyrian Prov­ inces* preserved all'the traditional forms of the. other long­ standing parts' of the Habsbarg Empire* Both Dalmatia and the older provinces, except for the ports * retained many of.the vestiges of the feudal past which In Western Europe had been i ■ m ' *- dealt a strong blow.by the,French Revolution and. the. Napo- * ' -f Iconic regime which followed it* 127 • The appointment of Vincenzo Dandolo as Governor of Dalmatia brought the French Re volution to the Balkans* ' frequently acting on hie own initiative, he shattered the feudal structure of the easternmost dependency of the King­ dom of Italy* subordinated the Roman Catholic Church to the State and wotted' for the - recognition of Greek Orthodoxy as- a separate faith* The Governor. established the principle , Of expanded education and promoted the improvement of agri­ culture by introducing conservation techniques# new crops and modern methods, of - cultivation* He attempted, to expand the. health and social services*, promoted the use;of the native tongue# attempted to promote native industry and* to a limited extent * commerce*.' Ms even made a brief*, unsuccess­ ful experiment with representative. government* Mis rival* the General-in-Chief of the Army of Dalmatia, General Auguste torment* completed the roads begun by the Austrians and be­ gan a stuafcer :o£ others* In addition* he extended a Napoleonic regime to Ragusa, : In 1809, because Dalmatia alone had proved insuffi­ cient', to protect the Kingdom of Italy from invasion* Napoleon united it* Ragusa and the .Pepartment of; Istria to the south* ern provinces which Austria had ceded to him by the Treaty of Vienna, The re s u lt was th e I lly r ia n Provinces, which became part of the French Empire#. There*, .la. an artificial country which lacked any element of unity* Napoleon introduced a wholly-French administration* Except for Military Croatia which was treated as a separate territory and. never underwent th e ' same ■ exper ieace ■ a# ■ the - o tter previtees# • this- system -: established the institutions of Napoleonic France' in their entirety* -ftese* ;in ate -of' themselvesr were ©.-‘reform* hut .© 'negative one* for a ll the-administrative achievements de­ pended upon one. essential Item* -money*. ' Despite the extensive ssachinery set up "to gather revenue, the ad m in istrato rs never ted" sufficient, funds a t ■their disposal.,- Warfare had, drained much of the wealth from- the late* ■ The C ontinental System, a te / the commercial ■ war with Great. Britain completed its ruin, for. the- late'®- uf the Illyrian Provinces ted depended upon trade for their prosperity* -tony of the reforms were* In effect* little more than technique© Introduced, in order to build up the ■■ ■ ■economy for reasons of state* not for the humanitarian pr Inciplas ■ of Datenlo* French rule meant uniformity, The administration set out to G aiiielte the .Balkan. 0ub jecfs through institutions, which were far too ad vetoed for toe region, ate which per­ haps made only too apparent the fact that the people were tot French* ate could' never he* The French' institutions ted developed out of an historical, experience, which, only franee ted undergone* •Tbs peoples of the .Illyrian; Provinces ted hardly even begun to develop national consciousness, In short, the Napoleonic plan for the .'-Illyrian Provinces was a c o n tra d ic tio n , The ad m in istratio n was expected to.-mate an artificial country-economically self* sufficient at the same, time that the Continental System, ate the commercial war. with Great 'Britain were reducing If to an economic level below that' which if had attained before the coming of the'French*" The- plan also o&llte’fbr the complete transfer' of the institutions of Napoleonic France# and'by fmpiicat im the french'hletoricai'' tradition* te a ■late'which Lacked th e same experience* Given these' circumstaiicea it £& remarkable that the French did accomplish some positive reforms* 'The Illyrian government# particularly under torment * continued most of the reforms, which Dateolo had introduced into Dalmatia, The government continued to develop..the' educational 'facilities# improved the means of communication ate transportation* the health fa c ilitie s# introduced French Laws# 'then.'the most advanced' in Continental tor ope1# ate partially succeeded in weakening feudalism ate the- power of the .Roman Catholic- 'Church, ' < • Unf ortunately * despite the advantages which would have resulted from- these- reforms * ate the reforms of ©ateo-le# the authorities failed, to -win the support 'of the majority of the people, Par t ia 1 ly • be cause.' of the built-in handicaps of the Continental System* partially 'because of the time of creation# ate partially because of the failure of the'French to recognize that -no totter how -well-developed the system* it is subject to the risk©' of failure if if contains no ele** manta native to the region-upon which if'.is imposed# the Napoleonic administration in the Balkans was doomed to fa il from the start. Uteer both Dandolo ©lid the French administrator a- of the Illyrian Provinces * nearly every- attempt' at reform: -cre­ ated deep-seated antagonisms ■ in almost every section of.' the populace--nohil£ty*' clergy#. "middie*classf: eommoters--wMch‘' ■made a return to the old. order* as represented by Austrian rule* a welcome r e l i e f . In many ways.* i t was a preview of the'problems' to he encountered by French colonial adminis­ trators In the. late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, France* which has never 'quite' succeeded in governing, her- self* despite a vast array of constIfcutions and programs# proved as early as the first decade of the nineteenth century that she could -not govern ..others#' 131

APPENDIX A

THE ILLYRIAN PROVINCES*

Limitc/dcs fhaor'accs /ifyricnncs Otnx/ » d/c Gauocnicmcnt Cfupi-UCUi.c, da Pntotncqs t> • das Rtxfimcnts Urvruierc, Brii/u alaqcttfitrt ViJ/ircA

1 Udine,

Gradi.f&ti/ ° , iR/rubf*& cVlVT^ i ■-C ^'L C vS,_ .-<■ . ,N /Fw,_ Annum &VV vVYv'foLV 'VopotfsoAieA Sr?UN v i e . s7 ,5)Yvro E s c a v o n i e

Go/fc de Vetii tt/sna P -' Bary'cUuAay

B o

Sarcy, coo

PehcrifAo

Vos far rr. skaj 1* Z e g O i n e

OX.J .T or di N orin PRO VI NCES % -%P‘ J LLYRICNNES «s Caftaro

1810-1814- Budutv

E chellc Kil.to o too m l

*Pisani, Dalmatie, Plate IX. 132

Amnmix, a

administrative w m m tm s o f te e ii&mzm mmzmMB*

Oftmiola: C apital* Laybach* D istricts'■ <3>s layb&ch* Neusfadt# Adelaberg.* Cantons <21); laybaeh (2)f Pse in* EralJimrg# Eabmsntxa* derf* laak# Idria* hoitsch* Adels berg* Senosehia# ' hass# Gettsekee* Neustadt* iandstrasa* Mot H ag , Nassenfuss,' littay* Neichselburg * Seisenberg # Cser« nits# Caleaberg* Composed of; Circle of Laybach f Gir&Xe of Neustadt# C irc le of Adelsberg (except for ex^* Austria a Istria)* p a rt of' the territory of Wippactu C arinthias Capital i Vlliaelu d is t r ic t a <2); f IX lack* Xoenfcx* • Cantona C il)t viXXaeb# S p ir a l* Smetsd# Greyffeuburg* 0bervllgecltf Mmmmf Gillian# Cberdramidmrg#, Marten* Saint Hermagor, far via* Composed oft-, f e f rtfcries of lienfcss and G illian (formerly part of the Bavarian Tyrol), ■Circle of V illach* Xstrias. C a p ita I; T rie s te * D istricts (4); Trieste# Gorisaia, Capo~d*Istria, Rovigno* Cantons <16); Trieste <2>t MonfaXcone, Capo*«d* Istria* Pltano* Parcnso# Plngnerfe* Rovigno» Plgnano* Pietsf Albona, Coeisia# ^ippach# Canale# Tolmino, Santa- Croce* Composed of$ City and territory • of Trieste# ex^faoeblsn lefria# Monfaleone add its territory# the ■former County of Gorisia* Wippach .and its territory bur* dering on the Circle of flllach. Civil Croatia; Capitals Carlstadt. D istricts (3); Carlstadt# Plume* Segna* Cantons (21); CarIstadt* Verbosko# Jaska, Eamabor* Wrem, Seabar* Rereikaeit* Selin, Pissek* Gradat* Flume * Segna, Buccari* Castea * Fisino# Mereopais * Arbe* feglia* Cherso* Orcero# lussino grande*

^Bulletin des iois,* If aerie# Klf (1811)* Mo* 369 bis* TA dkl# itle Jkift Viff V-m w JUtSw ----- 133 Composed of* ■ Civil Croatia* Flume and .its territory* ex^Austrian tefcria* Mereopals and Its territory* the Hungarian litto ral (.including., the town of Segna and the. islands of Veglia* Arbe* Cberso* Lusslno plbcoio and tessino grande f> D alm atia: Capita ii. Eare* * D istrict* C5>;, 2Sara-.#f $ palate* Sebemloo# Maearsea* 'teslna*.. Cantons C17) s gar a*, Ibreva&to* Mena#, Sebehiee*' Soar dona* mill*. Spa la to*, TraU* Sign*, Almlesa.r Mhcarsca*. Fortes Optss*. Itosetil* the. islands of bissa*. leaina*/' Pago*. Br atria*. ' Composed of r Dalmatia and her islands*, except for those islands' in. the D istrict of Flume and the island of Curtain*.. Province of Ragusa; Capital.;. Bagusa*, D istricts <8)1 R&gusa,, Cattaro* Gur^ola*; Cantons (10); Ragusa*. Old Ragusa* Cattaro* CasteInuovo* Bud us * th e Island of Mfeledas# Slano*.* S a b io n c e llc * ' Cursola* ., lagosta* Composed. of 1 Republic . o f' Ragusa #... the Province of the ■ Mouths.. of. the Cat taro*; a ll the islands of Ragusa* - the island of Cur sola C formerly part of the te r ­ ritory of the Province of .Detestla*). Military Croatias#* Seat of Governments Oarlatadt*

**Piveo~Stel&.* Vle.: dconemioue* 284**73.#. -Tbir province was administered separately "«omalie r ’'rest of the Illyrian provinces* By an arrStd of 2 June 1810* Marmont established a central admlniewSftoS at Carlstadt to supervise governmuial affairs there* The head of this administration had-the title Military Inteodant and'was directly subordinate to the Governor- General*, not to the M ilitary Cover nor of the province * Under the supervision of the M ilitary lnte:ndant* .there were Inspectors for fordfs * - ponts -.of. chgussdeg* cordon sanitalre* justice and instrucl'fonj^^X:jBSpB6aTf'01 ^fbinEEe'^mErWEclIon ^^''r^nch l r i l l r’"methbaS a in th e French language fo r the troops* the French introduced m .major 'Innovations.' in th e customary organisation'.and administration of this province# This system was confirmed by the 15 April 1811 decree.* See Bulletin dea lois» IV sdrle (1811.).* No* 369 bis* Title VII, Section Mhriaont# Mgsfees* IIlT~500^S07* Mar** ©out to-■ Clarke * 3 November lS lb rr*,irrt,I”,w1" ■■ ■ Composed of s Regiment of the Mteas Headquarters t Cospid* Regiment of Ofctosehats; ■Headquarters* ottos chats ‘ Regiment of ; Headquarters,' Qgulin, Regiment of SLunj; Headquarters* Slunj* First 'Banal** lagitont; Headquarters* ©line#. ., Second ?,BanalrT Regiment; Headquarters, Fetrinja* 135

mmmm c

SAIAR1ES AND ra«fS 18tf FOR OFFICE EXPENSES

o f t m m m m s m b sotdeieoates*

luteudattfcs Province Salary Office ...BxMneaa CErntoTi, * *« *# ****** *# * #.8 r OSSTEmtea * * * * * * * IraB ea " Car in th is »**#*##**** * * **8 *000 fts n c s »«. * % *** * ** 6 f 000. fran cs IstJr la «#***#* # * *»: * * #;«# • * 8 * 000 fran cs • •»* *, 4, .* * * 10* 000 f r a tics C iv il C r o& t i a *** * *,* *,* * 81000 francs* * * ****** *6t000 francs Oalmatia# * ************* * 8*000 fran cs * * * * * * * * * 10*000 fran cs Ragusa * * $ *«■*. * * 4 4 4 * * ■#■ *** * 8 * 000 fran cs 4 * *#4 * * # # * 8 * 000 fran cs First-Class Subdelegates Province and Seat Salary Office Expenses C arn io ia: Neustadt*#*********2*580 franca**♦**#*♦**1*800 francs Adelsberg* * * * * * * * * *1 * $00 fran cs ♦*.*•*«* * * 1 #,000 fran cs C arin th la: Hants#.#»**«.««*#***#2*500 francs*********,1*000 francs I s tr ia s • C o risia * # • *«■*# * * * * *2*SO0 francs * * * # # * * * * * 1 *000 fran cs Ca po~* di * Is trie * * * * * % 2 *,.500 fran cs * * * * * .§. * # # * 1.* 000 fran cs Rov og no »4 m * * * * * 4 ** * 2,500 francs# *. * #-** * # • * 1*000 fran cs Civil Croatia: F3,11120y • # * * * * * ** * * ,*#2 *500 francs#-# # * • * # ## #. 1 *000 fran cs D&l)B&tla* ■ Spa la to# 4 4 §.4 ■# * 4 4 * 4 #2 *300 fran cs * # # * # # # * # .* 1 * 000 fran cs Sebenico** * ## ♦ ♦ #* .# #2.*500 francs## $ # ,*. #■ * * ## 1 * 000 fran cs Maearsca* * * * *■# , ** * #2*500 francs* # * ****** * 1* 000 fran cs Ragusai 1 ,. - C attaro * •> # * *■ * #■ #■ #■ # *■# 2*500 ■ fran cs * # * # *; # * # ,#. * 1* 000 fran cs

Seeni8l#01aiS Snbde iegateS' - Province'- and;; Seat - Salary Off ice. Expenses C iv il'vCroat£a:r'' Scg'na*»# l,,O05 ffa n e s#.* *# * #.* * #f Siy ir S ic s 11'" D alm atia3 iies'ina#,;##»#«i.f.000 francs**######.#***500 francs Ragusa s. Curzo la * * * « * * * * 1,008 francs* *■ # # * # * *«« * * 588 fran cs

*The above amounts are the monthly rates* See .Bul^ etin des lois, IV s€rie* XV1 <1811)* No* 369 bis * fitle w,~ VII* A rticle 90* BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Kirchefsen* Friedrich M* .. Eiiblieto^pHiar4te temfta.., be Stoelion* 2 vets, Paries. h£8$S^ ■ 1908 a ■ ‘ •

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Amerloan* ■ Ki&tortea. I, A-saoe iation*. The American Hiatorlea 1 Assbeiatioh^ vGuide to ,H ig io r ic S l? ^ e m ll|[rJ'ri,r‘art; lieiri?3rE^ ‘ ' '■ ’ i-' \ s ‘ . ■ ' .' -. * , 'V • f J* Association of Research Librarians;*! A Catalog of Books Represented by Library' gf,! '0eip[r^ , 15B7TvSIs irn:";Ann Xffior r mtTi® ^ r 3 s ' W e S fie r ^ , i?42* 1946* . - " *' ; < ■ ?., V.. A Oataleg of Books Rbfiresented by Library of Ann ArBor :, im:J r ’W^ ' 1948 * O&ren*'P£Ierre7* and H* Jarvc (eds* > ‘ Wor ld List' of Hl&y- teriq ai .period ieala And ,' BiMio^ra^'ie-S Z TJ t ■ 'SnteriS t ional" {JoiKai^ 1 1Sciencesr 1939* 'Ptttehar.#;^ebtge Matthew e t a l (edav) A ,„0nibe'/ t o . h isto r ic a l litera tu re * NewwT5FE.1: The r ^ Saricks * .Ambrose:*- A Bibliography of the: Frank E.* ■ M elvin. *• ■ . Collection ’ITTiSmaBffeg , ■’ . ol^vSniaS" i' Snivel ,:r‘i^ma3"5I .: ’ * ■ .. - 'm.'*%' '. 1 ^ _ •, ■. * United States*' . library, :©f-'^oi^resa^ The .hihrary nf-^nnRress ’ Gat a log % A Cumulative his t o f ■ '^nreMn^i'^SyV1"1 ilashihgtAhV '' W e ’LiSrary of''"Congress # 1950-1960* M&Mm* fliife BesiiMrsmia Arshive is a eoiisetisa #f. approximate!# 30#00§ letters ^aataiaiag the maaa* seifipf: a#rf*as|i#ai#aaa of Friaee lagans wigk Wmmh imperial a»i tialJs& ofifeiale* . presetted In tfee firestene' id^ratr at $1# Ar« eiiioe Mas .p v tr fceei* sataiogiied ■stti tm# -liaaa need t>y etti#-fteaa ’ j^faaas' fat a*# extensive raeearelu - flse- « i a l l a t i a s js e r ls # of ta p a rta *M *; t # :Wwmtim t# feiaaa tagsiia in U13*. along «r£t& efiier sigattiaaiit in^Miteg 'faa^ letters to, lagene daring Ills term as 0evero©r^Gsneral of ite Xll$rtiif* aai eeterei espies ®£::'%mp* : ters;'aai; tapwis of tto tolaaiaat«^amral to Feacke* tieoe teen mserofltoii* Is ia tta:"pos-» seasieiief frafesaer Irt d* #®m*

1*- elated letter la Is

BeaafearaaiSi..'ii8gesef, ptlaea dflle iistitf , e#»«* w-,,i,ilHjii.i«ir

*. isj^ id it EtM^oe. .am, Idle#

* IF ■ aerie* 19 vela* M$S#: i&i^&fcf.:..Amg&#te Frsddtis leals Flease da# due.da. Rsguse *; ■: Elemoires .dm. mareelial; Harmoat *; doe * da. M m m m * $ ■ ■ vote* , ^ pqils?^ # liSF#-

Harf mm-#* 1 da €ed*> MmmM, des, prill* 8 vois. Gottingen: Ghez Jean Chretien Dietrich, 179U1801, Mettertiioh, Clemens, priuee von* Memoirs of prince Matte r s ttich^ 1773^1815, Ed Ited by'SicMrd’* $rineellMalter~ nleb and M* jv;de Klinkows tro'm. Trans lated by Mr a* Alexander Mazier* 2 vols* Hew Yorks Charles .Scribner#a Sons, 1880,

Bapoleon I, ; Qeto& SB& tem*. da ifapoijott •'» vols.- ParxsT Im prlm erle Im p ^ rla le, 185&* 1869* * - ■Per nfAres ietferea indd ites de Hapol6on Ie rj eol~ iat.ionn€ea stir ■lea tax tea et • p u b lics ■ par, Lfeonceoe

vm ssz~ W B i* ■ . ’■ v Ijetiters.. and...,gocuiaeftts of Napoleon* ■ ■ T ranslated 4 ~by tr,T,rr irTvSr# 'Sate * Lond on s The C resset P re ss* 1961* * * lettree in6dites de Napoleon ler (an VIII-1815), gubiigii^part^ ...... g a n a r : ------Par 1STT’"' l3 8 iK lr^ ' ,* l^ttres inAdites de Napoleon Xeyf collatlounges "sur*Jlea "'EeSlea'1 '"'Igofiee.' "6e~ Bro't'onneT ¥ a r 1ST"' Sonorff''11 ^i i l ^ i S a ^ *’i’Sf$ T 'r Napoleon: Documents, discours/ let t res * Leipzig

ciyioiir ~rl6r xe sv: r'T & ♦" '"Penlu 7 ''MlteSr

serve* ...... _ „ ^ 'Kcar9"T and"1’ Xoula W etey', Tv arm lated by Louise Seymour Houghton, 3 v o ls, to date# Hew Yorks Buff la id and. Company, 1913** ,; Nesselrode* Karl Robert* Count, le t tree., et papier s. du chahcelier comte dej^&selrode ':;H vols* WFIirr'**TCr,TS n ^ ^

Books

Beer, Adolf# 2ehn Jahre "dsterrelchischer Polifcik, 1801~ 1610. be ipz i'gV "r"F. "X l^ W o c& h su ^^ . Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de. Mgmoirssde M». de Bourrienne. 10 vols# Paris $ Chez "ladvocaS *’ 139 Botta* Carlo. during the Consulate and 'SalSwlffJan3T'C r$ ^ Bruun. Geoffrey. Europe and the French Imperium* 1799-1814 In. the'M sriT lie^^ William;1*7,J"S i^ ^ rmal^M r5rlt Harper- and Bow* Pub­ lis h e rs , 1963* Oaiapbell*" John e t s i ■ Cede*.) . .Lives■•' of. the BrlflshAOm lrale* S vo|a* Londons 0 . *f7^ iir f iig io S i1^ n. —- B ria u lt, Edouard * La chute - .de !•* Empire. (1812** 1813 >. Vol. ' "V of tepoleiSTW'T1^ ^ ^ 1 g y ,wil!tlgrglrie Felix ...... ,, ...... « LeGrand Empire (Mgf*l8M># WoU VI of Napoleon ,ra .i,„T,w ^yggg^SKr™ rarfa;''l^brairfe Felix .AlcanfiniIr” 'rir:tr" .« Napoleon an-. I ta l ic <1800*1812}* Paris.; F e lix %icaij i^ftw rtvSs;— 1— ------‘ , La politique orientate de Napoleon; Sebastiani et. gsgajsartfa

Edmond-Blanc, Amedee. NaPoMgn ges ..in stitu tio n s c iv ile s e t. alminia^tratiMor'^'MrSa f e t Seu5® ^ Eterovich, Francis and Christopher Bpalatin (ads .) C roatia; Land * . Baggie;*.,.Culture.# I vol* to date# lOnivirsliy''"Sc Toronfo Press t 1964 * .* Fouche, Joseph, due d r0fcraitte* Ifeaoirn.' r f ■ Joseph Fouche, Duke of Otranto * .1 volsT^WN^w 1,^oiS!,l|:^ 1TJtl® rfIf:|T¥i3

Fournier*. Auguste* Napoleon...the. First,# a Biography* Edited by Edward S a y lS rlT ^ E W r^ ^ ^ ^ fe la ^ W s ^ ^ E rg a re t Bacon Corwin and Arthur Part Biese.il* -New Yorks Henry Holt and Company, 1930* Fugler* Andre* Napoleon et i ’Ttalie* Paris; J.-B* Janin. ■ E diteur ...... Haumant, Emile* La formation... de. la Yoiigoslavie..:.(3CFiS^S ;l^ . s fee lea ) 'trr^rr

Heckscher, Eli F, The ContinentaI System, an Economic ' InterpretatioiT^ ' H a r a l d T I ^ . rI#Hdonf nE^pSry Milford* 1922* Bereid* J* Christopher* fhe A^e of Napojeoiu Hew York: Amer iean Her * , 1963 * Hodgkinson* Harry. The A d ria tic Sea* Londons Jonathan

Boltman# Robert* B&polaehfe., Propaganda» • Baton Bonges # £950* Junot, Lucre 'Permen, 'do&bease de d’Abrahfts M &&7* ■ yemoira ■ of the. Emperor. Hapoieon; ..,,■ From AJacc^o lb: .llaterxoo Sufiaiaii' '.Society Kireheisen, Friedrich If* Bapolecn I** seln Leben and seine

Lord# Waiter ;Frewe&* Ejffilaad^aad franee, in the ..Haditerranean# ■ iSSO^iSBO* LcS^oSt^1,r,M'S3Kp?SS;":ISw#’Spiral

Mac kesy # . Bier© * ftm . War in th e M editerranean# 1803** 1810* Londons !S3®3pH2G5^* ’ :’l^^9>Tlwr ■,r,"'*",,w,,: ,r ^v,u,c Madelin* Loaff* Focchs■»,. 17S9-1620. 3 yds* 4th eb* Baris.

...,» .Histoire. de. Ooascfat. et de I* Empire*. 18 tols.

Marriott, J* A. B* The ; An Historical Study, in BtareSfesiri^^ 'j^ndoni:rrtw;

Melvin, Frank Edgar.,. Hapolepn1© navigation Sys tem; A Stody

■of Trad e, .Control1^"SiflSg, rg ” r,T^ ai.tl^r'''-€^tiSenf nr-,rm--;.ljT,c:, r

M iller# William* The.’■ ..Ottoman. Empire, 1881^1913* Londons Cambridge IffiiySrs'ity1 Moliien* Francis** Bice las# eomtc* ^moires, dtun minlstre ' du Trdaor puhlic t ,1780*141$^ * * ^ ..... W f IS^XleSn i ’"'^ lle S r #: 'TESr ™' Hodier# Charles* Souvenirs de la Revolution et de 1* . 2 vols* r# I860* F isan i, Baal* La .l^lmatie. de 1797 a'. 1813; ^ jspiaodede© eon-* ou&tes ISp&TZS^^ i^rlu^ i:ei;;r

m m ^ # r w m r ' I h l

Pivec-Stelfe. M elitta. La via Sconoraique dea Provinces iUvriennea C ls'flCTBT^ a ir fr S TSO iantoa lato^'eF1 sieved de ^rlS^^gPSSi^Sii

Rath* R* John, fhe F a ll of th e Napoleonic Kingdom of Ita ly ClSlh). ’{jjB SlM 'irfeilcferfcSM 484* > New Dorics Columbia liaivarsity Press, mi* M g ater■* Jeeques* Lea p refers do Co&suiat e t de I* P aris * M itioh <3e la ^jfbuvelle ^ Rdtmisat* Charles* eemto <1©* Blmoire a da...mg. j r f a ». 4 ire is*, to date _ Par .is; ILibrair'Ie^'SfSSr1 ™ ■ Rodocanacfri, 1* Boaaoarte et. ie sile a , isale tmas i JOo a ode dea eo5531SS-*WT3rwWSSB ll3Srel^^,IKmlSr sssm w iTSifiti: .. iLO *?5r Reset John Hollaed. 'the hife_of Hapoleoa X. IncXudingNew Materia is f r c irilie :: "MrfilSSTKcerls ^ T vo la « Trr-r,r“-^rri-i:: ■ ' ! t 1924*

Rothenberg* Gunther Erich. ^^trtan .M litag _ la Croatia* iS22^i?47r WiXJ W o r X i ilnois stud las ■ W ' * } Urbaria * fhe Tfoivers ity of lllfiisie. Press* I960* ■iaiat*Haro# Pierre*- tm mardchal t e r moat*, .due .de Ra&use* 1774^1852* PSF?^ Myarf * Its 7. . Savary, Anne Jean H arie Retie* di*e de Rovlge* H^moirea da dae_de Rotliso* 8 vols* Im‘ 4* Baris? A* »SsSa«Sgef.

SetteyilL, B^rd.i«aai and ye.aley M* Cewehr# ...of the Balkaa^ 3^hiase.|a from .the; .Earl |S ^ ln

'g ra ee" aiSSr "US®any * 1 :9 3 3 *, ■■ Sorei* Albert* l^ltirooe. gt la Myolutioty Pransaise* 8 ireis, 8 th ed* ^K FS1"TI1:W,!HE S ■farld* Eugene* ha. B locus eohfriayttal et la royaems, d1 Italic: La s ftise^i $

X <*LiJ3CQ -ilTi© * © 3LSJSE A lC 6 H 9 Thiers. Adolphe. H istoiredu Consulat et de 1'Empire. 21 vols. ¥aF£sT 1581 In'; ' i t e I8S'g. ------“----- Voinovitch, Louis, Count. Histoire de Dalmatie. Paris» Librairie " ""

Articles and Periodicals

Cobb, Richard. "The Era of the French Revolution!' Oppor­ tunities for Research and Writing," The journal of Modern History. XXX, No, 2 (June, l955Tr'I'K-'3(5, . ..Xa„ gazette nationals ou le Honltaur ■'UaiVOrStei. 1805-IS14. Revue des efcudesaapolOonieanee. 23 vela, 1912-1924. Stavrianos, L. s, "Balkan federation," Smith College studies....la:„Jdj.atory, xxfit* Nos, iiTTiSMtJ. Stewart, John Hall <«d#* ' Ma o£ the french Revolutions Opportunities for Research and Writing," The Journal of. Modern Bistory, XXLX, So. 2 Ouna, 195?77^9=f5r~

Unpublished 'Material -

Bradshaw, Mary E loise, "The Illy r ia n Provinces," Unpub- ■ iiahed Jfe, D* thesis, University of Wisconsin,- L932, Koenig, Duane. **The Napoleonic Regime in Tuscany, L807- 1814." Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1942,